DOCSLIB.ORG

The Sudan Archaeological Research Society Bulletin No. 17 2013 ASWAN 1St Cataract

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Sudan Archaeological Research Society Bulletin No. 17 2013 ASWAN 1St Cataract SUDAN & NUBIA The Sudan Archaeological Research Society Bulletin No. 17 2013 ASWAN 1st cataract Egypt RED SEA W a d i el- A lla qi 2nd cataract Batn el-Hajar W a d i Akasha G a b g Sedeinga a b Jebel Dosha a Tinare Jawgul 3rd cataract ABU HAMED e Sudan il N El-Ga’ab Kawa Basin Sudan Military KAREIMA 4th cataract Fifth Railway Cataract el-Kurru Dangeil Usli Berber ED-DEBBA ATBARA ar Gala ow i H Wad Abu Ahmed es-Sour A tb el-Metemma a r m a k a li e d M d l- a e adi q W u 6th cataract M i d a W OMDURMAN KHARTOUM KASSALA B lu e Eritrea N i le MODERN TOWNS Ancient sites WAD MEDANI Atbara/Setiet W h it e N i GEDAREF le Aba Island KOSTI SENNAR N Ethiopia South 0 250 km Sudan S UDAN & NUBIA The Sudan Archaeological Research Society Bulletin No. 17 2013 Contents Dangeil 2012: Sacred Ram – Avatar of the God Amun 70 Julie Anderson and Salah Mohamed Ahmed Reports Dangeil, A Preliminary Report on the Petrography 78 Lithic Material from the Late Neolithic Site of 2 Meredith Brand es-Sour, Central Sudan A Third Season of Rescue Excavations in the Meroitic 90 Azhari Mustafa Sadig Cemetery at Berber, October 2012: Preliminary Report ‘Pharaonic’ Sites in the Batn el-Hajar – the 8 Mahmoud Suliman Bashir ‘Archaeological Survey of Sudanese Nubia’ Revisited. Jawgul – A Village Between Towers 101 David N. Edwards and A. J. Mills Mariusz Drzewiecki and Piotr Maliński A Note on the Akasha Rock-Inscriptions [21-S-29] 17 The Archaeology of the Medieval and Post-Medieval 109 Vivian Davies Fortress at Tinare in the Northern El-Mahas Creating a Virtual Reconstruction of the Seti I 18 Abdelrahaman Ibrahim Saeed Ali Inscription at Jebel Dosha Upper Atbara Setiet Dam Archaeological Salvage 113 Susie Green Project (ASDASP), the Rescue Excavation Results Archaeobotanical Investigations at the Gala Abu on the Western Bank of the Atbara: Preliminary Report Ahmed Fortress in Lower Wadi Howar, Northern Murtada Bushara Mohamed, Mohammed Saad Abdalah, Sudan Sami Elamien Mohammed and Zaki aldien Mahmoud The Site and the Findings 24 Archaeological, Ethnographical and Ecological 124 Friederike Jesse Project of El-Ga’ab Basin in Western Dongola: A Report on the Second Season 2010 Phytoliths on Grinding Stones and 28 Yahia Fadl Tahir Wood Charcoal Analysis Barbara Eichhorn Surveys at the Fifth Cataract and on the Sudan Military 131 Railway and excavations at Kawa, 2012-13 The Fruit and Seed Remains 33 Derek A. Welsby Stefanie Kahlheber Archaeological Survey in El-Metemma area 137 New Excavations at El-Kurru: Beyond the Napatan Nada Babiker Mohammed Ibrahim Royal Cemetery Archaeological Survey of Aba Island: 142 Introduction 42 Preliminary Report Geoff Emberling and Rachael J. Dann Ahmed Hussein Abdel Rahman Adam Investigating Settlement at El-Kurru 43 From Nubia to Arizona – and back; or, Reisner 149 Geoff Emberling comes Home Geophysical Prospection in the Archaeological 48 William Y. Adams Settlement of El-Kurru Mohamed Abdelwahab Mohamed-Ali Miscellaneous Coring and Soundings in the El-Kurru Settlement 50 Obituary 154 Tim Boaz Bruun Skuldbøl Michel Azim Five-sided Corinthian Capitals in the Mortuary 54 Brigitte Gratian Temple at El-Kurru Review 154 Jack Cheng Giovanni R. Ruffini 2012.Medieval Nubia. A Social Geophysical Survey at the El-Kurru cemetery 56 and Economic History Ed Blinkhorn William Y. Adams Sedeinga 2012: A Season of Unexpected Discoveries 61 Front cover: The descendary of Tomb IV T 1 near Sedeinga Claude Rilly and Vincent Francigny under excavation (© V. Francigny / SEDAU). The Latest Explorations at Usli, Northern Province 66 Miroslav Bárta, Lenka Suková and Vladimír Brůna 1 Sudan & Nubia is a peer-reviewed journal even preliminary reports have been published for the three ‘Pharaonic’ Sites in the Batn further seasons. Of those the 1966-67 season focussed mainly on excavations in the Semna-Attiri area, while the final two el-Hajar – the ‘Archaeological seasons (November 1967 - April 1968 and October 1968 - Survey of Sudanese Nubia’ April 1969) took the survey southwards to Dal. With a total of c. 1000 ‘sites’ of all kinds identifiable in Revisited. published reports and unpublished archives relating to the Gemai-Dal region it was thought at this time that a brief review of the records relating to the 38 sites (Figure 1) regis- David N. Edwards and Anthony J. Mills tered as ‘Pharaonic’ or potentially so might usefully introduce this one component of the archive.1 It is hoped that it will Of the Nubian Archaeological Campaigns (see Adams 1992; be possible within the not too distant future to prepare a full Mills 1992) which took place in response to the construc- publication of this relatively small but interesting body of tion of the Aswan High Dam, the survey and excavation material. With a number of other projects concerned with programmes carried out within Sudanese Nubia represented the Egyptian presence in Nubia now active in the region it perhaps the greatest archaeological achievements of the is hoped that this summary may also prove of some wider larger enterprise. Many components of the larger project interest at this time. As preliminary reports have already ap- have been published, producing a body of often fundamental peared for the areas between Gemai and Semna, only a few studies which have often transformed our knowledge of this additional observations will be made here concerning sites important section of the Nile Valley. However, the results in these more northerly areas and most of this brief paper of one core element, the Archaeological Survey of Sudanese Nubia between the Second Cataract and the Dal Cataract, a distance of c. 130km along the river, remain substantially unpublished. During the first reconnaissance survey which traversed the whole region in 1963-64, c. 240 sites were registered (Mills 1965) in addition to the work of a German Epigraphic Mission led by Professor Fritz Hintze which traversed the region separately, recording the rock art and inscriptions. The following year the Archaeological Survey of Su- danese Nubia (ASSN) survey team began its work in earnest to survey and excavate areas and sites not oth- erwise assigned to other missions, starting at its northern end, in the most imminently threatened area. It completed the survey of areas south of Gemai as far as Saras, investigat- ing 69 sites between November 1964 and April 1965, and was able to publish a preliminary report on that work (Mills and Nordström 1966). The following season (Octo- ber 1965 - March 1966) covered the region between Saras and Semna, recording a further 101 sites; a re- port relating to this was published in the next volume (for 1967-68) of Kush (Mills 1973). Reports on the Figure 1. ‘Pharaonic’ sites in the Batn el-Hajar. subsequent seasons were not however, forthcoming following 1 As will be seen, a number of these ‘Pharaonic’ sites can now be rec- the lapse of the journal Kush (not revived until 1993), so not ognised as dating to the 25th Dynasty/Napatan period. 8 SUDAN & NUBIA will be concerned with sites south of Semna recorded in the 1) associated with one or more mines [11-Q-60] located up to 1960s but as yet unreported. It may be useful here to establish 2km from the east bank, and a group of burials [11-Q-65] on both the overall scale and distribution of sites as well as make the high ground to the north east. These have received some some preliminary comment on some of the more interesting. attention previously, with a brief published description of the While it has recently been recognised that some prominent complex of sites (Mills 1973, 204-207), which were further sites (e.g. Shelfak and Uronarti) survive above water level, note discussed in a paper delivered at the 9th International Nubian will also be made of some other sites which have, or seem Conference at Boston in 1998. These lie within a stretch of likely to have survived flooding. Readily accessible satellite river bank which was clearly one of the more attractive and imagery also makes it possible to identify additional so-far hospitable parts of the region in later prehistory, the location unrecorded sites located in areas (above the 180m contour) of quite a large numbers of C-Group and/or Kerma sites unsurveyed in 1960s. as well as numerous rock drawings. The spatial correlation As made clear in the preliminary reports, away from the between abundant rock drawings and the numerous 3rd-2nd series of Middle Kingdom forts only a few small sites were millennia sites is perhaps a useful indicator that much of this identified, mainly small-scale occupation sites and occasional rock art is also of this date. small groups of burials of New Kingdom date (Mills and Nordström 1966, 11). Of these, two lay within the Finnish concession, at Gemai East and Murshid. Just south of the cataract an occupation site with a small cemetery of c. 15 New Kingdom graves [11-D-5 = FNE 15]2 was investigated, while some further burials in two groups lay just beyond the Mur- shid bend behind the village of Sigaga. These were recorded within two separate sites [11-I-7 = FNE 39] and [11-I-32 = FNE 41], the former consisting mainly of Meroitic burials. Records for these sites have been published by the Finnish Nubia expedition (Donner 1998). Otherwise the Pharaonic presence between Gemai and Semna was concentrated in two main clusters of sites. The first of these was around the Middle Kingdom fort [11-L-1] on Askut island, excavated in the 1960s and studied more recently by Smith (1995; 2012).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Research on Ancient DNA in the Near East Mateusz Baca*1, Martyna Molak2 1 Center for Precolumbian Studies, University of Warsaw, Ul
    Bioarchaeology of the Near East, 2:39–61 (2008) Research on ancient DNA in the Near East Mateusz Baca*1, Martyna Molak2 1 Center for Precolumbian Studies, University of Warsaw, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland email: [email protected] (corresponding author) 2 Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 05-106 Warsaw, Poland Abstract: In the early 1990s, when studies of ancient DNA became possible, new perspectives of analyzing archaeological data also developed. Nowadays, because the methodology related to ancient DNA research is well developed, it has been used to reveal several aspects of human history and interaction. Here we review the basic concepts, methodologies, and recent developments in the fi eld of ancient DNA studies with a special refe- rence to the Near East. Th is includes not only human but also animal and bacterial DNA. Key words: archaeogenetics, aDNA, mtDNA, tuberculosis, animal domestication Introduction Human genomes accumulate mutations gradually over time. Th e forces of genetic drift and natural selection either cause these changes to disappear or to become established in the popu- lation. By the end of the 1990s, Amorim (1999) introduced the term “archaeogenetics” in reference to using information regarding genetic diff erences between humans to understand demographic events that took place in the past. Pioneering studies of human genetic diversity date back to 1970s when Cavalli-Sforza published a report on the diversity of European populations based on classic protein mark- ers (see Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994 for a review). In the mid-eighties, great opportunities for studying human diversity arose with the invention of polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
    [Show full text]
  • The Tattwa Kaumudi
    ENGLISH TRANSLATION, WITH THE SANSKRIT TEXT, / OF THE TATTVA-KAUMUDI (SANKHYA) OF VACHASPATI MISRA, BY GANGlNlTHA JHl, M. A.; F.T.S. P. GOVERNMENT SCHOLAR N. W. (1888-90) ; MEDALLIST OP THE UNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD J MITEA MEDALLIST AND VIZIANAGRAM SCHOLAR (QUEEN S COLLEGE, LIBRARIAN, RAJ DARBHANGA. Published for the " BOMBAY TEEOSOPHICAL PUBLICATION FUND>\ BY TOOKABAM TATYA, F.T.S. 1896. Price 2 Rupees. PREFACE. FOR the little we know of Vachaspati Misra the reader is Is referred to the Sanskrit Introduction ; wherein it shown that he was a Maithila Brahrnana and flourished somewhere about the 9th Century A. D. For Udayanacharya the author " of the "Parisuddi" on Vachaspati Misra s Tatparya-Tika," flourished in the reign of king Lakshinana Sen of Bengal, of 8th and at whose era we have just commenced the century ; least a century must have elapsed before a work could deserve the honor of a commentary at the hands of Udayanacharya. I take this opportunity to thank my friend Balu Govinda- dasa of Benares, to whom I owe more than I can express, who has been chiefly instrumental in my undertaking and finishing not only of the present translation, but also of the Kavyaprakasa and the Nyaya -Muktavali, and some works on Mimansa. My thanks are also due to Tookaram Tatya Esq. of Bombay for his publication of the work, and also to the " " proprietors of the Theosophist of Madras for allowing a reprint of the translation which first appeared in the columns of that excellent journal.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 6 a NEWSLETTER of AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGY May 19 75 Edited
    - No. 6 A NEWSLETTER OF AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGY May 1975 Edited by P.L. Shinnie and issued from the Department of Archaeology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N lN4, Canada. (This issue edited by John H. Robertson.) I must apologize for the confusion which has developed con- cerning this issue. A notice was sent in February calling for material to be sent by March 15th. Unfortunately a mail strike in Canada held up the notices, and some people did not receive them until after the middle of March. To make matters worse I did not get back from the Sudan until May 1st so the deadline really should have been for the end of April. My thanks go to the contributors of this issue who I am sure wrote their articles under pressure of trying to meet the March 15th deadline. Another fumble on our part occurred with the responses we received confirming an interest in future issues of Nyame Akuma Professor ~hinnie'sintent in sending out the notice was to cull the now over 200 mailing list down to those who took the time to respond to the notice. Unfortunately the secretaries taking care of the-mail in Shinnie's absence thought the notice was only to check addresses, and only changes in address were noted. In other words, we have no record of who returned the forms. I suspect when Professor Shinnie returns in August he will want to have another go at culling the mailing list . I hope this issue of Nyame Akuma, late though it is, reaches everyone before they go into the field, and that everyone has an enjoyable and productive summer.
    [Show full text]
  • Victoria En Nubia
    ^J ^K FEBRERO/ MARZO 1980 7 francos (España: 150 pesetas) El Correo*la unesco 1a3 » Victoria Mí en IMubia fe 4.000 años de historia '/, salvados de las aguas ^W^W^Íi I t Foto Ù- Museo Nacional de Varsovia Caballo nubio TESOROS Este caballo pertenece a una pintura mural de la catedral de Faras que actualmente se con¬ DEL ARTE serva en el Museo de Varsovia como regalo del Gobierno sudanés. (Los gobiernos de Sudón y de Egipto donaron a cada uno de los países que participaron en la campaña de Nubia una parte MUNDIAL de los tesoros descubiertos por sus misiones arqueológicas). Faras, o Pachoras, según su nom¬ bre preérabe, era un importante centro de la Nubia sudanesa, situado muy cerca de la frontera con Egipto. De su excavación se encargó la expedición arqueológica polaca. El sitio fue uno de ^% los primeros de la Nubia sudanesa en quedar sumergidos por las aguas de la gran presa de Asuán. La catedral de Faras tuvo gran importancia en la historia del cristianismo en la Nubia inferior. En esta pintura el artista del siglo XII imita perfectamente los movimientos del caballo Sudán que se encabrita. Los dos apéndices bajo la pata delantera derecha parecen indicar que lo aquí reproducido era un ornamento que podía clavarse o colgarse. páginas ei Correo ^e ^a unesc° "LA HISTORIA DE LOS HOMBRES.. por Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow Una ventana abierta al mundo Lanzada por la Unesco, la mayor operación de salvamento arqueológico de todos los tiempos (1960-1980) FEBRERO-MARZO 1979 AÑO XXXII 5 VICTORIA EN NUBIA: EGIPTO por Shehata Adam Mohamed PUBLICADO EN 20 IDIOMAS 16 VICTORIA EN NUBIA: SUDAN por Negm-EI-Dln Mohamed Sherif Español Italiano Turco Inglés Hindi Urdu 14 MONUMENTOS SALVADOS DEL NILO Mapa Francés Tamul Catalán Ruso Hebreo Malayo 20 NUBIA REDESCUBIERTA Alemán Persa Coreano De la prehistoria a los tiempos faraónicos por Torgny Säve-Söderbergh Arabe Portugués Swahili Japonés Neerlandés 25 VICISITUDES DE UNA HISTORIA Del Imperio de Kush al Islam por William Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Pall Aria™ AP Series Packaged Water Treatment Systems Pall Aria™ AP Series Packaged Water Treatment Systems
    Pall Aria™ AP Series Packaged Water Treatment Systems Pall Aria™ AP Series Packaged Water Treatment Systems Installations Point Hope, AK Wainwright, AK Nuiqsut, AK Membrane Filtration for Safe Drinking Water Point Lay, AK Pall Aria™ AP water treatment systems are specifically designed to produce drink- ing water that meets today’s stringent standards. The systems use uniquely Atqasuk, AK designed filtration modules in a hollow fiber configuration to remove the following contaminants from surface and ground water sources. Anchorage, AK • Suspended solids/turbidity Kaktuvik, AK • Viruses Kernville, CA • Bacteria • Cysts and oocysts Burbank, CA • Iron and manganese • Arsenic • Organics The Microza1 hollow fiber membranes are highly permeable, resulting in high water production rates. Each hollow fiber module provides high active surface area of up to 538 ft2. Pall’s dedication to a simplified process and control design has produced a family of systems that are characterized by: • Tough, hollow fiber membranes with long service life • Operator-friendly controls • Simple surface water treatment without coagulation • Unique air scrub and flush operation • High efficiency and low waste • Excellent compatibility with chlorine and common treatment chemicals • Minimal cost of operation • Easy installation using modular skids • Compact system footprint • Full system NSF 61 listing • ISO 9001 certified manufacturing • ETV certified for surface water treatment rule Site testing confirmed Pall Aria AP systems meet or exceed US EPA standards for safe drinking water. The system is also the first to receive 'full system' certification in accordance with ANSI/NSF 61 specifications. 1 Microza is a registered trademark of Asahi Kasei Corp., Ltd. 2 Membrane filtration is a pressure driven process that uses a semipermeable (porous) membrane to separate particulate matter from soluble components in the carrier fluid, such as water.
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan a Country Study.Pdf
    A Country Study: Sudan An Nilain Mosque, at the site of the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile in Khartoum Federal Research Division Library of Congress Edited by Helen Chapin Metz Research Completed June 1991 Table of Contents Foreword Acknowledgements Preface Country Profile Country Geography Society Economy Transportation Government and Politics National Security Introduction Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (Thomas Ofcansky) Early History Cush Meroe Christian Nubia The Coming of Islam The Arabs The Decline of Christian Nubia The Rule of the Kashif The Funj The Fur The Turkiyah, 1821-85 The Mahdiyah, 1884-98 The Khalifa Reconquest of Sudan The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, 1899-1955 Britain's Southern Policy Rise of Sudanese Nationalism The Road to Independence The South and the Unity of Sudan Independent Sudan The Politics of Independence The Abbud Military Government, 1958-64 Return to Civilian Rule, 1964-69 The Nimeiri Era, 1969-85 Revolutionary Command Council The Southern Problem Political Developments National Reconciliation The Transitional Military Council Sadiq Al Mahdi and Coalition Governments Chapter 2 - The Society and its Environment (Robert O. Collins) Physical Setting Geographical Regions Soils Hydrology Climate Population Ethnicity Language Ethnic Groups The Muslim Peoples Non-Muslim Peoples Migration Regionalism and Ethnicity The Social Order Northern Arabized Communities Southern Communities Urban and National Elites Women and the Family Religious
    [Show full text]
  • †R¢ Gadùdhara Tattva
    ALSO INSIDE: DAINYA THE SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE ÇÄSTRIYA SÄDHU SAÌGA AND MORE... ÇRÉ GADÄDHARA TATTVA Dedicated to Äcärya Keçaré Nitya-Lélä-Praviñöa Oà Viñëupäda Añöottara-Çata Çré Çrémad Bhakti Prajïäna Keçava Gosvämé Mahäräja Founder Äcärya of Çré Gauòéya Vedänta Samiti He earnestly desired to re-institute the publication of all the magazines and journals which were being published during the manifest presence of Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura Prabhupäda. Rays of The Harmonist CCONTENTSONTENTS THE JOURNAL OF ÇRÉ GAUÒÉYA VEDÄNTA SAMITI WINTER 2001 Editorial 3 Çré Gadädharañöakam Çré Svarüpa Dämodara Gosvämé 4 Dainya Çréla Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura 6 The Source of Knowledge Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura 9 Surrender, Service and Dedication — All Done Through Çraddhä Çréla Bhakti Rakñaka Çrédhara Gosvämé Mahäräja 3 Çästriya Sädhu Saìga Çréla Bhakti Prajïäna Keçava Gosvämé Mahäräja 17 Bhagavänera Kathä Çréla Bhaktivedänta Svämé Mahäräja 21 The Splendor of Vraja at Navadvépa Çréla Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura 25 An Offering to Çréla Bhakti Prajïäna Keçava Gosvämé Mahäräja on his disappearance day Çré Çrémad Bhakti Pramoda Puré Gosvämé Mahäräja 26 Çré Rädhä Tattva Çréla Bhaktivedänta Vämana Gosvämé Mahäräja 28 Who Is A True Indian? Çréla Bhaktivedänta Trivikrama Mahäräja 33 Rays of The Harmonist is a bi-annual journal of Çré Gauòéya Vedänta Samiti The Subject Matter Expounded in Çrémad Bhägavatam Front cover: Çréla Bhaktivedänta Näräyaëa Mahäräja 36 Çré Çré Gour Gadädhara at Svänanda Sukhada Kuïja, Godrumadvépa, Nadéyä Çré Puruñottama-Vrata
    [Show full text]
  • Graffiti-As-Devotion.Pdf
    lsa.umich.edu/kelsey/ i lsa.umich.edu/kelsey/ lsa.umich.edu/kelsey/ iii Edited by Geoff Emberling and Suzanne Davis Along the Nile and Beyond Kelsey Museum Publication 16 Kelsey Museum of Archaeology University of Michigan, 2019 lsa.umich.edu/kelsey/ iv Graffiti as Devotion along the Nile and Beyond The Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, Ann Arbor 48109 © 2019 by The Kelsey Museum of Archaeology and the individual authors All rights reserved Published 2019 ISBN-13: 978-0-9906623-9-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019944110 Kelsey Museum Publication 16 Series Editor Leslie Schramer Cover design by Eric Campbell This book was published in conjunction with the special exhibition Graffiti as Devotion along the Nile: El-Kurru, Sudan, held at the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The exhibition, curated by Geoff Emberling and Suzanne Davis, was on view from 23 August 2019 through 29 March 2020. An online version of the exhibition can be viewed at http://exhibitions.kelsey.lsa.umich.edu/graffiti-el-kurru Funding for this publication was provided by the University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts and the University of Michigan Office of Research. This book is available direct from ISD Book Distributors: 70 Enterprise Drive, Suite 2 Bristol, CT 06010, USA Telephone: (860) 584-6546 Email: [email protected] Web: www.isdistribution.com A PDF is available for free download at https://lsa.umich.edu/kelsey/publications.html Printed in South Korea by Four Colour Print Group, Louisville, Kentucky. ♾ This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
    [Show full text]
  • Vaiseshika System in Indian Philosophy
    www.ijcrt.org © 2020 IJCRT | Volume 8, Issue 4 April 2020 | ISSN: 2320-2882 Vaiseshika System in Indian Philosophy Dr.Debalina Ghosh Ph.d in Sanskrit Vyakaranam Point- Introduction, Vaisesika darsanam, Author, Litterature, Seven Padartha, Pramanam, God and world, Conclusion. (Abstract- Philosophy is an important things in our daily lives. Philosopher can be seen every matter. The panditas have practiced philosophy from the ancient times to the modern times. Philosopher say we understand those who don’t believ in god. But there are some philosophers among Indian philosophers who aknowledge the existence of God. So their philosophy is called as an astika darsanam. One of the most important darsanas of this astik sampradayas is the vaisesika darsanam. The vaisesika darsanam was the most ancient philosophy in Indian philosophy. I just discussed the way of the vaisesikas system in my article which system is very important for our Indian philosophy.) Philosophy come from greek word ‘Philosophia’ which meaning of ‘love of wisdom’. So that means philosophies fundamental is the knowledge. Reason, value and mind etc. who loves his knowledge that he is called philosopher. When we suffer from some problems in our life we try to solve it logically. Logic is a part of philosophy. Because it help human beings ups and downs of life Traditionally ‘philosophy’ is the term refferd to any body of knowledge which is directly releted to religion and moral or ethis. Philosophy has been practiced in India since ancient periods. So Imdioan philosophy is refers to ancient philosophical tradition from Vedas period. Indian philosophy is a part of ‘Sanskrit tradition’.
    [Show full text]
  • Revue D'ethnoécologie, 15 | 2019
    Cotton in ancient Sudan and Nubia: archaeological sources and historical implications Yvanez, Elsa Cécile Francine; Wozniak, Magdalena Published in: Revue d'Ethnoécologie DOI: 10.4000/ethnoecologie.4429 Publication date: 2019 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY-NC-ND Citation for published version (APA): Yvanez, E. C. F., & Wozniak, M. (2019). Cotton in ancient Sudan and Nubia: archaeological sources and historical implications. Revue d'Ethnoécologie, 15. https://doi.org/10.4000/ethnoecologie.4429 Download date: 24. Sep. 2021 Revue d’ethnoécologie 15 | 2019 Cotton in the Old World Cotton in ancient Sudan and Nubia Archaeological sources and historical implications Le coton en Nubie et au Soudan anciens : sources archéologiques et implications historiques Elsa Yvanez and Magdalena M. Wozniak Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ethnoecologie/4429 DOI: 10.4000/ethnoecologie.4429 ISSN: 2267-2419 Publisher Laboratoire Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie Electronic reference Elsa Yvanez and Magdalena M. Wozniak, « Cotton in ancient Sudan and Nubia », Revue d’ethnoécologie [Online], 15 | 2019, Online since 30 June 2019, connection on 10 December 2019. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/ethnoecologie/4429 ; DOI : 10.4000/ethnoecologie.4429 This text was automatically generated on 10 December 2019. Revue d'ethnoécologie est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. Cotton in ancient Sudan and Nubia 1 Cotton in ancient Sudan and Nubia Archaeological sources and historical implications Le coton en Nubie et au Soudan anciens : sources archéologiques et implications historiques Elsa Yvanez and Magdalena M.
    [Show full text]
  • Inferring the Social Organization of Medieval Upper Nubia Using Nonmetric Traits of the Skull
    INFERRING THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF MEDIEVAL UPPER NUBIA USING NONMETRIC TRAITS OF THE SKULL By Emily Rose Streetman A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Anthropology – Doctor of Philosophy 2018 ABSTRACT INFERRING THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF MEDIEVAL UPPER NUBIA USING NONMETRIC TRAITS OF THE SKULL By Emily Rose Streetman Medieval Nubia was composed of three kingdoms located along the Middle Nile. Although biological distance (biodistance) research has demonstrated population continuity in this region, little is known about the population structure or social organization in any single era. The Medieval Period (550–1500 CE) was a particularly dynamic one in Nubia, since all three kingdoms converted to Christianity in the mid-sixth century CE, and neighboring polities converted to Islam a century later. The political ramifications of these conversions have been studied at a large scale, but little research has investigated the local processes that comprise social organization during this time. Minimal research has used contemporary populations to analyze regional, local, and family level social organization in Nubia. Biodistances were investigated through nonmetric traits of the skull in six cemeteries from three archaeologically defined sites in modern northern Sudan, using Mahalanobis D2 distance, among other statistical tests. The six cemeteries in this study are from Mis Island (three cemeteries), Kulubnarti (two cemeteries), and Gabati (one cemetery). Mis Island and Kulubnarti were part of the same kingdom (Makuria) from the seventh century on, while Gabati was part of the far Upper Nubian kingdom of Alwa. When cemeteries from the same sites are pooled, results show that the two more northerly sites were more closely related, while the third site, located in a different kingdom, was biologically distant.
    [Show full text]
  • In Lower Nubia During the UNESCO Salvage Campaign in the 1960S, Only One, Fadrus, Received Any Robust Analytical Treatment
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CONTINUITY AND CHANGE: A REEVALUATION OF CULTURAL IDENTITY AND “EGYPTIANIZATION” IN LOWER NUBIA DURING THE NEW KINGDOM A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EASTERN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS BY LINDSEY RAE-MARIE WEGLARZ CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2017 Copyright © 2017 Lindsey Rae-Marie Weglarz All rights reserved Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... ix Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1 : Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Historical Background ................................................................................................................................ 3 Lower Nubia before the New Kingdom ................................................................................................. 3 The Conquest
    [Show full text]