DOCSLIB.ORG

ARMIES, POLITICS and REVOLUTION Chile, !"#"–!"$%

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ARMIES, POLITICS and REVOLUTION Chile, ! ARMIES, POLITICS AND REVOLUTION Chile, !"#"–!"$% Ossa, Armies, Politics and Revolution.indd 1 13/11/2014 11:02:25 Liverpool Latin American Studies Series Editors: John Fisher, University of Liverpool, and Steve Rubenstein, University of Liverpool ! Business History in Latin America: The Experience of Seven Countries Carlos Dávila and Rory Miller (eds) $ Habsburg Peru: Images, Imagination and Memory Peter T. Bradley and David Cahill & Knowledge and Learning in the Andes: Ethnographic Perspectives Henry Stobart and Rosaleen Howard (eds) ' Bourbon Peru, !()#‒!"$' John Fisher ) Between Resistance and Adaptation: Indigenous Peoples and the Colonisation of the Chocó, !)!# ‒!()& Caroline A. Williams % Shining Path: Guerilla War in Peru’s Northern Highlands, !+"#‒!++( Lewis Taylor ( South American Independence: Gender, Politics, Text Catherine Davies, Claire Brewster and Hilary Owen " Adventuring Through Spanish Colonies: Simón Bolívar, Foreign Mercenaries and the Birth of New Nations Matthew Brown + British Trade with Spanish America, !(%&‒!"#" Adrian J. Pearce !# Colonial Tropes and Postcolonial Tricks: Rewriting the Tropics in the novela de la selva Lesley Wylie !! Argentina’s Partisan Past: Nationalism and the Politics of History Michael Goebel !$ The Reinvention of Mexico: National Ideology in a Neoliberal Era Gavin O’Toole Ossa, Armies, Politics and Revolution.indd 2 13/11/2014 11:02:25 Liverpool Latin American Studies, New Series !" Armies, Politics and Revolution Chile, !"#"–!"$% Juan Luis Ossa Santa Cruz LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY PRESS Ossa, Armies, Politics and Revolution.indd 3 13/11/2014 11:02:25 Armies, Politics and Revolution First published $#!' by Liverpool University Press ' Cambridge Street Liverpool L%+ (ZU Copyright © $#!' Juan Luis Ossa Santa Cruz The right of Juan Luis Ossa Santa Cruz to be identified as the author of this book has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act !+"". All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data A British Library CIP record is available ISBN +("-!-("!&"-!&$-" Typeset by Carnegie Book Production, Lancaster Printed and bound by Booksfactory.co.uk Ossa, Armies, Politics and Revolution.indd 4 13/11/2014 11:02:25 To my beloved Oxonian daughter, Violeta Ossa, Armies, Politics and Revolution.indd 5 13/11/2014 11:02:25 Ossa, Armies, Politics and Revolution.indd 6 13/11/2014 11:02:25 Contents contents Abbreviations ix Maps x–xi Acknowledgements xiii Introduction ! I. Armies $ II. Politics ) III. Revolution !# IV. A note on sources and terminology !$ Chapter I Building up a revolutionary army in Chile, !"#"–!"!$ !) I. !"#"–!"!#: internal responses to imperial crisis !% II. A conflict of politics, a conflict between provinces $' III. Revolutionary warfare in Chile &! IV. The political legitimization of a revolutionary movement '# Chapter II Political and military counterrevolution in Chile, !"!$–!"!% )# I. Rancagua: a revolutionary battle or a historiographical disaster? )! II. Mariano Osorio’s political and military conduct )) III. Francisco Marcó del Pont: facing an external threat %) IV. Was it possible to re-conquer Chile? (( Chapter III The Army of the Andes: Chilean and rioplatense politics in an age of military organization, !"!$–!"!% "$ I. Chilean émigrés in a foreign territory "' II. The Army of the Andes and the militarization of civil society "+ Ossa, Armies, Politics and Revolution.indd 7 13/11/2014 11:02:25 viii ,-./01, 234/5/61 ,78 -0934:5/37 III. Chileans in the Army of the Andes: Spies, military intelligence and the guerra de zapa +% IV. Crossing the Cordillera !#$ Chapter IV The establishment of a military regime in Chile, !"!%–!"&' !!! I. Ruling over an unruly population !!$ II. Maipú: battle for territorial dominance !$& III. Irregular warfare in the south of Chile !$+ IV. The personalization of politics !&( Chapter V Becoming a Chilean army: The Ejército Libertador del Perú, !"!"–!"&' !'" I. The organization of the Ejército Libertador del Perú and the first Chilean navy !'+ II. Lima: royalist stronghold !%# III. Internal conflicts, external consequences !%% IV. Becoming a Chilean army !(& Chapter VI The political role of the military in the making of the Chilean republic, !"&&–!"&( !"$ I. The revival of Concepción and the Army of the South !"& II. The political role of the military in the !"$#s: the case of Francisco Antonio Pinto !+$ III. Politicizing the army in the Chilean Congress $#' IV. Chiloé: the end of revolutionary warfare $!& Conclusion $$! References $$% Index $&+ Ossa, Armies, Politics and Revolution.indd 8 13/11/2014 11:02:26 Abbreviations Abbreviations ABO: Archivo de don Bernardo O’Higgins AGI: Archivo General de Indias AGN: Archivo General de la Nación (Argentina) AGNP: Archivo General de la Nación (Perú) AHILA: Asociación de Historiadores Latinoamericanistas Europeos AHM: Archivo Histórico de la Provincia de Mendoza AHMIP: Archivo Histórico Militar (Perú) ALHIM: Amérique Latine Histoire et Mémoire. Les Cahiers BAChH: Boletín de la Academia Chilena de la Historia BROP: British Public Record O;ce CDHICh: Colección de Historiadores y de documentos de la Independencia de Chile CDIP: Colección documental de la Independencia del Perú CG: Capitanía General CM: Contaduría Mayor DIBAM: Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos FV: Fondo Varios HAHR: Hispanic American Historical Review IC: Intendencia de Coquimbo JIVE: José Ignacio Víctor Eyzaguirre MG: Ministerio de Guerra MI: Ministerio del Interior MJTM: Manuscritos José Toribio Medina RChHG: Revista Chilena de Historia y Geografía REHMLAC: Revista de Estudios Históricos de la Masonería Latinoamericana y Caribeña SCL: Sesiones de los Cuerpos Legislativos VM: Vicuña Mackenna Ossa, Armies, Politics and Revolution.indd 9 13/11/2014 11:02:26 Chile, !&"# –!"$% Ossa, Armies, Politics and Revolution.indd 10 13/11/2014 11:02:26 South America, !&"#–!"$% (Modified from John Lynch, San Martín. Argentine Soldier, American hero, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, $##+) Ossa, Armies, Politics and Revolution.indd 11 13/11/2014 11:02:26 Ossa, Armies, Politics and Revolution.indd 12 13/11/2014 11:02:26 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements During the six years I took to research and write this book, I incurred many academic and personal debts. The first of these debts is to my doctoral supervisor in Oxford, professor Alan Knight, whose penetrating questions and stimulating ways of studying both Latin American and European history helped me understand the importance of never taking anything for granted, of always questioning what we are told as definitive answers. My good friend and professor Iván Jaksic has been my Chilean maestro since the days I was beginning to work on the Chilean military Francisco Antonio Pinto ($##'). He read the entire manuscript, giving me insightful suggestions and always remembering me to keep on track. In England, professors Alan Angell, Brian Hamnett, Malcolm Deas, John Fisher, Anthony McFarlane, Eduardo Posada Carbó, Matthew Brown and Catherine Davis read parts of this book; I am specially grateful to Alan Angell for his warm hospitality, to Eduardo Posada Carbó and Anthony McFarlane for their sharp comments during my doctoral examination, and to Matthew Brown for his suggestions and corrections. In Chile, professors Sol Serrano and Claudio Rolle from the Instituto de Historia of the Universidad Católica de Chile have always been sources of inspiration. I would also like to give special thanks to David Gallagher and Arturo Fontaine for having written letters of recommendation to Oxford for me. I am very grateful to the following colleagues and friends in Chile: Andrés Baeza, Patricio Bernedo, Joaquín Fernández, Cristóbal García Huidobro, Cristián Gazmuri, Pablo Moscoso, Macarena Ponce de León, Fernando Purcell, Alfredo Riquelme, Jaime Rosenblitt and Rafael Sagredo. Many of the arguments of this book were discussed with Andrés Estefane, Susana Gazmuri, Francisca Rengifo and Claudio Robles, my colleagues in the Centro de Estudios de Historia Política at Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez. I thank both Andrés Benítez and Leonidas Montes for inviting me to become Executive Director of the Centre. Without the diligent help of Nicole Gardella such a task would have been much more di;cult to accomplish. Outside Chile, my friends and colleagues Roberto Breña, Gabriel Di Meglio, Daniel Gutiérrez, Alejandro Rabinovich, Natalia Sobrevilla, Marcela Ossa, Armies, Politics and Revolution.indd 13 13/11/2014 11:02:26 xiv ,-./01, 234/5/61 ,78 -0934:5/37 Ternavasio and Ignacio Zubizarreta have always been ready to solve questions and give me words of encouragement. Not only we are connected by a similar preoccupation for the Independence period, but we have also had the opportunity to discuss and contrast our arguments thanks to the support of the British Academy and CONICYT (Chile). Clément Thibaud has been a generous e-mail interlocutor. Annick Lempérière took the time to discuss some of the topics of my manuscript during one of her stays in Chile; from her I learned the importance of not seeing independence as the inevitable result of the revolution. Other international colleagues, especially Martín Castro, Samuele Mazzolini, Ana María Otero-Cleves,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • OBJ (Application/Pdf)
    THE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CHILE 1810-1823 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ATLANTA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS BY BUTLER ALFONSO JONES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ATLANTA, GEORGIA JUNE 1938 / ' ' I // / ii PREFACE The most casual study of the relations between the United States and the Latin American republics will indicate that the great republic in the north has made little effort to either understand the difficulties that have sorely tried her younger and less powerful neighbors or to study their racial characteristics and customs with the friendly appreciation necessary to good relations between states. Nor is it sufficient in a democracy where public opinion plays an important part in foreign affairs to confine know¬ ledge of foreign policies and peoples to the select few who make up the go¬ vernment. Such understanding should be widespread among the peoples them¬ selves, so that public opinion, based upon an intelligent comprehension of the facts, can aot as a lever towards more friendly cobperation, rather than as a spur to jealous and rival aspirations. To bring about this better re¬ lationship, v/hich can be accomplished only by a better mutual understanding, every avenue of approach should be utilized. It is the purpose of this paper to utilize one of the avenues of approach by presenting, in an objective man¬ ner, the story of the early relations of the United States with what, in some respects, is the most powerful of the Latin American nations and, in all respects, is the most stabilized of our South American neighbors.
    [Show full text]
  • San Martín: Argentine Patriot, American Liberator
    UNIVERSITY OF LONDON INSTITUTE OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES OCCASIONAL PAPERS No. 25 San Martín: Argentine Patriot, American Liberator John Lynch SAN MARTíN: ARGENTINE PATRIOT, AMERICAN LIBERATOR John Lynch Institute of Latin American Studies 31 Tavistock Square London WC1H 9HA The Institute of Latin American Studies publishes as Occasional Papers selected seminar and conference papers and public lectures delivered at the Institute or by scholars associated with the work of the Institute. John Lynch is Emeritus Professor of Latin American History in the University of London, where he has spent most of his academic career, first at University College, then from 1974 to 1987 as Director of the Institute of Latin American Studies. The main focus of his work has been Spanish America in the period 1750–1850. Occasional Papers, New Series 1992– ISSN 0953 6825 © Institute of Latin American Studies University of London, 2001 San Martín: Argentine Patriot, American Liberator 1 José de San Martín, one of the founding fathers of Latin America, comparable in his military and political achievements with Simón Bolívar, and arguably incomparable as a model of disinterested leadership, is known to history as the hombre necesario of the American revolution. There are those, it is true, who question the importance of his career and reject the cult of the hero. For them the meaning of liberation is to be found in the study of economic struc- tures, social classes and the international conjuncture, not in military actions and the lives of liberators. In this view Carlyle’s discourse on heroes is a mu- seum piece and his elevation of heroes as the prime subject of history a misconception.
    [Show full text]
  • Flag Research Quarterly, August 2016, No. 10
    FLAG RESEARCH QUARTERLY REVUE TRIMESTRIELLE DE RECHERCHE EN VEXILLOLOGIE AUGUST / AOÛT 2016 No. 10 DOUBLE ISSUE / FASCICULE DOUBLE A research publication of the North American Vexillological Association / Une publication de recherche de THE FLAGS AND l’Association nord-américaine de vexillologie SEALS OF TEXAS A S I LV E R A NN I V E R S A R Y R E V I S I O N Charles A. Spain I. Introduction “The flag is the embodiment, not of sentiment, but of history. It represents the experiences made by men and women, the experiences of those who do and live under that flag.” Woodrow Wilson1 “FLAG, n. A colored rag borne above troops and hoisted on forts and ships. It appears to serve the same purpose as certain signs that one sees on vacant lots in London—‘Rubbish may be shot here.’” Ambrose Bierce2 The power of the flag as a national symbol was all too evident in the 1990s: the constitutional debate over flag burning in the United States; the violent removal of the communist seal from the Romanian flag; and the adoption of the former czarist flag by the Russian Federation. In the United States, Texas alone possesses a flag and seal directly descended from revolution and nationhood. The distinctive feature of INSIDE / SOMMAIRE Page both the state flag and seal, the Lone Star, is famous worldwide because of the brief Editor’s Note / Note de la rédaction 2 existence of the Republic of Texas (March 2, 1836, to December 29, 1845).3 For all Solid Vexillology 2 the Lone Star’s fame, however, there is much misinformation about it.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource Guide Chile
    Resource Guide Chile www.larmgroup.com © Copyright LARM Group TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 Welcome to Chile Chile History & Culture 4 Country Details Currency & Taxation Local I.D. Immigratiion Progress Obtaining your Driver’s License Purchasing a Car 10 Home Finding Associated Fees in Renting a Home Utilities Required Documentation 11 Education Bilingual Schools Academic Calendar Recommended Timeframes to Enroll 13 Banking Opening a Bank Account ATMS 14 Medical System Insurance Finding a Doctor Hospitals Emergency Contacts 16 Transportation Public Transport in Santiago and Major Cities Airports and Air Transport Traveling by Bus Train Journeys Traveling by car in Chile 18 Embassy & Consulates Embassy Consulates © Copyright LARM Group TABLE OF CONTENTS 20 National Holidays 21 The Local Flavor Chilean Cuisine Traditional Recipe Eating out in Santiago 22 Landmarks & Tourist Spots 25 Entertainment Sports & Activities in Country Shopping 26 Helpful Tips Safety Utilities & Technical Information Dialing In/Out of Country 27 Weights & Measurements Chart 28 Notes © Copyright LARM Group As part of our Latin American Relocation Management (LARM) family, you can rest assured that we have your relocation needs covered. Our focus is making sure you experience a smooth transition, from start to finish. We have put together this guide with important information and resources that will help ease your relocation process as much as possible. We want to remind you that we stand by, ready to support and guide you whenever you might need it. If you have any questions or feed- back, please feel free to contact us directly. LARM Chile LARM USA Headquarters Americo Vespucio 2050 1961 NW 150th Avenue, Suite 103 Quilicura, Santiago, Chile Pembroke Pines, FL 33028 Phone: + (562) 2663-6700 Phone: + (954) 239-4081 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] LARM - CHILE RESOURCE GUIDE 1 © Copyright LARM Group Welcome to Chile Chile is a developing country.
    [Show full text]
  • Rc: 79917 - Issn: 2448-0959
    Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento - RC: 79917 - ISSN: 2448-0959 https://www.nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/sem-categoria/the-reason The reason for the state ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL PEDROSO, Nilda Da Conceição [1] PEDROSO, Nilda Da Conceição. The reason for the state. Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento. Year 05, Ed. 10, Vol. 15, 18-33. October 2020. ISSN: 2448-0959, Access link: https://www.nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/historia-es/la-razon, DOI: 10.32749/nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/history-is/la-reason Summary With this work we intend to study the Folders of the historical collection of the national archive. They contain the Captainular Acts of the Meetings of the National Assumption Lobby in the period 1805 and 1806. Our intention is to demonstrate, through these demands, and to expose an insipient and colonized Assumption, but hardworking, politicized and developing. Demonstrate the same, the activity of a state apparatus that in the past played an important role together with the people: the Cabildo. On the other hand we intend to contribute to clarify points of questions taken to centuries and that with this monographic work are alls of the past and brought to the historical present. Key words: Folders, chapter minutes, lobbying, Assumption. 1. INTRODUCTION To the team of students of the ONE Master's Course, it was given to present a work, that of doing a study of the Chapter Acts contained in a folder corresponding to the period of a full decade: from 1801 to 1811. These are the years that anticipated the most important event for the Republic of Paraguay: its Independence.From these years it was up to us to do the study of the years 1805 and 1806.
    [Show full text]
  • The Straits of Magellan Were the Final Piece in in Paris
    Capítulo 1 A PASSAGE TO THE WORLD The Strait of Magellan during the Age of its Discovery Mauricio ONETTO PAVEZ 2 3 Mauricio Onetto Paves graduated in 2020 will be the 500th anniversary of the expedition led by history from the Pontifical Catholic Ferdinand Magellan that traversed the sea passage that now carries his University of Chile. He obtained name. It was an adventure that became part of the first circumnavigation his Masters and PhD in History and of the world. Civilizations from the L’École des Ever since, the way we think about and see the world – and even the Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales universe – has changed. The Straits of Magellan were the final piece in in Paris. a puzzle that was yet to be completed, and whose resolution enabled a He is the director of the international series of global processes to evolve, such as the movement of people, academic network GEOPAM the establishment of commercial routes, and the modernization of (Geopolítica Americana de los siglos science, among other things. This book offers a new perspective XVI-XVII), which focuses on the for the anniversary by means of an updated review of the key event, geopolitics of the Americas between based on original scientific research into some of the consequences of the 16th and 17th centuries. His negotiating the Straits for the first time. The focus is to concentrate research is funded by Chile’s National on the geopolitical impact, taking into consideration the diverse scales Fund for Scientific and Technological involved: namely the global scale of the world, the continental scale Development (FONDECYT), and he of the Americas, and the local context of Chile.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Shadow of Empire and Nation : Chilean Migration to the United
    IN THE SHADOW OF EMPIRE AND NATION: CHILEAN MIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES SINCE 1950 By Cristián Alberto Doña Reveco A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Sociology History 2012 ABSTRACT IN THE SHADOW OF EMPIRE AND NATION: CHILEAN MIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES SINCE 1950 By Cristián Alberto Doña Reveco This dissertation deals with how Chilean emigrants who have migrated to the US since the 1950s remember and define their migration decision in connection to changing historical processes in both the country of origin and that of destination. Using mainly oral histories collected from 30 Chileans I compare the processes that led to their migration; their memories of Chile at the time of migration; the arrival to the United States, as well as their intermediate migrations to other countries; their memories of Chile during the visits to the country of origin; and their self identifications with the countries of origin and destination. I also use census data and migration entry data to characterize and analyze the different waves of Chilean migration to the United States. I separate each wave by a major historical moment. The first wave commences at the end of World War II and the beginnings of the Cold War; the second with the military coup of September 11, 1973; the third with the economic crisis of 1982; and the fourth with the return to democratic governments in 1990. Connecting the oral histories, migration data and historiographies to current approaches to migration decision-making, the study of social memory, and the construction of migrant identities, this dissertation explores the interplay of these multiple factors in the social constructions underlying the decisions to migrate.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Colonial History Four of Seven
    Early Colonial History Four of Seven Marianas History Conference Early Colonial History Guampedia.com This publication was produced by the Guampedia Foundation ⓒ2012 Guampedia Foundation, Inc. UOG Station Mangilao, Guam 96923 www.guampedia.com Table of Contents Early Colonial History Windfalls in Micronesia: Carolinians' environmental history in the Marianas ...................................................................................................1 By Rebecca Hofmann “Casa Real”: A Lost Church On Guam* .................................................13 By Andrea Jalandoni Magellan and San Vitores: Heroes or Madmen? ....................................25 By Donald Shuster, PhD Traditional Chamorro Farming Innovations during the Spanish and Philippine Contact Period on Northern Guam* ....................................31 By Boyd Dixon and Richard Schaefer and Todd McCurdy Islands in the Stream of Empire: Spain’s ‘Reformed’ Imperial Policy and the First Proposals to Colonize the Mariana Islands, 1565-1569 ....41 By Frank Quimby José de Quiroga y Losada: Conquest of the Marianas ...........................63 By Nicholas Goetzfridt, PhD. 19th Century Society in Agaña: Don Francisco Tudela, 1805-1856, Sargento Mayor of the Mariana Islands’ Garrison, 1841-1847, Retired on Guam, 1848-1856 ...............................................................................83 By Omaira Brunal-Perry Windfalls in Micronesia: Carolinians' environmental history in the Marianas By Rebecca Hofmann Research fellow in the project: 'Climates of Migration:
    [Show full text]
  • Los-Butalmapus-De-Los-Llanos-En-La-Araucania.Pdf (1.008Mb)
    CUADERNOS DE HISTORIA 21 DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS HISTÓRICAS UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE DICIEMBRE 2001 LOS BUTALMAPUS DE LOS LLANOS EN LA ARAUCANÍA* Osvaldo Silva Galdames Eduardo Téllez Lúgaro Universidad de Chile INTRODUCCIÓN n las actas de los Parlamentos realizados a lo largo del siglo XVIII se E mencionan los cuatro butalrnapus: costa, llanos, precordillera y cordille­ ra, con sus respectivos "caciques gobernadores" y los nombres de quienes asumían la palabra en su representación para expresar las quejas y aceptar las capitulaciones o acuerdos solicitados por los Gobernadores del "reyno". Así actuaron en Negrete (1726) los caciques don Miguel Militacum, don Juan Millaleubu, Tureuman y Lebopillan ante el gobernador Gabriel Cano de 1 A ponte, sin que se especificara a qué agrupaciones pertenecían • Lo propio ocurrió en la junta de Tapihue (1738), a la cual no concurrieron los pehuenches 2 "que estan poblados en las cabeceras de esta Ysla de la Laxa y Biobio" , a *Este trabajo forma parte del proyecto Fondecyt 1000206. 1 Acta del Parlamento de Tapihue, 13 de febrero de 1726. Archivo Nacional (en adelante AN). Fondo Varios. Vol. 251, ff. 187-192. 2 Acta del Parlamento de Tapihue, 8 de diciembre de 1738. Biblioteca Nacional. Manus­ critos Medina (en adelante MM). Vol. 184 ff 218-247. 17 CUADERNOS DE HISTORIA Estudios quienes se acusaba de robar permanentemente "ganados, yeguas y cavallos", razón por la cual "se resolvió que se propusiese que habían de vivir con Capi­ tán de Amigos o pasaría a expulsarlos del paraje en que oy se hayan" 3, donde ante el gobernador José Manso de Ve lasco expusieron los caciques Guen­ chuguala, don Juan de Millaleubu, don Miguel Melitacum y Perquilaguen.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecuador and Liberato
    524 The Emperor countries - a situation which in many endured until the last third or so of the twentieth century, effectively frustrating their political evolution. In the United States it was from the outset the middle classes who seized power and vigorously pursued their agenda of economic develop­ ment and commercial expansion. The American Revolution was truly a revolutionary movement, while the Latin American wars of independ­ ence were largely aristocratic assertions of self-interest against the mother country. The caudillos and the demagogues pursued their own Chronology interests, sometimes brutally, sometimes in an enlightened way, power alternating between the two all too often, and both based on the cult of personality. As economic growth and the expansion of the middle class have at last occurred in the course of the last third of the twentieth Birth of Francisco de Miranda in Caracas century, it has become possible to suggest that the era of extremes has 1750 1759 Accession of Charles III of Spain , passed. How quickly economic and political co-operation between the 1763 Ambrose Higgins arrives in Buenos Aires Latin American nations will follow remains to be seen. 1775 Outbreak of American War ofIndependence , Birth ofThomas, later Lord near Edmburgh, de Chile The Liberators threw off the Spanish yoke - one of the greatest mili­ Cochran~, 1777 Ambrosio O'Higgins becomes Captam-~eneral of Santlag? tary achievements in human history. In their inability to establish viable 1778 Birth of Bernardo O'Higgins in Concepcl6n, southern ~Jle or stable political structures, although most wanted to do so, they were Birth ofJose de San Martin in Yapeyu., north of Buenos res Execution ofTupac Amaru II in Cuzco .
    [Show full text]
  • Chile and the Search for Modernization of Its Army During the Transition to Democracy
    Article DOI 10.22491/cmm.a024 Chile and the search for modernization of its Army during the transition to democracy Chile y las Demandas de Modernización del Ejército Durante la Transición Democrática Abstract: This study aims to analyze the demands for military Fernando Velôzo Gomes Pedrosa modernization and restructuring that led to the transformation of Exército Brasileiro. Escola de Comando e the Chilean Army at the beginning of the 21st century. We briefly Estado-Maior do Exército. discuss changes in military institutions, trying to identify factors or Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. conditions that drive these change processes, and to assess to what [email protected] extent political authorities exercise control over these changes. We also analyze the case of the Chilean Army in the 1990s, according to the following aspects: international political conjuncture, domestic political conjuncture, disputes and military tensions in the Chilean environment, perception of adverse military capabilities, perception of the very Chilean military capabilities, and the Chilean strategic culture. Finally, we outline the 1994 plan to modernize the Chilean Army. Our conclusion is that the process of modernization of the Chilean Army in the transition to democracy emerged within the armed institution, coming from the very top level, and it was mainly motivated by international and domestic prestige. Keywords: Military Modernization. Military Innovation. Military Transformation. Chilean Army. Redemocratization in Chile. Resumen: El propósito de este trabajo es analizar las demandas por modernización y reestructuración militar que condujeron al proceso de transformación del Ejército de Chile desencadenado a principios del siglo XXI. Presenta una breve discusión acerca de los cambios en instituciones militares, buscando identificar los factores o condiciones que impulsan estos procesos de cambios, y evaluar en qué medida las autoridades políticas ejercen el control sobre estos cambios.
    [Show full text]
  • La Resistencia Mapuche-Williche, 1930-1985
    La resistencia mapuche-williche, 1930-1985. Zur Erlangung des Grades des Doktors der Philosophie am Fachbereich Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin im März 2019. Vorgelegt von Alejandro Javier Cárcamo Mansilla aus Osorno, Chile 1 1. Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Stefan Rinke, Freie Universität Berlin ZI Lateinamerika Institut 2. Gutachter: apl. Prof. Dr. Nikolaus Böttcher, Freie Universität Berlin ZI Lateinamerika Institut Tag der Disputation: 09.07.2019 2 Índice Agradecimientos ....................................................................................................................... 5 Introducción .............................................................................................................................. 6 La resistencia mapuche-williche ............................................................................................ 8 La nueva historia desde lo mapuche ..................................................................................... 17 Una metodología de lectura a contrapelo ............................................................................. 22 I Capítulo: Características de la subalternidad y la resistencia mapuche-williche en el siglo XX. .................................................................................................................................. 27 Resumen ............................................................................................................................... 27 La violencia cultural como marco de la resistencia
    [Show full text]