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Profile of Internal Displacement : Kenya

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PROFILE OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT : KENYA Compilation of the information available in the Global IDP Database of the Norwegian Refugee Council (as of 30 November, 2004) Also available at http://www.idpproject.org Users of this document are welcome to credit the Global IDP Database for the collection of information. The opinions expressed here are those of the sources and are not necessarily shared by the Global IDP Project or NRC Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project Chemin Moïse Duboule, 59 1209 Geneva - Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 799 07 00 Fax: + 41 22 799 07 01 E-mail : [email protected] CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 PROFILE SUMMARY 6 SUMMARY 6 KENYA: TENSIONS RISE AS GOVERNMENT FAILS TO ADDRESS INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT 6 CAUSES AND BACKGROUND 9 BACKGROUND 9 PATTERN OF STATE-INSTIGATED VIOLENCE 9 PROMINENT PARTY POLITICIANS OF THE FORMER GOVERNMENT HAVE FUELED INCIDENTS ALONG ETHNIC CLASHES IN KENYA SINCE 1991 12 DEVASTATING COMBINATION OF ORCHESTRATED VIOLENCE AS A POLITICAL TOOL AND EASY ACCESS TO SMALL ARMS 13 TO CALL THE VIOLENCE "TRIBAL" CONCEALS THE ATTEMPT TO ALTER THE POLITICAL DEMOGRAPHY OF THE REGION IN THE GOVERNMENT'S FAVOUR(1997) 15 DEMOCRATIZATION HAS RESULTED IN REAFFIRMATION OF ETHNIC IDENTITIES, 1963-2000 15 INTERNATIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE BORDERS HAVE DIVIDED COMMUNITIES AND RENDERED THE CONFLICTS MORE COMPLEX (2004) 17 MAASAI LAND CLAIMS REJECTED BY THE GOVERNMENT (AUGUST 2004) 18 PERPETRATORS ON HIRE, 1991-2001 19 COMMERCIALISATION OF LAND OCCUPIED BY THE COLONIALISTS IMPORTANT FACTOR BEHIND THE VIOLENCE DURING THE 1990S 20 MOI GOVERNMENT CAPITALIZED ON UNADDRESSED LAND OWNERSHIP AND TENURE ISSUES CREATED DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD, 1960-2001 21 ETHNIC CLEANSING DISGUISED AS WHAT THE KANU GOVERNMENT CALLED "MAJIMBOISM" 23 COLONIAL HERITAGE EXPLAINS CONTEMPORARY INTER-TRIBAL DIVISIONS IN THE RIFT VALLEY, 1918-2003 24 COALITION GOVERNMENT ELECTED ENDS 40 YEARS OF KENYA AFRICAN NATIONAL UNION (KANU) RULE (DEC 2002) 25 CAUSES OF DISPLACEMENT 27 MAIN CAUSES OF DISPLACEMENT IN THE RIFT VALLEY, 1992-2002 27 MAIN CAUSES OF DISPLACEMENT IN NYANZA AND WESTERN REGIONS, 1992-2001 29 LAND DISPUTE CAUSES DEATHS AND DISPLACEMENTS IN MARAKWET DISTRICT (SEPTEMBER 2004) 31 COMPETION OVER SCARCE RESOURCES AND ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES CAUSE DISPLACEMENTS AMONG PASTORALISTS (SEPTEMBER 2004) 32 SEVERAL THOUSANDS DISPLACED AS TENSION BETWEEN RESIDENT FARMERS AND PASTORALIST COMMUNITIES IN THE TANA RIVER DISTRICT BROKE INTO ARMED CONFLICT (2001-2002) 35 DISPLACEMENT DURING LATE 1990S INCREASINGLY CAUSED BY CLASHES WITHIN THE SAME ETHNIC GROUPS, 1997-2004 36 A PATTERN OF ATTACKS- AND REVENGE ATTACKS BETWEEN DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES HAS CONTINUED ( 2000-2002) 38 RENEWED VIOLENCE IN THE RIFT VALLEY DURING 1998 CAUSED DISPLACEMENT SIMILAR TO THE EARLY 1990S 40 DISPLACEMENT CAUSED BY FIGHTING IN MOMBASSA REGION/COAST PROVINCE (1997) 42 POLITICALLY MOTIVATED CLASHES RELATED TO THE 1992 ELECTION DISPLACED MORE THAN 300,000 IN THE RIFT VALLEY 43 PEACE EFFORTS 44 PEACE EFFORTS IN THE RIFT VALLEY 44 PEACE EFFORTS IN THE NYANZA AND WESTERN REGIONS, 2001 45 PEACE EFFORTS IN THE NORTH EASTERN PROVINCE, 1992-2003 46 POPULATION FIGURES AND PROFILE 48 GLOBAL FIGURES 48 360,000 IDPS REPORTED IN KENYA (MAY 2004) 48 JRS REPORT DIVIDES THE IDPS INTO SEVEN CATEGORIES (2001) 53 ESTIMATED THAT 230,000 REMAINED INTERNALLY DISPLACED BY END, 2002 55 REPORTED THAT 210,000 REMAINED DISPLACED BY EARLY 1998 56 ESTIMATED BY HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH THAT SOME 300,000 WERE DISPLACED BY 1993 57 DISPLACEMENT NUMBERS UNCERTAIN DURING THE 1990S BECAUSE OF ABSENCE OF SYSTEMATIC REGISTRATION 59 PATTERNS OF DISPLACEMENT 60 GENERAL 60 SEMI-NOMADIC COMMUNITIES IN THE NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT ALSO AFFECTED BY DISPLACEMENTS(DEC 2002) 60 IDPS SEEK REFUGEE IN URBAN AREAS INSTEAD OF BEING RESETTLED (1997-2000) 61 PHYSICAL SECURITY & FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 62 PROTECTION CONCERNS DURING DISPLACEMENT 62 CHILDREN DISPLACED DURING THE EARLY 1990S END UP AS STREET CHILDREN IN NAIROBI (1997) 62 OUTSIDERS UNABLE TO MONITOR SECURITY SITUATION AS CONFLICT AREAS IN THE RIFT VALLEY BECAME CLOSED SECURITY ZONES DURING 1993-1995 62 IDPS NOT PROVIDED ADEQUATE PROTECTION OR THE MEANS NECESSARY FOR REINTEGRATION AFTER AUTHORITIES DISPERSED THEIR TEMPORARY SETTLEMENTS (1993-1996) 62 CLAIMED IN SEVERAL REPORTS THAT SECURITY FORCES HAVE LACKED IMPARTIALITY (1992- 1997) 64 SUBSISTENCE NEEDS (HEALTH NUTRITION AND SHELTER) 65 GENERAL 65 2 IDPS REDUCED TO BEGGERS (SEPTEMBER 2004) 65 SUMMARY OF HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OF THE CONFLICT AFFECTED POPULATION IN TANA RIVER AREA (NOVEMBER 2001) 67 IDPS SEEKING SHELTER IN TOWNS LIVE IN SLUM CONDITIONS, 1997-2001 68 DIFFICULT LIVING CONDITIONS FOR IDPS REMAINING IN MAELA CAMP (1996-2000) 69 HEALTH 70 SPREAD OF HIV-AIDS IS PARTICULARLY HIGH AMONG THE URBAN DISPLACED (2002) 70 CHILDREN AND WOMEN DISPLACED DURING THE EARLY 1990S PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE 71 SHELTER 71 IDPS FORCED TO LEAVE KYENI FOREST LIVING IN MAKESHIFT SHELTERS (AUGUST 2001) 72 POOR SHELTER CONDITIONS FOR IDPS DURING THE 1990S 72 ACCESS TO EDUCATION 73 GENERAL 73 CHILDREN'S EDUCATION DISRUPTED BY DISPLACEMENT (1993-2002) 73 ISSUES OF SELF-RELIANCE AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 74 GENERAL 74 INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES WITHIN IDP CAMPS ARE NON-EXISTENT 74 IDPS FEEL THAT SOMEONE TOOK THE LAND THAT BELONGED TO THEM (2002) 75 THE VIOLENCE HAS CONDEMNED A FORMERLY SELF-SUFFICIENT AND PRODUCTIVE SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY TO PERMANENT DISPOSSESSION AND POVERTY (SEPTEMBER 2004) 75 DOCUMENTATION NEEDS AND CITIZENSHIP 78 GENERAL 78 DISPLACED WOMEN NOT REGISTERED AS VOTERS (2002) 78 PEOPLE DISPLACED IN THE COAST AREA COULD NOT VOTE IN 1997 ELECTIONS BECAUSE OF LOSS, DESTRUCTION OR DENIAL OF IDENTIFICATION DOCUMENTS 79 ISSUES OF FAMILY UNITY, IDENTITY AND CULTURE 80 GENERAL 80 LACK OF EMPLOYMENT DURING DISPLACEMENT ALTERS PATTERN OF SEX ROLES 80 AS MANY AS FOURTEEN CHILDREN PER MOTHER IN SOME HOUSEHOLDS 80 DISRUPTION OF LIVES COMPELLED FAMILIES TO MINIMIZE COSTS BY SHARING HOUSES, KITCHENS, FOOD, AND WORK 81 BREAKDOWN OF SOCIAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS (2000) 82 PROPERTY ISSUES 83 GENERAL 83 BOTH VICTIMS AND PERPETRATORS OF DISPLACEMENTS SEEK COMPENSATION FROM THE GOVERNMENT(2004) 83 3 COMMISSION URGES THE GOVERNMENT TO ISSUE LAND TITLE DOCUMENTS 85 INDIVIDUALIZING PUBLIC LAND HAS GENERATED NEW TYPES OF DISPUTES (2000) 87 PRIVATISATION OF LAND AND CONCENTRATION OF POWER OVER LAND IN THE PRESIDENCY PROMPTED VIOLENCE AND DISPLACEMENTS 88 VAST AREAS OF LAND IN THE RIFT VALLEY AND THE COAST PROVINCE CONCENTRATED IN THE HANDS OF A FEW POWERFUL FAMILIES (OCTOBER 2004) 89 IDPS SEEKING LEGAL CLAIM TO THEIR FARMS HAVE LITTLE SUCCESS (2001) 91 THE CONFLICTS AND THE DISPLACEMENT HAVE CAUSED A LASTING ALTERATION OF LAND OCCUPANCY AND OWNERSHIP PATTERNS (1997-2000) 92 RESETTLEMENT DIFFICULT BECAUSE OF DESTROYED HOMES AND PROPERTY (1992) 93 PATTERNS OF RETURN AND RESETTLEMENT 95 GENERAL 95 FEAR AND UNCERTAINTY MAIN REASONS FOR NOT RETURNING (2002) 95 THE NEW "RAINBOW" GOVERNMENT CRITICISED FOR NOT RESETTLING IDPS (AUGUST 2004) 96 3,000 IDPS WHO HAD TEMPORARILY RESETTLED IN KYENI FOREST IN THIKA DISTRICT FORCED TO FURTHER MOVE IN 2001 97 PEOPLE DISPLACED IN THE COAST REGION RETURNED AFTER CALM WAS RESTORED (1997-1998) 98 POLITICIANS AND SENIOR GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS RELUCTANT TO LET IDPS RETURN TO THEIR FORMER HOMES (1994-2000) 98 IDPS NOT RETURNING TO THEIR HOMES DUE TO FEAR OF RENEWED VIOLENCE OR BECAUSE THEY HAVE LOST THEIR LAND (1999) 99 PEOPLE DISPLACED FROM CLASHES IN THE POKOT AND MARAKWET AREAS IN 1999 STARTED TO RETURN (OCTOBER 2000) 100 CHURCH ORGANISATIONS ASSIST MORE THAN 1,000 FAMILIES RESETTLE AND 800 FAMILIES TO RELOCATE (1999) 101 CLAIMS THAT UNDP PROGRAMME HAD RESETTLED 180,000 BY 1995 QUESTIONED BY LOCAL OBSERVERS 102 HUMANITARIAN ACCESS 104 OPPORTUNITIES FOR OUTSIDERS TO MONITOR AND ASSIST THE IDPS 104 LIMITED ACCESS FOR OUTSIDERS TO MONITOR THE DISPLACEMENT SITUATION (1997) 104 GOVERNMENT RESTRICTED ACCESS TO MAELA CAMP AFTER MANY IDPS WERE MOVED FROM THE CAMP IN 1994 104 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES 106 COORDINATION 106 NATIONAL IDP NETWORK 106 NATIONAL RESPONSE 108 CONTROVERSIAL REPORT ON IRREGULAR LAND ALLOCATIONS WITHELD BY THE GOVERNMENT (OCTOBER 2004) 108 THE GOVERNMENT IS NOT MOVING FAST ENOUGH TO RESETTLE IDPS (SEPTEMBER 2004) 110 IDPS IN THE SPOTLIGHT AS PRIEST’S DEATH IS COMMEMORATED (AUGUST 2004) 112 4 PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION ON ETHNIC CLASHES FORMED IN 1998, REPORT RELEASED IN OCT 2002 113 THE PSYCHO-SOCIAL NEEDS OF DISPLACED AND DISPOSSESSED WOMEN AND THEIR ACCESS TO JUSTICE SYSTEMS HAVE NOT BEEN ADDRESSED FOR THE LAST SIX OR SO YEARS (2002) 114 POLICE RESERVIST DISARMED AS AN EFFORT TO IMPROVE SECURITY IN TANA RIVER DISTRICT (DECEMBER 2001) 114 GOVERNMENT OFFICIALLY ENCOURAGING RETURN BUT NEW REFUGEE BILL DOES NOT ADDRESS THE PROBLEM OF IDPS (1999-2001) 116 OFFICIAL NON-RECOGNITION OF IDPS BELONGS TO THE PAST (DEC 2002) 116 GOVERNMENT SECURITY INITIATIVE BETWEEN 1993-1995 STABILISED THE ETHNIC VIOLENCE IN THE RIFT VALLEY 117 NATIONAL ACTORS REASSERTED THEIR ROLE AND ENGAGEMENT FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL OF INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES IN 1991 1992 118 NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CHURCHES OF KENYA (NCCK) AND ACTION AID HAVE ASSISTED RESETTLEMENT AND PEACE BUILDING IN THE RIFT VALLEY (1997-1999) 118 PEACE BUILDING INITIATIVES BLOCKED AS NGOS HAD TO AVOID ACTIVITIES WITH A "POLITICAL CHARACTER" (1991-1995) 119 INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE 120 THE KANU GOVERNMENT CONSIDERED IT IN THE INTEREST OF STATE SECURITY TO DENY LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL ATTENTION ON IDPS 120 UNDP HAS NOT BEEN INVOLVED IN FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES ON THE SITUATION OF THE DISPLACED
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