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THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY of AMERICA Woman As Mother And THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA Woman as Mother and Wife in the African Context of the Family in the Light of John Paul II’s Anthropological and Theological Foundation: The Case Reflected within the Bantu and Nilotic Tribes of Kenya A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Theology and Religious Studies Of The Catholic University of America For the Degree Doctor of Sacred Theology © Copyright All Rights Reserved By Joseph Okech Adhunga Washington, D. C. 2012 Woman as Mother and Wife in the African Context of the Family in the Light of John Paul II’s Anthropological and Theological Foundation: The Case reflected within the Bantu and Nilotic Tribes of Kenya Joseph Okech Adhunga, S.T.D. Director: Brian V. Johnstone, S.T.D. This study examines the theological and anthropological foundations of the understanding of the dignity and vocation of woman as mother and wife, gifts given by God that expresses the riches of the African concept of family. There are two approaches to inculturation theology in Africa, namely, that which attempts to construct African theology by starting from the biblical ecclesial teachings and finds from them what features of African are relevant to the Christian theological and anthropological values, and the other one takes the African cultural background as the point of departure. The first section examines the cultural concept of woman as a mother and wife in the African context of the family, focusing mainly on the Bantu and Nilotic tribes of Kenya. This presentation examines African creation myths, oral stories, some key concepts, namely life, family, clan and community, marriage and procreation, and considers the understandings of African theologians and bishops relating to the “the Church as Family.” The second section examines the theological anthropology of John Paul II focusing mainly on his Theology of the Body and Mulieris Dignitatem. The third section presents the theology of inculturation, examines the African theological anthropological values and compares the teachings of John Paul II with the African, draws a conclusion and synthesis. According to John Paul II, the dignity and vocation of woman is “something more universal, based on the very fact of her being a woman within all the interpersonal relationships, which, in the most varied ways, shape society and structure the interaction between all persons,” (Mulieris Dignitatem no. 29). This “concerns each and every woman, independent of the cultural context in which she lives and independently of her spiritual, psychological and physical characteristics, as for example, age, education, health, work, and whether she is married or single,” (Mulieris Dignitatem, no. 29). The theology of inculturation as presented in this dissertation opens the way for the integration of theological anthropological teachings of John Paul II in understanding African woman as mother and wife. The dissertation by Joseph O. Adhunga fulfills the dissertation requirement for the doctoral degree in Theology approved by Brian V. Johnstone, S.T.D., as Director, and Dismas A. Masolo, Ph.D. and Susan Wessel, Ph.D. as readers. ________________________________ Brian V. Johnstone, S.T.D, Director ________________________________ Dismas A. Masolo, Ph.D. ________________________________ Susan Wessel, Ph.D. DEDICATION This work is respectfully dedicated to the honor of my parents, especially my mother Helena, from who became a widow at a young and tender age, accepted the gift of motherhood with love, loved and offer her whole life for service for her children and the family. From her I first learned that every woman shares in the great mystery through the service and the spirit which women give to humankind. A mother is the principle unity of a family, the first teacher and the backbone of the family, the Church and society. Also the work is dedicated to the honor of women I have worked with especially Saints Monica and Anna groups in Mombasa Bomu Parish in the Archdiocese of Mombasa and the Women of St. Raymond Parish in the Arlington diocese. Through the intercession of Our Blessed Mother Mary, the Woman of Nazareth, may God bless you all. Amen. Table of Contents DEDICATION ......................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... xi FIRST SECTION THE TRADITIONAL CONCEPT OF WOMAN AS A MOTHER AND WIFE IN THE AFRICAN CONTEXT OF THE FAMILY AMONG THE BANTU AND NILOTIC TRIBES OF KENYA INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER ONE THE BANTU AND NILOTIC TRIBES OF KENYA: THEIR MYTHS, ORIGIN, AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE .......................................19 1. The Terms ‘Tribe’ and ‘Ethnic’ ...................................................................................19 1.1. The General Background of the Bantu and Nilotic People of Kenya ...................21 1.2. The Bantu Tribes/People of Kenya: Meaning and Origin in General ..................25 1.3.The Kikuyu: The Major Tribe of the Bantu of Kenya, their Myth and Origin ......26 1.4.The Social and Community Structure of the Kikuyu People .................................30 2. The Nilotic Tribe/People of Kenya: Meaning and Origin in General .........................32 2.1. The Luo: The Major Tribe of the Nilotic of Kenya, Myth of Origin....................33 2.2. Social and Community Structure of the Luo People ............................................36 3. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................38 CHATER TWO THE AFRICAN THEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE DIGNITY AND VOCATION OF WOMEN IN BANTU AND NILOTIC TRIBES OF KENYA .........................................................40 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................40 1.1. The Concept of Life ..............................................................................................45 1.2. The Unity Between the Visible and the Invisible and the Hierarchy of Being .....55 1.3. Understanding of the Hierarchy of Being and the Religious Ontology .................................................................................63 1.4. The Prayers, Offerings, and Sacrifices for the Expectant Mother ........................68 2. The Concept of Family and the Dignity and Vocation of Woman ..............................72 2.1. The living Family Members of the Bantu and Nilotic Communities....................75 2.2. The Departed Member of the Bantu and Nilotic Communities ...........................78 2.3. The Unborn or Not Yet Born Members in the Bantu and Nilotic Communities ...82 3. The Concept of Clan and Community in the Bantu and Nilotic People ......................84 4. The Traditional Initiation Ceremony: The Gateway to Marriage and Procreation ......90 4.1. Theological, Anthropological, and Ethical Conflicts in the Traditional Initiation Ritual within the Bantu and Nilotic People and Other Ethical Values ................96 5. Traditional Initiation and the Cultural Understanding of the Dignity of the Humans among the Bantu and Nilotic People .........................................................................103 6. Conclusion .................................................................................................................109 CHAPTER THREE THE TRADITIONAL UNDERSTANDING OF MARRIAGE AND PROCREATION IN REFERENCE TO THE DIGNITY AND VOCATION OF WOMEN IN THE BANTU AND NILOTIC COMMUNITIES ...............................111 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................111 1.1.The Bantu and Nilotic Understanding of Marriage and Procreation ...................112 1.2.The Marriage Preparation Stages among the Kikuyu Tribe of Kenya .................117 1.3. The Marriage Preparation Stages among the Luo Tribe of Kenya .....................126 1.3.1. The Meaning and the Value of the Bride-wealth or Dowry in Relation to the Dignity of Women .............................................................................128 1.3.2. The Traditional Wedding Ceremonies and Festivals in Reference to the Dignity and Vocation of Women among the Bantu and Nilotic Tribes ..133 1.3.3. Human Sexuality and Virginity in Reference to the Dignity and Vocation of Women among the Bantu and Nilotic People .....................................142 2. The African Taboos as Measures of Moral Behavior: Protection of the Dignity of Women .........................................................................149 3. The Traditional African Marriage Seen as Permanent Covenant in Reference to the Dignity and Vocation Women ...................................................................................154 4. Implications and Challenges of Putting Emphasis on Marriage and Procreation as One Reality ........................................................................................................................161 4.1. The Implications and Challenges of the Traditional African Polygamy ............166 5. Single, Religious Celibate and Consecrated Life in the African Communities .........174 6. The Relationship between Men and Women in the Traditional Bantu and Nilotic Family in Reference to the Dignity and Vocation
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