DOCSLIB.ORG

J. Miedema the Water Demon and Related Mythic Figures; the Birds Head Peninsula of Irian Jaya / Papua in Comparative Perspective

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
J. Miedema the Water Demon and Related Mythic Figures; the Birds Head Peninsula of Irian Jaya / Papua in Comparative Perspective J. Miedema The water demon and related mythic figures; The Birds Head peninsula of Irian Jaya / Papua in comparative perspective In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 156 (2000), no: 4, Leiden, 737-769 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 05:22:06AM via free access JELLE MIEDEMA The Water Demon and Related Mythic Figures The Bird's Head Peninsula of Irian Jaya / Papua in Comparative Perspective1 1. Introduction Terms like 'practice' and 'human actors' occupy a prominent place in current anthropology. This is the outcome of an established idea that a people's daily affairs and activities should be the starting-point for the description and analysis of their social life. Informants' natural expressions in language and behaviour will put the researcher on the track of a people's 'local worlds' and 'cultural meanings'. The present paper will take the activities of a supra- human actor, a water demon, as starting-point for a description and analysis of local Bird's Head oral traditions. Our course here will take us from the interior of the eastern part of the Bird's Head Peninsula, through the hinter- 1 This article, the third in a series on the Bird's Head Peninsula of Irian Jaya / Papua in Comparative Perspective as part of a long-term individual research programme aimed at com- paring a variety of data on Bird's Head cultures, is a revised version of a paper presented at the Fourth Conference of the European Society for Oceanists (ESfO) in Leiden on 25-27 June 1999. Research for the study was conducted in the framework of the NWO (Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research) priority programme 'Irian Jaya Studies; A Programme for Interdis- ciplinary Research' (ISIR), financed by WOTRO (Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research). I am indebted to Anton Ploeg for his constructive comments on an earlier version of this article, and to Rosemary Robson for her corrections of the text of that version. JELLE MIEDEMA studied anthropology, specializing in social and cultural anthropology and (ethno-)history, with a particular interest in mythology and religion, at the University of Groningen and took his PhD at the University of Nijmegen. He is currently Coordinator of Irian Jaya Studies at the Projects Division of the Department of Languages and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Oceania of the University of Leiden and has previously published 'Trade, migration, and exchange; The Bird's Head Peninsula of Irian Jaya in a comparative perspective', in: A.J. Strathern and G. Sturzenhofecker (eds), Migration and transformation; Regional perspectives on New Guinea, pp. 121-54, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994, and .'Culture hero stories and tales of tricksters; The Bird's Head Peninsula of Irian Jaya in a comparative perspective (II)', in: Jelle Miedema, Cecilia Ode, and Rien A.C. Dam (eds), Perspectives on the Bird's Head of Irian Jaya, pp. 193-234, Amsterdam/Atlanta GA: Rodopi, 1998. Dr. Miedema may be contacted at Nonnen- steeg 1-3, 2311 VJ Leiden, The Netherlands. His e-mail addresses are: Miedema® Rullet.LeidenUniv.nl, and [email protected]. BK1156-4 (2000) Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 05:22:06AM via free access 738 Jelle Miedema land of the south coast, to the western end of the Peninsula. In addition, the paper will suggest that changes in the operating space of mythic figures cor- relate with long-term transformations in the human world. The New Guinea anthropologist J. Pouwer writes in a recent study: 'If one thing is apparent from the analysis and comparison of East Bird's Head cul- tures and a fortiori from their myths, then it is that there are sufficient paral- lels to justify a comparison and sufficient differences to make such an exer- cise worthwhile' (Pouwer 1998:163). According to Pouwer, 'Myth is eternally true and valid; yet it changes, sooner or later, when local and historical contexts change. However, myth is not an epiphenomenon of social time and place: it stands on its own feet, it is an autonomous though not independent social force.' (Pouwer 1998:164, my italics, JM.) My interest in myth is concentrated on transformations in mythemes, as well as correlations between these transformations and changes in social life. Our knowledge of the socio-cultural and (ethno-)historical context of the episodes of myths discussed in this paper2, however, is fragmentary. Even so, it is the links between the various transformations in myths across the Bird's Head (and beyond) and long-term changes in social life that are described in this study - albeit tentatively. This interest was aroused by among other things the diametrically opposed attitudes to the Bird's Head water demon Wuob/Mos of the Kebar Valley people on the one hand, and the Ayamaru people on the other. The Kebar people in the north-eastern part of the Peninsula fear the water demon, or did so in the late 1970s, saying 'Whether we are punished by Wuob or by the Lord, we are punished in any case' (Miedema 1984:206). The Ayamaru people3 in the central western Bird's Head, on the other hand, boasted in the late 1950s that they knew the secret of how to stop Mos (Elmberg 1968:224). This opposition in attitudes is extremely interesting, as eastern Ayfat/ Kebar and western Ayfat/Ayamaru myths about water demons show many striking similarities. In an earlier study (Miedema 1986), in which I refer to Elmberg 1968, I have already discussed some similarities and differences between myths from the north-eastern interior of the Peninsula and myths 2 The present article is based on an inventory of all the available Bird's Head myths, collect- ed from the 1950s to the 1990s (so far about 300 stories, including variant versions of some). As far as the representativeness of this material for Bird's Head mythology is concerned, it should be noted that tales gathered more recently in the inland areas constitute mainly new versions of already known stories and virtually no completely new stories (see also Haenen 1998, who focuses on the so far unknown south-eastern Wamesa area). 3 Specifically members of the Uon (or Won) society, a secret men's society that was still oper- ative in the western Bird's Head in the 1950s and in the central Bird's Head in the 1970s (Elmberg 1968; Miedema 1984) and which survives as a 'tradition of knowledge' (see Timmer 1998, 2000). Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 05:22:06AM via free access The Water Demon and Related Mythic Figures 739 found as far away as the south-western interior. It was in fact the water demon which led me to establish similarities between myths from areas to the east and west of the Ayfat River. Along this north-east-(south-)west axis, the water demon in all the versions of the myths concerned punishes man- kind by sending a deluge, whereas in Kebar myths the water demon (deluge) is stopped by a snafe-woman who is delivered of a child (Miedema 1984:167), while in a western Ayamaru version the water falls after a possum-woman has recently given birth (Elmberg 1968:254; Miedema 1986:39). The above-mentioned attitudes are also interesting from a centre-periph- ery point of view. Following the same north-east-(south-)west axis as above, but now in the opposite direction, we note that the Ayamaru Lakes area is located at the centre of the Bird's Head ceremonial exchange system (see Section 3 below), whereas the Kebar Plains area is located in the periphery of this exchange complex. At this juncture it should be observed that this is an exploratory study. Moreover, it focuses on a specific region, the interior of the Bird's Head Peninsula, and a specific figure, the water demon. Besides elaborating previ- ous comparative Bird's Head studies, in particular recent studies on unfin- ished males, tricksters, and culture heroes (Miedema 1996, 1998; Pouwer 1998),.and attempting 'to integrate patterns in mythology with patterns of mobility and politics' (Strathern 1998:8), it aims to add another map to the 'multi-layered grid of information' (Strathern 1998:5), as yet still fragmentary, on the Bird's Head area and its population. The implication is that it is still too early to describe the underlying links between transformations in myths and in real life in more detail. Regarding research method, I favour that proposed by Strathern and Stewart, who write: The method that we have employed here has been a modification of Platenkamp's 'rules' for comparison, based on his main statement regarding 'explanations' (1996). We have not, however, adhered to his stipulation that there must be a con- struction of some model before comparison can proceed. Ideally, this would be done. In practice, however, it is also methodologically sound to use a thematic approach, which capitalizes on sets of similarities and differences in order to pur- sue them cross-culturally. (Strathern and Stewart 1998:43.) In fact, this study is another contribution to what I have termed the 'cluster approach'. This approach implies: (a) making an inventory of important phe- nomena per region, group, and period; (b) tracing any correlations between these phenomena, again per region, group, and period; and (c) comparing these correlations within an inter-regional and temporal framework. This approach 'can lead to enquiries in a number of directions while not exclud- ing the possibility that there are correlations between clusters of features and Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 05:22:06AM via free access usapor TAMRAU AMBERBAKEN Abun Mpur ^Saukorem (Karon Pantai) ...,__.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Past That Has Not Passed: Human Rights Violations in Papua Before and After Reformasi
    International Center for Transitional Justice The Past That Has Not Passed: Human Rights Violations in Papua Before and After Reformasi June 2012 Cover: A Papuan victim shows diary entries from 1969, when he was detained and transported to Java before the Act of Free Choice. ICTJ International Center The Past That Has Not Passed: Human Rights Violations in Papua for Transitional Justice Before and After Reformasi The Past That Has Not Passed: Human Rights Violations in Papua Before and After Reformasi www.ictj.org iii International Center The Past That Has Not Passed: Human Rights Violations in Papua for Transitional Justice Before and After Reformasi Acknowledgements The International Center for Transitional Justice and (ICTJ) and the Institute of Human Rights Studies and Advocacy (ELSHAM) acknowledges the contributions of Matthew Easton, Zandra Mambrasar, Ferry Marisan, Joost Willem Mirino, Dominggas Nari, Daniel Radongkir, Aiesh Rumbekwan, Mathius Rumbrapuk, Sem Rumbrar, Andy Tagihuma, and Galuh Wandita in preparing this paper. Editorial support was also provided by Tony Francis, Atikah Nuraini, Nancy Sunarno, Dodi Yuniar, Dewi Yuri, and Sri Lestari Wahyuningroem. Research for this document were supported by Canada Fund. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of ICTJ and ELSHAM and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union. About the International Center for Transitional Justice ICTJ works to assist societies in regaining humanity in the wake of massive human rights abuses. We provide expert technical advice, policy analysis, and comparative research on transitional justice approaches, including criminal prosecutions, reparations initiatives, truth seeking and memory, and institutional reform.
    [Show full text]
  • LCSH Section K
    K., Rupert (Fictitious character) Motion of K stars in line of sight Ka-đai language USE Rupert (Fictitious character : Laporte) Radial velocity of K stars USE Kadai languages K-4 PRR 1361 (Steam locomotive) — Orbits Ka’do Herdé language USE 1361 K4 (Steam locomotive) UF Galactic orbits of K stars USE Herdé language K-9 (Fictitious character) (Not Subd Geog) K stars—Galactic orbits Ka’do Pévé language UF K-Nine (Fictitious character) BT Orbits USE Pévé language K9 (Fictitious character) — Radial velocity Ka Dwo (Asian people) K 37 (Military aircraft) USE K stars—Motion in line of sight USE Kadu (Asian people) USE Junkers K 37 (Military aircraft) — Spectra Ka-Ga-Nga script (May Subd Geog) K 98 k (Rifle) K Street (Sacramento, Calif.) UF Script, Ka-Ga-Nga USE Mauser K98k rifle This heading is not valid for use as a geographic BT Inscriptions, Malayan K.A.L. Flight 007 Incident, 1983 subdivision. Ka-houk (Wash.) USE Korean Air Lines Incident, 1983 BT Streets—California USE Ozette Lake (Wash.) K.A. Lind Honorary Award K-T boundary Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary UF Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) K.A. Linds hederspris K-T Extinction Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction BT National parks and reserves—Hawaii K-ABC (Intelligence test) K-T Mass Extinction Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) USE Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-B Bridge (Palau) K-TEA (Achievement test) Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Koro-Babeldaod Bridge (Palau) USE Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-BIT (Intelligence test) K-theory Ka-ju-ken-bo USE Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test [QA612.33] USE Kajukenbo K.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Isolates and Linguistic Diversity
    Language Isolates and Linguistic Diversity Jean-Marie Hombert BLS 36 Berkeley, Feb 6-7, 2010 • 1. Isolates : How many? Where? • 2. Their importance • 3. Problem of time barrier in langage classification • 4. Why do we have Isolates? • 5. « Real » language isolates and polygenesis • Language Family : group of languages which have a common ancestor • Language isolate : language without linguistic relatives (single unit family) © http://ehl.santafe.edu/main.html Distribution of Language Families (from Campbell, 1998) Languages Families Americas > 2000 > 150 New Guinea > 750 > 60 Australia 250 > 60 Africa > 2500 > 20 Europe + Asia 37 Europe 3 Families, Isolates and Macro-Families Ruhlen WALS Nichols Campbell Families 17 37 > 250 > 250 Isolates 5 169 Wrong debate? • It could just depend on the time depth considered: –300 «groups» at 2000 BP –50 «groups» at 5000 BP –About 12 « groups » at 15000 BP 1. Localisation of language isolates Distribution of Isolates • Few Isolates in Africa • Many Isolates in (South) America • …and New Guinea 2. Importance of language isolates • Clearer image of classification of the world’s languages • Better understanding of langage dispersals • Adequate representation of linguistic diversity in sampling for typological studies • Priority list for study of endangered languages Isolates and African language classification • Afroasiatic • Laal • Niger-Congo • Shabo • Mande • Ongota • Nilo-Saharan • Dompo • Songhay • Mpre • Kadu • Bangi-Me • Coman • Cen Tuum • Ju • Hadza • Khoe-Kwadi • Tuu 3. The 10.000 to 100.000 years
    [Show full text]
  • Practical Campbell
    PRACTICAL CAMPBELL After the Deluge Then by the will of Hurakan, the Heart of Heaven, the waters were swollen, and a great flood came upon the mannikins of wood. They were drowned and a thick resin fell from heaven… Because they had not thought on Hurakan, therefore the face of the earth grew dark, and a pouring rain commenced, raining by day and by night … Then ran the mannikins hither and thither in despair. They climbed to the roofs of the houses, but the houses crumbled under their feet; they tried to mount to the tops of the trees, but the trees hurled them from them; they sought refuge in the caverns, but the caverns closed before them. Thus was accomplished the ruin of this race, destined to be overthrown. - Popol Vuh, First Book (tr. Lewis Spence) I pen these words barely a week after Hurricane Katrina slammed into the Gulf Coast, uprooting over a million people, leaving hundreds of thousands homeless, tens of thousands stranded, and unknown hundreds dead. Most Americans, cast involuntarily in the role of passive participants, watched this tragedy unfold with the same sense of slow- mo horror, helplessness, and fatalistic fascination we experience in that instant before cars collide, transfixed by the seemingly endless stream of devastation, suffering, and death broadcast twenty-four hours a day. For those of us outside the affected area, the images of anguish, grief, and loss are surreal and almost unfathomable in their magnitude, evoking empathy, compassion, and grief of our own. But for those in Katrina’s path, particularly residents of New Orleans and the Mississippi delta, those who have lost family, friends, homes, and livelihood, it’s the apocalypse.
    [Show full text]
  • Leg Child Revised TRES
    van Binsbergen, Wim M.J., 2020, The leg child in global cultural history: A distributional exercise in comparative mythology, at: http://www.quest- journal.net/shikanda/topicalities/leg_child,pdf In this paper we shall address an interessting and wide-spread mytheme that nonetheless is little known outside the circle of comparative mythologists: the leg child. In comparative mythology, the leg child is a mythical anthropomorphic figure born from a human body otherwise than via the normal birth channel; cf . van Binsbergen 2018: 417, where I wrote approximately (text considerably adapted): .... the mytheme of the leg child (NarCom 12b). This is a common motif, indicating a mythical figure who was born, not by passing through the normal birth channel, but through a thigh, armpit, waist, occiput or any other part of the human body except the birth channel. The type case is from Ancient Greek mythology, where Dionysus was sewn into his father Zeus's thigh, and born from there, after his mother Semele had been burned to death under the hot splendour of Zeus' lightning.(...) Quite a few mythical protagonists worldwide appear as leg children, including Ancient Egyptian Seth born from his mother's side, Thoth from his father's skull (Bonnet 1952: 702 f.), cf. Greek Athena from her father's skull (and when Hephaestus – who incidentally, as a smith was the very one to split Zeus’s skull on that occasion – in sexual arousal ejaculated against Athena's thigh who in disgust wiped off the sperm with a handful of wool and cast it to the Earth, who immediately responded by producing Erichthonius [ – by an ancient popular etymology, ‘Wool-Earthy’ – , ] this makes the latter also a leg child although he was reputedly borne by Gaia / Earth).
    [Show full text]
  • Darwin/West Papua/Darwin Snorkel and Dive Perhaps the Richest Waters of All!
    Wayag Island Ayau Atoll Manokwari Sorong Biak Fak Fak Cenderawasih Bay Ambon Darwin Return charter flights ex Darwin ARE INCLUDED in the cruise tariff. This itinerary is provided as example only – prevailing conditions and local arrangements may cause variation. Helicopter flights can be purchased additional to the cruise tariff as a package or individually. TheWhale Sharks of Cenderawasih Bay Darwin/West Papua/Darwin Snorkel and dive perhaps the richest waters of all! Day One North Star’s chartered aircraft for your short flight to Sorong – a logistics hub for Indonesia’s thriving eastern oil Your adventure begins amidst the tropical charm of and gas frontier (On Cruise 2, the arrival port will be Biak). Darwin. One of our crew members will escort you aboard Sorong is also where we will welcome you aboard the spearfishing to collecting eatable worms from the magnificent TRUE NORTH. powdery-white sand beaches. The atoll is surrounded by crystal clear water that is frequented by large pods of Enjoy a welcome aboard cocktail as we begin to cruise dolphins. The outer-reef drops sharply to over 1000m and through the equally magnificent Raja Ampat archipelago. clouds of beautiful fishes carpet the reef walls. We’ll have Located off the northwest tip of Bird’s Head Peninsula a chance to snorkel and dive at several sites around the on the island of New Guinea, in Indonesia’s West Papua atoll, or you can head off to the big-blue (outside the Ayau province, Raja Ampat, or the Four Kings, is an archipelago Marine Park) to try your luck at some deep water trolling.
    [Show full text]
  • The West Papua Dilemma Leslie B
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2010 The West Papua dilemma Leslie B. Rollings University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Rollings, Leslie B., The West Papua dilemma, Master of Arts thesis, University of Wollongong. School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, 2010. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3276 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact Manager Repository Services: [email protected]. School of History and Politics University of Wollongong THE WEST PAPUA DILEMMA Leslie B. Rollings This Thesis is presented for Degree of Master of Arts - Research University of Wollongong December 2010 For Adam who provided the inspiration. TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION................................................................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... iii Figure 1. Map of West Papua......................................................................................................v SUMMARY OF ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • From Paradise Lost to Promised Land: Christianity and the Rise of West
    School of History & Politics & Centre for Asia Pacific Social Transformation Studies (CAPSTRANS) University of Wollongong From Paradise Lost to Promised Land Christianity and the Rise of West Papuan Nationalism Susanna Grazia Rizzo A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) of the University of Wollongong 2004 “Religion (…) constitutes the universal horizon and foundation of the nation’s existence. It is in terms of religion that a nation defines what it considers to be true”. G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the of Philosophy of World History. Abstract In 1953 Aarne Koskinen’s book, The Missionary Influence as a Political Factor in the Pacific Islands, appeared on the shelves of the academic world, adding further fuel to the longstanding debate in anthropological and historical studies regarding the role and effects of missionary activity in colonial settings. Koskinen’s finding supported the general view amongst anthropologists and historians that missionary activity had a negative impact on non-Western populations, wiping away their cultural templates and disrupting their socio-economic and political systems. This attitude towards mission activity assumes that the contemporary non-Western world is the product of the ‘West’, and that what the ‘Rest’ believes and how it lives, its social, economic and political systems, as well as its values and beliefs, have derived from or have been implanted by the ‘West’. This postulate has led to the denial of the agency of non-Western or colonial people, deeming them as ‘history-less’ and ‘nation-less’: as an entity devoid of identity. But is this postulate true? Have the non-Western populations really been passive recipients of Western commodities, ideas and values? This dissertation examines the role that Christianity, the ideology of the West, the religion whose values underlies the semantics and structures of modernisation, has played in the genesis and rise of West Papuan nationalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesia's the Four Kings
    Indonesia’s RajaText and photos by Steve Jones Ampat The Four Kings 26 X-RAY MAG : 55 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO travel Raja Ampat Close encounter with a manta at Blue Magic, one of many premier dive spots in the Dampier Strait Swirling unicorn fish surround the current I’m distracted by a huge the reef and am greeted by the largest me and seem to have accept- school of jacks tempting me to aban- manta ray I have ever seen. Welcome don my plan. I resist, reminding myself to Blue Magic, a dive site that typifies ed me as one of their own. I that something greater may await. I the wonders to be found in Dampier can no longer see the surface pass a wobbegong posing perfectly Straight, one of the hotspots in Raja nor anything else, save for a under an overhang filled with colorful Ampat. wall of fish. Only four minutes soft corals. I rudely ignore it. At last, I reach the end of the reef, Diversity! into the dive and it’s already alone, and stare into the blue while I Over the past ten years or so, Raja evident that this site is living up calm my breathing down. As the min- Ampat has often been described as to its reputation, literally boil- utes pass, doubt creeps into my mind having some of the best diving to be ing with fish. Moments like this as to whether I’ve made the right deci- found anywhere, but what makes this sion.
    [Show full text]
  • Biblical Allusions in Papuan Mythical Folktales and Their Effects On
    AICoLiN Academic International Conference on Literacy and Novelty Volume 2021 Conference Paper Biblical Allusions in Papuan Mythical Folktales and Their Effects on Material Culture Development for the Papuans Reimundus Raymond Fatubun Cendrawasih University, Indonesia ORCID: Reimundus Raymond Fatubun: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5946-5422 Abstract Powerful texts may have great impacts on the many people who read them. This article examined the biblical allusions found in two Papuan myths and discussed their impacts as seen in the material culture. The books in the Bible that the myths allude to are the Old Testament: Isaiah, Exodus, Genesis, and Deuteronomy and the New Testaments: Luke, John, Mark, and Revelations. The sources suggested that the biblical information might have been heard sporadically by the Sawi/Auyu and the Tabi from Corresponding Author: earlier Europeans. The formal contacts which brought the Bible, though, came in the Reimundus Raymond Fatubun 1800s. This means that the impacts of the great biblical stories had not been there long [email protected] enough to internalize in the people’s lives so as to trigger significant material culture - let alone the highest linguistic diversity. Furthermore, the geographical challenges Published: 8 July 2021 made it even worse for the people to have to endure the hardship, and made it difficult Publishing services provided by to obtain healthy, nutritional, and sufficient food sources for the improvement of human Knowledge E resources which would have been necessary for creating significant material culture. Reimundus Raymond Keywords: biblical allusion, Papuan mythology, material culture, Kwembo, Ataphapkon Fatubun. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are 1.
    [Show full text]
  • 6(9): 72. Note: [Fife Bay]. 2. Baak, Connie;
    1 Bibliography 1. B., Jane. The First Crocodile. The Papuan villager. 1934; 6(9): 72. Note: [Fife Bay]. 2. Baak, Connie; Bakker, Mary; Meij, Dick van der, Editors. Tales from a Concave World: Liber Amicorum Bert Voorhoeve. Leiden: Leiden University, Department of Languages and Cultures of South-East Asia and Oceania, Projects Division; 1995. xx, 601 pp. 3. Baal, J. van. Algemene sociaal-culturele beschouwingen. In: Klein, Ir W. C., Editor. Nieuw Guinea: de ontwikkeling op economisch, sociaal een cultureel gebied, in Nederlands en Australisch Nieuw Guinea. 's-Gravenhage: Staatsdrukkerij- en uitgeverijbedrijf; 1953; I: 230-258. Note: [admin: general NG]. 4. Baal, J. van. The Cult of the Bullroarer in Australia and Southern New Guinea. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 1963; 119: 201-214 + Plates I-II. Note: [admin: Marind-anim; from lit: Kiwai, Keraki, Orokolo]. 5. Baal, J. van. De bevolking van Zuid-Nieuw-Guinea onder Nederlandsch Bestuur: 36 Jaren. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 1939; 79: 309-414 + 3 Foldout Tables + Foldout Map. Note: [admin: Marind]. 6. Baal, J. van. De bevolking van Zuid-Nieuw-Guinea: De Papoea's van Zuid-Nieuw-Guinea onder Europeesch Bestuur. Tijdschrift "Nieuw-Guinea". 1941; 5-6: 174-192 + Foldout Map, 193-216; 48-68, 71-94. Note: [admin: south coast IJ]. 7. Baal, J. van. De mythe als geschiedbron: Een kanttekening bij Dr. Kamma's "Spontane acculturatie op Nieuw-Guinea". De Heerbaan. 1961; 14: 129-130. Note: [admin: Biak]. 8. Baal, J. van. Dema: Description and Analysis of Marind-anim Culture (South New Guinea). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff; 1966.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Pollution Bulletin 64 (2012) 2279–2295
    Marine Pollution Bulletin 64 (2012) 2279–2295 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Marine Pollution Bulletin journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbul Review Papuan Bird’s Head Seascape: Emerging threats and challenges in the global center of marine biodiversity ⇑ Sangeeta Mangubhai a, , Mark V. Erdmann b,j, Joanne R. Wilson a, Christine L. Huffard b, Ferdiel Ballamu c, Nur Ismu Hidayat d, Creusa Hitipeuw e, Muhammad E. Lazuardi b, Muhajir a, Defy Pada f, Gandi Purba g, Christovel Rotinsulu h, Lukas Rumetna a, Kartika Sumolang i, Wen Wen a a The Nature Conservancy, Indonesia Marine Program, Jl. Pengembak 2, Sanur, Bali 80228, Indonesia b Conservation International, Jl. Dr. Muwardi 17, Renon, Bali 80235, Indonesia c Yayasan Penyu Papua, Jl. Wiku No. 124, Sorong West Papua 98412, Indonesia d Conservation International, Jl. Kedondong Puncak Vihara, Sorong, West Papua 98414, Indonesia e World Wide Fund for Nature – Indonesia Program, Graha Simatupang Building, Tower 2 Unit C 7th-11th Floor, Jl. TB Simatupang Kav C-38, Jakarta Selatan 12540, Indonesia f Conservation International, Jl. Batu Putih, Kaimana, West Papua 98654, Indonesia g University of Papua, Jl. Gunung Salju, Amban, Manokwari, West Papua 98314, Indonesia h University of Rhode Island, College of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Marine Affairs, 1 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA i World Wide Fund for Nature – Indonesia Program, Jl. Manggurai, Wasior, West Papua, Indonesia j California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA article info abstract Keywords: The Bird’s Head Seascape located in eastern Indonesia is the global epicenter of tropical shallow water Coral Triangle marine biodiversity with over 600 species of corals and 1,638 species of coral reef fishes.
    [Show full text]