Reporting on Summer/Fall 2006
Quarterly review of observation and analysis in the Western Gulf of Maine Invasion of the Salps www.cooa.unh.edu Unusual zooplankton bloom highlights interannual variability The Coastal Ocean Observing Center was established at the t sounds like a bad science fiction movie. tive to the planet earth. They are barrel- University of New Hampshire in Clear, gelatinous invaders, cloning them- shaped animals, generally between one and 2002 as part of NOAA's Coastal Iselves at phenomenal rates and wiping two centimeters in length. Most tunicates Observation Technology System. out everything in their path. It could be are sessile (immobile) animals, growing at- The Center is working to develop the script for War of the Worlds III, but in tached to rocks or shells at the bottom of an observing system to monitor the reality it was simply October in the Gulf the sea and entering the water column only Western Gulf of Maine ecosystem. of Maine. in their larval stage. Salps, though, are holo- We seek to understand how the The invaders were salps. They would planktonic tunicates, meaning the only time ecosystem is changing seasonally normally go unnoticed by everyone except they have contact with solid substrate is and from year to year, what causes the fishermen whose nets they sometimes when it gets in the way. Their bodies are it to change, and ultimately to clog, and the unlucky scientists who hap- clear and gelatinous, giving them a super- forecast changes. pened to pull a plankton net through the ficial resemblance to jellyfish and comb jel- swarm. But this fall, lies (ctenophores). the right set of meteo- However, an exami- rological conditions nation of the internal drew much greater at- anatomy of a salp tention to the bloom. shows a primitive ner- On October 5th, vous system and a no- winds shifted and tochord - the precur- gusted out of the sor to a backbone. Northeast for two Thus salps are consid- Seasons of the Sea, Page 3 days, blowing surface ered more closely re- waters up against New lated to vertebrate Hampshire and Massa- animals than the chusetts coastlines. primitive jellies. This created a condi- An aggregate colony of the salp species Thalia Salps feed using democratica. Each individual in the colony is a clone, tion known as down- and each can produce a new colony, enabling the muscular contrac- welling, and the result- salp population to explode under the right conditions. tions of their body ing effect was that of a wall to pump water conveyor belt at a grocery store checkout. through the body cavity. There, the water Surface water moved toward shore, carry- passes through a porous pharynx coated Zooplankton centerfold, Page 4-5 ing entrained plankton with it. As the water with mucus, which traps single-celled or- hit the coast it was pushed downward, ganisms including phytoplankton, their pri- though some of the water was driven all mary food source. This mucus is continu- the way into shore and crashed as waves ously passed into the digestive tract by cilia along the beach. The waves in October which line the pharynx. Meanwhile, the were filled with salps, and the retreating tide "de-planktified" water exits the body in a stranded millions along miles of beaches. gentle jet, allowing the salps to swim A massive salp stranding won't get the at- slowly, maintaining their orientation and tention of Greenpeace, but the inch-thick position in the water column. slime alarmed many beachgoers and re- One salp and its vacuum-cleaning ways Hot new ICEBOX, Page 7 sulted in regional media coverage. would not be significant, but salps rarely What are salps, and why don't we find dine alone. Quite the opposite. Having no them coating the beach after every real defense mechanism to protect them nor'easter? Salps are tunicates - commonly from predators such as jellyfish, sea turtles, known as sea squirts - and are indeed na- (continued on page 2) Gulf of Maine 2 MONITOR
(continued from page 1) pact on the pelagic ecosystem. In sufficient duces the amount of carbon dioxide in fish, and sea birds, they rely on mass pro- numbers, salps can drastically reduce the the atmosphere. duction to overcome predation. Salps may amount of phytoplankton in the surround- Carbon dioxide is a hot topic, given be the fastest growing animals on the ing water. This is equivalent to removing the growing public awareness of global cli- planet, increasing in size by up to 20% per much of the bottom floor of a house of cards mate change. Unusual events such as a hour. Additionally, salps reproduce by -- there are fewer resources to support spe- massive salp stranding now prompt people both sexual and asexual reproduction. In- cies at higher trophic levels. Of course, the to question whether global warming was dividuals can create hundreds of clones salps themselves are a card on the second to blame. While this is not the case, salps through asexual budding, producing a floor, so if the bloom is too successful at do prefer warmer temperatures than are chain of salps that can reach over 10m in harvesting phytoplankton, the salp popu- typically found in the Gulf of Maine, so an length. Each of these individuals can re- lation will decline. increase in regional ocean temperature may produce sexually, creating an embryo Scientists have recently realized that make salp blooms a more common occur- which is then capable of creating its own salps may play a large role in sequester- rence. In the short term, the sporadic na- clone colony. Salps are capable of rapid ing carbon. This is because salps feed on ture of salp blooms has reinforced the im- population growth to take advantage of fa- diffuse, slow-sinking phytoplankton and portance of long-term monitoring efforts to vorable ecological conditions. In the Gulf concentrate them into fecal pellets that help us understand the Gulf of Maine eco- of Maine, this only seems to happen once sink rapidly to the bottom. In addition, as system, and how it may be changing. As every four or five years, and this explains the salps die, they sink to the sea floor, our plankton nets came up clogged with why we aren't picking salps out of our hair carrying with them the carbon they ac- thousands of salps, we were hoping that after every summer swim. quired from the phytoplankton. Transport we wouldn’t be invaded again for quite A bloom of salps has a significant im- of carbon to the deep sea effectively re- some time.
were ranked among the top in relevancy for Data Discovery Efforts developing geospatial tools, the next stage are Contributing to Sys- to be undertaken by the Ecosystem Indica- tors Program. The long-term objective of this tem-wide Gulf of Maine Program is to enable coastal managers to make more informed, integrated decisions Analyses related to the coastal environment. By John Shipman Water quality monitoring data are criti- Got Data? Well, yes…but … The pri- cal to coastal and ocean contaminant man- mary hindrances to conducting Gulf of agement questions such as: “How are con- Maine-wide environmental analyses have taminants in the region changing? How is been both finding data and the diversity of the input of contaminants changing over data locations. This is rapidly changing time and space? What are the extent, sever- thanks to two current initiatives — the Gulf ity and trends of eutrophication impacts? of Maine Ocean Data Partnership1 and the What are the sources of nutrients, can they creation of a searchable relational database be controlled, and how are they changing?”4 by the University of New Hampshire’s Key water quality parameters can also be Coastal Ocean Observing Center. Since used as indicators to guide resource manag- 2004, the Center has been working on an ers in the decision-making process. The effort to convert the Gulf of Maine Council’s Coastal Ocean Observing Center’s monthly Monitoring Program Inventory to a web-en- cruise data are unique in their breadth of abled relational database with full search- spatial and temporal coverage in the west- able capabilities. The resulting “Environmen- ern Gulf of Maine since 2002. With monthly tal Monitoring Program Locator” has its own cruises continuing along both Coastal and web portal on NASA’s Global Change Mas- Wilkinson Basin transect lines, the Center is ter Directory.2 committed to providing comprehensive sam- The value of this effort is being realized pling data for western Gulf of Maine waters. 20km through “data discovery” efforts by the Gulf 1 http://www.gomodp.org 2 of Maine Council’s Ecosystem Indicators Pro- http://gcmd.nasa.gov/Data/portal_index.html. From The Coastal Ocean Observing Center con- this Portal Index follow links to the Gulf of Maine gram.3 Over 5,000 metadata sets in the Glo- ducts monthly research cruises along both Ocean Data Partnership (GoMODP) or the Gulf of the Wilkinson Basin and Coastal transects. bal Change Master Directory were screened Maine Council (GOMC). Data from these cruises are available on our for relevance to nutrients and contaminants 3 http://www.gulfofmaine.org/esip 4 website, www.cooa.unh.edu. within the Gulf of Maine. Of these, the GoMC-GeoConnex Technical Specifications Draft 1A, January 2007 datasets acquired by the Coastal Ocean Observing Center on its monthly cruises Gulf of Maine MONITOR 3 A Field Trip Into the Sea Growing up to be a marine biologist is a dream for many children, but mention physical oceanogra- phy and you’d likely be met with blank stares. A new exhibit at the Seacoast Science Center in Rye, NH, may help change that by drawing more atten- tion to a major component of marine research: the ocean itself. Developed by staff at the Coastal Ocean Observ- ing Center, the interactive exhibit is titled “Seasons of the Sea.” It uses colorful satellite images and tem- perature/salinity profiles to show how the Gulf of Maine cycles through seasons of mixing and stratifi- cation, of hibernation and productivity. For New En- gland residents especially, this type of change is an intuitive introduction to ocean dynamics since it largely mirrors seasonal changes on land. The exhibit also shows Seacoast Science Center visitors how oceanographic data are being collected year-round by buoys such as the Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System. Real-time data from both inshore and offshore buoys are displayed on a monitor, and moveable dials and pointers invite comparison of conditions at each buoy. This unique glimpse at the ocean’s “vital statistics” gives visitors hands-on expe- rience with oceanography, and a long term under- standing of the seasons of the sea. For more information about the Seacoast Science Center, visit www.seacoastsciencecenter.org.
Coastal Observing Center which seriously threatened our ability to Maine also made significant contributions maintain our buoy system, which many to the GoMOOS buoy program. Helps Keep GoMOOS throughout the region have come to rely The UNH Coastal Observing Center, on for safety, science, recreation and GoMOOS, along with many other re- Buoys Afloat more. Recognizing the critical need to gional academic institutions, government By Tom Shyka, Gulf of Maine Ocean keep the GoMOOS buoys in the water agencies, not for profits, and private com- Observing System and reporting, the UNH Coastal Observ- panies are working together to develop a The UNH Coastal Ocean Observing ing Center and the newly Northeast Regional Association of Coastal Center and the Gulf of Maine Ocean Ob- formed NOAA-UNH Ocean Observing Systems that will ensure serving System (GoMOOS) are sister Joint Center for Ocean that critical ocean observations are main- ocean observing programs that collect Observing Technology tained into the future and that they serve and distribute information about the Gulf redirected significant the fishermen, educators, scientists, man- of Maine for all those whose livelihood funds to GoMOOS. agers and others who rely on this infor- and recreation depend on the Gulf. These These funds are being mation. programs have collaborated on a variety used to help sustain the You can access live buoy data and of ocean observing education and data buoys and the data other GoMOOS data products online at management activities over the past sev- management system www.gomoos.org. eral years. Recent events have forged an that delivers infor- even closer collaboration and coordi- mation to all of nated effort towards ocean observing in those who rely on the Gulf of Maine. it. The Univer- In the past year, GoMOOS faced a sity of Maine significant reduction in federal funding, and the State of Gulf of Maine 4 MONITOR
Calanus finmarchicus Temora longicornis Gulf of Maine ZOOPLANKTON Animals incapable of controlling their location in the ocean don’t seem like they could play a big role in the 0.5 mm ecosystem. But don’t let their generally 0.5 mm tiny size fool you: zooplankton are the key that unlocks enormous amounts of Calanus finmarchicus is a dominant Some species of zooplankton are present energy stored by microscopic phy- copepod in the Gulf of Maine. They are her- year-round in the Gulf of Maine. Others, like toplankton (photosynthetic algae) for bivores, relying on the phytoplankton blooms Temora longicornis, appear only during the that occur in the spring and the fall to ad- warm summer months and vanish in late fall. animals at higher trophic levels. By vance through their life cycle. Calanus spend Temora are generally the most abundant zoop- grazing on phytoplankton and in turn the winter in a resting state (diapause), ris- lankton species in warm coastal New England being eaten by larval fish and larger ing in the spring to feed and mature into waters, but are much less prevalent through- zooplankton, they are the crucial sec- adults. Their offspring spend the rest of the out the deeper waters of the Gulf of Maine. ond step in pelagic food webs of oceans summer growing through the 11 stages of their life cycle, generally halting growth at Spatial distribution of Temora longicornis adults around the world. Averaged across all depths the preadult stage to overwinter back in Summer and Fall are times of high- deeper water. est abundance for zooplankton in the Throughout their life cycle they accu- Gulf of Maine. Warm water speeds mulate lipids in their bodies from the phy- growth rates, and triggers the emer- toplankton they feed on. These concen- gence of many species that are dormant trated energy-rich lipids supply enough food during the colder months. Seasonal tem- reserves to support them through diapause and the egg production that follows. They perature extremes in Gulf of Maine wa- also make Calanus the preferred prey for ters lag one to two months behind the many animals, from larval cod and haddock Feeding on phytoplankton, Temora extremes in air temperature, due to the to adult right whales and basking sharks. longicornis grow quickly, and produce three amount of time it takes to heat or cool It is important to track the life cycles to six generations in a summer. Adult females large bodies of water (see graph below). and abundance of the Calanus in our area can lay up to 30 eggs per day, which hatch Thus, many animals in the Gulf of Maine because we are near the southernmost ex- within 24 hours. However, as waters cool in tent of their range. If global climate change fall, the females produce resting eggs. These experience the warmest temperatures increases temperatures in the Gulf of Maine, sink to the ocean floor and do not hatch until when many of us are starting to feel the Calanus finmarchicus populations may de- late the following spring. Copepods are not first cool days of fall. cline, with serious consequences for the rest the only animals who enter diapause, halting On these pages are several species of the ecosystem. their growth at some stage in their develop- of zooplankton that we regularly see in ment. Many insects use this strategy to sur- the Gulf of Maine. Most images were Spatial distribution of Calanus finmarchicus adults vive through harsh environmental conditions during winter or periods of drought. taken after the animal had been pre- Averaged across all depths Temora longicornis have been studied to served in ethanol or formalin, causing determine how such small creatures manage them to lose their natural appearance. to find a mate in the vast expanse of ocean While alive, zooplankton have some around them. Scientists discovered that adult scattered pigmentation but tend to be females leave pheromone trails in their wake mostly clear, reducing their vulnerabil- as they swim along. Males can detect these trails, orient themselves in the correct direc- ity to visual predators. tion, and follow them to a mate.
20 Calanus finmarchicus C5 (preadult) stage Averaged across all depths 10 WB1 WB2 0 WB3 Air Water (20m) WB4 Temperature (°C) Temperature -10 Jan- Jul- Jan- Jul- Jan- Jul- WB5 WB7 04 04 05 05 06 06 20km Temperature records of ocean (blue line) and Station numbers along the Wilkinson Basin Transect, air (red line) from GoMOOS buoy B for reference with abundance graphs on these pages. (www.gomoos.org). Gulf of Maine MONITOR 5
Microcalanus pusillus Barnacle Nauplius Larvae Fish Larvae
Photo © Wim van Egmond Photo © Howard Browman 0.5 mm 0.5 mm www.micropolitan.org 0.5 mm www.fishlarvae.com Used with permission Used with permission
As the scientific name implies, Even though they are only temporary Fish spawn in the ocean all times of the Microcalanus pusillus are very small members members of the planktonic comunity, bar- year. For the larvae to survive they must have of the Calanoid copepod order. Like all zoop- nacles can be the most abundant animal in the right environmental conditions to meet lankton, they are incapable of swimming up- the water column during the spring. How- their specific needs. They must have the right stream against even sluggish ocean currents. ever, even when they are at their highest wind influenced currents to keep them in the However, most water movement occurs hori- numbers, they only dominate in near-shore habitats that will be most beneficial for their zontally, with very little vertical motion. (The waters. This is well illustrated in the graph growth. For example, in late summer Atlan- main exceptions to this are wind-driven mix- below, showing high numbers of nauplii at tic herring lay beds of eggs in areas near the ing, and upwelling or downwelling at coastal the stations closest to shore (WB2 and WB3) coast. In October those eggs hatch out in enor- boundaries.) This means even small zoop- and virtually no nauplii recorded at stations mous numbers with free floating (pelagic) lar- lankton like Microcalanus pusillus are able to farther offshore (WB4, WB5, and WB7). vae that are dependent on the currents keep- swim up or down to a preferred depth and ing them near shore, so they can feed on the Spatial distribution of barnacle nauplius larvae remain there. Microcalanus is found almost Averaged across all depths late secondary production of zooplankton in exclusively at depth (see graph below), at least those waters. during the daytime. In the summer a greater number of spe- Many zooplankton make daily move- cies take advantage of the abundance of zoop- ments, termed diel vertical migrations, from lankton available as food for their young. deep water to shallow water at dusk, return- Fishes such as Silver and Red hake, Window- ing to the depths at dawn. Why spend the en- pane Flounder, and Mackerel are very abun- ergy on trips of up to several hundred meters? dant as larvae in the summer. (A 4mm Calanus making a 100m migration is Few larvae make it to adulthood. Their equivalent to a person swimming 45km!) development is dependent on surviving Zooplankton make these migrations to mini- through variable food conditions, and avoid- mize the risk of predation while maximizing Barnacles must rely on ocean currents ing predation, natural mortalities, and unfa- foraging efficiency. Many of their predators to keep them close to shore. Fortunately, vorable environments. Only those that make are visual hunters, requiring light in order to coastal currents tend to follow lines of it past these challenges survive to spawn, con- capture their prey. By staying in the darker bathymetry; in other words, inshore water tributing to future generations. depths during daylight hours, zooplankton tends to stay inshore, and not mix back and escape the visual predators. However, if they forth with water offshore. This trend can be Total abundance of fish larvae by season remained at those depths they would starve, seen in the map below, showing the paths of since the lack of light also means no phy- drifters entrained in the Western Maine toplankton can grow. Under cover of night Coastal Current. they swim up to the surface, where food is DRIFTER TRACKS more plentiful. 1 Jun 2003- 31 Jul 2003 RELEASED The extent to which Microcalanus pusillus migrates has not been fully explored. Day- night sampling cruises planned for spring 2007 by the Coastal Ocean Observing Center hope to address this, and other questions about the Gulf of Maine night life. Depth distribution of Microcalanus pusillus adults Mackerel (Scomber Averaged across all stations Atlantic scombrus) Herring Red Hake (Clupea harengus) (Urophycis chuss)
Silver Hake (Merluccius Satellite-tracked drifters show a generally southerly bilinearis) flow of water along the western Gulf of Maine coast- Dab line, roughly following bathymetric features. For (Hippoglossoides more information, visit www.emolt.org. platessoides) Gulf of Maine 6 MONITOR Is the Gulf of Maine a Carbon Sink? You may know that the Earth atmosphere’s greenhouse gas levels are on the rise, but did you know that the ocean surface acts to slow this rise by taking up carbon dioxide? This happens in part because ocean plant life takes up
CO2, some fraction of which sinks to the ocean bottom. Scientists have been working for some time to determine just how much, how fast, and where this at- mospheric carbon sink occurs across our oceans. And UNH is involved in this effort right here in our backyard. The Gulf of Maine’s first ocean green- house gas (carbon dioxide) measurement buoy, deployed 15km offshore of Ports- mouth, NH in 2006. It is part of the UNH Appledore Island Observatory test bed the first few months of operation were In May 2006, the first buoy dedicated to greenhouse buoy project to develope and evaluate reported at the North American Carbon gas measurements in the Gulf of Maine was deployed technologies in support of regional ocean near the Isles of Shoals (top). Jim Irish, Joe Program meeting in January 2007. Salisbury(front) Stan Boduch, and Doug Vandemark. observing efforts. An automated CO2 An advantage of having a permanent analyzer on the buoy strips the gas out monitoring buoy is that it can gather data Data from the CO2 buoy is transmitted to shore and of the water, measures its concentration at high temporal resolution over a long made available in real time. The figure below shows CO measurements made in the water (blue line) and and sends the data daily by satellite to 2 time period. In contrast to shipborne the overlying air (dark blue line). our collaborators, the NOAA Pacific Ma- CO2 measurements which may be made rine Environmental Laboratory on the monthly, the hourly resolution of the 1 west coast. This buoy is one of four now buoy allows scientists to examine short operating in a newly established coastal term fluctuations in CO2 levels. One les- network aimed at monitoring the coastal son of buoy deployment was learned in ocean’s role in climate control. November, when sensors became fouled In addition to CO2, the buoy mea- with mussels and artificially high CO2 sures oxygen, salinity, and temperature readings were recorded. The buoy has every two hours. The data are being used been cleaned and reconfigured, and is by both atmospheric and oceanic scien- set for redeployment in February 2007. tists to understand how the biology and 1 Live data are available through http:// chemistry of our coastal ocean affect the ccg.sr.unh.edu/projects.html. uptake of atmospheric CO2. Results from
Coastal Ocean Observing Center scientists Ru Morrison and Chris Hunt have been invited to contribute to the New Hamp- shire Estuaries Project Technical Advisory Committee (www.nhep.unh.edu). This group includes scientific and technical professionals who review NHEP projects to ensure a high level of scientific and technical accuracy and relevance. Initially, this collaboration will focus on improving the understanding of the role that suspended matter and nutrients play in the ecology of Great Bay. Data from the Center’s Great Bay buoy and Coastal Carbon Great Bay spatial surveys is potentially invaluable for achieving this goal. Participation on the committee will benefit local managers by connecting quality Coastal Ocean Observing Center data to the NHEP and its many partners around the state and around the region.
10 Jun 2006 12 Jul 2006 13 Aug 2006 14 Sep 2006 16 Oct 2006 01 Nov 2006 25°C 20
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5 1 Gulf of Maine Temperature, Summer/Fall 2006: Eight day composites of sea surface temperatures as captured by MODIS satellite. Gulf of Maine MONITOR 7 without a significant investment of time. What’s in the ICEBOX? What was needed was an easy, freely Satellite Data! available tool to view and explore satel- lite imagery. What was needed was the By Denise Blaha ICEBOX. Satellites are among the best tools ICEBOX is a web-based tool devel- scientists have for understanding changes oped by the Coastal Observing Center in the ocean. We can learn a great deal from NASA’s Image Composite Editor from studying satellite images of the (ICE). Students can select up to three ocean. Satellite imagery can be used to chlorophyll or sea surface temperature identify biologically productive areas (as MODIS satellite images from 2002 to the indicated by high chlorophyll levels), present and then pan and zoom around explore how these areas relate to sea sur- the images. Transects can be easily plot- face temperature, and observe how these ted in one image and then quickly com- areas have changed over time. Satellite pared to transects in other images. The images can also be used in conjunction “Probe” feature provides the data value with buoy data collected on research of any point (or pixel) on the image. His- cruises to better understand what is hap- tograms and scatterplots can be pro- pening in the ocean. duced to further analyze the data. While a vital tool for oceanogra- Take a few minutes and explore the phers, the use of satellite data in the class- Gulf of Maine: www.cooa.unh.edu/edu- room has been limited. Image process- cation/icebox/. An on-line tutorial is ing software used to analyze satellite data available and, as always, we’re happy ICEBOX enables users to interactively explore satel- is often expensive with formidable learn- to answer any questions you may have. lite images. Both sea surface temperatures and chlo- ing curves that are difficult to master rophyll can be plotted (above) for transects drawn on the map by the user (top).
ICEBOX isn’t the only way to access satellite data from the Coastal Ocean Observing Center. Processed images and data are available on the Coastal Observing Center’s WebCOAST data page, http:// www.cooa.unh.edu/webcoast/webcoast.jsp. Recently we learned of some interesting work being done with these images. Kerry Lagueux is a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) spe- cialist at the New England Aquarium. Kerry is using GIS to visualize how marine animals move in relation to oceanographic features. Sev- eral dolphins were stranded on Cape Cod in April and May of 2005, two dolphins were equipped with tags that transmit location data via satellite, so their movements could be plotted even when the dol- phins were far out to sea. By overlaying this positional data on satel- lite images of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll, researchers can examine whether the dolphins congregate at frontal boundaries (potential feeding areas), or avoid water masses of a certain tempera- ture. The marine mammal staff at the New England Aquarium can use this information to help assess the health of the released animal. According to Kerry, the benefit of using WebCOAST is that satel- Movement of a tagged dolphin as recorded by satellite, overlayed on a map of sea surface temperature averaged over the tracking period. Map by Kerry lite data are available in several formats; specifically, it is the only Lagueux, New England Aquarium. site he is aware of that provides Gulf of Maine imagery formatted for GIS software programs such as ArcMap. For more information on marine mammal tracking maps and analysis, visit the New England Aquarium’s GIS website at http:// www.marinegis.org.
10 Jun 2006 12 Jul 2006 13 Aug 2006 14 Sep 2006 16 Oct 2006 17 Nov 2006 >10 mg/m3 5.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05 Gulf of Maine Primary Production, Summer/Fall 2006: Eight day composites of chlorophyll as captured by MODIS satellite.
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Gulf of Maine Monitor Maine of Gulf
Chris Manning, Editor Manning, Chris
Doug Vandemark Doug
Joe Salisbury Joe
Ru Morrison Ru
Principal Investigators Principal
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Coastal Ocean Observing Center Observing Ocean Coastal
Janet Campbell, Director Campbell, Janet
M ONITOR Gulf of Maine of Gulf
Gulf of Maine MONITOR Coastal Ocean Observing Center University of New Hampshire Morse Hall 142 39 College Road Durham, NH 03824
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