Självständigt Arbete (15 Hp)

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Självständigt Arbete (15 Hp) Gustaf Zelahn 2021-05-17 OP 18–21 Självständigt arbete (15 hp) Författare Program/Kurs Gustaf Zelahn OP SA 18–21 Handledare Antal ord: 11973 Jacob Westberg Beteckning Kurskod 1OP415 SPECIALOPERATIONER OCH SMÅSTATER – EN TEORIKONSUMERANDE FALLSTUDIE PÅ NORGE UNDER ANDRA VÄRLDSKRIGET ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate how the small state Norway could use special operations in cooperation with allies against the great power Germany during World War 2. According to Clausewitz, defense favors the defender, but how could a small state manage to create friction for the German defensive bases in Norway? Can a theory of special operations help us understand this phenomenon? Scholars have found a lack of empirical studies of special operations and small states which this study aims to remedy. This study used a qualitative approach and examined two special operations in Norway, Operation Archery 1941 and Musketoon 1942. The study uses Spulaks theory of spe- cial operations to enhance the understanding of the outcomes. The study concludes that both operations were considered successful at the operational level but Musketoon failed on the tactical level due to lack of integrated operations and maintaining relative superiority. The integration of the Norwegians was considered important for the completion of the missions due to knowledge of terrain and interaction with civilians. This study has given an empir- ical contribution to the research gap of special operations and small states. Nyckelord: Norge, Spulak, krigets friktioner och specialoperationer. Sida 1 av 43 Gustaf Zelahn 2021-05-17 OP 18–21 Innehållsförteckning 1. INLEDNING ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 PROBLEMFORMULERING ............................................................................................................... 4 1.2 SYFTE OCH FORSKNINGSFRÅGA .................................................................................................... 5 1.3 AVGRÄNSNING .............................................................................................................................. 6 1.4 DISPOSITION .................................................................................................................................. 6 1.5 FORSKNINGSÖVERSIKT .................................................................................................................. 6 1.5.1 SAMMANFATTNING OCH FORSKNINGSLUCKA .......................................................................... 10 2. TEORI .............................................................................................................................................. 11 2.1 SPULAKS TEORI OM SPECIALOPERATIONER ................................................................................. 11 2.2 SPECIALOPERATÖRERS TRE EGENSKAPER ................................................................................... 11 2.3 OPERATIVA KARAKTÄRSDRAG .................................................................................................... 12 2.4 STRATEGISK IMPLIKATION .......................................................................................................... 14 2.5 VAL AV TEORI SAMT TEORIDISKUSSION ...................................................................................... 14 3. METOD ............................................................................................................................................ 15 3.1 FORSKNINGSDESIGN .................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 VAL AV FALL ............................................................................................................................... 16 3.3 MATERIAL OCH KÄLLKRITIK ....................................................................................................... 17 3.4 OPERATIONALISERING ................................................................................................................ 19 3.5 VALIDITET OCH RELIABILITET..................................................................................................... 21 3.6 FORSKNINGSETISKA ÖVERVÄGANDEN. ....................................................................................... 22 4. ANALYS .......................................................................................................................................... 23 4.1 FALL 1: OPERATION ARCHERY ................................................................................................... 23 4.1.1 EGENSKAPER ............................................................................................................................ 23 4.1.2 OPERATIVA KARAKTÄRSDRAG. ................................................................................................ 27 4.1.3 SAMMANFATTNING FALL 1 ....................................................................................................... 29 4.2 FALL 2: OPERATION MUSKETOON .............................................................................................. 30 4.2.1 EGENSKAPER ............................................................................................................................ 30 4.2.2 OPERATIVA KARAKTÄRSDRAG ................................................................................................. 33 4.2.3 SAMMANFATTNING FALL 2 ....................................................................................................... 35 4.3 SAMMANFATTNING ANALYSVERKTYG ........................................................................................ 36 5. AVSLUTNING ................................................................................................................................ 37 5.1 SVAR PÅ FORSKNINGSFRÅGA SAMT RESULTATDISKUSSION ....................................................... 37 5.2 METODDISKUSSION ..................................................................................................................... 39 5.3 RELEVANS FÖR YRKESPROFESSIONEN......................................................................................... 40 5.4 VIDARE FORSKNING .................................................................................................................... 40 LITTERATUR OCH KÄLLFÖRTECKNING ................................................................................ 41 Sida 2 av 43 Gustaf Zelahn 2021-05-17 OP 18–21 1. Inledning Den 9 april 1940 skedde ett blixtangrepp då småstaten Norge blev territoriell angripet av stor- makten Tyskland. På några timmar hade strategiskt viktiga punkter som städer, flygplatser samt vapenlager erövrats. Under veckor av konventionella strider mellan Norge, i understöd av alli- erade styrkor, och Tyskland kapitulerade Norge den 10 juni 1940. Kung Håkon VII bad norr- männen lägga ned vapen och regeringen flydde till London.1 Trots det militära nederlaget fanns en vilja hos folket att göra motstånd och eftersom tyskarna var överlägsna gällande utrustning och stridskonst ägnade sig norrmännen främst åt underrättelseverksamhet.2 I London organise- rades norska Kompani Linge som blev ett norskt kompani för specialoperatörer. Kompaniet leddes av regeringen i exil men tränades och försörjdes av brittiska Special Operations Execu- tive (SOE).3 I samarbete med britterna planerade och genomfördes flertalet räder mot tyska försvarsbaser längs norska kusten under ockupationstiden.4 Genom nyttjandet av irreguljära metoder lyckades norrmännen och britterna skapa friktioner som fick Hitler att omvärdera sina målsättningar med försvaret av Norge.5 ” What is the object of defense? Preservation. It is easier to hold ground than take it.” 6 Clausewitz menade i sitt klassiska verk On War att det är enklare att försvara än att ta. Detta leder till undran hur en småstat som Norge, i samarbete med andra nationer och vapenslag, kunde kringgå det som Clausewitz menade med krigets friktioner och nå framgång mot en star- kare och försvarande aktör. En kvalitativ studie om småstater och specialoperationer kan bidra med förståelse och empiriska belägg för hur småstater kan nyttja olika medel för att påverka motståndaren vid ett territoriellt angrepp. 1 Gjelsvik 1979:13. 2 Ibid:81. 3 Devins 1967:59. 4 Jensen, Ratvik & Ulstein 1948:23. 5 Mann 2009:495. 6 Clausewitz 1993:427. Sida 3 av 43 Gustaf Zelahn 2021-05-17 OP 18–21 1.1 Problemformulering I och med Rysslands snabba invasion av Ukraina 2014 nyttjades begreppet hybridkrigföring i syfte att förklara den nya formen av krigföring som Ryssland nyttjade. Käihkö menar att akt- ionen fick västvärlden att uppleva sig hotad av flera kommande oförutsedda aktioner.7 I svenska regeringens proposition ”försvarspolitisk inriktning – Sveriges försvar 2016–2020” förklarades att säkerhetspolitiska utvecklingen runt Östersjöområdet resulterat i att Sverige återgår till ett nationellt försvar i stället för ett insatsförsvar.8 2014 tog Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (FOI), på beställning av Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap, fram fyra typfall på hur Sverige skulle kunna angripas av en annan nation. I typfall fyra förklaras att ett tänkbart tillvägagångssätt är ”angrepp som omfattar landstigning och luftlandsättning mot viktiga om- råden i Sverige”.9 Försvarsberedningen skrev 2017 att ett väpnat angrepp mot Sverige inte längre kan uteslutas.10 Det globala säkerhetspolitiska läget är även svårt att bedöma och präglas av
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