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c/o Katina Strauch 209 Richardson Avenue MSC 98, The Citadel Charleston, SC 29409 MLA, SLA, EXPO issue TM

28, number 2 APRIL 2016

ISSN: 1043-2094 “Linking Publishers, Vendors and ” The Business of Academic Bookselling … and Buying by Bob Nardini (Vice President, Services, ProQuest )

othing makes you feel smarter than good enough start, nothing to be ashamed of data” together with “efficiency” a little further being invited to write an encyclopedia there. Maybe I should have quit while ahead. on in another sentence. Narticle. So I felt awfully smart while Instead, I concluded with a section called, “The So, I wasn’t completely off base. But how writing the entry for “Approval Plans” in the Future of Approval Plans.” That’s where I ran would I know that the world of academic Encyclopedia of Library and Information into trouble. bookselling was about to change radically, Science, which CRC Press brought out back Approval plans would spread to overseas and that the new centerpiece would be usage? in 2003. That was the second of a , I predicted. Small libraries would That aggregators would arise, first to venerable work that had first come out in 1968. begin to use approval plans. Why not? Ap- challenge book vendors and then to merge with And then last year, when asked to revise my proval plans were already, for many libraries, them in part so as to be more able to compete entry for the third edition (still forthcoming), “the centerpiece for the of mono- and cooperate, simultaneously, with publishers I felt smart again. graphs.” Didn’t happen, either prediction. and with one another? That so many publishers Until I re-read what I’d written that first Many libraries who’d had one, in fact, had would merge as well, that some publishers time. Can you retract an encyclopedia article? trimmed or even done away with their ap- would become aggregators, and that all would Probably not. Too bad for me, since some of proval plans. were not doing well at be challenged to attract readers, let alone what I’d said didn’t belong in any encyclo- the time, but I did mention them at least. And buyers, for the parallel streams of new books pedia. Most of what likewise, I mentioned in two formats (or more) that they continued I wrote was fine, and teaching faculty in to release in great number? That academic some of it, to tell the one sentence and us- libraries would start to use terms like ROI and truth, I enjoyed ers more generally become as businesslike as the businesses that back to myself. “An in another, devoted a served them? That academic librarians would approval plan is an ac- couple of sentences continued on page 14 quisitions method under to metadata, and fol- which a library receives lowed that by refer- regular shipments of ring in a vague way What To Look For In This Issue: new titles,” I began, a to “the immediacy of Charleston Conference 2016...... 8 & 65 Not Nobel But Noteworthy...... 51 If Rumors Were Horses Q and A with Jon Baumgarten...... 52 HathiTrust Launches Its Shared Print arch and April have been busy! Even though it’s hard to have anything new to say Archive ...... 72 these days with the Internet so pervasive, there is some big news in our industry. I Laws that Affect the Life of Americans Mhope you are keeping up with the ATG NewsChannel posts which Tom Gilson crafts from Slavery to the 21st Century...... 82 so thoroughly every week. Also, Erin Gallagher from Adventures in Fine Reading...... 86 Rollins College keeps us up-to-date weekly with her Hot Topics! www.against-the-grain.com Interviews Rosann Bazirjian...... 40 YBP has bought Ambassador Book Services’ library customers. Your YBP representative will be in touch N V Sathyanarayana...... 43 shortly to assist with the transition if not already. https:// Laura Brown...... 47 www.ebsco.com/promo/ambassador-book-services Profiles Encouraged Moving right along, Follett, the family-owned UNC-Greensboro...... 42 bookseller, has acquired Baker & Taylor. Reportedly Informatics (India) Limited...... 45 this will boost sales by almost 40 percent and strengthen Follett’s presence in a number of markets, from public Plus more...... See inside libraries to foreign countries. Terms of the sale were not disclosed. http://www.4-traders.com/BARNES- NOBLE-INC-11858/news/Barnes-Noble-Blockbuster- Rita and Willie Ricketts with book-deal-Follett-buys-Baker-Taylor-22193388/ their grandchildren. continued on page 6 1043-2094(201604)28:2;1-O Explore the phenomenon of world’s fairs from The Great Exhibition in 1851 and the proliferation of North American exhibitions, to fairs around the world and twenty-first century expos. Through official records, , publicity, artwork and artifacts, this online resource brings together multiple archives for rich research opportunities in this diverse topic.

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Against The Grain Against the Grain (USPS 012-618) (ISSN 1043-2094) is TABLE OF CONTENTS published six times a year in February, April, June, Sep- tember, November, and December/January by Against the v.28 #2 April 2016 © Katina Strauch Grain, LLC, 209 Richardson Ave., MSC 98, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409. Subscription price per year is $55 U.S. ($65 Canada, $90 foreign, payable in U.S. dollars). ISSUES, NEWS, & GOINGS ON Periodicals postage paid at Charleston, SC. Postmaster: Send change of address to Against the Grain, LLC, 209 Rich- Rumors...... 1 Letters to the Editor...... 6 ardson Ave., MSC 98, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409. From Your Editor...... 6 Deadlines...... 6 Editor: Katina Strauch (College of Charleston) FEATURES Associate Editors: Cris Ferguson (Murray State) The Business of Academic Bookselling ... and Buying Tom Gilson (College of Charleston) Guest Editor, Bob Nardini John Riley (Consultant) Research Editors: The Business of Academic What’s Next for Academic Judy Luther (Informed Strategies) Bookselling … and Buying...... 1 ?...... 22 Assistants to the Editor: Ileana Strauch by Bob Nardini — The business of publishing, by Alan Jarvis — Alan speculates that aca- Toni Nix (Just Right Group, LLC) aggregating, selling, and buying academic demic publishing has undergone more change Editor At Large: books is going through tectonic change, but in the past two years than in the past two Dennis Brunning (Arizona State University) at electronic speed. hundred. His contribution is a short course in Contributing Editors: Middlemarch: Working the Space today’s academic publishing business. Rick Anderson (University of Utah) Sever Bordeianu (U. of New Mexico) between Libraries and Publishers.... 16 The Death of a : A Long- Todd Carpenter (NISO) by Rick Lugg — Is OCLC’s Sustainable Col- Winded Eulogy...... 26 Bryan Carson (Western Kentucky University) Eleanor Cook (East Carolina University) lection Services an example of what the by Mark Sandler — Mark’s essay is about Anne Doherty (Choice) generation of intermediary might look like? the future of the book. Ruth Fischer (SCS / OCLC) Michelle Flinchbaugh (U. of MD Baltimore County) Strengthening the Story: Library Op Ed — Little Red Herrings...... 30 Joyce Dixon-Fyle (DePauw University) Influence on the Academic Book The Sky Is Falling, But Not for the Reason Laura Gasaway (UNC, Chapel Hill) Business...... 18 You Think by Mark Y. Herring — Mark Regina Gong (Lansing Community College) shares with us his opinion on the hysteria sur- by Stephanie Church — Stephanie points Chuck Hamaker (UNC, Charlotte) rounding the Apple phone/FBI case. William M. Hannay (Schiff, Hardin & Waite) out that libraries must prove their importance Mark Herring (Winthrop University) through usage data and paying attention to Back Talk...... 86 Bob Holley (Wayne State University) print and eBook preferences to “strengthen Donna Jacobs (MUSC) Adventures in Fine Reading by Jim O’Don- Lindsay Johnston (IGI Global) the story.” nell — Jim is distressed at the quality of books Ramune Kubilius (Northwestern University) Alternatives to Demand-Driven and their production. Myer Kutz (Myer Kutz Associates, Inc.) Tom Leonhardt Acquisitions: An Exploration of Charleston Conference 2016...... 8 Rick Lugg (SCS / OCLC) Opportunity Costs...... 20 Issues in Book and Serial Acquisition — Call Jack Montgomery (Western Kentucky University) for Papers, Ideas, Preconferences, Speakers, etc. Bob Nardini (Coutts Information Services) by Carol Joyce Cramer — What would we Jim O’Donnell (Arizona State University) do if there were no DDA? Ann Okerson (Center for Research Libraries) Rita Ricketts (Blackwell’s) Greg Tananbaum (Consultant) ATG INTERVIEWS Jared Seay (College of Charleston) Rosann Bazirjian...... 40 Blurring Lines...... 47 Graphics: Bowles & Carver, Old English Cuts & Illustrations. Dean of University Libraries, University of The , Not the Book, as the Unit of Grafton, More Silhouettes. Ehmcke, Graphic Trade North Carolina at Greensboro Discovery: An Interview with Laura Brown Symbols By German Designers. Grafton, Ready-to-Use of JSTOR by David Parker Old-Fashioned Illustrations. The Chap Book Style. N V Sathyanarayana...... 43 Chairman and Managing Director, Infor- Production & Ad Sales: Toni Nix, Just Right Group, LLC., P.O. Box 412, matics (India) Limited Cottageville, SC 29435, phone: 843-835-8604 fax: 843-835-5892 PROFILES ENCOURAGED Advertising information: Toni Nix, phone: 843-835-8604, fax: 843-835-5892 Rosann Bazirjian...... 42 N V Sathyanarayana...... 44 UNC-Greensboro...... 42 Informatics (India) Limited...... 45 Send ad materials to: Attn: Toni Nix, Just Right Group, LLC 398 Crab Apple Lane, Ridgeville, SC 29472 REVIEWS Publisher: Collecting to the Core...... 31 From the Reference Desk...... 38 A. Bruce Strauch Advanced Astronomy Texts by Dianne Reviews of Reference Titles by Tom Gilson Send correspondence, press releases, etc., to: Katina Strauch, Editor, Against the Grain, LLC, Dietrich — Books we need to keep in our — Tom reviews Encyclopedia of Islam and 209 Richardson Ave., MSC 98, The Citadel, collections. the Muslim World; SAGE Encyclopedia of Charleston, SC 29409. phone: 843-723-3536, Book Reviews...... 34 Cancer and Society; and Salem Press’ Foren- fax: 843-805-7918. sic Science. Don’t miss Tom’s extra servings! Against the Grain is indexed in Library Literature, LISA, Monograph Musings by Regina Gong — Ingenta, and The Informed . Reviews of Strategic Human Resource Plan- Booklover...... 51 Authors’ opinions are to be regarded as their own. All ning for Academic Libraries: Information, Not Nobel But Noteworthy by Donna Jacobs rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This issue was produced on an iMac using Microsoft Word, Technology and Organization; Marketing — Donna takes a turn down other literary and Adobe CS6 Premium software under the 21st Century Library: The Time is Now; roads. Four books have recently caught the Mac OS X Mountain Lion. Managing Scientific and Research Data; and attention of this booklover. Read on! Against the Grain is ©2016 many more. by Katina Strauch 4 Against the Grain / April 2016 MLA, SLA, BOOK EXPO Issue LEGAL ISSUES “Linking Edited by Bryan Carson, Bruce Strauch, and Jack Montgomery Publishers, Vendors Cases of Note — Copyright...... 49 Questions and Answers...... 50 and Librarians” Statutory Damages and Other Cool Stuff Copyright Column by Laura N. Gasaway by Bruce Strauch — TATTOO ART INCOR- — Lolly provides answers to many relevant PORATED V. TAT INTERNATIONAL LLC. questions. This time one is even about Sci-Hub! PUBLISHING Bet You Missed It...... 12 Random Ramblings...... 57 Uncommon ... by Bruce Strauch — What do Why Don’t Public Librarians Brag More and small presses have in common? Read it here! about One of Their Greatest Successes: Against the Grain is your key to the latest news about libraries, The Scholarly Publishing Scene...... 52 Providing Pleasure Reading for Their Pa- trons? Part Two — Comments from Public publishers, book jobbers, and Q and A with Jon Baumgarten by Myer Librarians by Bob Holley — Bob continues subscription agents. ATG is a unique Kutz — Jon Baumgarten has been one of the his examination on the importance of pleasure collection of reports on the issues, country’s most esteemed intellectual property reading with comments from public librarians. literature, and people that impact lawyers for decades. A fascinating interview. the world of books, journals, and Charleston Comings and Goings...... 65 From A University Press...... 55 electronic information. News and Announcements for the Charles- Wandering the Stacks by Leila Salisbury — ton Library Conference by Leah Hinds The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation has fund- Unconventional ... — Keeping you updated on the 36th Annual ATG is published six times a year, ed a project which is looking into the possibility Charleston Conference. of creating a discovery and access platform for in February, April, June, September, university press humanities content. Don’s Conference Notes...... 66 November, and December/January. A six-issue subscription is available And They Were There...... 60 Data Sparks Discovery: The 2016 NFAIS Annual Conference by Donald T. Hawkins for only $55 U.S. ($65 Canada, $90 Reports of Meetings — APE 2016 reported — Don reports on the 58th NFAIS Annual foreign, payable in U.S. dollars), by Anthony Watkinson and more reports from Conference which took place in Philadelphia making it an uncommonly good buy the 2015 Charleston Conference by Ramune in February. for all that it covers. Make checks Kubilius and her crack team of reporters. payable to Against the Grain, LLC BOOKSELLING AND VENDING and mail to: Katina Strauch Changing Library Operations...... 70 Let’s Get Technical...... 76 209 Richardson Avenue Conclusions from Consortial Demand-Driv- The Paper Chase: How One Library Tack- MSC 98, The Citadel en eBook Pilot at the University of California led the Chaos of Media Ordering by Stacey Charleston, SC 29409 by Allen McKiel and Jim Dooley — In the Marien and Alayne Mundt — This is how this *Wire transfers are available, June 2014 issue of ATG this column reported group dealt successfully with the madness and email on the first four months of the pilot. In ATG’s chaos of media ordering. for details and instructions. December 2015-January 2016 issue Michael Both Sides Now: Vendors and Zeoli quoted some statistics for the UC pilot from August 2014. In the interest of providing a Librarians...... 77 complete picture, this column will report the re- When Is A Trade Show Not A Trade Show? by sults of the full two years and discuss next steps. Michael Gruenberg — Michael says it takes Curating Collective Collections...... 72 “two to tango” to make a good trade show. HathiTrust Launches Its Shared Print Being Earnest With Collections...... 80 Monograph Archive by Thomas H. Teper — The Importance of Reviewing Technical Ser- Through the repository, HathiTrust stands poised vices Operations to Promote Efficient Access to make further transformative impacts on the and Enhanced Discoverability of Resources by management of libraries and the mechanisms by Michael Arthur — This article provides some which they provide services to their constituents. best practices that can be used to help make the workflow analysis project run smoothly with pos- Biz of Acq...... 74 itive results that meet initial goals and objectives. Implementing a Shelf-Ready Workflow at UMBC by Vicki Sipe, Lynda Aldana and Wandering the Web...... 82 Michelle Flinchbaugh — Implementing a Laws that Affect the Life of Americans from shelf-ready program took much longer than Slavery to the 21st Century by Audrey Robin- expected so the benefits in terms of noticeable son-Nkongola — Websites regarding laws and changes in workloads and workflows have been cases that greatly impacted African American slow to materialize. lives in the nineteenth century. TECHNOLOGY AND STANDARDS @Brunning: People & Technology...... 8 Optimizing Library Services...... 56 At the Only Edge that Means Anything/ Factors in Integrating Mobile Library Technol- How We Understand What We Do by Dennis ogies: A Focus Group Study in the United Arab Brunning — Stuff is happening at the edges Emirates by Sumayyah Alfaresi and Kate Hone of what we do. Pelikan’s Antidisambiguation...... 58 Decoder Ring...... 79 “Horses for Courses” by Michael P. Pelikan Museum of Science Fiction Launches Schol- — Okay, different devices for different appli- Name ______Address ______City State Zip ______Company Phone ______Email ______arly Journal by Jerry Spiller cations. That’s what it’s all about! Against the Grain / April 2016 5 From Your (pasta-loving) Editor:

on’t you love it? While I was in Italy We have interviews with Rosann Bazirjian Back Talk is about the speedy delivery eating pasta, there were people working and N V Sathyanarayana and David Parker of books through , etc. (Is speed the Daway on this print April issue of ATG! has interviewed Laura Brown of JSTOR, best factor when buying a book regardless of And it’s a great one. The energetic and com- while Myer Kutz had a fascinating conversa- format?) Leila Salisbury is wandering the mitted Bob Nardini has put together a unique tion with renowned attorney Jon Baumgarten. stacks in her From a University Press column. series of articles on the business of bookselling There are several book reviews and reports (I heard this quote recently, “You can’t walk the and buying. His introductory article — look- — Collecting to the Core is about advanced stacks in a virtual library — all you can search ing through the lens of his encyclopedia article astronomy texts and thanks always to Anne digitally is the metadata.”) Michael Arthur many years ago and how the industry has Doherty for her of this continuing surveys the importance of efficient access and not — changed is too weak a word — is column. I can’t believe how amazing enhanced technical services operations, Jerry Morphed a better word? The industry is Regina Gong is getting so many Spiller fills us in on a new scholarly journal definitely changing its image… great book reviews, and Tom launched by the Museum of Science Fiction, Articles included are by Rick Lugg Gilson is no slouch either. and Michael Gruenberg asks “when is a trade (being in the middle), Stephanie Church Don Hawkins does his usual show not a trade show?” Stacey Marien and (strengthening the library story), thorough reporting on the 2016 NFAIS Alayne Mundt get technical about the chaos Carol Joyner Cramer (alternatives Annual Conference, Ramune Kubilius of media ordering while Vicki Sipe and Lynda to DDA), Alan Jarvis (next for brings us her reporters from the 2015 Aldana care about shelf-ready workflow. academic publishing?), and Adam Charleston Conference, and Leah Hinds It’s time to down tools. What to have for Sandler (eulogy for a bookworm). gives us a few glimpses of Charleston 2016. supper? Pasta? Love, Yr. Ed.

Letters to the Editor Rumors from page 1 Send letters to , phone or fax 843-723-3536, or snail mail: Against the Grain, MSC 98, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409. You can also send I don’t think that I told y’all that the a letter to the editor from the ATG Homepage at http://www.against-the-grain.com. soft-spoken steel magnolia, Rosann Bazirjian is retiring. Good news is that she is moving to Myrtle Beach, Dear Editor: just up the street from Charles- I’d like to fill in some of our gaps. We have a bound copy of vols. 13, parts of ton! Plus she vol. 16 through 19, and nothing for volumes 20 through 26. Our new subscription is leaving Beth began with vol. 27#6. The simple question I have is to ask if you have any back Bernhardt to issues available and, if so, how can I obtain them? I see from the ATG NewsChannel continue her mar- Website that you have an article archive going back to 2009, but we’d like to obtain velous work with physical copies to fill in at least part of our collection gap. the Charleston Thanks for any info. you can pass on. I’m really enjoy- Conferences! ing Against the Grain. It has such a breezy, fun, creative We have an in- style; it’s not like any library journal I’ve ever read before. terview with Rosann in this Do y’all know how different and special you are? It’s issue, p.40. like the difference between a dry, boring, lecture and a chatty, amusing, — but oh, so very knowledgeable — The highlight conversation. of my March/ All the best, Sheila April was com- pleting staff eval- Sheila Dorsey (Collections Librarian, Collection Man- uations which agement and Digitization, South Carolina State Library) John White’s twins, Norah and were supposed Zoey, with their brother Nate. to be “paperless” until we had to print everything for the files! Go figure! AGAINST THE GRAIN DEADLINES So, you will understand why I was delight- ed to attend the 18th Fiesole Collection De- VOLUME 28 — 2016-2017 velopment Retreat in breathtaking Tuscany. The weather was perfect despite dire predic- 2016 Events Issue Ad Reservation Camera-Ready tions to the contrary. The pasta and wine were ALA Annual June 2016 04/07/16 04/28/16 ooh-lala and so was the scenery. Tuscany is Reference Publishing September 2016 06/16/16 07/07/16 this side of paradise. The Casalini’s as always were perfectly flawless hosts and the programs Charleston Conference November 2016 08/18/16 09/08/16 and discussions were stimulating. Sessions ALA Midwinter Dec. 2016-Jan. 2017 11/10/16 11/28/16 tackled “The E-Book Elephant” in Scholarly Publishing with an emphasis on new models FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT and new strategies and much much more. Toni Nix ; Phone: 843-835-8604; Fax: 843-835-5892; Slides from the meeting are now available at the official Fiesole Retreat Repository. USPS Address: P.O. Box 412, Cottageville, SC 29435; FedEx/UPS ship to: 398 Crab www.casalini.it/retreat Apple Lane, Ridgeville, SC 29472. continued on page 14

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P1613668 2016 Charleston Conference — 36th Annual Issues in Book and Serial Acquisition Call For Papers, Ideas, Conference Themes, Panels, Debates, Diatribes, Speakers, Poster Sessions, Preconferences, etc. ... 2016 Theme — “Roll With the Times or the Times Roll Over You” Preconferences — Tuesday-Wednesday, November 1-2, 2016 Vendor Showcase — Wednesday, November 2, 2016 Main Conference — Thursday-Saturday, November 3-5, 2016 Charleston Gaillard Center, Francis Marion Hotel, Courtyard Marriott Historic District, Embassy Suites Historic Downtown, Charleston, South Carolina

f you are interested in leading a discussion, acting as a moderator, coordinating a lively lunch, or would like to make sure we discuss a particular topic, please let us know. The Charleston Conference prides itself on creativity, innovation, flexibility, and Iinformality. If there is something you are interested in doing, please try it out on us. We’ll probably love it... The Conference Directors for the 2016 Charleston Conference include — Beth Bernhardt, Principal Director (UNC-Greensboro) , Glenda Alvin (Tennessee State University) , Adam Chesler (AIP) , Ed Colleran (Triumvirate Content Consultants) , Cris Ferguson (Murray State University) , Rachel Fleming (Appalachian State University) , Joyce Dixon-Fyle (DePauw University Libraries) , Tom Gilson (Against the Grain) , Chuck Hamaker (UNC-Charlotte) , Bobby Hollandsworth (Clemson University) , Tony Horava (University of Ottawa) , Albert Joy (Retired) , Ramune Kubilius (Northwestern Health Sciences Library) , Erin Luckett (Readex) , Jack Montgomery (Western Kentucky University) , David Myers (DMedia Associates) , Ann Okerson (Center for Research Libraries) , Audrey Powers (UFS Tampa Library) , Anthony Watkinson (Consultant) , Meg White (Rittenhouse) , Katina Strauch (College of Charleston) , or www.charlestonlibraryconference.com. Send ideas by July 15, 2016, to any of the Conference Directors listed above. The Call for Papers form is available at http://www.charlestonlibraryconference.com/participate/call-for-papers/. Or send ideas to: Katina Strauch, MSC 98, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409 • 843-723-3536 (voice) • 843-805-7918 (fax)

www.charlestonlibraryconference.com 843-509-2848 (cell) • • www.charlestonlibraryconference.com

@Brunning: People & Technology At the Only Edge that Means Anything / How We Understand What We Do by Dennis Brunning (Director, The Design School Library, Arizona State University)

Annals of Organizational Advice — The Moment You Barry Dornfeld and Mel O’Connor work for CFAR — the Center for Can’t Ignore: Why Big Trouble Leads to a Great Future Applied Research — a research company that started up at the Wharton School of Finance at the University of Pennsylvania. The school known (NY: Public Affairs, 2014) more for its finance MBAs (Republican presidential candidate, Donald ight at the beginning, authors Dornfeld and O’Connor give us Trump, is a graduate), it startles to read about CFAR’s approach to organi- a blow-by-blow account of an operating room accident or battle zational guidance. Dornfeld filmed a documentary onKinnear musicians R— it all depends on what you know. A celebrated and senior GE in Philadelphia. O’ Connor is a folklorist. How did they wander into a surgeon is closing up a patient after a 7-hour emergency resection of a hospital drama or any other corporate/organizational setting they describe perforated colon. This is a life and death moment and it’s a day at the in their book? office most of us don’t experience. As the scrub technician does inven- I urge readers to take a spin through it. The book is easy to read, doesn’t tory, he counts fewer surgical sponges out than went in. He challenges distract with charts, lists, bullet points that slog through this genre — the the surgeon who proceeds with the stapling procedure — closing up. consultant self-help book. Dornfeld and O’Connor approach organiza- It’s everyone’s responsibility to heal the patient but it’s the scrub’s job tional communication and dynamics in a way that may reawaken the social to count instruments and everything that goes into or out of the patient. scientist in many of us, long somnambulant in our Ranganathian incarnation The scrub told the surgeon a sponge was missing. as library “scientists.” The next thing anyone remembers is a sailing surgical stapler. An Dornfeld and O’Connor urge their clients to understand an unignorable OR out of control. moment as a cultural issue. This moment is easy to understand because you The authors are consultants and ethnographers. And fairly courageous feel it. Think of it as the organizational “aha” moment of falling in or out to step into the big trouble of a dysfunctional surgery unit at a major of love. Or to realize you’ve got to go to the dentist or take the car keys hospital. The situation, the environment, the players — are all high from an elderly parent. You just know things are going right or wrong and stakes, high risk, high stress, high talent and skills. whatever follows must align with this realization. continued on page 10 8 Against the Grain / April 2016

Billy Gibbons (half of ZZ Top) at age 66 takes us several tracks up and out from the ZZ Top groove to give us Perfectamundo, Cubano “Hip Hop,” Tex-Mex infused blues rock that sounds easily that he’s channeling the best of South of Austin soul. Perfectamundo is Billy ke a closer look at.... Gibbon’s edge. Ta The edge is the outer rim that defines what you do and separates it from what you don’t do. It’s your organization’s frontier, your border. It’s where the risks and challenges facing you sit, waiting. The CHARLESTON REPORT Ecologists coined the term “edge effect” in the 1930s to help explain why quail, grouse, Business Insights into the Library Market and other game birds preferred transitional agricultural landscapes. They ignored more You Need The Charleston Report... homogenous habitats like fields and forests. The greater the diversity of habitat, the greater if you are a publisher, vendor, product developer, merchandiser, richness of food. consultant or wholesaler who is interested in improving These habits got the name “ecotones” or the area or zone of transition between differing and/or expanding your position in the U.S. library market. habitats. Soon after economists and other social scientists saw parallels between natural ecotones Subscribe today at our discounted rate of only $75.00 and social ones — think of the great trade routes or the rich diversity of ports of call. Here ideas gathered, exchanged, tested. The Charleston Company In business three types of ecotones dominate. First, there is the territory where you and your 6180 East Warren Avenue, Denver, CO 80222 customers come together. This is where the Phone: 303-282-9706 • Fax: 303-282-9743 money, the whole reason you run a business and customers seek you out. A second territory is in time. When your company interacts with its customers. Every- thing comes together at the point of sale or To their credit, the authors present blow by service. @Brunning: People & Technology blow case studies of asking these questions in The third ecotome defines all your tangible from page 8 troubled companies. At first read, one might ask — this is too simple, too direct, too easy. But read and intangible assets. It’s what most have called They give substance to the understanding that those questions again, think of how your library core but it is also an inventory of all that goes on, culture eats technology for lunch, meaning, it’s isn’t changing or even inching ahead and these is achieved, is lost doing business. risky and counter-productive to search for and questions are telling and not easy. Just asking is Current times challenge us and our business- rely on technology or “more money” to solve an effort but a good effort. es to discover or re-discover what we do and how what are essentially “people problems.” Of the four, the last, the future is tough. It’s we can continue to succeed. Libraries struggle To find out how theseCFAR consultants help hard to imagine the future but that is where our with flat budgets, disruptive technologies, and a hospital overcome a potentially lethal people hearts and minds point. More easily we can say users who don’t understand what we do, how problem, read the book. You’ll learn about an who we are and we can point out the person who we do it, or even why we do it. ethnographer’s approach to learning about an signs our paycheck. Much harder — to identify The usual reaction is to focus on our core and organization from within; its way of making leadership, what that entails and how it relates to believe all will fall in place if we just center our- things work. You’ll get great insights and tips organizational behavior. selves in what we do best. But what if our best — through real cases — on how to work with But the future…this is where our imagination isn’t what the world wants or believes is best? takes us and where success, failure, well-being, skeptical employees as a major source of infor- We need to find opportunities in what is happiness, and unhappiness will take place. We mation and ways of galvanizing an organization really going on. What do our different types of into a superconducting phenomenon that values know we need to get better, grow, prosper but we understand it in “what if” statements. But users want and need, what could or should be command and collaboration over command and our solutions to what they need, are there values control. You also gain insight in knowing how we need to understand the future that is present others would seek in our assets? culture can identify what’s driving conflict and in our culture. how conflict can lead to a great future. I got this book to better understand CFAR’s Maybe we should recast our relationship with And you’ll find out how to get unstuck. role in helping Arizona State University Li- users in a way that “maps” better to the user’s This is a simple yet brilliant observation that braries into unison as we renovate an old build- ultimate objective. Increasingly we are realizing organizations get stuck on issues that the culture ing and along the way bring our large and talented that students require a quality education at the can’t immediately “compute.” It’s habit, denial, staff into a new model of doing “library.” The lowest cost and in the shortest time. It’s the jour- stubbornness — all those earthly behaviors that Moment is an easy guide and handbook to achieve ney they are on and we are part of that journey. define life. Every thinking person in an organi- our goal. You probably face the same challenges If we continue to focus on core — deliver- zation knows about being stuck. The authors one way or another and, whether you use CFAR ing books and journals — in just exactly the acknowledge and show how companies and their or not, you can’t lose by learning cultural basics way it’s always been done, we are ignoring cultures get hung up but also how we can move from some talented students of human behavior. what’s going on. While we argue and clamor on and beyond. for open access students are scanning our Four simple questions help us move forward: Edgeamundo — Checking the Edges content and lots of other content — and putting those files on Facebook or dropping 1. What is the identity of our organization? Let’s take chance…fly to Miami… 2. Who is in charge? them into a cloud box. Students are sharing shake that thing…Perfectamundo! — answers and lists on social media. This is edgy 3. How do I lead? Billy Gibbons and the BFGs and edge stuff. 4. What is our future? What’s your edge strategy? continued on page 14 10 Against the Grain / April 2016 Publishing Progressive Information Science and Technology Research Since 1988

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Editor’s Note: Hey, are y’all reading this? If you know of an article that should be called to Against the Grain’s attention ... send an email to . We’re listening! — KS

PASSING OF THE GREAT ONE LET’S READ ABOUT THE ROMANTICS by Bruce Strauch (The Citadel) by Bruce Strauch (The Citadel) George Weidenfeld died at age 96. He came to London as a penni- William Hazlitt, The Spirit of the Age (1825) (essay collection on less refugee from Nazi Austria and became a great name in publishing. the Romantics); (2) Jacques Barzun, Romanticism and the Modern Remember Weidenfeld & Nicolson? Established 1948. Published Ego (1943) (defends the Romantics against the claim the movement Lolita and Nicolson’s Portrait of a Marriage (to Vita Sackville-West). was at the root of National Socialism); (3) Richard Holmes, Shelley: Plus Isiah Berlin, Hugh Trevor-Roper, Rose Macaulay, Mary Mc- The Purusuit (1974); (4) Stanley Plumly, Posthumous Keats (2008); Carthy, and Saul Bellow. (5) Charles Rosen, The Romantic Generation (1995). He was first knighted, then became a Peer of the Realm. Was See — Jonathan Bate, “Five Best,” Wall Street Journal, March much-married, a great Man-About-London. 5-6, 2016, p.C10. See — National Review, Feb. 15, 2016, p.12.

THE JOY OF REFERENCE BOOKS by Bruce Strauch (The Citadel) DON’T YOU DARE ACCUSE NYT Wonderful review of Jack Lynch’s You Could Look It Up published OF GLAMORIZING WAR by Bloomsbury, 453 pages, $30, a chronicle and celebration of the refer- by Bruce Strauch (The Citadel) ence book. Ranges from Emily Post’s enduring social primer Etiquette David Shields has published War Is Beautiful (PowerHouse Books), in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home (1922) to Harris’ List accusing the New York Times of using photos that made the war in Af- of Covent-Garden Ladies who are of course prostitutes. ghanistan glamorous. He licensed 64 photos to make his case but did not See — D.J. Taylor, “What We Did Before Wikipedia,” The Wall license the thumbnails of the front page with the photos in their context. Street Journal, Feb. 20-21, 2016, p.C10. The Times has sued for violation of copyright. Shields claims Fair Use. His case seems strong based on Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley Ltd., the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit. Shields’ thumbnails are even tinier than Kindersley’s. OH GOODY! LET’S READ OF DESPAIR And this may set a precedent for visual Fair Use. by Bruce Strauch (The Citadel) Joan Didion, Play It as It Lays (197); (2) Walker Percy, The See — Virginia Postrel, “Pictures Deserve ‘Fair Use’ Protection Moviegoer (1961); (3) Malcolm Lowry, Under the Volcano (1947) Too,” Bloomberg View, Feb. 11, 2016. (probably the most depressing I’ve ever read); (4) Ford Madox Ford, The Good Soldier (1915); (5) Jean Rhys, After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie (1930) (Rebecca West warned against reading it “unless one is happily married, immensely rich, and in robust health; for if one is ALL HAIL THE SMALL PRESS not entirely free from misery when one opens the book one will be at by Bruce Strauch (The Citadel) the suicide point long before one closes it.”). Graphic designer David Chickey has created a nonprofit small See — Daphne Merkin, “Five Best,” The Wall Street Journal, publishing house in Santa Fe for art monographs in collaboration with Feb. 20-21, 2016 p. C10 (Merkins latest book is: The Fame Lunches: the artists. As profits waned in publishing, Chickey saw On Wounded Icons, Money, Sex, the Brontes, and the Importance of corners cut and celebrities grafted onto books. Radius was Handbags). his answer. In a very close relationship with the author, he publishes around 20 titles a year most at under $60. He donates hun- AUTHOR HITS 100 dreds of copies to schools, libraries, and art organizations. by Bruce Strauch (The Citadel) See — Sarah Medford, “The Radius Way,” Wall Beverly Cleary, author of the beloved childrens’ book character Street Journal Magazine, March, 2016, p.76. Ramona, is turning 100. She says she “doesn’t look a day over 80.” She started out with characters Beezus Quimby, et al. Future Dates for Charleston Conferences Then the little sister Ramona was born and “never went away.” They all live Preconferences and on Klickitat Street in Portland, Oregon. Vendor Showcase Main Conference Beverly is a graduate of Berkeley 2016 Conference 2 November 3-5 November and was trained as a librarian. 2017 Conference 8 November 9-11 November See — “Henry Huggins,’ ‘Ramona’ 2018 Conference 7 November 8-10 November Author Beverly Clearly Turns 100,” Sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com, April, 2019 Conference 6 November 7-9 November 11, 2016. 2020 Conference 4 November 5-7 November

12 Against the Grain / April 2016

libraries held too many print books that rarely about every aspect of academic book publish- The Business of Academic ... circulated, or didn’t circulate at all. They built ing: total output, consolidation, the long tail, from page 1 their new business on that insight, and in his pricing, publishing models, eBook business Against the Grain contribution, Rick first models, open access, non-library markets, dis- become much more attentive to their users than provides a recap of how the academic book- covery, DRM, analytics, and more. Read it and to their book collections? And that those books selling business has evolved since the 1980s, you will feel like you’ve taken a short course would, as often as not, be seen as a problem as and then presents data on book circulation that in today’s academic book publishing business. much as an asset? can’t be ignored. SCS, now a part of OCLC, is If Mark Sandler had been a baseball player Approval plans are all about buying books an example, as Rick puts it, of “what the next and not a librarian, right about now his number on the chance they might be used. They contin- generation of vendor intermediary might look would be retired, a monument erected in the ue to make sense for libraries with the mission, like,” companies who bring analytics to bear on outfield, he’d be shaking hands in a home plate and corresponding budget, to build research the books and other resources that publishers ceremony, and soon, would be on his way to collections. Fewer and fewer libraries, however, produce and that libraries buy. Cooperstown. Instead, Mark is retiring as can claim that mission, or count on that budget. But today’s libraries don’t simply “buy Director, Center for Library Initiatives, at the Instead, the same profiles that fueled approval resources.” Librarians realize that another Committee on Institutional Cooperation plans are now the engines beneath the hood for factor that can’t be ignored in the market is the (CIC), a position he held for some ten years, Demand-Driven Acquisition (DDA) programs, purchasing power they have. When academic apprenticed with for twenty years working in generating MARC files under subject and other librarians speak up, publishers, vendors, and Collections at the University of Michigan. parameters that can provide patron access to aggregators are wise to listen. Stephanie Among Mark’s grand slams were his roles more books than approval plans ever did. Or, Church, of Case Western Reserve Universi- in Google’s digitization projects, in the Text many of these same profiles have been retooled ty, is a librarian with a lot to say. What she says Creation Partnership, in shared print, in gov- for approval plans where no books are bought is that assessment is “no longer a buzzword” ernment documents digitization. I could go on, until a librarian has first reviewed and autho- for academic libraries. A library’s importance but best to stop and simply say that anyone who rized them online on their vendor’s interface, to a university is no longer assumed. Libraries has ever heard Mark speak, or read something almost like a firm order. How many new books must prove it, and usage data is one of the ways he’s written, knows that they are in for some — and which ones, and under what conditions to “strengthen the story.” Stephanie also has laughs that won’t diminish the thoughtfulness — will academic libraries buy without good things to say about print and eBook prefer- of his contribution. What Mark is thinking evidence their patrons will discover and then ences; DDA, eBook pricing models, DRM about in this issue of Against the Grain is the open them? Those are the questions faced today policies, and user authentication hurdles; and future of the book itself in academic life. On by everyone in the business of academic books. other questions too. Readers will be thankful that topic, let’s just say that Mark isn’t san- This issue of Against the Grain isn’t about that Stephanie has chosen to speak up in this guine. He says a lot more than that, as well, approval plans. Approval plans, for the past issue of Against the Grain. and all of us with our hand in that book culture thirty years or so, have simply been my own What if DDA went away? While the model as it exists today would best pay attention. usual vantage point on the academic book has become widespread among academic librar- All of us in the business of academic book- business. In fact the five contributors to this ies, one major aggregator has questioned the selling might prefer that things were different issue, from their own vantage points — three logic behind DDA.1 Publishers have recently — the book unthreatened, library collections librarians, a publisher, and a consultant — bare- pulled back or have changed their terms. Wake revered and not questioned, usage one of those ly mention approval plans. Just a few years Forest University’s library provides “an all- “nice to haves,” budgets strong, approval plans ago that wouldn’t have been the case. It’s a you-can-eat smorgasbord” of books through a soaring, eBook models settled, assessment telling sign — as if we needed another — that large DDA program. WFU’s Carol Cramer and analytics merely words in the dictionary. the business of publishing, aggregating, selling, conducts a “thought experiment” in this issue, Instead, whether publisher, vendor, aggregator, and buying academic books is going through to find that even with less generous pricing and or librarian, we’re all challenged to examine the tectonic change, but at electronic speed. terms for DDA and Short-Term Loan, “DDA assumptions and practices that have sustained Among the ways I’ve been fortunate in my remains by far the most efficient models for an us in the past. If we are going to engage with career is that I began it by working for about institution like ours.” What would Carol do if our future, one place we are not going to find years as a book vendor colleague of the DDA model was in fact suppressed? To find it, I can tell you, is in the encyclopedia. Rick Lugg. Now I’m fortunate once more that out, just read her Against the Grain contribution. Rick agreed to write for this issue, since he and Librarians aren’t the only ones who need to his wife Ruth Fischer have been as responsible justify how their budgets are spent. Scholarly Endnotes as any individuals I can think of for a healthy publishers, according to Routledge’s Alan 1. Robert Harington, “Interview with an portion of that change. When they founded Jarvis, “have to rethink their approach to Empire: Tim Collins, CEO of EBSCO Indus- Sustainable Collection Services in 2011, deciding whether individual book projects are tries,” March 1, 2016. Scholarly Kitchen, their earlier experience as library workflow worth pursuing.” In his wide-ranging Against Web. March 10, 2016. consultants had revealed to them that academic the Grain contribution, Alan rethinks just

@Brunning: People & Technology Rumors from page 10 from page 6

I know. This is easy to say, flaunts legal and moral authority, and Ran into Daryl Rayner in Fiesole! I hadn’t seen her in ages. Re- is post-modern beyond any reasonable test. We are beyond scruples member her Rumours from Paddington column in Against the Grain here. But stuff is happening at the edges of what we do. The first edge many years ago? That was when she was at Xrefer (now Credo). Daryl strategy is realizing this. is now with Exact Editions. https://www.exacteditions.com/ Following Italy, a wonderful woman got married at Boone Hall Plantation in Charleston this past weekend so my-son-in-law and Column Editor’s Note: Concepts lifted from an excellent daughter were visiting. We had the awesome job of babysitting my Harvard Business Review monograph, Alan Lewis and Dan grandson 17-month-old George Jacks! What a cutie! George’s dad McKone’s Edge Stragegy: A New Mindset for Profitable Growth (a cardio-thoracic surgeon) has taught him to love books! Who would (HBR Press, 2016). continued on page 46

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hen I first became a library book- their services from those offered by publish- roles of intermediaries — and the attendant seller in 1981, I worked for the ers, and in justifying their share of the margin. headaches — are bigger than ever. Wcompany formerly known as Yan- Most publishers breathed a sigh of relief, Meanwhile, another type of service and kee Book Peddler. I recall my surprise that largely insulated from these requirements. another set of players have arrived on the such a business existed: buying books from Beginning around 2000, eBooks slowly scene: collection analytics vendors. Local print publishers and selling them on to libraries. began to complicate the market. Although book collections have come under increasing Why didn’t the libraries just buy from the netLibrary initially delivered more tote bags scrutiny, as library and university administra- publishers? The question persists, even ex- than content, it presaged the arrival of new tors grapple with space, budget pressures, and pands today, as the network reshapes familiar players — and new functions — in the space competing priorities. This has created a need relationships: why don’t readers just buy between publishers and libraries. As in the to gather and analyze collections data in new from publishers? Heck, why don’t readers early days of print, vendors and competition ways, quantifying usage and overlap with both just buy from authors? Who needs all the proliferated: netLibrary, EBL, ebrary, print and digital alternatives. This reflects both in-between apparatus of vendors, aggregators, Questia, Myilibrary, ED (remember ED?) the growth of assessment in higher education libraries, or even publishers? As I hope to and others contended for business. Confusion and the search for shared services and costs. demonstrate, we all do. reigned, as new devices, online platforms, Pressing questions need to be answered: Library booksellers were legion back rights, standards, and technical advances How often are books being used? How then, springing up in response to the growth vied for the attention and budgets of librar- many copies of the same titles are held of academic library collections — and higher ies. Some publishers saw an opportunity to by other libraries — regionally, state- education generally — in the late 1960s and reclaim direct sales to libraries. Once again, wide, countrywide, globally? Which of 1970s. Among Yankee’s competitors in the competition spurred innovation, as vendors these are securely archived in print or U.S. were Academic Book Center, Black- developed platforms for reading, browsing, digital form? well North America, Baker & Taylor Aca- and content management; business models And underlying all of that, the real question: demic, Coutts, Midwest Library Services, that supported purchase or subscription; and Ambassador, Eastern, Book House, Em- access models that liberated eBooks from How much space should we dedicate to ery-Pratt, Ballen, and others whose names print-oriented thinking. Demand-Driven holding print resources locally? What I have forgotten. Thirty years later, most are Acquisition and Short-Term Loans captured could instead be brought under shared gone or have morphed beyond recognition, the imagination of librarians, and a new gen- management, “above the institution?” some consolidated, some reinvented with new eration of vendors got schooled in MARC Answering these questions, for both print layers of service and expertise. records and library workflows. As with print and electronic resources, calls for new tools and Even then, the relationship between pub- books, consolidated eBook offerings proved services. In recent years, collection analytics lishers and booksellers was uneasy. Publish- attractive to librarians, with content from vendors such as OCLC’s WorldShare Col- ers preferred to sell directly to libraries. What many publishers available through a handful lection Evaluation, Bowker’s Book Analysis value could a mere “jobber” offer to justify of interfaces and deals. System, Intota Assessment, and OCLC’s claiming a portion of the discount offered by There was one wrinkle, though: print Sustainable Collection Services (SCS) have publishers? In the 1980s, the answer was sim- didn’t go away just because eBooks arrived. begun to address such questions. OCLC/SCS ple: consolidated transactions and invoicing. Libraries needed both formats, with coordi- compiles data from the library’s own system, Consolidation enabled the library to replace nated selection, acquisition, and management. WorldCat, HathiTrust, and other sources, and hundreds of publisher relationships with a The space between publishers and libraries enables visualization and multi-faceted queries handful of larger-scale vendor relationships. has in fact become more crowded and com- against that data through our GreenGlass Libraries accepted a reduced discount in plex, with both new and established providers decision-support application. exchange for savings in staff time, a single trying to survive off the margin between the The 2016 version of the SCS Monographs point of customer service, and consolidated publisher’s price and the library’s price. The Index (https://www.oclc.org/sustainable-col- shipping and billing. highly-developed services around print set lections/resources.en.html) gives a glimpse of Fierce competition among library suppli- equally high expectations for eBook support. what can be learned. It creates a high-level sta- ers kept prices in check, but more importantly Libraries need integrated p/e “approval” tistical profile of an “average” U.S. academic drove service improvements and innovations profiles, ordering, fund code management, library collection, drawing from the library’s as vendors sought to distinguish themselves: cataloging, customized invoicing, and work- own data, WorldCat, HathiTrust, and other approval plans, new title announcements, flow support. But they also need the new sources. The table below shows that the aver- faster delivery. In the 1990s, vendors built competencies brought by eBook aggregators: age library holds just over 3,800 titles (1% of electronic book ordering systems such as licensing, platform development, and different its collection) that are held by fewer than five YBP’s GOBI and Blackwell’s Collection types of access models, business models and libraries in the U.S. This is an obvious place Manager, and integrated them with library publisher relationships. Ideally, they need to look closely, tread carefully, and to consider systems. Library booksellers became experts a single point of management and customer formal retention commitments. Note also that in data mapping and export, electronic invoic- service for print book and eBook content. of the 70 million U.S. holdings represented by ing and EDI. Cataloging and provision of This is a tall order, especially since publishers libraries in the Index, 76% (that’s 53.2 million MARC records became a part of bookselling. continue to develop proprietary platforms and holdings!) have circulated three or fewer times Shelf-ready books — cataloged, barcoded, direct business arrangements. Large entities in the past fifteen years; and 43% were not spine-labeled — became a common offering like ProQuest and EBSCO are attempting to checked out at all during that period. That and expectation. Library suppliers evolved integrate eBook and p-book services (along might suggest a starting point — or inspira- into sophisticated service organizations that with e-journals, discovery services, and tion — for considering some sort of shared supported library workflows from selection library management systems) into compre- print program. It also suggests how difficult through access. Libraries benefited signifi- hensive offerings. Plenty of other approaches it is to predict which titles will be used in an cantly from these developments, and print still have traction, though, and the invisible academic library. book vendors succeeded in differentiating hand is still at work. In some respects, the continued on page 18

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START YOUR FREE 60-DAY TRIAL NOW bit.ly/COGNETspring40 techniques of predictive and prescrip- Middlemarch: Working the Space between Libraries and Publishers tive analytics to feed intelligence back from page 16 upstream — into purchasing decisions, perhaps even into publishing decisions? Can we determine what characteristics make a monograph useful — or at least more likely to be used? Can we link collection development decisions to patterns of user demand? Can we iden- tify the availability of eBook alternates to low-use print titles? As libraries begin to share print book collections more widely, can we learn to fine-tune discoverability, to bring relevant options into user workflows? This begins to suggest what the next gen- eration of vendor intermediary might look like — using analytics to support selection, discovery, management, and delivery. At its fullest implementation, such a vendor would consolidate and analyze activity for books and journals, print and electronic — high- lighting the value of the library’s “facilitated collections” to its users and its funding body. These are difficult tasks. Participants will be fewer, and the span of functions wider and more complex. But as higher education faces questions about student outcomes, research productivity, and the ROI on university tui- These are early days in aggregating this That’s where collection analytics vendors are tion, all academic units need to optimize and sort of data, and results should be viewed as beginning to contribute now. demonstrate their contributions. Libraries indicative rather than definitive. But they can But the potential for deeper analysis is even will need new kinds of support, including serve to guide us where to look more careful- more intriguing, and it’s clear that many other evidence-based decisions on what content ly. And while collective data can suggest the opportunities can be identified and pursued, to make available, and what to share, and potential for managing print in new ways, each as the data gets richer. Now that it’s clear that what to retain. Life in the space between library’s situation is different. It can be very collection analysis can play a useful role, we’ll publisher and library will increasingly acquire useful to have rich contextual data for one’s begin to see additional innovation. For instance: a quantitative dimension, raising the bar and own institution to inform print management Can we develop and incorporate mono- changing the game once again. But the game strategies; i.e., to determine which titles should graphs citation data, as an indicator goes on. be retained, shared, stored, or withdrawn. of scholarly resonance? Can we use

Strengthening the Story: Library Influence on the Academic Book Business by Stephanie Church (Acquisitions and Metadata Services Librarian, Case Western Reserve University)

he academic book business has many value. These are no longer assumed on cam- I conducted a moving parts and libraries are one of pus. Assessment is essential for libraries to usage-based Tthem. To hypothesize on the future, I make their case. analysis of our want to examine how libraries influence the Libraries must prove and promote their first foray into market today. Delving into what I see as a impact and their value to the greater academic DDA. One of librarian might help to give context to the community. User-driven business models are the most influ- larger discussion. very attractive to libraries for these reasons. ential findings demonstrated that DDA eBooks Considering the push for use analysis and were eight times more likely to be used than One major trend that has emerged and 1 will continue to gain traction in the world justification of purchases, it is no wonder firm-ordered eBooks. Cost-per-use data libraries occupy is assessment. Assessment Demand-Driven Acquisition (DDA) and ev- showed that we were spending roughly $14 is no longer a buzzword. More and more idence-based initiatives have been so widely per DDA eBook but over $100 for firm-ordered Assessment Librarian positions are appearing accepted. By design, DDA allows the library to eBooks. A staggering 73% of firm-ordered in academia. Librarians, in all areas of the focus purchasing on repeatedly used content or eBooks had zero usage. This examination organization, are encouraged to contribute titles requested by our constituency at point of has since folded into an analysis of aggregated to a culture of evidence-based application, need, ensuring usage. DDA permits libraries to platforms and DDA models. We are looking to where strategic objectives are defined and offer a breadth of scholarly material to faculty expand our current contribution to DDA and I higher-level decisions influenced by specific, and students in a highly cost-effective way. expect to have higher-level discussions on firm measurable outcomes. Today, libraries need In my position at Case Western Re- order practices and CWRU user preferences. to demonstrate their relevance, viability, and serve University’s Kelvin Smith Library, continued on page 20

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2/8/2013 3:51:03 AM When it comes to the format discussion, In the past few years, publishers have exper- Strengthening the Story ... the physical book is here to stay. With studies imented with eBook pricing and they continue from page 18 published on exhaustive reading, the correla- to test the market. Successful business models tion between screens and reduced retention,3 have emerged that seem sustainable for both Discoveries like this truly aid in strategic and the often expressed tactile joys of using a publishers and libraries. We are starting to see decisions, by facilitating the discussion that in- physical book, it is impossible for me to see more of a trend with publisher platforms offering forms those decisions. This is a significant way a future entirely empty of them. There is still content with less restrictive or even no DRM, libraries can demonstrate fiscal responsibility very much a need and desire for academic and with unlimited user access. Journals have and build their case to administration, showing book use in its physical form, particularly in offered unrestrictive article downloads and other why the institution should not only continue its the Humanities. user-friendly options for years and it is refresh- support, but increase investment in the library. Even so, without question, purchasing of ing to see these practices rolled into the world Aside from widening the amount of content physical scholarly monographs has declined of eBooks. It is what our faculty and students available to our users, the less time subject over the past several decades. Studies and are accustomed to and they have a reasonable specialists spend on selecting individual ti- surveys4 have indicated this for quite some expectation to want equitable access in eBooks. tles, the more time they can spend on faculty time. Anyone using OCLC Connexion Client Some publishers even go as far as to offer capa- outreach and research assistance. I expect the can see this purchasing shift in action. Insti- bilities and assistance with text and data mining DDA trend to continue and grow, with librar- tutional holdings indicate that eBook titles are projects. These are incredible strides in our ies dedicating larger portions of their budget on the rise and often surpassing physical book industry. Unfortunately these instances, so far, towards user-selected content. holdings, sometimes by a factor of six over are the exception and not the rule. Recent research is suggesting a trend in the print. While consortial-level buying data In the future, I hope to see more publishers general library budget growth. However this may inflate these (KSL does not add on aggregated platforms allowing for DRM- reportedly modest increase is not necessarily holdings for shared purchases), this is nonethe- free chapter downloads, unlimited , and translating into addition funds for materials.2 less an important purchasing movement that simultaneous usage. Is this too much to ask? With flat or in some cases decreasing materials warrants more discussion. Maybe. But we are starting to see discussion budgets, librarians have a responsibility to In physical books, one of my pain points that open access “may no longer be a pressure make conscientious collection management in acquisitions is obtaining out-of-print and point on commercial publishing”5 on the pe- decisions. hard-to-find material. I expect that buying riodical front. With continued discussion and Collection development policies may be physical copies of titles published decades ago collaboration, I am optimistic that this could another area of future growth and change. will be challenging. But in this day and age, have a residual effect on eBooks. If libraries have not reviewed these policies why should it be just as hard to buy a book Why am I optimistic? Because successful recently, this is a perfect time to revisit what from five years ago? I am not well versed in open access initiatives are emerging. One such we collect and why we collect. On a macro the expense and gamble publishers take on enterprise is Knowledge Unlatched (KU). and micro level, there are so many questions to titles and their print runs, or the business side Established by Frances Pinter and first intro- answer. Is our library collecting for posterity? of what it would take, but I do hope to see more duced at the Charleston Conference in 2010,6 What format do we purchase and why? Do print-on-demand content available. While KU harnesses buying power on a global level. we have a preferred aggregated eBook plat- there is a case to be made regarding general It is a way for libraries, publishers, authors, and form? How much funding should go towards appearance and the integrity of the physical readers to join forces for the greater good of user-driven initiatives? Will these decisions af- book in its original form, what our users and scholarly achievement through open access. fect our consortia? Do we fulfill faculty format researchers are truly after is content. They Hundreds of universities in 24 countries par- requests if that means duplicating content? The want to absorb that content and synthesize ticipated in the initial pilot, sharing the cost list goes on and on, and I foresee libraries mak- ideas into their own work. Libraries want to make 28 frontlist titles from 13 publishers ing even more of an effort to focus purchasing to provide their users with exactly what they universally available. Pilot assessment find- of monographic content in ways that align need. Content is a huge driver in what libraries ings indicated that titles were downloaded with strategic goals. Revisiting the collection purchase. Sometimes librarians have a say in worldwide on average over 1,000 times per policy, with the greater library community’s which format is best for constituents, but not week.7 KU has a truly global impact, with assistance, will only help to strengthen the story always, since monographs are not necessarily library buy-in and interest growing. a library tells to administration. available in the preferred format. continued on page 21

Alternatives to Demand-Driven Acquisition: An Exploration of Opportunity Costs by Carol Joyner Cramer (Head of Collection Management, Wake Forest University)

f Demand-Driven Acquisition (DDA) dies the other hand, if the occasional agriculture relatively small user base, especially in com- as an option, or simply no longer meets our book gets used, then hooray, we have served parison to our budget. In fiscal year 2015, we Ineeds, what would we do instead? a user without resorting to ILL. However, spent about $129 per student on monographs The Z. Smith Reynolds Library at Wake we do systematically exclude popular and in all formats (including DDA). Also, we have Forest University provides an all-you-can-eat juvenile works (as those categories are defined fortunately had budget increases that match smorgasbord for our DDA profile withEBL . by YBP) and books with a Short-Term Loan journal inflation for several years in a row. We currently offer about 170,000 titles. We (STL) cost of more than $200/day. We also The Z. Smith Reynolds Library serves about do not exclude books based on publication de-duplicate against other eBook providers 6,200 students, and the total student FTE at date, publisher or subject. We assert that in our collection. However, we de-duplicate Wake Forest is about 7,600. Since the DDA topic areas not covered by our curriculum against print only in cases where the STL cost model is fundamentally a pay-per-use model, (e.g., agriculture) will see extremely low use exceeds $76/day. a lower number of potential users most likely anyway. Therefore, we do not want to waste We can provide such a wide-ranging buffet equates to a lower total consumption of books. time pulling those topics out of our pool. On because we have a healthy book budget and a continued on page 21

20 Against the Grain / April 2016 Strengthening the Story ... from page 20 CELEBRATING 95 YEARS OF SCHOLARSHIP

There are other ways librarians try to influence the world of academic book buying. There was a discussion on the SERIALIST listserv recently on electronic resources and how libraries handle platforms that require an additional user login beyond IP authentication. When the choice is available, librarians are actively avoiding platforms and providers that require additional hoops for users to jump though. While additional steps The MLA International , the gold may not stop serious researchers, it is a huge deterrent for undergraduates standard for research in the humanities, is who could easily confuse the extra steps as restricted access. This is a lose-lose-lose-lose situation for the reader, author, publisher, and library. the most authoritative and comprehensive Librarians don’t want to create adversarial relationships with pub- resource for scholars and students who need lishers and vendors, but we are aware that our purchases are powerful. information on modern languages, literatures, Our purchases speak for library user needs as well as for philosophical beliefs. We will continue to navigate the changing landscapes of tech- folklore, film, and linguistics. nology and economics by developing successful strategies driven by measurable evidence. Truly international in scope, the MLA Librarians are speaking up in a way that is new to the profession. We Bibliography includes citations to more than 2.7 are telling our story on an administrative level by demonstrating fiscal million print and electronic publications and Web responsibility and by a concrete, measurable commitment to the univer- sity’s goals. We share our stories with other librarians and colleagues, sites in over 100 languages. Easy access to full- building upon best practices, forming partnerships, and making our story text collections is available through link resolvers, stronger. We also want to share our stories with publishers, vendors, and aggregators, explaining the “why” behind individual purchasing DOIs, and direct links to JSTOR, Project MUSE, decisions and larger purchasing patterns. With continued discussion and and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. collaboration and mutual listening as a first step, together we can build a future that works for everyone in the business of academic books.

Endnotes 1. Church, Stephanie. “Assessing DDA: Measuring Success for Strategic Objectives.” Case Western Reserve University. Kelvin Smith Our video tutorials at www.mla.org/ Library, October 2015. Web. 2. Peet, Lisa. “Gaining Ground Unevenly.” Library Journal 141.2 bibtutorials show easy tips for using the MLA (2016): 28. Web. Bibliography. Subscribe on YouTube! 3. Jabr, Ferris. “The Reading Brain in the Digital Age: the Science of Paper versus Screens.” Scientific American (4 April 2013). Web. To suggest a video tutorial topic contact us at 4. “Academic Library Book Purchasing Trends.” Proquest December 2015. Web. [email protected]. 5. Bosch, Stephen, and Kittie Henderson. “Whole Lotta Shakin’ Goin’ on.” Library Journal 140.7 (2015): 30-5. Web. 6. “Knowledge Unlatched.” Wikipedia, 25 February 2016, Web. 7. Montgomery, Lucy. “Knowledge Unlatched: A Global Library Consortium Model for Funding Open Access Scholarly Books.” Cultural Science Journal 7.2 (2014): 1–66. Join the conversation about the MLA International Bibliography on Facebook @ MLABibliography Use the MLA International Bibliography to Alternatives to DDA ... enhance your ORCID profile at biblink.mla.org from page 20

However, the dramatic DDA price increases and publisher embargoes TO SUBSCRIBE, PLEASE CONTACT seen since 2014 have led us to ponder — is there a better way? Should we spend our money differently? EBSCO Publishing Gale Cengage Learning I did a thought experiment to explore other ways we could spend 800 653-2726 800 877-4253 our DDA money. I made two fundamental assumptions: (1) our overall www.ebscohost.com www.gale.cengage.com buying power will remain unchanged, and (2) the money we are currently not spending on DDA will continue to be spent exactly as it is today — ProQuest i.e., this is not an opportunity to cut the budget. Notably in our case, our statewide consortium NC LIVE subscribes to ebrary’s Academic Com- 800 521-0600 plete and Complete on our behalf. Therefore, I did not www.proquest.com explore making more investments in the subscription model. For now, I focused solely on cost-per-use and ignored other factors, e.g., user expe- rience factors, that might make a more expensive choice more desirable. Instead of looking strictly at actual cost-per-use, this thought experiment speculates about what might happen with hypothetical Modern Language Association future purchases, based on actual data on user behavior with our existing collection. [email protected] continued on page 22 www.mla.org eBook Packages have a lower cost-per-use compared to print, Alternatives to DDA ... To continue the thought experiment, I took as long as the library’s choice of publisher from page 21 actual price quotes for eBook packages re- partners fits well with user demand. I did not ceived from two major players in the academic calculate a projected cost-per-use for EBA, I calculated a hypothetical cost-per-use for market and compared them to local use of DDA since there are so many unknown variables. four different scenarios. My conclusions were: books offered by the same providers. The Given our small user base, I have serious 1. DDA (control — actual data): two price quotes I received had radically concerns about whether enough books from a 170,000 books; $10.58/use different per-book costs. I determined single publisher would get used (COUNTER BR1) or $28.27/STL that for one smaller (and cheap- to make the EBA model a 2. Buy More Print: 4,434 additional er) provider, we could buy the good choice. Should we books; $52.71/use whole package for a given year. ever enter negotiations to We would then have money left purchase an EBA plan, I 3. Package Purchase: 4,052 books; hope the publishers would $97.31/use over to cherry-pick some rele- vant subject packages offered grant the smaller schools a 4. Evidence-Based Acquisition (EBA): by the larger publisher. Howev- lower required purchase amount Close to print er, based on our DDA statistics, to account for these concerns. Buy More Print I would expect at most that only I also considered the penetra- about 30% of the titles would get used within tion rate of various publishers (what percentage To determine an approximate cost-per-use five years. I concluded that we could buy 4,202 of their titles was used) vs. the absolute number for our existing print collection, I focused on titles using this method, but our cost-per-use of titles used. If we choose to buy a publisher the books purchased in fiscal year 2011. These after five years would be a whopping $97.31 package, I would target a publisher with the books have had almost five full years to reach a across the two collections. highest possible penetration, since we would user. The average use is 1.15 times per book, pay for every title regardless of use. With an and the five-year cost-per-use came to $39.40. Evidence-Based Acquisition EBA model, however, we can accept a lower To project forward the cost-per-use of The basic premise underlying EBA has been penetration as long as the total number of titles buying more print, I assume that the extra outlined in these pages before.1 Once the ex- used was higher. books bought would have lower use because we buy the most-needed books already (e.g., Table 1 we already purchase almost every book directly requested by a user). We also might assume that the additional books would have a higher per-unit cost because selectors would choose more expensive books if they had more money to spend. In fiscal year 2015, the average print book purchased by my library cost $47.49. I predicted that the average cost of buying ad- perimental access period ends, the library buys Imagine that I wanted to commit $20,000 ditional print books would be $52.71 and the the chosen books at list price. If the eBook to either a single EBA plan or a package five-year use would drop down to 1.00 per title. price mirrors print pricing, the total number of purchase. Table 1 is extrapolated from actual (This is perhaps a trifle optimistic.) These pro- books acquired would be substantially similar DDA statistics at my institution. If I wanted to jections, if correct, would yield a cost-per-use to the number acquired in print. However, pursue an EBA plan, I should consider work- of $52.71 for about 4,434 print books. books acquired under the EBA model should continued on page 23

What’s Next for Academic Publishing? by Alan Jarvis (Publishing Director, Taylor & Francis Books)

recently spoke to an old friend and colleague now working at a more complex. Sales revenue might now be generated from the printed rival publisher who said that their organization had undergone more hardback book, a subsequent print on demand , the eBook I change in the last two years than it had in the previous two hundred. and from eBook rentals. It is not clear how any of these components A sentiment that may be difficult to verify but is indicative of a rate of is going to behave, or even what the split between the different parts change most in the industry are finding challenging. is going to be. Perhaps the only predictable thing is that total revenue from sales in all formats is likely to be lower than what it used to be This is manifested at both a macro and a micro level. Whilst pub- from a single hardback version. Costs associated with electronic sales lishers puzzle over “big picture” issues such as the impact and trajectory ought to be lower, since you are no longer paying for printing, paper of things like Open Access, MOOCs, the for-profit educators, and the and binding or for storing and distributing physical copies. But this never-ending shift in library budgets away from books towards STM saving is offset by investment in platforms for selling eBooks, and can journals, on a micro level they also have to rethink their approach to be negated entirely if the publisher has anticipated, and printed for, more deciding whether individual book projects are worth pursuing. hard copy sales. Many other costs have been largely unaffected by the At the Charleston Library Conference I was asked how a digital revolution (for example, human inputs like copy editing commercial publisher can evaluate whether a monograph or the costs of peer review). The underlying feeling, therefore, will be financially viable under current highly uncertain at macro and at micro level, is of sailing in uncharted waters. market conditions. Historically this would just be a case What does a scholarly publisher do in the face of rapid of comparing costs (fairly predictable) with anticipated change, with conflicting priorities, and where budgets in revenues, determined by sales which, with the aid of core library markets are flat or declining? What is next for approval plans, would also be fairly predictable. academic publishing is some combination of developments The basics of this equation — revenues minus costs along existing trajectories, changes which are significant in — remain the same, but the details have become much continued on page 23

22 Against the Grain / April 2016 Alternatives to DDA ... from page 22 ing with the major commercial publisher. Their title list is so large that I would almost certainly have $20,000 worth of worthwhile purchases with use by the end of the access period. On the other hand, if I want to pur- RESULTS sue the package model, I would be better off pursuing a deal with the academic publisher Search ENGINE that has seen deeper use. Once, near the end of the fiscal year, I Real Results Real Relevant Real Fast sent our selectors a list of DDA books that Not available Easily explore full text Exactly what you had seen use, but had not yet been triggered anywhere else documents, NIH grants, need right away patents and more for purchase. I did not mandate that the selectors take any particular action, but many of them who had money left in their monograph funds chose to firm-order the eBook. Others chose to firm-order the print. Can EBA work like this? As long as many patrons still express a strong preference for print, we could use temporary e-access to indicate which specific titles are needed and then purchase print. We could even make a dual-format purchase in cases of highest demand. So in summary, even with the recent price increases, DDA remains by far the most cost-efficient model for an institution like ours. If the DDA model ceased to ex- ist (or if further price increases undid this cost efficiency), then my institution should probably consider re-directing our DDA fund toward a combination of print and EBA instead of pursuing package purchases. Institutions with a different budget profile and especially with a larger user base would probably reach very different conclusions. I can use the information I gathered to determine at what cost-per-use threshold I should consider dropping my DDA plan in favor of an alternative. Likewise, I can now identify my second choice in case the DDA option ceases to exist. Just say YES to Quetzal Contact us: [email protected] Endnotes Check us out: Quetzal-Search.info 1. Levine-Clark, Michael. “Evi- ® dence-Based Selection at the University Schedule a free trial today. of Denver,” Against the Grain 27, no. 5 (November 2015): 18-20. Free training and support. Money back guarantee! By ®

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decisions taken some time ago, when we chose to add to our strength in What’s Next for Academic Publishing? established areas by pursuing new and emerging areas. As a result we from page 22 have editors in areas like gender studies, environment and sustainability, and tourism, alongside editors in traditional subjects like philosophy and themselves but leave much untouched, and changes that might amount economics. Growth in output is also a reflection of the globalization of to a paradigm shift. academic research in English. This means that publishing more does Developments Along Existing Trajectories not mean lowering the quality threshold, since we are not just taking Publish more — Come what may, growth in published scholarly more fish from the same geographic pond. In our case growth in title output is likely to continue. The number of universities, libraries, output is also driven by the acquisition of other publishers and imprints. scholars, and students continues to increase, especially in emerging Consolidation — Faced with declining revenues and the need to markets, and administrative and institutional exercises like the UK’s invest in digital infrastructure to compete, many small and medium-sized Research Excellence Framework also create more pressure on scholars publishers are choosing to sell up. At the same time larger publishers to publish. For Routledge, publishing more books is the consequence of continued on page 24 Against the Grain / April 2016 23 lower prices on Kindle and other eBook retailers. The wider availability What’s Next for Academic Publishing? is welcome to authors, but the impact is finite. Moreover as the library from page 23 increasingly becomes something that is accessed 24/7 via a VPN the need for an individual to possess their own copy diminishes. The library also active in areas other than scholarly books (e.g., journals or text- still remains the heart of the market for scholarly publishers. books) are downsizing or selling their books aimed at more specialist Publish eOnly — This seems to be an appropriate approach to upper-level courses. Concerns that this might lead to the sort of oligop- changing technology, but we still make 70% of our sales from print and oly that supposedly exists in STM publishing are probably premature. publishing eOnly might only save about 15% of our costs. Notwithstand- There is far less concentration in HSS scholarly book publishing, with ing this, publishing models which combine eBooks and books where the a multitude of small publishers and no single player owning more than hard copies are printed on demand are becoming increasingly common. 20% of the market. And even in the most unpromising circumstances there are still new start-ups and entrants to the market. Authors and Pursue new publishing models — Technological developments in customers will likely go on being able to choose and distinguish between digital publishing have facilitated innovation from short-form publish- HSS publishers for the foreseeable future. ing (e.g., the Palgrave Pivot or Routledge Focus) to complex digital platforms hosting multi-volume reference works or databases which The Long Tail — Not only will publishers publish more books, can contain millions of items. But the latter are not what most scholars but print on demand technology and eBooks guarantee that few, if produce most of the time, nor are they what most scholars or students any, of these titles will now go out of print. At the same time many read. Projects like the Routledge Performance Archive, which makes publishers are actively re-issuing titles that were previously out of print extensive use of video, or Routledge Handbooks Online, which is our (at Routledge this takes the form of the Routledge Revivals and Rout- first foray into chapter level metadata, are potentially most valuable to ledge Library Editions programs). This activity is enabled by digital us as they allow us to build our digital capabilities, experiment with technology, and it persists because there is a small but demonstrable different kinds of content such as video, and develop similar products demand for these books. based on accurate measurement of customer usage and engagement. Pricing — Not a subject publishers always choose to broach but the financial realities of the market for specialist academic content Change with Potential for Paradigm Shift mean that it cannot be ignored. Our prices are relatively high for an Make your books more discoverable, so they get used more, HSS books publisher, but the gap between our prices and those of our and then use that data to drive better decisions — In the contest for competitors has shrunk, and we expect it to shrink further. Fewer units library budgets, slowly circulating HSS monographs find themselves sold normally leads to higher prices. Is this a vicious circle that can be consistently outgunned by easy-to-use and instantly accessible journal broken? It is possible that with the flexibility that digital publishing articles. Books have much to learn from journals if they are to make brings the answer may be “yes,” or at least a qualified “yes.” There are the most of the digital transition. I would highlight four key steps: now multiple ways in which our customers acquire our content — in • Make books more discoverable, so they get used more. Add- print or electronic format, outright purchase or rental, and individually ing metadata at the chapter level is an obvious first step but or in collections. Each of these might involve a different price point. publishers must also work more closely with intermediaries The headline price of the book is no longer the sole factor in determining like eBooks vendors and make sure that the metadata is sur- how much the customer pays for it. faced by major discovery tools. Change which is Significant but Not • Remove or reduce barriers to use such as restrictions on Necessarily Fundamental concurrent use, printing and copying. • Enhanced discoverability also gives the publisher a much Engage proactively with new business models — Clearly there have greater sense of which parts of their content are being read, been some bumps in the road with Demand-Driven Acquisition (DDA) cited and referenced. This is valuable information which can and, to an even greater extent, Short-Term Loan (STL). With hindsight one be used for both marketing and editorial purposes. Find out could argue that publishers sleepwalked into a situation in which STL was what is getting used, and publish more of it. one of the primary ways in which libraries acquired new books. Before Routledge agreed to participate in the Kindle rental program there were • Greater usage of metrics around citations and impact, includ- extensive internal discussions about whether it would extend the market ing altmetrics. or cannibalize existing sales. There were no such discussions before Our experience at Routledge of what gets used when you have meta- we agreed to STL, and we ended up having to raise our rates because of data at the chapter level is limited but eye-opening. We have chapter level the impact that STL was having on frontlist sales. Notwithstanding this metadata for our handbooks on RHO (Routledge Handbooks Online), we remain excited about the potential of STL to keep books in front of and we believe it is a major factor in driving use. The same title is fourteen potential readers for longer periods of time. We have reduced our STL times more likely to be used on RHO than it was on our standard eBook rates for backlist titles (i.e., books more than a year old), in the hope that platform. There are also striking variations in the extent to which different this encourages libraries to keep titles in their portfolio for longer periods. chapters from the same title get read. Feedback at this level of granularity Publishers need to accept that if they are publishing more at a time when has implications for customers, authors and publishers. Historically the budgets are flat, then libraries will need to pursue innovative strategies only real data book publishers have attended to has been about sales and to determine what to buy and what not to buy. Flexibility around price costs, and they lag far behind journal publishers in their use of other met- and discounting can help influence these decisions. rics. However, I would anticipate that this gap will close rapidly and book Focus on Open Access — Open Access (OA) is clearly a very publishers will increasingly focus on citations, impact, and altmetrics, as powerful way of connecting authors and readers, which remains the well as usage data. Clearly we need to be mindful of the limits of each primary function of publishers. Along with most of our competitors we of these measures, but if a publisher’s main role is to connect authors and have a gold OA offering, and publish OA book content (either whole readers, paying attention to what gets read is paramount. titles or chapters) most months. But there remain significant issues Summary around available funding for OA monographs in HSS subjects. The Book publishing: will it survive and will they still be books? — My UK government, for example, has been quick to mandate gold OA but argument is that if books’ content is more discoverable to readers then slow to provide additional funding to facilitate this. books themselves have a better chance of surviving as repositories of Sell more to non-library markets — Scholarly publishers operate knowledge, wisdom, argument, debate and provocation, whether in print or in a “mixed economy,” selling print and eBooks to different sorts of digital formats. If book publishers can learn from journals’ use of metadata customers (libraries, individual scholars, students, and professionals). at a more granular level, books will be better able to compete for readers’ Books which primarily sell to libraries (monographs, works of refer- attention as their empirical research and theoretical insights will be easier ence) account for a minority of our sales. We use digital printing to sell to discover and will therefore be accessed more frequently and engaged monographs to individuals in paperback format through our Routledge with more productively by readers. In a world where usage is becoming Direct program and we use differential pricing to make increasingly linked to purchase, and where there is stiff competition for more specialized works available to individuals in eBook form, with continued on page 26 24 Against the Grain / April 2016 Journals eBooks Conference Proceedings

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The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) The Death of a Bookworm: A Long-Winded Eulogy by Mark Sandler (Novel Solutions Consulting)

rognosticating about the future of the To the point of the question underlying these atoms of our created social world are smashing book is somewhat akin to taping a “kick thematic essays — “Do books have a future” and crashing about in our cultural accelerator Pme” sign onto one’s own back; it’s an — I feel on safe ground answering, “totally.” — who or what will survive and emerge victo- open invitation to be ridiculed and abused. I’m told a lot of people — especially smart rious is anyone’s guess. Thirty years from now, Google surfaces dozens of Web (“click-bait”) people — like books, enjoy reading, and have Google may control the entirety of the scholarly and magazine articles that recount the worst/ a real emotional connection to that mode of information space — no more Elseviers, Pro- dumbest/most shortsighted predictions of all transmitting information, entertainment, or even Quests, Pearsons, or libraries; conversely, time. Some of the oft-cited examples1 in the emotive sentiments. It sounds to me like a safe by 2050 Google could just as likely be R.I.P. telecommunications sphere include: bet that books will stick around, especially with alongside AskJeeves, AltaVista, Mosaic, and 1876: “This ‘telephone’ has too many supporters like Mark Zuckerberg.2 Yahoo (the walking dead) in a graveyard of shortcomings to be seriously considered “My challenge for 2015 is to read a superseded search firms. as a means of communication.” — new book every other week — with an Back to the Books William Orton, President of Western emphasis on learning about different Union. cultures, beliefs, histories, and technol- Having acknowledged some trepidation ogies…. I’ve found reading books very about predicting the trajectory of books going 1946: “Television won’t be able to forward, I’ll warm to the task by committing hold on to any market it captures after intellectually fulfilling. Books allow you to fully explore a topic and immerse some column inches to a recapitulation of the the first six months. People will soon book’s centrality over centuries past. Consider get tired of staring at a plywood box yourself in a deeper way than most media today. I’m looking forward to how a 17th-century genius like Isaac Newton, every night.” — Darryl Zanuck, 20th working, as he was in Cambridge England, Century Fox. shifting more of my media diet towards reading books.” might make a connection with contemporary 2007: “There’s no chance that the scholars like G. W. Leibniz in Germany or iPhone is going to get any significant That’s pretty high praise from a Millennial Blaise Pascal in France. When Newton’s market share.” — Steve Ballmer, with better than average tech skills. Books Principia Mathematica was published in 1687, Microsoft CEO. have been front and center in world culture there were no telegraph lines nor telephones; A personal favorite of mine from for the past 500 years, and it is highly likely no trains, planes, or automobiles; no film clips the industry is Decca Records’ that that “booklike objects” will continue nor photographs to “pin”; no radio or television; rejection of the Beatles after the to live amongst us — both the old, extant and no email, social media, or Internet to facil- group’s 1962 audition, saying, books and newly written/produced books itate real time communications. And yet, these “guitar groups are on the way out” — for the next 500 years. The harder call distant scholars became aware of each other and and “The Beatles have no future in is whether we expect they’ll remain, as shared ideas through the miracle of the printed show business.” they have been in the past, “front and book. Since face-to-face connections among center” in our education systems and All this to say that soothsaying contemporary scholars were made scarce by the leisure pursuits. Is it reasonable to expect inconvenience — even perils — of 17th-century about books — or anything else — to predict — that books will maintain a — should be approached with trep- travel, and letter writing does not scale, it fell to privileged position in an increasingly cluttered the book to serve as the primary conveyance of idation. Who wants to go down in landscape of infotainment options? history as having said that modern intellectual life. Moreover, the limited options day kids wouldn’t waste two weeks of their lives Disclaimers for sharing ideas among contemporaneous reading about wizards, vampires, or dystopian Before wading into the uncertain waters scholars were fewer still for sharing ideas death matches? swirling about this question of the fate of books, across generations. If not for the book, how it should be noted that nothing clouds the vision could 18th-century American intellectuals like of a so-called expert like an emotional or fidu- Jefferson or Franklin contemplate the work of ciary interest in a particular outcome. What Locke and Hobbes who lived a century earlier do the Koch brothers think about the future of and an ocean away? So, for centuries, the book the electric car? What does the Walton family stood as the primary — if not the only — reliable What’s Next for Academic Publishing? think about the prospects for the shop local means for conveying intellectual ideas across from page 24 movement? Be assured that the Kochs know time and space. more about energy production, and the Waltons Accordingly, the book, as a very partic- limited library funds, this will be as essential for know more about , than those of us writing ular technology for transmitting knowledge, the future of books as the Gutenberg printing or reading this article. Nonetheless, we should opinions, beliefs,3 etc., became the tangible press once was. remain skeptical about the analyses of those with manifestation of the idea of “smart.” Both But is a disaggregated book still a book? a vested interest in one or another vision of the authors and readers would be deemed “smart” Will the scholarly book only survive if it future. And, for that reason, readers here should by virtue of their connection to books. Check becomes like a journal, consumed, if at all, be forewarned if placing their bets on book your Roget’s for “bookish” and you’ll find the by the chapter? Traditional fans of the book futures based on the predictions of publishers, synonyms “smart,” “brainy,” and “intelligent.” need not be alarmed. On the surface much librarians, aggregators, book jobbers, or other To own books, and better still to read them, has might remain the same, with physical books “experts with benefits.” stood for centuries as a status marker by which still being the preferred “long-form” format for Our second disclaimer is a more general note we measure intellect and competence. Austen’s HSS scholars to delineate complex arguments, about how large social, cultural, or technological Elizabeth in Pride and Prejudice proclaimed that collate and analyse empirical evidence, and shifts are perceived (or not), understood (or not), her attraction to Darcy began with excitement develop innovative methodological and the- and ultimately accepted (or not). The march of about the size and richness of his library (be oretical insights. But alongside this familiar history is not an orderly procession from then that literal or figurative). There are numerous territory, there is a quiet revolution happening to now; it is, instead, a circuitous, ambling, references in literature — fiction, non-fiction, beneath the surface in a digital sphere where unpredictable journey with pushing and shoving advice books, etc. — about judging men (and much publishing activity will be guided and among competing people, ideas, systems, and sometimes women) by the books with which influenced by a forensic analysis of incredibly technologies. Thesis and antithesis; culture they associate. All this to say that for a very long detailed, albeit inherently imperfect, data. and counter-culture; action and reaction — the continued on page 27 26 Against the Grain / April 2016 is to replicate the experiences — and reading for the purpose of exchanging information — The Death of a Bookworm lists — of their elders. Ergo, if Adler and his will recede as a norm and value in years to come. from page 26 forebears read Homer in their formative years, By recede, I don’t mean be purged from the face so too should the current wave of 18 year olds. of the earth. The scholarly monograph will not time books have been associated with high social Ignoring, for now, the inherent racism, sex- disappear, but it will become less consequential status, respect, success and leadership. ism, jingoism, and classism of the Great Books as other means of conveying knowledge gain This equivalence of “books” and “smart,” curriculum, my concern here is with the general traction. Most of you are probably saying, or “books” and “education” may go a long way lack of currency inherent in book culture. It “duh,” hasn’t this already happened? And the to explaining society’s longstanding love affair goes without saying that time invested in read- answer here is likely to be “yes,” but, as was with the book. It’s not necessarily the book ing Homer, Aristotle, Virgil, and Augustine stated earlier, there are lots of messy conflicting that people crave but the esteem that its readers might not be the best preparation for success data about such things, and many bookish ana- garner from their peers. If I were to say to a in (“street smarts” for the mean lysts and experts continue to aver that the book group of friends that I just finished readingThe streets of Palo Alto). And it’s not just that I’m is irreplaceable as a mode of scholarly commu- Kite Runner, I would expect their reaction to be bothered by too much curriculum focus on the nication. Those who argue that book culture is different than had I said that I watched 87 hours ancients; I question, as well, the “datedness” of alive and well might point to the 27% increase of television last week. As a pseudo-academ- a reading list based on this week’s New York in U.S. independent bookstores between 2009 5 ic, I might try to sneak the former into casual Times non-fiction best-seller list. Books are a and 2014; a general upward trend in output to conversation — or this article — while opting great technology for storing and transmitting old over 300,000 U.S. books in 2013 and 2.2 million 6 not to reveal the latter. To this same end, we thoughts — those of Aristotle or those of Bill worldwide; Amazon investing in bricks and 7 should take note of the pervasive cultural habits O’Reilly — but are a notably slow technology mortar bookstores; and 78% of Americans of accumulating and displaying books in public for a society with the capacity for -fast responding that “libraries are effective at pro- 8 spaces and in our homes; or using books as a communication. A “current” printed book is moting literacy and love of reading.” backdrop for politicians or presumed “experts” most likely to suffer from a two-year time-lag But, as with any complex cultural trend, each being interviewed on TV or otherwise depicted as it is shipped from the publisher, including of these seemingly positive data points can be in visual media; and the value that universities the time the idea of the book is conceived, countered with evidence to the contrary. The Bu- place on an acquisitive library. In a simple shopped, researched, analyzed, written, edited, reau of Labor Statistics reports that, on average, syllogism, books convey knowledge; I have produced, marketed, and sold. Add to that the Americans commit 2 hours and 49 minutes of books, therefore I am knowledgeable. The time it takes a reader to identify, acquire, and their daily leisure to watching television, as com- question before us now, though, is whether read a so-called “contemporary” book, and we pared with 19 minutes of reading (4.2 minutes for some other channel of communication might might timorously suggest that books are no those aged 15-19 as compared with 52 minutes of overtake the book as the primary cultural symbol longer the best technology for shedding light “using the computer for fun”);9 a 30% decline in of “knowledgeable.” on contemporary issues. bookstore sales between 2008 and 2014;10 24% The Exalted Tradition of Books of American adults surveyed in 2013 said they On Writers and Readers had not read a book in the previous year (the While a connection to books has for centu- Before delving deeper into book authorship typical American reporting — perhaps honestly ries conferred the presumption of intelligence on and readership, let’s agree to limit our focus or accurately — that they read 5 books);11 and individuals and societies, there is an interesting hereafter to works of non-fiction — largely trade only 46% of adults reported visiting their public dichotomy that began to be floated in the early books and educational texts. I remain optimistic library in the previous year.12 to mid-1970s between so-called “book smarts” about the future of pleasure reading, primarily, and “street smarts,” the latter usually thought to although not exclusively, focused upon works of So Many Books; So Little Time trump the former. This dichotomy is largely at fiction. While there are now many leisure alterna- With book output having more than doubled odds with various educational philosophies built tives to book-length reading, I have a hard time between 2004 and 2014, it is not surprising around students reading the canon of great west- accepting that immersion in a well-crafted story that more books than ever are going begging. ern books, the majority of which (about 75% of More people than ever — including academics 4 won’t hold its own when weighed against other Mortimer Adler’s 1990 list ) were published pursuits. The electronic media revolution has al- (broadly defined) — are writing books, and before the 20th century (and many before the ready taken — and will continue to take — a toll fewer people than ever — including academics first millennium). The Great Books curriculum on the prevalence of pleasure reading, but there (broadly defined) — are reading them. On the skews decidedly to the classics — the Greeks, are unique joys that come from engaging over one hand, we could argue that an unread book the Romans, medieval religious tracts, Shake- days and weeks with an exciting, complicated, is no book at all, in the way that an unanswered speare, authors of the Enlightenment, etc. — heart-warming, or provocative novel. telephone call does not constitute a conversa- reflecting the historicism of western education. tion. Communication — scholarly or otherwise This western reverence for early contributions But, pleasure reading aside, what to think — implies a connection. If we don’t have a to scholarship is typical of traditional societies about the prospects for non-fiction books that are speaker AND listener, or a writer AND reader, that emphasize behavioral norms reinforced by produced with an intention to educate or edify? we’re simply left with solipsistic thought that is “the collective memory” fixed in printed books. Readers of non-fiction are more likely to apply functionally unconsummated. a pragmatic standard when deciding upon the Tradition-based societies and institutions (the Oscar Wilde once wrote that, “[I]n old days best way to educate themselves. What is this the church, higher education, politics) rely upon books were written by men of letters and read by fastest, easiest, most convenient, most reliable, ritual, lionizing founders and ancestors, and the public. Nowadays books are written by the most timely way to get to needed information, glorifying so-called sacred texts as three iconic public and read by nobody.”13 While that was be that a specific fact or a theoretical context for pillars that bolster allegedly “timeless” values written in 1894 when U.S. book output was less connecting related facts? For 500 years, give or and a conservative worldview; an anachronistic than 10,000 books per year; it is more apt than take, the answer was likely to be, “read a book.” worldview touted as relevant for addressing ever today. In the current environment, the big- The book was the mainstay and gold standard for the challenges of contemporary life. There are gest threat to the book is the overproduction of communicating facts and ideas across time and clearly other ways to build societal systems of books. It is the “tragedy of the commons,” or the space. As such, it served society extremely well action — and tradition-based ideologies have peril of starvation that is visited upon a healthy in fueling progress in all walks of life. With the faced challenges throughout history (e.g., the or actively reproducing herd. Sooner or later, advent of modern telecommunications, however, Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution, the individual sheep are put at risk by the appetites can the book — should the book — maintain its Sixties) — but there is a certain simplicity to of others in an accreting herd, and ultimately pre-eminent position as the most esteemed mode replicating or reproducing ideas from an earlier the survival of the species can be imperiled by of scholarly communication and a culturally age with the hope they might produce desired the sum of so many individual appetites. An celebrated symbol of an educated person? outcomes in modern times. Likewise, there is imbalance in the scholarly ecosystem between a certain simplicity or appeal to assuming that My thesis here is that scholarly book culture authors and readers — i.e., producers and the best way to educate a younger generation — the idea of people writing and reading books continued on page 28 Against the Grain / April 2016 27 tunity — in theory or reality — to control the For these and other reasons, I believe The Death of a Bookworm number of books flowing through the burgeon- scholars will continue to drift from a reliance from page 27 ing self-publishing sector or to influence any on books to more accommodating modes for of a number of alternative modes of scholarly accessing needed content. It is undeniable that consumers — should ultimately cull the herd communication supported by telecommuni- some scholars, on some occasions, need to of books, reducing output to the capacity of the cations, time-based and social media. The consume an in-depth, thoroughly researched, environment to absorb content. book publishers will no doubt argue that their thoughtful and edited treatment of a topic of This need to balance the supply and demand vetting process — especially when academic considerable interest. That, however, seems for books was as true in Wilde’s time as it is peer review is involved — provides a level of to be the exception rather than the rule. Most today; books and journals compete with other assurance about accuracy that provides value students or scholars writing a term paper or ar- books and journals for the attention of readers. well beyond that offered in newer commu- ticle; preparing a course lecture or conference What’s different now, however, is that we’re not nication channels. They might also argue presentation; writing a blog comment, book dealing with a more or less homogeneous body — without much evidence — that the slower, review or email; peer-reviewing an article; of content — a herd of books, of sorts — that more immersive process of long-form reading etc., are likely to find what they need in a series is collectively trying to adapt to its environment. facilitates deeper learning. On the other side of longer or shorter Web snippets, which does Instead, there is a flood of new and rapacious of the ledger, the arguments favoring the intro- not bode well for the future of the scholarly predators descending upon our academic pas- duction of media based communications in all monograph. tures and competing for sustenance with books corners of the academy are so numerous that and journals at an undersized trough of campus we don’t have the time and space to enumer- attention. Scholars and students can now graze ate them here…and so compelling that there for information from a multiplicity of sources should really be no need. Endnotes — e.g., PBS, NPR, documentaries, Ted Talks, For academic libraries, it is also decision 1. Szczerba, Robert, Forbes/Tech, Jan. 5, Blogs, Twitter, YouTube, Vine, Pinterest, Wiki- time; do they double down on their longstanding 2015 (http://tinyurl.com/j487t6c) pedia, Webinars, Facebook, Reddit — that are, association with the book — hanging more and 2. Zuckerberg, Mark, Facebook post, January 2, 2015. in many cases, faster, cheaper, easier to access, more celebrity posters that implore youngsters more fun and more current than the traditional to read — or do they act decisively to diversify 3. I’m ignoring here that the three best-sell- scholarly monograph. So, books are fighting for ing books of all time — the Bible, the Quran, their portfolio and support a much broader array and Quotations from Chairman Mao, likely survival on two fronts: 1) an internecine com- of communication channels? Does YouTube have a purpose and social impact that differs petition among the glut of books themselves; include content that might be instructive to stu- from most books — fiction or non-fiction. and 2) a competition to maintain primacy or dents in an introductory anthropology class? If Society is less likely to apply the word standing when compared with other conduits so, should not the campus library be vetting the “smart” to readers, including obsessive, of scholarly information. best of that video content and creating conve- repetitive readers of these works, and more nient links to it? Likewise, should the library be likely to apply notions like “devout” or So, Therefore… “faithful.” While not negative terms in and What does all this mean for authors, pub- working with campus faculty to surface useful of themselves, it is not clear that reading the lishers, and librarians? Academic authors , credible blogs, photographic images, Bible on an airplane is perceived by other will no doubt continue writing books because curriculum relevant twitter accounts, or other passengers in the same way one might react available tools make research and writing vehicles for transmitting quality scholarly con- to a traveler reading War and Peace. easier than ever, and institutional rewards tent? Is there any doubt that nearly all students, 4. Adler, Mortimer, ed., Great Books of and the great majority of faculty, spend the the Western World, 2nd ed., Encyclopedia continue to incentivize publication, even when Britannica, Inc., 1990. the resulting work finds no market or readers. bulk of their working and leisure hours online? Libraries should be thinking about how best 5. Heyman, Stephen, “Assessing the Health Were it the case — and it is unlikely to be — of Independent Bookstores,” New York that promotion and tenure committees were to to interact with their constituents in the places they frequent, and how to organize, validate and Times, Feb. 25, 2015. decide that books without readers should not 6. International Publishers Association, entitle their authors to additional benefits, these preserve the varied forms of scholarly content that can be found there. It should be clear that “Annual Report: October 2013 to October authors would still draw their base salaries and 2014,” p.16. the value proposition for libraries has shifted begin researching their next works. Writing a 7. Rao, Leena, “Amazon Considers Open- book is respected work in the academy, and not from acquiring and preserving once scarcely ing Hundreds of Bookstores,” Fortune, really unpleasant activity for authors to pursue, accessible books, to helping users navigate the Feb. 2, 2016. so academics will likely continue to produce broad array of information options available to 8. Horrigan, John, “Libraries at the Cross- books until failed writing (as in failed to attract today’s students and scholars. roads: Pew Research Center,” September an audience) is somehow penalized. The Tragic Last Act 2015. Scholarly publishers of all stripes — commer- 9. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “American S. R. Ranganathan, one of the patron saints Time Use Survey,” Oct. 26, 2015 (available cial, university presses, commercially oriented of librarianship, famously wrote, “Every book at: http://www.bls.gov/tus/charts/leisure. university presses, library publishers, etc. — are its reader.” Whatever that was intended to mean htm) 14 more likely than authors to try to regulate industry in 1931, it’s pretty clear that it makes little 10. Statista, “Sales of book store retail production to decrease the risks that are attendant sense in today’s environment. Books are easily in the United States from 2008 to 2020,” with oversupply (think OPEC). While cooper- published, discoverable and accessible world- 2016, (available at: http://www.statista.com/ ation to manage supply is a rational response to wide, relatively inexpensive, and yet struggling forecasts/409658/united-states-book-store- market imbalance, individual producers do not to find readers. I believe the reasons for this retail-sales-forecast-naics-451211) always act rationally, nor do they trust others are many and varied, but a few of the gremlins 11. Pew Research Center, “E-Reading Rises to do so. Putting aside the legal questions of inherent in the technology can be noted: as Device Ownership Jumps,” January 2014. whether publishers should be allowed to “co- • Books are long, and slow to digest 12. Horrigan, Ibid. operate,” “collude,” or “conspire” to regulate or 13. Wilde, Oscar, “A Few Maxims for the • In their print form, it can be hard to restrict the supply of published books, students Instruction of the Over-Educated,” Saturday know in advance if specific reader of game theory would tell us how difficult it is Review, November 17, 1894, and reprinted needs will be satisfied to optimize mutual benefits for a group by each in The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde: • They lack currency Stories, Plays, Poems & Essays, New York: individual actor accepting a limited degree of Perennial Modern Classics, 2008, personal sacrifice. It may be rational economic • They are not interactive pp.1203-04. behavior, but it is unlikely to come to fruition. • The preferred standard of presenta- 14. Ranganathan, S.R., The Five Laws of While more traditional trade publishers tion — for scholarly treatises — tilts Library Science, London: Edward Goldston, could theoretically agree to limit the number of to the ponderous 1931. books they publish, they have no such oppor- • My friends didn’t read it 28 Against the Grain / April 2016 RELEVANT TIMELY COMPREHENSIVE

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Powered by photonics Visit www.SDLinfo.org for information on subscribing 30 Against theGrain / April 2016 Op Ed — Opinions and Editorials I http://nyti.ms/22htnAm here: found be can tragedy horrific this injuring 22. An excellent summary of in black, shot and killed 14 people while munition, he and hiswife,both dressed Center and with 65 to 75 rounds of am- Farook enteredthe Inland Regional as had,tosomeextent, Malik hadclearlybecomeradicalized and stockpiledweapons.Farook and shooting together,planned attacks,gone an on-again,off-again friendship, had Farook andone,EnriqueMarquez , in Farook, returned fromSaudi Arabia. Tashfeen Rishwan MalikandSyed place in December. The couple below, nardino, California massacre thattook iPhone 5CinthecaseofSanBer of thisstory. The FBIuncoveredan prised by this, here’s the short version there, atthatplace,time. again for noother reason than working fault oftheirown,and22peopleinjured, no through dead are people 14 that is and security. What weknowforcertain that wouldendtheirpromiseofprivacy Apple doesn’t wanttocomply because The people and their deadly, dreadful acts. tended machinations ofthese dreadful couple’s associates, plans, and the ex holdskeyinformationonthe possibly its thinkingbeingthatthephonequite become an entity of interest to the ferret allthisout. The iPhone5Chas CIA andlocal authorities are trying to by Not fortheReasonYou Think Little RedHerrings—TheSkyIsFalling,But bought itsphones. who millions little the for fight gallant it iscoming toanendifApplelosesits sky isfalling,civilization as weknow that the world is coming to an end, the phone/FBI case,onecanonlyconclude the hysteriasurroundingApple especially prescient. Butjudgingfrom a scryerordoomsayer, noramI about tocomeanend.I’mnot n case you missed it, the world is On 2 December 2015, December 2 On the hysteria, and the absolutists. Lots ofcharges remain,andtheFBI, For thoseofyouwhomaybesur Mark Y. FBI wantsthephoneunlocked, but Herring (DeanofLibraryServices,DacusLibrary, Winthrop University) . Enrique. Malik and FBI, - - -

about favor whom youread. (http://tcrn.ch/1mVgvfO and then he backtracked a little or a lot locking the phone ( Bill Gates alsocame out in favor ofun- from government totalitarianism. And passion of disambiguatingtheabsolutist ). jY9 proach most recently ( bolder, andIthink,eminently wiser ap- that part,anyway. Butshetakesamuch affair. Shewouldhaveadvised against that turnedthecaseintoanus-vs-them ally moreaboutCook’s ill-advised post (http://bit.ly/1V9yZY4 the matter, “Understanding out infavoroftheFBIhercolumn on also of support oftheFBI.Tracy Milano, CEOs, andonon. and Facebook Twitter officials, Google of Silicon Valley, Hollywood celebrities, thought useful. Add tothese,almostall er he wished in as crude a manner as he presumably allowinghimtosaywhatev- his comment by saying“Respectfully,” forgot. Ishouldaddthathe did preface documents thattheworldimmediately were importantfortheworldtoknow, leaking documentsthathethought Edward Snowden,isknownonlyfor bit.ly/1SPYXzr called the FBIcase “horsesh*t” (http:// lam The everwinsome andsort-of-on-the- undermine its own operating system. making a company write code that will Fr). She’s “queasy” about “the state” versus theFBI”(http://bit.ly/1QUOb- column “BabelFish”called“Apple weighed inonherInsideHigherEd nothing willeverbethesame. this now, itwillbesoforalleternity, and all-or-nothing for absolutists. If we do other phones,totheFBI.It’s always is-falling if weopenthisphone,orany usual claimsforprivacyandthesky- makingthe Bernardinocase, the San March, hepontificatedhisviewson up with.OnConanO’Brien case everthat the FBIcouldhavecome calls the“lamest”(http://for.tn/22htEU0) sides withApple,noless,onwhathe to him),quondam co-founder of Apple, Woz the sideofApple.SteveWozniak (or in onthis,andnearly allofthem on What isdisturbingaboutthosewho in manyhavecomeforward Not Library notable,BarbaraFister All sortsofenimentoeshaveweighed , asthose in the know like to refer

Edward Snowdeneloquently does the best job I’ve seen thebestjobI’veseen does Milano Apple, andwhatisdisturbing Apple’s refusal,isthat both Inside Higher Education ). NSAcontractor, Mr. http://bit.ly/1oEfmLr) http://bit.ly/1Paa- ). Her post is re- ) dependingon ” inearly , came

surfing our open Internet. He behaved He Internet. open our surfing we had a patron in ourbuilding whowas who havetaken them. Someyearsago, well save lives, or bring to justice those that phone andanyotherphonethat may FBI. Of course, prised) thatI’mmakingacaseforthe leagues will be scandalized (but unsur me asabitmuch. did nothingmore thangoto workstrikes at theexpenseofinnocentpeoplewho for itsnextiPhoneiteration? To doso Apple willhavenewbackgroundmusic revolution, butIdon’t knowwhy. So America. They’re itchingforanother teach oncollegecampusesallacross sexagenarian Woodstockers who now is, well,crazy. this paranoiaaboutgovernmentalone andallthat.But thewatchers, watching quis custodiet ipsos custodies, orwho’s keep any eye on government, Juvenal’s why? Don’t getme wrong. We haveto keeping aneyeonwho’s usingthemand who maketheseproductsreallyaren’t on. Doesanyonereallybelievethose andso smarthouses,eBooks, cars, televisions, smartrefrigerators, digital: privatelyowneddrones,smart itisn’tAnd It’s phones. just everything that wereallymustbeworriedabout. as if the government is the almost boogeymanqualityaboutthem, theFBI stop breaches, butbyGodwe’regoingto is ludicrousintheextreme. that datawithoutinfuriatingeveryone, monetize to how out figure can it day raw bigdataaboutallitsusersuntilthe a company that is stockpiling so much of privacyforacompanylikeApple, Handwringing overthepotentialloss true facts ofourbrave, new digital lives. getting overitisnowoneofthesadbut saw about usnot having anyprivacy and curity lookslikeSwisscheese. The old been hackedalready, andInternetse- Everything andalmosteveryonehas digital ageisabitlaughableanyway. Nicholas Berdyaevhadit. the beginningofendforall ofus,as for preceptoverpeople,andthat’s really the discussion. or injuredfolksneverreallycomeupin very injuredones.Infact,thesedead 22 and people dead really 14 of face Grail of privacy and security, in the parties makethiscaseabouttheHoly I know many of my library col Sure, wehavealotofleftover We areawashinhackingandprivacy A privacy/securityargument inour . These arguments havean Apple proponents argue Apple should unlock continued onpage 31 only entity - -

fessions out of those whom you suspect. But And now it would appear that the absolut- Op Ed — Little Red Herrings you should be able to have at your disposal at ists are going to try to win another argument from page 30 least as much power as criminals have at theirs. for the right of Apple to make phones and keep If they use a phone to plan and/or commit mur- them locked away from government. Mean- very suspiciously, clicking windows closed ders, the state while, Apple will con- every time someone came near, stealing furtive should have tinue to collect big data glances all about him. After he left, I checked the right to and protect evildoers the history on his computer. Not only had he examine said from the prying hands been surfing child porn, but he had also filled phone to bring of a government that out an application for a middle school not two about justice seeks to wrangle them miles from us. Did I waver at all about his and perhaps to justice. It’s a brave, privacy or hesitate while I read the Library prevent or deter others from using that shield new and now very dangerous world, made all Bill of Rights? Not even a second. Both the again. Yes, we must watch the watchers, but the more dangerous because absolutists view campus and local police were called. lex est tutissima cassis, after all: there is no privacy and security as a precedent over people. Some will argue that my case and the Fa- better shield than law. If successful, this is the way the world ends rook case are two different things. But both If we make any of our Bill of Rights because this center really cannot hold. perpetrators broke federal and state laws, and absolute, we run the risk of making them both had some expectation of privacy. My view useless for justice, let alone this Republic. is that if you break laws, you revoke your rights One would think that after so many years of Column Editor’s Update: Just as we because you choose to steal the rights of others, trying to make the First Amendment absolute, were preparing this issue for publishing, the and especially when you steal the ultimate right we’d have learned a lesson. First Amendment FBI successfully unlocked the phone without to life, to say nothing of liberty and justice. The absolutists have made possible the Internet Apple’s assistance. While this particular issue state should bring to bear upon you its power pornography that we are currently awash in, is now resolved, the larger one discussed here in pursuit of justice. No, you can’t beat con- among other things. still remains. — MH

Collecting to the Core — Advanced Astronomy Texts by Dianne Dietrich (Digital Projects Librarian, Cornell University Library; formerly Physics and Astronomy Librarian, Cornell University Library and Astronomy Editor, Resources for College Libraries) Column Editor: Anne Doherty (Resources for College Libraries Project Editor, CHOICE/ACRL)

Column Editor’s Note: The “Collecting help the non-scientist understand the beauty tify those titles astronomy graduate students to the Core” column highlights monographic of the night sky and introduce students to the consider essential to their education. Not works that are essential to the academic li- enriching study of the universe’s mysteries. surprisingly, only a few of the titles are also brary within a particular discipline, inspired Many of the selected titles provide an ex- in the RCL core collection in astronomy. The by the Resources for College Libraries bib- cellent descriptive background for historical works that do overlap, however, span a range liography (online at http://www.rclweb.net). and current astronomical research, providing of topics within the discipline. Many were In each essay, subject specialists introduce value to any liberal arts education. By design, written for graduate students at the beginning and explain the classic titles and topics that many undergraduate works contain a far less of their careers and though these works are continue to remain relevant to the undergrad- rigorous treatment of the underlying physics likely to be demanding for undergraduates, uate curriculum and library collection. Dis- and mathematics than professionals need to this does not mean they are impenetrable. ciplinary trends may shift, but some classics conduct research in the field. Accordingly, Astronomical research often invokes never go out of style. — AD a comprehensive undergraduate collection mesmerizing images of faraway galaxies. ought to also include advanced material that Authors James Binney and Scott Tremaine supports those students planning to pursue note that while galaxies are worthy of study on n order to secure support for the tremen- graduate study in astronomy. Students inter- their own, the techniques used to understand dous amount of resources required to do ested in doctoral research in astronomy are ad- galaxies can also be leveraged in physics Iresearch work, astronomers generally vised to have a solid grounding in physics; in research. In Galactic Dynamics, the authors must also excel at outreach, convincing the fact, many often major in physics rather than provide students with the background needed public that astronomical exploration is inter- astronomy. How then, does one determine to pursue research in galactic structure and esting and essential for society as a whole. the essential astronomy titles that support evolution, using only a prerequisite of un- Astronomers often succeed in this task by undergraduates for advanced study in that dergraduate physics coursework and no prior tapping into a collective curiosity about the field? One way is to consider what is essential astronomy coursework.2 The book is not as universe. It is fitting, then, that theResources to graduate education in astronomy and select mathematically rigorous as other advanced for College Libraries essential undergraduate those works that remain accessible to under- and professional-level and diffi- collection in astronomy includes works that graduates. In considering selections from culty rankings help users assess which of the the RCL Astronomy col- included exercises they might solve.3 In fact, lection to highlight in advanced undergraduates may already have this essay, I consulted some of the background needed to appreci- the “Classic Astronomy ate this text. The second edition of the book Texts” list, developed by includes major revisions to incorporate more Cornell University li- current research and theory in the field. In the brarians in collaboration preface to the second edition, the authors note with astronomy graduate that galactic research “carries the student to students in 2009.1 The the frontiers of knowledge faster than almost works in this list iden- continued on page 32

Against the Grain / April 2016 31 more. Donald Osterbrock’s Astrophysics of Ultimately, Shu’s text engages all students Collecting to the Core Gaseous Nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei — irrespective of their ultimate career path from page 31 updates the author’s original text on nebula — and fosters an understanding of why scien- from the 1970s.10 Now in its second edition tists are motivated to pursue research careers, any other branch of theoretical physics.…” (co-authored with Gary Ferland), it has been making it an essential title for undergraduates Binney and Tremaine help undergraduates tailored to reflect the changing backgrounds of considering graduate study. comprehend what is currently under in- incoming graduate students, meaning it may As more college students participate in vestigation by researchers and, perhaps in be accessible to advanced undergraduates. research, undergraduate library collections understanding the questions researchers are While some astronomical research deals should expand to include works to support pursuing, the enterprising undergraduate may with distant objects millions and even billions them. Introductory graduate-level texts can discover a topic for graduate school admission of light years away, Solar System Dynamics by position advanced undergraduates for the essays. Carl Murray and Stanley Dermott explores rigor of postgraduate study in a scientific The Physics of Astrophysics by Frank objects “closer” to home — that is, in our own field, whether they are considering applying to Shu consists of a two-volume set (Volume solar system.11 Like the authors of Accretion graduate school or perhaps enrolling in grad- 1: Radiation; Volume 2: Gas Dynamics) and Power in Astrophysics discussed above, uate-level courses during their senior year of encompasses nearly all of the physics and Murray and Dermott pull together topics college. All of the referenced textbooks here mathematics training graduate students need previously found only in the subject literature would be valuable additions to an undergrad- to pursue research in astrophysics.4-6 These so as to guide beginning researchers. Since uate collection supporting a range of students, volumes, while likely formidable for under- the authors admit that the text was largely including those considering research careers graduates, may serve as motivation to contin- drawn from graduate-level lecture materials, in the astronomical sciences. ue study in astronomy and astrophysics. One this monograph may be quite challenging for of the great strengths is how each of the topics undergraduates. Even if the mathematics is flows from one to the next, emphasizing to just slightly out of reach for even ambitious students that the study of the universe should undergraduates, the authors’ appreciation Endnotes not be thought of as discrete subfields, but as for their chosen material is evident. Far too 1. “Classic Astronomy Texts.” Physical Sci- one interconnected system where techniques often, science is depicted as dry and boring, ences Library, Cornell University Library. and insights from all research areas contribute which ignores the creativity needed to excel Accessed January 13, 2016. http://physical- to understanding.7 Shu writes his books for as a scientist. Readers may be pleasantly sur- sciences.library.cornell.edu/classic_texts/ the thoroughly engaged student; for example, prised to find selections fromShakespeare at grid/title/all-astronomy one section concludes with a recommendation the beginning of each chapter. These literary 2. Binney, James, and Scott Tremaine. to conduct a literature search — a daunting headings may spark inspiration in an aspiring Galactic Dynamics. 2nd ed. Princeton, N.J.: task for graduate students, much less under- undergraduate student. Princeton University Press, 2008.* graduates. In the preface to Gas Dynamics, When Frank Shu set out to write an 3. Lynden-Bell, Donald. Review of Shu reiterates that while the primary audience Galactic Dynamics by James Binney and introductory astronomy , there Scott Tremaine. Physics Today. November is first-year graduate students, the materi- were countless other books on the subject. al should be accessible to “well-prepared (1988): 113-114. Why, then, was he compelled to add another 4. Hughes, Philip A. Review of The Phys- seniors.” Yet Shu’s high standards are not volume to an already expansive collection? without reason: his stated aim is to give stu- ics of Astrophysics. Volume 1: Radiation. Most textbooks, he argues, tend to focus on Volume 2. Gas Dynamics by Frank Shu. dents the necessary background for deeper select picturesque objects in the universe and Nature 357 (1992): 122. research, noting that there is often simply sacrifice mathematically rigorous explana- not enough time to obtain this background 5. Shu, Frank H. The Physics of Astro- tions of those objects. Instead, The Physical physics, Vol. 1: Radiation. Mill Valley, CA: through coursework alone. A broad treatment Universe offers the undergraduate student University Science Books, 1991.* of the material gives students a solid under- a solid understanding of how astronomy 6. Shu, Frank H. The Physics of Astrophys- standing of the breadth of potential research connects to the physical world around us.12 ics, Vol. 2: Gas Dynamics. Mill Valley, CA: topics and inspiration for those pondering Shu notes that the book “emphasize[s] the University Science Books, 1991.* post-collegiate careers. deep connections between the microscopic 7. Ibid 4. Forming stars, planets, and black holes world of elementary particles, atoms, and 8. Osterbrock, Donald E. Review of Ac- all involve accretion disks, where material molecules, and the macroscopic world of cretion Power in Astrophysics by J. Frank, orbiting a gravitational field spirals inward humans, stars, galaxies, and the universe.” A.R. King, and D.J. Raine. Science 233 as it loses energy. When Accretion Power Indeed the book’s organization reflects this, (1986): 582-583. in Astrophysics was first released in 1985, starting with chapters that offer a foundation 9. King, Andrew R., Juhan Frank, and information about accretion disks in astro- for the advanced astronomical concepts that Derek J. Raine. Accretion Power in physics had not yet been collated in any are explained later in the text. The book be- Astrophysics. 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: single textbook.8-9 It is likely that only active gins with these “basic principles,” including a Cambridge University Press, 2002.* researchers knew how to locate the original historical perspective and necessary concepts 10. Osterbrock, Donald E., and Gary J. research papers and synthesize the state of from mechanics and physics. Next, the text Ferland. Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae the subject. Authors Juhan Frank, Andrew examines stars, galaxies, cosmology, the solar and Active Galactic Nuclei. 2nd ed. Sausali- King, and Derek Raine provide an overview system, and planetary science. The volume to, CA: University Science Books, 2006.* of the field suitable for graduate students and concludes with several chapters about life 11. Murray, Carl D., and S. F. Dermott. researchers, though the authors note that it on Earth, connecting astronomy with related Solar System Dynamics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.* may be accessible to advanced undergraduates areas of scientific inquiry including molecular with a solid physics background. Now in its biology and even anthropology, as well as 12. Shu, Frank H. The Physical Universe: third edition, the updated text incorporates An Introduction to Astronomy. Mill Valley, the search for life elsewhere in the universe. CA: University Science Books, 1982.* new developments in the field. Similarly, While the text includes sample problems that active galactic nuclei are part of a body of are intended for the science major, Shu points *Editor’s note: An asterisk (*) denotes a title selected for Resources for College Libraries. research that is fairly recent, though interest- out that non-science majors will find value ed upper undergraduates may want to know even without working through the questions.

32 Against the Grain / April 2016

Book Reviews — Monographic Musings Column Editor: Regina Gong (Head of Technical Services & Systems, Lansing Community College Library)

Column Editor’s Note: We’ve survived another winter season tumble. That is one way to look at the work associated with strategic (thankfully a mild one for us in MI this year) and I’m sure we’re now human resources in an academic library — trying to stay upright when enjoying the warm-up that spring time brings. We’re also probably the world is literally moving under your feet. The other way to look at busier as the semester comes to an end with the frenzy of final exams it might be more literal — that managing library change is difficult, but and the anticipation of our students marching during graduation human resources implications are the “barrel of fun” that directors ceremonies. I’m particularly excited to see our students cannot avoid. graduate in May knowing that the Library has played Crumpton writes a good primer on the issue of human an important role in their journey as college students. resource issues and practices for academic library directors Anyway, for this issue, we have an array of new books and administrators. This short work is well documented and that deal with data such as Managing Scientific and provides excellent charts and tables to help anyone finding Research Data, and the Accidental Data Scientist: Big themselves in an administrative capacity at an academic li- Data Applications and Opportunities for Librarians brary. The approach that Crumpton takes in exploring the world of strategic human resources management is one and Information Professionals. Digital humanities and that any business school staffer (such as myself) could data curation is an area that libraries are now actively appreciate and applaud. While he cites a great number involved in and the book Digital Curation in the Digital of articles and studies that focus on human resources as it Humanities: Preserving and Promoting Archival and relates to libraries, there are many reports and resources Special Collections digs deeper into that with particular that are drawn from higher education and human resource emphasis on preserving special collections. If you want to management fields. This gives the work a well-grounded approach to know more about competitive intelligence and how it can harness our the specific issues that library directors are facing. work as information professionals, then take a look at Competitive If I had a wish, it would be that he provided more practical exam- Intelligence for Information Professionals. Academic libraries and ples of the shifting nature of library work. While he addresses new job especially those in administration (like directors and deans) are always skills and titles found in academic libraries, one of the bigger issues we struggling with staffing issues and so this book on Strategic Human are facing through this change is how we move staff currently filling Resource Planning for Academic Libraries: Information, Technology traditional positions into the new jobs that libraries need. Making these and Organization makes the case for strategic approach to human changes during position vacancies is far easier than moving staff and resources development and capacity building. Finally, read more on libraries at the point of need. Another wish would be to learn more how to create marketing plans as well as strategies for marketing about the changes at UNCG over the last few years as academic libraries libraries in this age of social media in Marketing the 21st Century shift focus to the information needs of current researchers. This would Library: The Time is Now. give a practical layer to this work that might provide good options and I have lots of books for you to review so if you want to be part of suggestions for library directors at similar institutions. the ATG roster of reviewers, just send me an email at . Happy reading! — RG framework for creating a strategic approach to a library’s most important resources, its librarians and staff. Crumpton, Michael A. Strategic Human Resource Plan- ning for Academic Libraries: Information, Technology and Lucas-Alfieri, Debra. Marketing the 21st Century Library: Organization. Amsterdam: Elsevier (Chandos imprint), 2015. The Time is Now. Waltham, MA: Chandos Publishing, 2015. 9781843347644. 110 pages. $81.95. 9781843347736. 105 pages. $78.95.

Reviewed by Corey Seeman (Director, Kresge Library Services, Reviewed by Ashley Fast Bailey (Senior Collection Develop- Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor) ment Manager, YBP Library Services) Knowing where to start with a marketing plan can be overwhelm- There are many challenges facing library directors and administrators ing. There is so much information available and so many places that these days. This is especially true among academic library directors information is housed. Marketing the 21st Century Library by Debra who are feeling the pinch on a number of fronts. Between the changing Lucas-Alfieri takes a big picture look at various aspects of marketing needs of researchers, the growing scarcity of usable space on campus, for today’s library. She uses her experience of marketing libraries and flat budgets and the eternal question of where to house a legacy print provides a clear, concise guide that is a great place to start when gathering collection, there are sufficient worries to keep directors from sleeping basic information on what library marketing is, where one should start, well at night. However, behind each of these problems lies a more and steps involved in implementing successful marketing strategies for difficult and delicate challenge for the library director. How can the the 21st century library. library’s workforce adapt to the changing needs of the communities we Lucas-Alfieri breaks her book into seven easy to navigate serve in a strategic and empathetic way? sections: history of library marketing, the market plan, how to use Michael Crumpton, Assistant Dean for Administrative Services various marketing tools and techniques, managing the marketing plan, at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG), writes partnerships to promote the library, how to market and promote the a well-researched guide to help library directors better understand the library, and the challenge and opportunities that libraries today face. important implications of their human resources decisions. Crump- By taking time to break out and write in simple terms each of these ton is a prolific author and presenter on various topics addressing the areas of marketing, libraries can gain a clear overview of marketing in administrative needs of the library (see https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/ today’s landscape and how to use practical applications in their library. clist.aspx?id=1946). In addition, Lucas-Alfieri also provides case studies throughout the text In his introduction, Crumpton references a “barrel of fun” that one to illustrate these practical applications and how-to’s. might find at a fair or amusement park. You walk through a large rotating After giving a brief history of library marketing, Lucas-Alfieri gets barrel as you move from one part of the amusement park to another. The into the details about a library marketing plan in regards to research and goal is to stay upright, though many do not make it through without a continued on page 35

34 Against the Grain / April 2016 (in Chapter 8), among others. Chapter 5 includes a comparison of Book Reviews several different prominent databases of scientific literature and data. from page 34 The author’s evaluation of how to decide the best database for a given subject is astute. She also cites several additional studies for readers assessment. By outlining several types of research and data gathering to interested in further exploring the subject. In fact, every chapter includes start a marketing plan, she lays the framework for the coming sections an extensive bibliography of scholarly works for additional reading. of this book. Emphasis is placed on defining the library’s mission and The book’s great strength is its discussion of aspects of scientific vision before marketing takes place, and Lucas-Alfieri stresses the publishing that researchers and authors probably understand on an importance of not skipping this in the process. A library must know instinctual level but that librarians may not be aware of. For example, its patrons and community including their vision and mission before why have preprint archives been so successful in physics and gained marketing takes place. She goes on to provide assessment tools and no ground in chemistry? How might Mendeley’s tracking of its users’ ideas to use before jumping into the marketing plan. research habits make some researchers uncomfortable using this citation After a library defines its mission statement, the next step is to management system? What are some of the nuances surrounding peer lay the ground work for the marketing plan through assessment and review in scientific disciplines? Baykoucheva also provides some com- research. Only then can one move on to writing and implementing the mentary on the use (and misuse) of impact factors in judging scientific plan. The subsequent chapter outlines ways to accomplish this. Though work, and authors and librarians alike will appreciate her analysis on it does not provide examples of actual marketing plans, it does a great these issues. Even Garfield, the creator of the journal impact factor, job of defining types of plans, steps to begin thinking about creating touches on its misuse in his transcribed interview. and implementing a plan, and follow through. Lucas-Alfieri provides If there’s one flaw in this book, it is that it covers too many aspects of numerous case studies and questions after each chapter to help reinforce scientific publishing. Indeed, the book’s title is somewhat misleading, the various aspects of the library marketing plan. since it suggests that it is about a much narrower aspect of the publishing Lastly, she goes into ways to promote the library through partnerships endeavor than it actually is. Not until Chapter 8 (“Coping with ‘Big and various forms of media. Lucas-Alfieri brings up innovative ways Data’: eScience”) does it get at what the title implies the whole book to partner with the library community, mainly focusing on academic is about. But for the most part, this is a failure of the title, not the text. libraries, to move the marketing plan forward. Through promotion and Only once or twice does it seem like Baykoucheva includes more visibility, the library can really market itself as a relevant part of the information than is relevant in a given chapter. campus ecosystem. Overall, librarians and others are likely to gain valuable insight Marketing the 21st Century Library is a great resource for someone from Baykoucheva’s perspective as a scientist turned information who is starting to think about creating a marketing plan for their library, professional, and this book is well worth a read. or wanting to gain a general overview of how marketing plays a role in the current state of libraries. Through case studies, well-written and clear chapters on concepts from what is a marketing plan to how to assess Hakansson, Charlotte, and Margareta Nelke. Competitive and manage a marketing plan, Lucas-Alfieri has written a well-rounded Intelligence for Information Professionals. Amsterdam: overview of marketing the library in the 21st century. Chandos Publishing, 2015. 9780081002063. 152 pages. $78.95

Reviewed by Christal Ferrance (Instructional Design Librarian, Baykoucheva, Svetla. Managing Scientific and Research Data. George Mason University) Waltham, MA: Chandos Publishing, 2015. 97800810019500. 162 pages. $67.11. Competitive Intelligence for Information Professionals is a quick Reviewed by Emma Oxford (Science Librarian, Olin Library, read with a lot of substance. The authors are two senior information Rollins College) professionals from the competitive intelligence (CI) field. Hakansson is an information specialist managing business intelligence projects in several fields (pharmaceutical, medical, and business). In 2011 she Managing Scientific Information and Research Data by Svetla founded a consulting company, Novolentia, which offers competitive Baykoucheva presents a broad overview of STEM (Science, Tech- intelligence and information management assistance to businesses, nology, Engineering, Mathematics) publishing — from professional organizations, and public areas. Today Hakansson manages her ethics to lists of helpful resources to differences in common practices company and also is a Team Leader Research Support for the Swedish and everything in between. The subject matter is more far-reaching University’s Agricultural Sciences Library. As co-author, Nelke than its title would suggest and well-worth reading for librarians who began her career in public and academic libraries but quickly moved find themselves serving scientific researchers. As a chemist turned into the corporate world as a library manager. Since 2004 she has been information professional with an extensive publication record spanning an independent consultant for her firm, I.C. at Once, which offers numerous journals, Baykoucheva is well-placed to provide guidance coaching, training, and investigations in CI, information management, on this subject. She is currently the head of the White Memorial and business development. Chemistry Library at the University of Maryland, College Park. The book has 12 chapters, with each focusing on different aspects This is her first book. of competitive intelligence and the information professional, in order Every chapter of Managing Scientific Information contains some to provide a comprehensive overview of the process. Chapter 1 defines insight or list of resources that librarians will find useful. Some of the competitive intelligence and its value or importance to organizations, most interesting chapters are transcripts of interviews that Baykoucheva businesses, and individuals. The authors highlight the common reasons conducted with various scientists and information professionals, includ- for competitive intelligence, for example, globalization, individual- ing Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Science Citation Index, which ization, competition, threats, IT development, and crises. However, would later become Web of Science. These interviews add valuable they also add complexity (in order to make things better, new skills additional perspectives on research and publishing that many librarians and tools are needed), demand for knowledge (the best information is might not have considered. Baykoucheva has conducted numerous needed, not random, unfiltered information), and common view (the interviews with professionals in the field in recent years, all of them whole organization working towards common goals and vision and available at http://www.acscinf.org/content/interviews (including those the breaking down of silos) to their list of important reasons. Chapters featured in the book). 3-6 explain the PCMAC model (plan & prioritize, capture, manage, Librarians will also find useful the lists of relevant Websites and analyze, and communicate). Often the analyze phase is regarded as the organizations that appear in several chapters. For example, there are most important, yet the authors claim that the plan & prioritize phase is lists of publishers involved in “new models of scientific communica- actually the most important because it is where “the essential questions tion” (in Chapter 2), organizations concerned with ethical research are asked” (p.25). Particularly illuminating are tables 9.1 and 10.1. and publishing practices (in Chapter 3), and online data repositories continued on page 36 Against the Grain / April 2016 35 to tie together the conceptual, theoretical, and practical perspectives of Book Reviews curation within the larger digital humanities framework. from page 35 The book provides several useful and even some unique features. A key feature is how the author illustrates the theory by discussing Table 9.1 Ranking of competence compared to ranking of courses by practical applications. The real-life examples demonstrate the larger Swedish recruiting agencies shows that many of the skills information theoretical concepts of the digital humanities. The list of references professionals have or are trained in are ranked high by managers for is also a valuable survey of the current literature and online tools. competitive intelligence activities. However, when the word library Sabharwal also provides an in-depth study of the role of social media was added to either course titles or degrees they were ranked lower by in the world of social curation. He reviews several online resources, those same managers. Table 10.1 The roles in competitive intelligence like YouTube, Instagram, and Storify, and explains how they can be tasks and the contribution of the information professional further drives used as digital humanities tools. Overall this book is recommended the point that information professionals are key players in competitive for those who want to better understand how current practices can be intelligence initiatives. From members of the steering committee to used to improve the curation of special collections and archives for both producer of the output, information professionals are involved in every teaching and research needs. aspect. Finally, “Tools and methods” introduces various CI strategies, for example, SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats), SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound), Affelt, Amy. The Accidental Data Scientist: Big Data and impact analysis, to name a few. The authors describe the methods, Applications and Opportunities for Librarians and Information explain the processes step by step, and offer some tips and potential Professionals. Medford, NJ: Information Today, Inc., 2015. pitfalls based on their experience. 9781573875110. 222 pages. $39.50. Hakansson and Nelke want to not only give an overview of the competitive intelligence process but also provide a “toolbox” of tested Reviewed by Michelle Polchow (Electronic Resources Librarian, methods. They strive to add real examples of CI to balance the prac- George Mason University) tical with the theoretical. They also want to highlight, based on their experiences, the key role information professionals play in CI. Overall the authors are successful in their mission. Their many examples of CI Disruptive technology continually seeps into the jobs of librarians processes will interest not only newcomers to the field but also those with and information professionals. “Big data” seemingly appears overnight, more experience. However, more detail to the “real life cases” would accelerates from buzzword into newly designed academic de- have been beneficial. Information professionals as well as business grees and now frequently appears within high demand job requirements. intelligence managers will find this book useful. Amy Affelt, writing from her position as a corporate librarian, takes the data-naïve on a compelling read, concisely introducing new concepts and skill building tools required to navigate this data-driven world. A Sabharwal, Arjun. Digital Curation in the Digital Humanities: key theme throughout this book is that the necessary abilities to work Preserving and Promoting Archival and Special Collections. with data are the very ones inherent to the professional principles of Chandos Information Professional Series. Amsterdam: Elsevier research and information science management. The author constructs (Chandos imprint), 2015. 9781843347866. 182 pages. $78.95. parallels from familiar concepts such as data verification, data integrity, and critical analysis of sources, then maps these themes to demonstrate Reviewed by Jennifer Rinalducci (Art & Art History Librarian, how to produce expert research services using the clout of “big data.” George Mason University Fenwick Library) The Accidental Data Scientist is a useful primer, beginning with vocabulary, introduction to processes and overview of data use, and management techniques. Affelt, a reference librarian herself, delivers an invaluable resource list for keeping-up-to-date, sharing her curated Digital Humanities is an ever growing field of study, and as a result websites, blogs, Twitter feeds, and more, that in turn can immediately more librarians and archivists are being required to incorporate these benefit research customers and reinforce ongoing professional learn- concepts into their work. Arjun Sabharwal’s work Digital Curation ing. So as not to overwhelm readers, it focuses on best practices that in the Digital Humanities addresses part of this need by focusing on the leads to high value deliverables, such as customized intelligence (that role of digital curation in archives and special collections. Sabharwal is machine algorithms have yet to replicate), and qualifies why librarians currently the Associate Professor of Library Administration and Digital and information specialists should partner as key players in developing Initiatives Librarian at the University of Toledo Libraries and has a “big data” projects. The case studies illustrate new and emerging job background in archives administration. He is well placed to discuss challenges within the fields of healthcare, transportation, entertainment, the implementation of digital curation since his primary duties include legal, law enforcement, atmospheric science, labor, education and pol- digitizing manuscript collections, managing digital repositories, and itics. Overall, a lot of information is covered in a very effective and proposing new digital projects. easy to read manner. By focusing on digital curation, the author goes beyond the well-es- When reading a guidebook, the rhetoric is often inconspicuous, but tablished discussions of digital preservation in archival studies. He this book presents an interesting dichotomy. Starting on page one, the sets up a dichotomy between the stagnant idea of preservation and the author states that the profession of librarianship seems under attack dynamic concept of curation. In contrast to digital preservation, digital with industry behavior labeled as “coming too late ...to respond to game curation provides a framework for selecting, promoting, and adding changers,” “missed opportunities,” and a vocation which has “fallen value to digitized and born-digital collections. In fact, definitions are prey.” But in between the reprove, Affelt attempts to counterbalance, important throughout the book, whether the author is addressing the acknowledging that any concept using the word “big” can bring about concepts of digital curation and digital humanities or digital history intimidation, then rallies with a pep talk for overcoming fear. So on one and digital historiography. hand, the tone is critical towards the profession, but then endeavors to Sabharwal provides both theoretical and practical perspectives on promote librarians as adept partners for “big data” projects. Within the digital curation and its role within the larger field of digital humanities. profession, this book is perhaps just the type of motivation needed to This is a necessary combination given the complex nature of the subject. help solve job image problems, but if shared with a broader audience, Digital curation allows for continued access to primary data and cultural the negativity may reinforce dismissive attitudes from those who don’t heritage while these new technologies allow scholars and practitioners understand the profession. A second quandary was the author’s deci- to approach humanities topics in new ways and see new connections. sion to exclude illustrative case studies from the field of research and Each chapter addresses key elements of the curation process, such as information management. Although Affelt notes that her selection of collaboration, interdisciplinary scholarship, and information architec- industries was based on the early adopters of “big data,” perhaps it misses ture. However, the lifecycle of the digital curation process remains an the opportunity to not only educate, but also to equip librarians, during a overarching theme throughout the book. As a result, the author is able continued on page 39 36 Against the Grain / April 2016 Print Joins Digital at ProQ uest Researchers Win.

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he second edition of the Encyclopedia divided by world regions. Perhaps one of the As befits a topic of such importance, the of Islam and the Muslim World (2016, most impressive features of these two volumes articles are fact filled, detailed, and objective. T9780028662725, $489) is the attention to quality illustra- The approach is scholarly and informed by published by Macmillan, part tion and layout contributing to current research, while at the same time, the of Gale Cengage Learning has a truly handsome presentation. results are intelligible to the interested lay read- just been released. Updating the The use of numerous color ers as well as to undergraduates and graduate 2004 version, the set is again plates, maps, and attractive side students. Of necessity, medical terms are used, edited by Richard C. Martin bars makes this reference stand but they are described and explained within the and contains 540 articles by out. entry, and in addition there is a useful glossary. more that 350 scholars arranged The Encyclopedia of Islam “See also” references and further reading lists alphabetically in two volumes. and the Muslim World is a truly are included for all articles. The arrangement According to Mr. Martin the impressed effort. It provides is alphabetical and for finding aids there is a second edition has some 260 students and serious lay readers Reader’s Guide that gathers articles into broad entries that are new or have with an academic reference that categories as well as a helpful general index. been revised as well as “more is scholarly and well researched There is also a resource guide in volume three than 350 photographs drawings, but reader friendly. Expertise is that lists a variety of relevant books, journal maps and charts… nearly twice as many as the drawn from a number of disciplines and editor titles, and websites. In addition, there is an first edition.” Richard C. Martin is at pains to note that the appendix that contains the Surveillance, Ep- Like it’s predecessor, the scope here is contributors come from a highly diverse collec- idemiology and End Result (SEER) statistics broad and expansive, employing a multidisci- tion of international scholars. The coverage is from 1975-2011. plinary approach. Articles deal with individual broad and inclusive with top-notch production The SAGE Encyclopedia of Cancer and aspects of a number of larger themes like art values that visually enhance both volumes. Society offers researchers a comprehensive, and architecture, language and literature, law, The Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim well designed, and accessible resource. With the economy, education, and the sciences. In World should find a place on the shelf next to these three volumes, editor Graham A. addition, there are essays that delve into the other standards in the field like The Oxford Colditz and his contributors provide a valuable specifics of family, ethics, and society, as well Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (2009, service in describing and defining the problems as those covering important organizations and 9780195305135, $795) and the Encyclopedia cancer poses worldwide, along with the forces political movements, and of course, various of Islam (Brill, 2007-. ISSN 1873-9830, $139 and various methods being used to combat Islamic religious sects, sites and practices. per volume). it. They offer a significant amount of useful Entries have also been included that focus (The set is also available via GVRL – Gale and relevant information as well as a starting on those countries and peoples who identify Virtual Reference Library.) point for more extensive exploration. Most themselves with Islam as well as major Mus- academic libraries would do well to give it lim cities. serious consideration. It might also find space The individual entries are factual, descrip- The SAGE Encyclopedia of Cancer and on the shelves of larger public libraries where tive and provide relevant analysis while at the Society (2016, 9781483345734, $495) is a there is interest. same time offering useful historic context. second edition of a title that was first published (SAGE Encyclopedia of Cancer and So- There is an obvious attention to in 2007 and received a 2008 ciety is also available full text on the SAGE scholarship throughout the set Editors’ Choice Award from Knowledge online platform.) with each entry being signed, . Once again the editor including the academic creden- is Graham A. Colditz who has tials and affiliation of the author. assembled some 280 contribu- Another second edition that should be up Entries can run from brief expla- tors to write the more than 600 for consideration is Salem Press’ Forensic nations and definitions to long articles contained in the set half Science (2015, 978-1-61925-729-0, $364; involved essays. The articles are of which have been revised along e-ISBN: 978-1-61925-730-6, $364) edited by cross referenced and each has a with 30 articles that are new to Ayn Embar-Seddon and Allan D. Pass. This bibliography appropriate to the this edition. is a three-volume set that explores the use of length of the entry. Unfamiliar As one would expect, these science in criminal investigation to accumulate concepts and terms are usually three volumes contain numer- evidence in solving crimes. However, it also explained in the article but there ous articles on the discusses the broader role that fo- is also a useful glossary. Other specific forms of rensics plays in civil cases and in value added features include a very useful the- cancer. But equal emphasis is identifying victims of accidents matic outline, a thorough and comprehensive placed on the behavioral and and natural disasters. In short, index and a multi- social factors that both cause, the editors and their contributors part chronology prevent, and relieve cancer. try to offer an academic but real Given that, there are articles world approach to what admit- that discuss carcinogens and tedly has become a popular topic prevention as well as treatments of discussion due to TV crime and therapies, not to mention re- shows and the media. lated societal issues like poverty, As such, while Forensic Sci- the environment, and life style ence covers topics like poisons choices. In addition, there are and antidotes, gunshot wounds, entries that describe cancer in over 120 coun- and blunt force trauma, there is also coverage tries from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe as well as of the role of forensics in art forgery, prod- those covering major hospitals and treatment uct liability, and accident investigation and centers, numerous cancer related associations reconstruction. In addition, specific types of and pharmaceutical companies. continued on page 39 38 Against the Grain / April 2016 that shape their lives. The work $175) is a single-volume resource From the Reference Desk focuses on LGBTQ issues and that “provides students and research- from page 38 identity primarily through the lenses ers new insights into the 1960s in the of psychology, human development U.S., through an in-depth analysis evidence are discussed in individual entries as and sociology, emphasizing queer, of forty important primary source are various branches of forensics ranging from feminist and ecological perspectives documents and their lasting effect forensic accounting to forensic psychology. on the topic…” on American history…” There are also articles that discuss profession- • The SAGE Encyclopedia of Cor- • Fashion Innovators (April 2016, al aspects of forensics ranging from specific porate Reputation (July 2016, 978-1-61925-898-3, $145; e-ISBN: tools and methods to relevant associations 9781483376516, $375) is a two-vol- 978-1-61925-899-0, $145) is a and institutes and from key publications to the ume reference edited by Craig E. two-volume set that provides “bi- importance of professional ethics. Carroll, visiting scholar at New ographies of nearly 200 individuals The articles vary in length from 500-3,000 York University that for the first who had an innovative and influen- words and are written in a straightforward and time, explores “the vast and import- tial impact on the development and descriptive style. Each entry starts with a brief ant field of corporate reputation … evolution of the modern fashion definition of the topic and an indication of its in the format of an encyclopedic industry…” significance. The remainder of the essay offers reference. The SAGE Encyclopedia And last but not least, Oxford University a clear explanation of the topic that provides of Corporate Reputation compre- Press is planning some new releases: relevant and useful information as well as of- hensively overviews concepts and • The Oxford Handbook of Mu- fering a firm foundation for further research. techniques for identifying, building, Sidebars are used to emphasize certain ele- sic Therapy (March 2016, measuring, monitoring, evaluating, 9780199639755, $185) edited by ments within a topic and as you would expect, maintaining, valuing, living up to “see also” references guide readers to related Jane Edwards is intended for “the and/or changing corporate reputa- entry level trainee — meaning stu- articles. In addition, there is a category guide tions…” in the last volume that is helpful in grouping dents of music therapy can easily ABC-CLIO/Greenwood has also added a locate information they need for articles into broad subject areas. All entries couple of new titles: have brief . The set is not heavily assignments and learning about illustrated but includes black and white photos • Folktales and Fairy Tales: Tradi- clinical populations in preparation as well as some tables and charts interspersed tions and Texts from around the for placement; each model of prac- throughout each volume. Overall the entries World, 2nd Edition (Feb. 2016, 978- tice is presented by the founder or are well organized and the layout is inviting 1-61069-253-3, $415; eBook, 978- international leader in the approach, and readable. 1-61069-254-0, call for pricing) is resulting in an authoritative text…” a four volume work edited by Anne • The Oxford Handbook of the Proph- The second edition of Forensic Science is E. Duggan and Donald Haase, with a scholarly, fact-based treatment of a topic that ets (Sept. 2016, 9780199859559, Helen J. Callow that “is the only $150) edited by Carolyn Sharp has grown substantially in interest and popular- multivolume reference in English ity. The essays are succinct and accessible and offers a “wide-ranging discussion to offer encyclopedic coverage of of ancient Near Eastern social and provide a resource that will be appreciated by this subject matter. The four-volume high school students, undergraduates and the cultic contexts; an exploration of collection covers national, cultural, focused topics such as the persona informed lay reader. Libraries interested in a regional, and linguistic traditions handy, less involved treatment may also want of the prophet and the problem of from around the world as well as violence in prophetic rhetoric; and to consider A Dictionary of Forensic Science by motifs, themes, characters, and Suzanne Bell (2013, 9780199594009, $21.95; sophisticated historical and literary tale types. Writers and illustrators analysis of key prophetic texts…” eISBN: 9780191757648) published by Oxford are included as are filmmakers and University Press. composers — and, of course, the tales themselves…” • Asian American Culture: From Extra Servings Anime to Tiger Moms (March According to their Websites a number of 2016, 978-1-4408-2920-8, $189; reference publishers are releasing some new eBook, 978-1-4408-2921-5, call Book Reviews and upcoming titles including: for pricing) edited by Lan Dong from page 36 • The SAGE Encyclopedia of The- “provides comprehensive coverage ory in Psychology (May 2016, of a variety of Asian American cul- period when the profession could most benefit 9781452256719, $375) is a two-vol- tural forms that enables readers to from applying “big data” techniques to solve ume set edited by Harold L. Miller, understand the history, complexity, complex library and information science prob- Jr. of Brigham Young University and contemporary practices in Asian lems, generate economies of time and promote that “drawing together a team of American culture. The contributed monetary savings for their own institutions. international scholars… examines entries address the diversity of a Despite the seemingly negative tone to- the contemporary landscape of all group comprising people with geo- wards our profession, this text remains a highly the key theories and theorists, pre- graphically discrete origins in the useful reference. By taking emerging and senting them in the context needed Far East, Southeast Asia, and the complex issues and breaking them into bite- to understand their strengths and Indian subcontinent, identifying the size morsels, the benefit extends to those who weaknesses…” rich variations across the category of want to serve more effectively in their current • The SAGE Encyclopedia of LGBTQ Asian American culture that are key role and educates prospective information Studies (May 2016, 9781483371306, to understanding specific cultural professionals. With the book’s aerial view $595) is a three-volume set edited expressions while also pointing out highlighting the frequent intersections where by Abbie E. Goldberg of Clark some commonalities…” “big data” creates problems and information University that “examines and ex- Salem Press also has two new titles: science provides answers, some readers may plores the lives and experiences of • Defining Documents in American even be on their way to exploring new career Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender History: The 1960s (1960-1969) paths by reading this book. and Queer (LGBTQ) individuals, (April 2016, 978-1-61925-888-4, focusing on the contexts and forces $175; e-ISBN: 978-1-61925-889-1,

Against the Grain / April 2016 39 ATG Interviews Rosann Bazirjian Dean of University Libraries, University of North Carolina at Greensboro by Tom Gilson (Associate Editor, Against the Grain) and Katina Strauch (Editor, Against the Grain)

ATG: Rosann, collection development I believed that libraries were entrepreneurial, has been a major focus of yours throughout but we were not being mentioned. I felt we your career. What do you make of the cur- were being overlooked. I met with Lynn rent state of library collections? Are they as Sutton, my colleague at Wake Forest Uni- important as they once were? What do you versity, to run the idea of an entrepreneurial think the future holds for library collections conference for libraries by her. We discussed and their use? the format and the goals for the conference. RB: I think that collections will always We co-sponsored what has become a biennial be important. They represent content and conference hosted alternatively at our two research and are still very much the backbone universities. Attendance has been growing of libraries. Collections are still a big part over the years. We need to be entrepreneurial of the “product” that libraries provide to and we need to be recognized for that. I think our students, faculty and scholars. I also the budget crisis that has touched so many of believe that electronic content is critically us makes this even more important. Aside important to our students as they work on class from the conferences, I think that offering a assignments and pursue scholarly endeavors. competitive innovation award, as I mentioned Students are using our electronic collections, above, is another good way to foster the en- and are likely not even aware that they are trepreneurial spirit. doing so. As important as collections are, ATG: You are also a big proponent of libraries offer so much more than that. For accomplish more. I know that we can do a professional growth and development and example, collaborative work spaces that better job at hiring more diverse staff mem- encourage colleagues to publish and serve provide the latest technologies are a huge bers and faculty. At UNC-Greensboro we in professional organizations. What are reason students come to libraries. They are try to provide diverse collections and acquire the key benefits for librarians in this kind or they may not be using our content when products in different languages but more can of involvement? What positive results in they are working in these types of spaces. always be done. improved library services have you observed Also, libraries provide spaces to work on ATG: Innovation is also recognized as resulting from librarian professional growth digital media projects, or places to practice one of your strong suits. As you look back on and development? presentations or create 3D models. I think that your career, which of your many innovations RB: Yes, I strongly believe that we need collections will always remain the backbone are you most proud? to contribute to our profession. Publishing of our product, but students and faculty see articles and books as well as presenting at us as offering so much more than that now. RB: That’s a tough question. I think national conferences and serving on national ATG: You have been praised for having simply providing an environment where the committees are an important way we can a deep commitment to diversity. The library staff and faculty can feel free to take risks and do that. I think it is important that we con- at UNC-Greensboro has been a leader in think creatively is a huge achievement. We tribute to the scholarship of librarianship. this area. But we wonder, do you think have had many library faculty members and When I first arrived at UNC-Greensboro, I that libraries are doing enough to promote staff win awards for their innovative work. increased funds to support professional travel. diversity both on campus and in the library? That can’t happen unless they feel that they Professional Development is critical — it is Is diversity adequately reflected in library can be innovative in their work. For more important to attend conferences and meetings services and collections? than six years we have awarded a $2,500 to grow as an individual and to bring ideas Innovation and Program Enrichment Grant RB: I am so proud of what our Libraries back to your library that you can try and to a staff member who submits the most cre- implement. I always go to conferences with have done regarding diversity and inclusion ative proposal. I have to acknowledge my initiatives. We are recognized on campus the idea of bringing back new ideas that we colleague Joyce Ogburn who discussed an can try. One result I see is that my library for all of the initiatives we have undertaken. innovation award she was sponsoring when Our Diversity Resident Librarian program is faculty are constantly being asked to speak she keynoted our very first entrepreneurial at conferences because of their expertise stellar, and the four librarians who have been librarian conference. I loved the idea, and our diversity residents were very active on and because people see them at conferences, started a similar award at UNC-Greensboro. read their publications and have heard them campus. In addition, our Diversity Librarian I have to think that this annual grant award is has won national honors and sits on many high speak on topics such as information literacy, what has imbued the spirit of creativity and our new liaison model, e-publishing trends, profile committees on campus. He played a innovation among the library staff. critical role in the creation of a Faculty Sen- diversity, and assessment to name just some. ate Diversity Committee. These are just a ATG: You were the driving force in the This sharing of knowledge is so important. couple of examples among a large number of creation of the Conference for Entrepre- ATG: At the risk of sounding self-serv- diversity initiatives we have in the Libraries. neurial Librarians at UNC-Greensboro. ing, we have to ask: how did being a major To answer your question, UNC-Greensboro Can you tell us more about that? Why is contributor to the Charleston Conference promotes diversity on campus and in the an entrepreneurial spirit so important to and Against the Grain influence your own library. I know that there are many other librarianship? We are not often thought of professional growth and development? as being entrepreneurial. Are there ways the libraries nationwide that have residency pro- RB: Being a major contributor to the profession can change that perception — grams and who follow strategic guidelines for Charleston Conference and Against the aside from sponsoring relevant conferences? diversity and inclusion both in their libraries Grain changed my professional life in ways and on campus. I think that more can always RB: I created the conference in 2008 at that likely cannot be described. Katina be done. Many libraries are working on doing a time when “entrepreneurism” seemed to be changed my life! Without her knowing it, more, and have consulted with us on ways to the new buzz word nationally and on campus. continued on page 42 40 Against the Grain / April 2016 ANNUAL REVIEWS CONNECT WITH OUR EXPERTS

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T: 650.493.4400/800.523.8635 (us/can) Interview — Rosann Bazirjian from page 40 against thepeople grain profile she served as a mentor to me. I went to my firstCharleston Conference in 1987 when I was the Head of Acquisitions at the Univer- Dean of University Libraries sity of West Florida. After meeting Katina The University of North Carolina at Greensboro and shortly thereafter letting her know that Greensboro, NC 27402 I wanted to get more involved, she invited Phone: (336) 334-3418 • me to edit two columns in ATG — Group Therapy and Bet You Missed It. Eventually I became an editor of ATG, and then led the Born and lived: The Bronx, New York. conference planning committee. Without the early life: Wonderful memories growing up in the Bronx with my two sisters and many involvement at the Charleston Conference, I Armenian relatives! feel as if my professional life would have been professional career and activities: I started out in Acquisitions as a para- different. I met so many people and learned professional at Columbia University. My first professional position was at Syracuse about so many new and innovative things University as the Acquisitions Librarian (1980). I went to work at the University of that my fellow librarians we doing. People West Florida as the Head of the Acquisitions Department in 1985, and then as Head of started to know my name (Bazirjian is not a the Acquisitions Department at Syracuse University in 1990. That position became the difficult name to forget) and I had a network Head of Bibliographic Services when cataloging and acquisitions functions were merged. of people I could learn from and grow with. From there I went to Florida State University as the Assistant Director for Technical I was even awarded the ALCTS Leadership Services. In 1999, I went to Penn State as their Assistant Dean for Access and Technical in Library Acquisitions Award based on Services. Finally, in 2004 I became the Dean of University Libraries at UNC-Greensboro. my involvement with the conference. It all started with Katina. Family: A husband, son and beautiful daughter-in-law. Two wonderful sisters, a niece, nephew and his beautiful wife. ATG: Speaking of librarianship as a profession, what would you tell someone Rosann Bazirjian in my spare time: What spare time? I love to travel and look forward to annual trips thinking about it as a career? Would you to Europe every November, and the Dominican Republic in March. recommend they sign up for library school favorite books: Sandcastle Girls, by Chris Bohjalian and Angle of Repose by and take the plunge? Wallace Stegner. RB: I am retiring and still tell people pet peeves: Things out of place, sloppiness. how much I love my profession and will Philosophy: I don’t have a philosophy that I live by. miss it. There have been so many changes to most memorable career achievement: Being the President of ALCTS and this profession since 1980 when I began my winning the Leadership in Library Acquisitions Award. career at the Syracuse University Libraries. It is likely those changes that have sustained goal I hope to achieve five years from now: I hope to be enjoying my retire- my interest in the profession. It is constantly ment — living a happy and healthy life. changing and constantly exciting. I have no

regrets telling prospective LIS students to take the plunge. This profession will continue to against the grain grow and change and meet the needs of our library profile students and faculty in new and exciting ways. That is part of the charm and challenge of this profession. We need to keep changing to University of North Carolina remain a relevant part of their lives. ATG: Rosann, we understand congratu- at Greensboro lations are in order! After an accomplished career as a librarian and library administra- Started as “Woman’s College” • Greensboro, NC 27402 tor you are retiring in April 2016. What led Phone: (336) 334-5880 • you to the decision to open this new chapter in your life? RB: The answer to this question is really Staff: 32 library faculty, 53 staff, 25 students. simple. I want to travel, I want to take long Budget: $9,375,000 walks on the beach, and I want to wake up without an alarm. I have given 36 years to my are you buying eBooks? Yes, lots of electronic books and journals. Focused on OER this year. profession and now I want to live life without what do you think your library WILL be like in five years? I like to envision any constraints to my time. the library as the information hub of the campus. We know we will be storing more titles in ATG: We hear that you are moving to the years to come as we make way for even more collaborative spaces for our students and Myrtle Beach. There are lots of fun things providing additional services. to do there. Are you looking forward to Departmental Information: anything in particular? Are there any ex- citing titles on your reading list? Will you How many divisions are there in your department? We have seven departments plus the Schiffman Music Library. be doing anything library related after you leave UNC-Greensboro? Can we expect to How many people work in your department? There are ten people in the Admin- see you in Charleston? istrative Suite. RB: I love the beach, and plan to do a lot What is your materials budget? $3,606,000. of walking on the beach. There are wonderful continued on page 46 42 Against the Grain / April 2016 ATG Interviews N V Sathyanarayana Chairman and Managing Director, Informatics (India) Limited by Tom Gilson (Associate Editor, Against the Grain) and Katina Strauch (Editor, Against the Grain)

ATG: Sathya, you started your career connected to tele-typewriter terminals using as a librarian for a number of institutions acoustic couplers (acting as modem). It was and agencies and then went on to found still a pre-microcomputer period. I discovered Informatics. What inspired you to leave a then that the local telephone lines used for relatively secure profession and take the risk online searching in U.S. were going through of starting your own company? one of the three data networks, which also NVS: The best time to take risks is when supported login through telex lines. Telex was you have little to lose. It is hard for me to a direct data network, which did not require figure out just one factor that drove me to this a phone line and a modem. That is how we decision. I was still young then, in the seventh started using and promoting online searching year of my professional career and holding my through telex. It was expensive, costing U.S. fourth and last job. There was a kind of itching $2 per minute in those days. But, with thor- to do and be something different. All the four ough planning of what databases to search jobs I went through before starting Informat- and how to search them we could complete a ics, two in academic and two in corporate, good search in 3-5 minutes using nested logic gave me a good exposure with lot of learning for presenting search queries. We would store about the market and end-user perceptions. I the query offline and submit it online. Results was lucky to be heading the libraries in three would of course follow offline by airmail in of the four institutions except that the second seven days, as it was prohibitively expensive and the third jobs were single person libraries. to print it online. I can tell you, a bit sadly, The exposure I had in my third job at Smith that the art of doing a quality search and get- Kline & French, India (now Glaxo Smith- on all available processes for increasing the ting precise results is simply missing due to Kline) to the information intensive research yield of one of his products (Vitamin C). This googalization of search. People spend more and corporate environment, and the value and is something that needed domain knowledge time today getting nowhere! Live interaction cost perception of information products and beyond my basic familiarity with the industry. with a mainframe computer some 15,000 miles services by the user community excited me I hired a researcher as a freelancer and we did from India to instantly get responses was the about the potential opportunities to create such this work together. It was a new learning expe- most thrilling experience not only for me but products and services. It was a feeling then rience, throughout, with changing technologies also for our users. that I could do something better and different and market needs. The first most expensive technology in the information space by looking beyond the ATG: In 1984 Informatics pioneered the investment we made in those days was an library for my growth. Also, I must say that introduction of International online database electronic telex machine costing a fortune I didn’t leave my profession as you asked. It access via telex and four years later you in- then. International direct phone dialing was was in a way a continuation of my professional troduced CD-ROM technology to India. Can introduced in India in the mid-1980s (costing learning in the industry side of the profession. you tell us about those early days? around U.S. $4 per minute). PCs came in ATG: Did the skills that you developed as NVS: Very exciting! As I told you earlier, around the same time. This eased the situation. a librarian help in making this transition? If I started my business as an Information bro- But, telephone lines were still not a reliable and so, which ones? What additional skills did ker, going to libraries and searching printed affordable channel then. The first international you have to develop to be successful? A&I products manually. It was also the time data network was launched in India in 1990. NVS: Yes, very much. The whole business when Dialog, SDC and BRS had just started. This was the phase of pre-Internet online in idea was information-search centric, but based There was an exciting experiment in India India, which ruled until late 1990s. In those on the library resources. What I did for my ear- in the late 1970s at one of the international days, the Government owned Indian Telecom ly customers will give you an idea. One of my library conferences organized by an Institute Company which had set up the first packet very early customers was an R&D manager of a in atomic energy research where online search switched data-network in India encouraged us small pharmaceutical company who was look- was demonstrated connecting to a European da- to set up online search centers in their building ing for some help in finding literature that could tabase search System (ESA-IRS) using an ex- on a profit-share model by providing us all solve some quality related issues he was facing. pensive dedicated line that was rented just for the required infrastructure and high-speed The fact that I had worked in a pharmaceutical three days. A connection of that kind in those dedicated data line free of cost in two cities company gave him confidence that I could help days would cost about U.S. $125,000 a year! (Mumbai & Delhi). This generated significant him. I compiled a bibliography using Chemical The excitement of instant access from a remote interest in the corporate sector to come and use Abstracts. He found a few articles that could terminal and interactive searching triggered our online search facility. help him and asked me to get them, which interest in me to find ways to go online for our Our fun and frustration filled pre-Internet resulted in the document delivery business. search business. That was the time when Indian online days helped us in building an early mar- I took the help of local libraries, one of them telephone systems did not even have direct dial ket in India for CD-ROM databases. We sold where I worked, and the British Library, UK facilities to make an international call, which the first CD-ROM database in India in 2008 to deliver them. The service further led me to was so until mid 1980s. A friend of mine (Dr. (MEDLINE for U.S. $5000 annual subscrip- arrange translation for a German article leading Subrahmanyam) who was teaching in the tion from Silver Platter) and CD-ROM drives to have a translation division supported by a library school at Drexel University connected for U.S. $2,500/drive, and several CD-ROM panel of translators. I took a membership in a me with Charles Bourne in Dialog to explore networking systems later. We started our large academic library, where I had worked for the options for using online. I visited Dialog own CD publishing activity in the mid-1990s. over a year, which helped in my early days of in Palo Alto in1984, and attended their basic We developed and published a few database mediated search and fulfillment. A little later, training program in online searching. In those products, both bibliographic and full-text. To he wanted me to review and prepare a report days even the U.S. was using telephone lines continued on page 44 Against the Grain / April 2016 43 Interview — N V Sathyanarayana from page 43 against thepeople grain profile mention a few of them: NeuroMed, a full-text archive of three Indian Neuroscience Journals from Volume 1; Exim-India on CD; and, India Chairman and Managing Director Business Insight Database. The last one is still Informatics (India) Limited continued but online. No. 194, R V Road, Basavanagudi, Bangalore 560 004, India ATG: In your early years, Informatics was Phone: 91 80 4038 7777 • Fax: 91 80 4038 7600 the leading distributor of information prod- • www.informaticsglobal.com ucts to libraries in India for a wide variety of publishers and aggregators like Silver Platter. However, now you are increasingly known for Born and lived: In India. products which you’ve developed yourselves. Early life: I spent my childhood in my village where I did my schooling. My village got What prompted this change? electricity when I was in my 10th Standard. My father was a Teacher in the school which NVS: It was not a change but part of our helped me in my academics. We were a large but happy family of 8 (my parents, and early vision and evolution. It is simply that we six children). I used to be very unconventional and adventurous, always wanting to do had to wait for the technology to be available what my father restricted me from indulging in. I did my graduation in Science (Physics, at an affordable level to create products. The Maths and Chemistry) in a town close to my village and my post-graduation in Library & distribution business provided sustainability Information Science from the University of Mysore, Mysore. to the business. We earned well from distri- Professional career and activities: In a span of eight years after my post bution (until three years ago), and spent on graduation, I worked as a Librarian in four different institutions before promoting Infor- creating products. Our CD-ROM publishing matics in 1980. My first job as a Librarian was in a large College Library. My second could not take off as we were too ahead of the job was in a premier academic and research Institute in Bangalore (Indian Institute of time. We shifted our technology strategy from Science) where I worked as Information Assistant to a Professor. From there I moved CD-ROM back to online as the Internet was on to a company then called Smith Kline & French, Bangalore, as their first Librarian in promising a better and more affordable online their Indian operation. My last job was in Hindustan Machine Tools Ltd., Bangalore, experience. Internet and the emerging web, as a Documentation Officer. and the experience in the database distribution Got very little spare time until now. But love reading and writing, business helped us to conceive J-Gate, our In my spare time: flagship product. N V Sathyanarayana watching movies and travelling. ATG: As far as your distribution services Favorite books: My reading interests are wide and varied. Favourite authors include go, the print journal subscription business Bertrand Russell, Charles Dickens, Ayn Rand and many Indian Authors like R. K. still continues to be a main focus. With the Narayan. continuing shift to digital journals, how long Pet peeves: Nothing. do you expect that to remain viable? Philosophy: Live and Let Live. NVS: Not really. We started the distribu- Most memorable career achievement: Launching my dream product, J-Gate. tion part of our business with print subscription Goal I hope to achieve five years from now: Diversify and expand Informatics products and moved quickly to e-content media into non-library centric information business and build a strong global presence. beginning with CD-ROM products in the late 1980s and shifted to online products with the Internet taking off in India. By 2012, our e-content distribution was 80% of our total a few major global journal publishers through research and analysis. Can you tell us a bit distribution business. The regulatory changes big deals of a few library consortia. India’s about that part of your business? in the country in 2012 concerning tax laws and scholarly journal market for the locally pub- the refusal to accept these changes by interna- NVS: It is a smaller pie in our total revenue, lished journals is insignificant. I can estimate but is slowly developing well. The trigger for tional publishers for orders coming through it to be around U.S. $10m a year. Agents forced us to re-define our distribution this activity came from our thinking in early We launched Open J-Gate, a subset of business strategy completely. days of our startup to find global markets for J-Gate to ride on the OA wave, in 2004. The Indian content. Encouraged by a small contract ATG: India, of course, is both a vibrant launch was inaugurated by Prof. Jean-Claude in the early 1990s from Predicast, a business and growing economy but also a developing Guedon, University of Montreal, Canada, database company in the U.S., we started ab- country. How does the issue of Open Access a leading OA advocate. It was the largest stracting and indexing Indian business sources impact your company and your customers? database for OA literature then. It was used for an international database, but retaining the NVS: There is no major negative impact extensively consuming more than 90% of our copyright for the work we did which forced us on our business, or on the business of the hosting infrastructure! We had to find a way to get a smaller price per record than we could paid content market in India. But, the OA to monetize this product as the J-Gate, the have got otherwise. This contract helped us wave has caught on widely at the awareness mother database in subscription model, was in expanding in two directions. It led to the level including a limited level of lobbying still not earning enough. We had to withdraw India Business Insight Database, as a product. at the national level. A government-funded Open J-Gate for sheer reasons of our not being We developed a separate services division for institution is a lead player with more than 15 able to move to a Google kind of advertisement doing contracted services which became our journals published by them. The lobbying by and sponsorship based revenue model. We find services division. A huge contract we got from OA advocates led to moving their journals to the OA opportunity more promising now, an Reuters in 1995, indexing close to a million the OA domain a few years ago. Indian librar- opportunity to come out with a new kind of news stories a year with turn-around time of ies are quite active in setting up institutional product as a significant and wider expansion less than 12 hours, taught us to manage large repositories. out of J-Gate. We are working on developing contracts. We did this by developing a team While the Indian economy is doing well, the some new interesting models. of home-based workers and connecting them same may not hold true for India’s scholarly ATG: Informatics also serves publishers to be online with our server through local information market, which is relatively small, by providing editorial and compilation ser- telephone network. Reuters would upload the perhaps around 1% of the global market. Even vices including content review and editing, feed to our server, we would distribute this to this 1% is almost entirely the market shared by indexing and abstracting, not to mention Web continued on page 45

44 Against the Grain / April 2016 Interview — N V Sathyanarayana from page 44 againstpublisher the grain profile our home-based workers who would index and upload back to us. We would quality check and upload back to the Reuters server. This was a Informatics (India) Limited great learning experience in technology set up and management of large-scale data projects. No. 194, P B No 400, R V Road, Basavanagudi, Bangalore 560 004, India We developed our home-based workers on this experience. It is a pity that we didn’t build and Phone: 91 80 4038 7777 • Fax: 91 80 4038 7600 expand our services division on this strength of Website: www.informaticsglobal.com early days. Perhaps, we got lost in the glory of the top-line that our distribution business started commanding beginning in early 2000. Affiliated companies: Informatics Publishing Limited (a wholly subsidiary of Informatics (India) Limited ) ATG: Being based in Bangalore must be both challenging and enabling. There are Officers: Mr. N V Sathyanarayana, Chairman and Managing Director, Informatics India Ltd.; probably hundreds of Bangalore companies Mr. Sanjay Grover, Chief Executive Officer; Mr. Soma Sundaresh, Technical Head, Product that do information and processing services Development; Mr. Parbodh Kalsotra, National Sales Manager; Mr. Jagannath, M., Senior for the world’s information businesses. What Manager, Content Development & Publishing; Ms. Jyothi, S., Product Manager, J-Gate & IBI; makes Informatics stand out in that crowd? Mr. S Sathyaprakash, General Manager, Operations; and Mr. Devendra Thakur, Head of What competencies does Informatics have Finance & Administration. that the others do not? Key Products & Services: NVS: We do stand out in our library-centric Content Products business vertical. The reason perhaps is the market perception that we are a technology J-Gate – World’s largest bibliographic database and e-journal access gateway for journal company in the library space promoted and literature – www.jgateplus.com managed by a librarian. However, we don’t India Business Insight (IBI) – Summarised news and views on Indian business and Industry stand out so much in non-library centric from leading news papers and magazine – www.indiabusinessinsight.com business verticals although we have a small i-Scholar – Full text aggregation of Indian Scholarly journals – www.i-scholar.in business database called IBI (India Business Journal Publishing – As Co-Publishers. Insight). We got stuck in our library-centric niche market which is a good but too small a Technology Products market for an information company. This is Fedgate – Federated search system. a lesson which is now driving us to re-define Koha – An open source ILS serviced on SaaS model. our vision to expand out to a larger space of information market. As you know, Bangalore EZproxy – Remote Access product from OCLC. is popular as the Silicon city of India. Global Services players keep looking for companies here for Content Management and Editorial Services – To publishing and information industry. high quality software professionals in many in- Distribution Services – To global STM publishers. dustry verticals. We have ready access to such talents here. Within Informatics we have the Number of employees: 140+ domain expertise for publishing, librarianship Total number of journals currently published: 17 (9 Subscription Journals; 8 and information management related verticals. Open Access Journals). As a company guided by librarianship we have a good understanding of content organization History and brief description of your company/publishing program: In- and management, metadata standards, building formatics was promoted in 1980 with a vision to be a pioneer and a leader in the business of ontologies, etc. We have a proven track record e-information in India, with scholarly content as primary focus and higher education and research in product development capabilities with in- as its primary customer base. The company started with a range of library-centric services, which house talent in this area. included information search and delivery support, journal subscriptions, library consultancy, etc. ATG: Getting back to your own products, The company introduced online database searching for international databases in 1984 and CD- many are sold only in India, but a few like ROM databases in 1988 in the Indian market. It started developing and publishing databases J-Gate, an e-journal portal, are now being on CD-ROM for local market during mid-90s and shifted its focus back to online beginning sold internationally. How has this market 2000. The company launched its first online database of global content (J-Gate) in 2001 with expansion affecting Informatics and its op- the technology developed and managed internally for searching and hosting. erations? What major adjustments has the In the following years, the company focused significantly on e-content marketing and distribution. company had to make to appeal to a global The company reached annual sales of U.S. $25 million in 2012. Beginning 2012, the company audience? had to consciously withdraw from the e-content distribution business due to changes in the tax- NVS: J-Gate today is the world’s largest laws in India on the import of online database products which made the business unviable from database for journal literature by sheer journal both commercial and regulatory compliances angles. Since then the company re-defined its count. We handle 45,000+ online available e-content distribution strategy by developing its own content aggregation platform (i-Scholar) and English language journals. Starting develop- publishing platform for e-journals. In the recent years the company is also focusing on e-journal ment in 2000, perhaps it was the first e-journal publishing as co-publishers of a few leading Indian publishers, both through subscription and portal initiative in the world on the scale we Open Access model. The company hopes to extend this model for joint publishing initiative with planned. It is a very successful product in the global publishers. Indian market. The level of customization we The company has developed internal technology infrastructure and team strength to develop and support in J-Gate by tailoring to the needs of distribute e-products and solutions for global information market place. individual or group of libraries is a key strength which should have enabled us to make this a Informatics is a Content + Technology Company in e-content space. great global product. The prime challenge is continued on page 46

Against the Grain / April 2016 45 defined right-of-access to resources subscribed the journal started by him is not widely known Interview — N V Sathyanarayana by libraries, either individually or collectively. outside India which is typical of any Indian from page 45 By virtue of indexing articles from their print scholarly journal. Marketing and branding journal holding also, JCCC facilitated inter- a single journal is an expensive job. Hence, branding the product to gain acceptance as a library loan when a user found an article in we have created a platform called i-Scholar global company from India. We also needed a journal, which might not be subscribed by (www.i-scholar.in) to host and market Indian bigger investments to add new features and his library. JCCC journals with a good functionalities to become globally competitive. was adapted in 2003 e-commerce model. There was lot of resistance too from some of by one of the earliest Currently i-Scholar the Ivy-league publishers in supporting us, by and largest Indian “People spend more time hosts around 200 misreading us as a potential competitor. Hence, Library Consortium. today getting nowhere!” Indian journals, with it took too long a time to be where we are! It is another matter archives dating back We are happy today that people recognize us that big publishers to first volume. We to partner with us. This change will be a leap didn’t like JCCC for have started adding forward for Informatics. this reason. But, they couldn’t stop us, as global journals also to our i-Scholar platform. ATG: J-Gate, and its subset Open J-Gate, the libraries wanted it. However there is one We hope to do better with this strategy. Now seem to be your key offerings. Can you talk instance where surprisingly a leading not-for- that we have made SRELS Journal online more about them? profit publisher signed with a consortium to through our i-Scholar platform, libraries make available his content to the consortium around the world can subscribe to it easily NVS: I will be happy to. We conceived for inter-library loan among its members under online. J-Gate in 1999, just when the Web-based CONTU guidelines, but threatened them and e-journal revolution had started. We started ATG: What about the future? What new us, several years after our service was in use, products can we expect from Informatics? working on J-Gate with a vision to develop with copyright violation for facilitating ILL. the single largest e-journal database and portal. Fortunately, he was the only one, an odd one NVS: Our future plan is in two distinct di- Very early on, we realized that our market in indeed! rections: (1) to strengthen our library-centric India couldn’t support a product, indexing products and services to maintain leadership thousands of e-journals, for two reasons. One, J-Gate as a customized solution could have in this market and go global; (2) expand our e-journals were still far from the reach of been an ideal product for the big global librar- market into many non-library domains of Indian libraries due to Internet infrastructure ies and the consortia to adapt as an effective the global information market place. Our limitation which was too slow to happen; discovery and resource-sharing platform in the strategy is to be a “Technology + Content” two, the number of e-journals subscribed early days of e-journal evolution itself. We Company. We realize that in the digital world, by libraries then was too small, in the range marketed global e-journals in India extensively, information products cannot be conceived or of 100-500. We changed the direction and but we failed to get our unique e-journal dis- pursued as a quickly scalable market without focused on a customized database, limiting covery solution into the global market. I may the internal strength of technology. Pursuing to the journals that libraries subscribed to, say, it is for journalists like you to analyze the this strategy, three years ago we created a which works as a product within the local area reasons for our failure to brand a great Indian new subsidiary company called Informatics network of the institutional campus. In effect, product in the global market. Publishing Ltd., which is now focusing on our we created a local discovery solution for the ATG: It’s probably not a big revenue op- established library market. We are working libraries and their journal literature holdings. portunity for you, but you are the world-wide towards building technology strength within We quickly expanded this concept to a group distributor for S.R. Ranganathan’s journal, our parent company. We plan to expand of libraries and library consortium as a shared SRELS Journal of Information Management. into the new horizons of information market discovery and resource-sharing solution. This Does that journal have an international place with this strength. You will see a few caught up the imagination of Indian library following? new products in the coming years, which consortia. The consortia modeled J-Gate NVS: Very little. We took over this may even be spun-off into new subsidiary solution, popularly called in India as JCCC 52-year-old journal only two years ago. companies. We are, in some way, back to (J-Gate Custom Content for Consortia), would Ranganathan is a great universal brand in start-up mode. facilitate online access to e-journals by their the librarianship, like Melville Dewey. But

buktu by Joshua Hammer. Just out. The Interview — Rosann Bazirjian Rumors story of a librarian in Mali who arranged to from page 42 from page 14 save hundreds of manuscripts from destruction. Did you see the Phil Davis April 1 post restaurants in Myrtle Beach, so I am looking have guessed! From the time George was about Sci-Hub? Lolly talks about Sci-Hub in forward to checking them out. I am also four months old, Sam (his dad) has been her questions and answers column. And I had looking forward to getting involved with reading George a real print book at bedtime an intriguing conversation about Sci-Hub with community events. Now that I am a South and George actually listens! Bruce and I were Georgios Papadopoulos, Founder and CEO of Carolinian, I am determined to finish the reading to him in his dad’s absence and George Atypon. Wonder if we can get him to Charles- Anne Rivers Siddons novels that I have paid attention! Impressive! ton in November? https://www.crunchbase. yet to read. I love getting to know local Speaking of which, I read Mark Sandler’s com/person/georgios-papadopoulos#/entity authors, so I will go to author events and essay (this issue, p.26) with great interest. Yes, Oh! This just out from Jim O’Donnell, buy their books. I don’t know if I will be students prefer not reading books. And Web- University Librarian, ASU — Like WOW — doing anything library related after I leave sites may have more visitors than books, but the Dear colleagues, I’m delighted to announce UNC-Greensboro. Everyone says that print book is not going anywhere. Generations additions to the senior leadership team, addi- when you retire, you shouldn’t make any have always liked to take the easy way out. But tions that will energize us for the challenges commitments for at least six months. It is I believe that as a profession we are focusing ahead. Joining us later this summer from important to feel the rhythm of retirement too much on the fact that there are now more Purdue University will be Tomalee Doan, and then make any decisions regarding competitors than we have ever had. But we arriving in the role of Associate University committees, volunteering opportunities, still need to preserve print books. Whew! Got Librarian for Public Services. She will initially etc. I will definitely be in Charleston now that off my chest! be responsible for public and access services that I do not live too far away but solely as Speaking of which, have you encountered in all library locations, for student success a tourist! this book? The Bad-Ass Librarians of Tim- continued on page 54 46 Against the Grain / April 2016 174-1 R2 7x4.75 BW BTFLY ad:063-1A 10/14/15 11:52 AM Page 1

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Blurring Lines — The Chapter, Not the Book, as the Unit of Discovery: An Interview with Laura Brown of JSTOR Column Editor: David Parker (Senior Vice President, Editorial, Licensing and Marketing, Alexander Street Press NYC; Phone: 201-673-8784) Follow me on Twitter @theblurringline

ook publishers of all genres: textbook, books link key terms in the chapter glossary to articles. Laura shared with me a recent professional/trade/reference and schol- the line item entry within the text. Scholarly simple but effective innovation undertaken Barly have all struggled with innovating monographs or collections of contributed by JSTOR to align eBook chapters in search in packaging, pricing and distribution. The works facilitate via the table-of-contents quick and discovery with journal articles; in ef- most forward-looking have emphasized links to the chapter of interest. And keyword fect, disaggregating the book from its linear multi-channel and multi-partner digital distri- searching within will take the reader to any presentation of page one to page x. This con- bution with strategic attention to preserving relevant section they desire. With all this versation prompted the following interview: pricing power with restricted channel access facility to drill down to chapters, sections, to their very best sellers and taking different sentences within sections, etc. one would have Laura, was there a “light bulb” moment approaches to front-list/back-list and top-sell- expected more aggressive publisher uptake on that prompted the JSTOR team to pursue ers versus lower-sellers in terms of available product and business models that are increas- chapter-level discovery? sales models. But, in truth, the majority of ingly granular. In my own experience with We were convinced from the outset that book publishers simply pursue a “spray and Business Expert Press, we forged a partner- including books alongside journals on the pray” strategy and hope that the digital reve- ship with Harvard Business Publishing’s JSTOR platform would be of tremendous val- nue line increases sufficiently year-over-year case program to align selected chapters from ue for researchers and students. Because we as measured against key competitors. our books with selected Harvard cases; it are such a heavily trafficked global platform, The book has long been treated as a linear was a very successful partnership. with over 40% of our users beginning their experience/device beginning on page one and Recently, I had the good fortune to finally research on JSTOR (rather than beginning ending on page x, all with the assumption the meet, face-to-face, Laura Brown, Managing on Google or elsewhere and then following a reader finds utility in this “technology.” Popu- Director of JSTOR. As two former book link to JSTOR), we believed that by bringing lar press titles certainly demand this approach publishers now working in the content aggre- books into the digital workflow, we could help (whether print or digital) but books used in gation and discovery space, our conversation to make centuries of long form scholarship the academy by students and researchers are quickly turned to the challenge of discovery more discoverable and useful. rarely consumed cover to cover. Digital text- and use eBooks face as compared to journal continued on page 48

Against the Grain / April 2016 47 enormous rate of growth in books usage. For print books. A scholar might use an eBook Blurring Lines instance, just in the first two months of 2016, as a sort of quick finding aid before turning from page 47 even before the semester really gears up, we to a print copy of the same title to read and are already at 40% of the total usage we saw digest the argument. (The S+R study is At launch, we had decided the best path to last year — a much larger increase than we available here: http://www.sr.ithaka.org/ discovery was through preserving the integrity would have expected for the program, even blog-individual/stop-presses-monograph- of the whole book as a research object, and given the number of new titles and the number headed-toward-e-only-future.) So, speaking so we showed books alongside articles in of new participants. Libraries appreciate that in the most reductive way, there’s a “grab and search results. Over time, our data began to they pay only for the books their patrons need go,” goal-oriented mode of reading books, and show that while users were clicking on tables and use, and most participating publishers are then there’s a more immersive, cover-to-cover of content at the rate we expected, they were seeing year-over-year growth in the revenue reading experience. Right now, eBooks aren’t not moving through to the chapter level. At that they receive from JSTOR (especially doing a fantastic job for either reading case. the same time, our user experience research for backlist titles). These trends support our For the goal-oriented reader, the simple act group had begun exploring the barriers to original hypothesis that, as was the case with of flipping through a printed can be students including books in their research the back issues of journals in JSTOR, there transformed into a frustrating series of clicks workflow. Two key findings emerged. 1) is great potential to unlock new value for and toggling between different PDF files; Many students held a mental model that books monographs in a digital environment. for the immersed reader, the eBook may lack are physical things and that they would need Please describe the basics of your eBook functionality — such as the ability to annotate to go to a physical place (library) to obtain DDA program. — that we take for granted with print books. one. They didn’t bother to click beyond the table of contents because their experience led Most of our titles are available in both a Can we do a better job of satisfying both them to believe that they would not get the firm upfront licensing option (“pick and mix”) needs? Can we design and prototype new text. 2) Books are long and it would take too and a demand-driven acquisition (DDA) op- means of navigating books — whether it’s a much time/effort for them to find the portion tion. Libraries can shape their DDA corpus to topic modeling approach that makes browsing of a book that is relevant for them. meet their disciplinary priorities and budget a book by granular subject terms much easier constraints, and we help them to do that based to carry out, or an improved visualization of This research led us to change our think- on usage stats from their participation in our the place of any given book in the citation ing. We began a/b testing chapters instead of journals Archive. Most libraries choose to network of books and journals, or some other books in our search results, and saw amazing give their users access to the entire books cor- innovation — in a way that doesn’t rob the improvements. Not only was there genuine pus. We allow a fair number of usage events reader of the opportunity to engage with the excitement when students found highly rele- — chapter downloads and views — before a long form argument that plays out in linear vant chapter content they could read and use book purchase is triggered in the DDA option. fashion from chapter to chapter? And of immediately, but book usage showed a con- Libraries maintain deposit accounts with us course, there’s a concomitant challenge: can siderable spike. Based on these experiments, from which triggered purchases are deducted, we design user interface improvements that we decided to reengineer our user experience and they replenish them according to usage are scalable and affordable to implement to make chapters the default search result. patterns. We provide weekly stats to them of across the many publishers and tens of thou- Why do you think book publishers, in usage activity, triggered purchases, and the sands of books that a platform like JSTOR general, are slow to innovate in packaging, status of their deposit account. hosts? Those are big challenges, but I see pricing and distribution schemes? a real payoff for authors, publishers, and Do you anticipate going even more gran- librarians: improving the navigability of I think presses have been experimenting ular? Can you envision a day when JSTOR digital books in a way that makes both reading in many of these areas. They are publishing is selling access to sentences, words? “use cases” easier, more efficient, and more short works, making chapters available as Now that we are seeing such promising appealing to all levels of readers, including marketing tools, launching new open access results from one experiment to get readers undergraduate students. And that’s one area books programs such as UC Press’s Luminos, to the information they value quickly, I think in which I’m hoping that JSTOR can make and even, in the case of MIT Press, offering there are vast opportunities for innovation some valuable contributions to the community online subscription products such as CogNet on both the navigational and business model over the next several years. that include books and journals. One problem, fronts to help scholarly books thrive in a though, is that many scholarly publishers I am also convinced that there is room for digital transition. The value of content in the aren’t big enough to have the resources to experimentation in business models. After digital environment is at least partly a function experiment with digital products beyond all, DDA itself is one such new development of how convenient it is to access as well as journals, and in many cases this experimen- that, in making scholarly books accessible how convenient (or easy) it is to acquire or tation can lead to the sort of disruptions that to millions of potential readers, and demon- purchase. If you make content easy to find threaten their core print business for books. strating that value to libraries, offers real and purchase, much more As a technology partner for both presses and potential to revitalize of it will be used, and by libraries, and a trusted platform for users, it scholarly monograph many more users than is our goal to help build the value proposition publishing. Whether the ever before. for digital books in such a way that all sides chapter will eventually benefit. We are collecting data and sharing A bit of background be an alternative “unit of it with our publisher and library partners so on the navigation ques- sale,” or something even that this innovation can play out in an evi- tion: In a similar vein more granular, is hard to dence-based way, and not as a leap of faith. to the research we un- predict. What I am con- dertook with students, a vinced of is that the value How long has your chapter-level discov- survey of scholars about proposition for books, ery program been in place and how has this their research practices driven by new forms of impacted your ebook DDA program? from my colleagues at Ithaka S+R revealed discovery and a groundswell of online usage, The chapter-level approach to discovery an interesting dichotomy in use cases for is good news for publishers and libraries alike. has been in place for 18 months. From the books. The study found that scholars tended Rather than hold on to old expectations and outset it showed immediate results in terms to prefer eBooks over print books for basic models, we’ll all need to work together to find of driving discovery, but as we have added research tasks, such as exploring references the right models to bring more books to more more titles to the DDA corpus, and more or searching for specific topics, but when it users in sustainable ways. participating institutions, we are seeing an came to immersive reading, scholars preferred

48 Against the Grain / April 2016 LEGAL ISSUES

Section Editors: Bruce Strauch (The Citadel) Bryan M. Carson, J.D., M.I.L.S. (Western Kentucky University) Jack Montgomery (Western Kentucky University) Cases of Note — Copyright Statutory Damages and Other Cool Contract Stuff Column Editor: Bruce Strauch (The Citadel)

TATTOO ART INCORPORATED V. TAT In fact, TAT made three of the four quarter- The court said nope. Nothing in the record, INTERNATIONAL LLC. UNITED STATES ly payments in 2006 for a grand total of $653. documents, depositions, affidavits, whatever, COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH Out of the minimal $6,000. showed a contrary agreement. CIRCUIT. 498 Fed. Appx. 341; 2012 U.S. And of course you can see what’s coming. This is kind of a round-about way of stating App. LEXIS 25315. Also what a pathetic business airbrushed the Parol Evidence rule that claims of oral Yes, Americans will indulge in tattoos. tattooing is. agreements prior to or simultaneous with the Indeed, it takes an edgy rebel to go without There was no further communica- executed written one are not admissible in one today. tion between the parties until 2009. evidence. If the contract says “cow,” why Tattoo Art is a Virginia company with Meanwhile, TAT had changed the should we let a silver-tongued liar testify copyright on hundreds of colorized “tattoo coloring of some of Tattoo Art’s they really meant “horse.” The writing flash” designs — original designs on a poster designs and displayed them on is in front of us and is quite clear. to give tattoo parlor customers ideas. its Website. And — dum-da- The court also noted a merger For when you’re blind drunk and getting dum-dum — it labeled them clause which said the written “Agree- that first tat of course. TAT “Original Collection.” ment constitutes the entire agree- ment and understanding between the So they wouldn’t have to pay to register This was followed by prod- ding from Tattoo Art and “the parties” and any changes had to be in hundreds of individual works, Tattoo Art writing “signed by both parties.” put them into 50-sheet “Books” and did one check’s in the mail” excuses from TAT. registration for each book. It then licensed Whereupon Tattoo Art terminated TAT for The court also noted that the initial term was the designs for, of course, tattoos, but also breach and told them to quit using the designs three years. The Statute of Frauds requires a for those must-have cell phone covers and forthwith. TAT ignored it and went its merry written contract for any agreement that can’t be t-shirts. way. Tattoo Art sued. performed in one year. Which they had. But TAT pled affirmative defenses of fraudu- the oral agreement was … well … oral and thus Indeed, the very foundations of the Amer- lent inducement, unclean hands and equitable contrary to the Statute. ican economy. estoppel. In December 2005, TAT licensed from Tat- Copyright Infringement Hmm. I suppose dealing in tattoo art is And TAT was indeed an infringer. The too Art specified flash drawings for airbrushed unclean. Ha-ha. Joke. But what kind of a lie tattoos. Which is to say temporary ones. license agreement permitted them to create would induce you into such a contract? Our stencils and promote them. There was no For those not drunk enough or too timid to flash art will help you finally meet girls? permission to modify or alter. Plus, when they permanently stamp themselves with a steadily Tattoo Art won summary judgment and ceased to make quarterly payments they were blurring hackneyed design. an order of $18,105.48 for breach of contract in breach and were to stop all sales. There were quarterly royalty statements plus $480,000 statutory damages under the For damages, Tattoo Art was entitled to from gross sales, a minimal payment of $6,000 Copyright Act for the altered designs. actual damages or statutory damages under 17 and blah-blah. Ka-pow! U.S.C. § 504(c)(1) which can be fairly hideous There was an initial term of three years and Well, that’s the end of their business. But — from $750 to $30,000 per infringement “as then an on-going year-to-year unless one party lawyers can and will appeal if paid, so why not the court considers just.” If the infringement wanted to quit. If TAT quit, it could dispose spend your money on that. was willful, which this was, the damages can of finished inventory. However, ifTattoo Art jump to $150,000 per. terminated TAT for breach, TAT had to end The Appeal For some odd reason, the district court all sales. And so we find ourselves before the Fourth couldn’t find willfulness. And this despite TAT more or less admitted to all this, but Circuit in Richmond. TAT labeling its infringement “Original claimed there was an oral modification elim- Summary judgment is granted when there’s Collection.” inating the minimum payment and allowing no material dispute as to the facts so no jury But how many infringements? Tattoo Art TAT to sell off inventory even if terminated is needed. A judge can rule as a matter of wanted each recolored image to be a separate for breach. This agreement was made before law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Tattoo Art had violation. But the district court found the the final acceptance went down. the burden of showing the absence of an issue “Books” to be compilations which for damage Which is to say, TAT admitted it signed the of material fact. It achieved this by showing purposes consitute but one work. Xoom, Inc. contract despite its claim of alteration. TAT the signed contract and evidence of TAT not v. Imageline, Inc., 323 F.3d 279, 285 (4th Cir. claims it understood the signed page was to be making payments. 2003); Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick, 559 attached to a “revised” contract. Which never TAT said a material fact was raised by its U.S. 154, 130 S. Ct. 1237 (2010). came. And TAT did nothing about it. claim of an oral modification to the contract. continued on page 51

Against the Grain / April 2016 49 Questions & Answers — Copyright Column Column Editor: Laura N. Gasaway (Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill School of Law, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; Phone: 919-962-2295; Fax: 919-962-1193) www.unc.edu/~unclng/gasaway.htm

QUESTION: A university librarian asks products, does this relieve any concerns about visions. The United States ratified the treaties under what conditions may a university “rip” infringement? The museum will charge an in 1998 which necessitated several changes a video and put it into a course management admission fee, however this is for operating in the copyright law via the DMCA. The system? Is the process of “ripping” a violation costs and not as a source of profit. government has consistently maintained that, of DMCA? ANSWER: (1) As a general matter, good taken together, the section 106 exclusive rights ANSWER: Under the U.S. Copyright purpose does not excuse copyright infringe- provided by the Copyright Act encompass the Act, a course management system (CMS) is ment. Typically, reproduction for display making available right. The Register’s Febru- considered to be a form of distance learning without permission of the copyright owner ary 2016 Report concurs with this opinion but or transmitted performance of audiovisual is infringement. The archives may find some suggests that the Congress continue to monitor works. Therefore, the TEACH Act, section help under section 108(h) of the Copyright Act, court opinions so that it can provide legislative 110(2) of the Act applies. That section permits however. The difficulty will be in determining clarity should that prove necessary. The full the performance of full works in the course of whether the photographs’ copyright terms fall text of the final report is available at: http:// instruction via transmission except for audio- within the last 20 years of the term of copyright. copyright.gov/docs/making_available/. visual works. Only portions of those may be The chart at http://www.unc.edu/~unclng/pub- QUESTION: Why is Elsevier trying to performed for a class without permission. To lic-d.htm will help in determining the term of shut down Sci-Hub which provides an excel- show the full work, permission is required. copyright based on the work’s publication date. lent service to scientists around the world? The first step should be to try to purchase Many of these works from the 1960s are not ANSWER: In 2011 a researcher from the work with performance rights for use in a yet in the public domain because the “author” Kazakhstan created Sci-Hub that provides free CMS. If it is not available for purchase, then has not been deceased for 70 years. access to over 48 million peer-reviewed arti- copying a portion of a video to show in class or Most libraries and museums go ahead cles. The researcher did not have permission to to put on a CMS is permitted, if the other condi- and use these items from their collections for create the database of articles which is referred tions contained in section 110(2) are followed. display, reproduction, etc. It is useful to use to as a “Pirate Bay” for scientific articles. So, a disclaimer about the fact that the copyright Under the Digital Millennium Copyright the quick answer is that the reason Elsevier is status of the work is unknown and that if the Act (a 1998 amendment to the Copyright trying to shut it down is because it is copyright author comes forward, the institution will be Act), there is an exemption for use of videos infringement. The federal district court for delighted to include the notice of copyright. in the course of education which have techno- the Southern District of New York issued an While there is some risk in doing this, it is most logical controls that prevent their use. Every injunction and ordered the site to shut down likely that such use would be determined to be three years the Register of is in October 2015, but the researcher is refusing a fair assuming that archivists have charged with rulemaking responsibility for to do so. Newspaper accounts done all they can to locate authors determining classes of works that should be highlight the argument as being and seek the necessary exempted from the section 1201 (part of the about who owns science. permissions. DMCA) prohibitions on circumvention. There Not surprisingly, the site has is now an exemption under this rulemaking (2) It probably is a been very popular in developing for educational uses by college and university good idea to limit the use countries. The articles are avail- faculty and students. So, if there is no version of such reproductions to able without a subscription, and available for purchase which does not have display and to avoid using according to the researcher, there anti-circumvention controls, then a school the images on products that were approximately 80,000 vis- may rip the video. However, only portions of will be sold in the museum store. Typically, itors to the site each day. The lawsuit claimed it may be performed or posted on a CMS or for it is understood that museums charging an that Sci-Hub illegally accessed the accounts of direct performance for a class (section 110(2)) admission fee is to underwrite museum costs students and academic institutions to provide without permission of the copyright holder. and is not for commercial purposes. free access to articles through the Elsevier QUESTION: An archivist asks the follow- QUESTION: A college librarian asks platform, ScienceDirect. Because the site is ing about building museum collections on the for clarification about the recent report from hosted in Russia, it is difficult to shut down civil rights movement with materials focusing the U.S. Copyright Office about the making the site. The researcher cited Article 27 of the primarily on the 1960s. Many of these ar- available right in this country. U.N. Declaration of Human Rights “to share chival collections may contain photographs ANSWER: The United States is a party to in scientific advancement and its benefits” as and papers gathered by that collection’s two international treaties that are collectively justification for creating the infringing site donor. The donor was not the creator of a known as the WIPO Internet Treaties. Signa- and claimed that Elsevier’s business model particular photograph, etc., and thus could tories to these treaties are required to provide a is illegal. While the domain name Sci-Hub not transfer copyright of those photographs right that gives copyright owners the exclusive was seized in the suit, the site is still available archives. In many cases, it may be impossible right to authorize the on-demand transmission through alternate Websites. The suit continues to determine the originator/creator of the of their works to the public. This country never and claims irreparable harm which experts photographs. (1) Since the archives may be enacted that exact language in its copyright law, predict Elsevier will win the suit for $750- providing reproductions of photographs and and the question addressed by this study and $150,000 for each article. In other words, artwork for display in the museum, and the report from the Copyright Office is whether, millions of dollars in damages. Collecting primary purpose of both entities is to serve under a combination of various provisions of those damages may be difficult, however, due as an educational institution, would the use the Act, the U.S. government has provided the to the location of the researcher. of reproductions solely for the museum’s substance of the making available right. QUESTION: A public librarian asks exhibits be allowed without seeking copyright The treaty provisions were forward looking about reports of the federal government. permission from the originators/creators? and included language where the impact of When a private publisher republishes a fed- (2) If the museum does not use the images technological advances was embodied without eral government report but does not change on items to be sold in the gift store or similar having to go back and amend the treaty pro- continued on page 51

50 Against the Grain / April 2016 Questions & Answers Booklover — Not Nobel But Noteworthy from page 50 Column Editor: Donna Jacobs (Retired, Medical University of South Carolina, the content are these protected by copyright? Charleston, SC 29425) ANSWER: Works published by the U.S. government are not protect- ed by copyright according to section Disclaimer: This Booklover column is not Philadelphia Chromosome.” Hungerford had a 105 of the Copyright Act. So, the about a Nobel Laureate. passion for photography as well as science. The only material that can be protected new camera-equipped microscope, where he spent in a work that incorporates works of xploring Nobel literature is an ongoing his time staring at the black and white squiggles the federal government is any new bucket list process that periodically takes called chromosomes, was located at a cancer cen- material added such as a preface, ed- a turn down other literary roads. Four ter in Philadelphia. Geography was the influence E for the name of the aberrant chromosome that is itorial comments, explanations, etc. books have recently caught the attention of this formed by a translocation between chromosome The notice section of the Act booklover: Bruce Chadwick’s I Am Murdered: George Wythe, Thomas Jefferson, and the Killing 9 and 22 in patients with CML. With 38 chapters, provides that a copyright owner may some of which are entitled “Right Number, Wrong place a notice of copyright on works, That Shocked a Nation; Jessica Wapner’s The Philadelphia Chromosome: A Mutant Gene Place,” “Where the Kinase Hangs the Keys,” and that notice includes the name “Plucking the Low-Hanging Fruit,” “Not Over of the copyright owner, the date of and the Quest to Cure Cancer at the Genetic Level, and the two books by Ta-Nehisi My Dead Body Will This Compound Go publication and the symbol ©, the into Man,” “Buzz in the Chat Rooms,” and word “copyright” or the abbrevia- Coates: The Beautiful Struggle and Between the World and Me. History, “A Gleevec for Every Cancer,” Wapner tion “copr.” Section 401(d) states writes in a way to honor the science that the good faith defense is not scientific research, and race relations — welcome to my world. and appeal to the layman. It is a gift. available to a defendant in a copy- She excels at it. right infringement suit if the work What makes Nobel literature in question contained the notice of words different from words, Threading the two previous copyright. Section 403 says that narrative words, or just the words of books’ themes to race relations the good faith defense is available a well-told story that you just want might be a difficult weave, but to alleged infringers if the work in to read again and again? This is an the crafting of words to explain question consists predominately of unresolved question for me and requires a perspective is one where Coates’ one or more works of the U.S. gov- constant pondering — which is okay because the genius shines. The power in his two books ernment unless the notice of copy- only way to hopefully answer it is to continue is so great that it leaps from the page. You want right does not contain a statement, reading. Not a bad solution to the problem. to memorize it so you can quote it, because just telling someone what the book is about doesn’t either affirmatively or negatively, There have already been two passes through identifies those portions embodying do it justice. And justice is one of the things Chadwick’s book. Each time I am intrigued. The that Coates is looking for. His first book The any work protected by copyright. In glorious illustration of the founding fathers and the other words, the work would need Beautiful Struggle tells his story of growing up in beginnings of this experiment called democracy is Baltimore. His second book Between the World to specify that the preface, editorial not what you get. You get a piece of history told comments, etc., are protected by and Me is written to his son as a guide for what it in three parts and only 240 pages in such a real, means to be a black man growing up in America. copyright or that no copyright is gritty and densely rich way that you feel you are claimed in the portion comprised walking the streets of either Colonial Williamsburg I leave you with a piece of Coates’ knowledge of a government publication. One or Richmond Virginia investigating a murder. Part from The Beautiful Struggle: seldom sees this done, however. One of the book is a description of “The Murder.” “The Knowledge was taught from our lives’ Part Two details “The Investigation.” Part Three beginnings, whether we realized it or not. transcribes “The Trial.” George Wythe was one Street professors presided over invisible of this country’s founding fathers. He was the first corner podiums, and the Knowledge was law professor, signed the Declaration of Indepen- dispensed. Their faces were smoke and Cases of Note dence and represented Virginia at the Constitu- obscured by the tilt of their Kangols. They tional Convention. He was held in high esteem in lectured from sacred texts like Basic Game, from page 49 the early community of our nation. Thus it was a Applied Cool, Barbershop 101. Their leath- shock when Wythe, on his deathbed, accused his er-gloved hands thumbed through chapters, Then the court did agree the in- young hooligan grandnephew of poisoning him like ‘The Subtle and Misunderstood Art of fringement fell closer to the willful for his money. Of the many interesting details, Dap.’ There was the geometry of cocking end than the innocent end of $750 nuances of the period and vignettes of day-to- a baseball cap, working theories on what to $30,000 and set the damages at day life in the 1800s, the one that left me really jokes to laugh at and exactly how loud; $20,000 x 24 infringements. thinking was the reasoning behind the decision of and entire volumes devoted to crossover On appeal, TAT argued that the the two lawyers who came to the grandnephew’s dribble. Bill (Coates’ brother) inhaled the $480,000 was grossly disproportion- defense. Politics makes for strange bedfellows. Knowledge and departed in a sheepskin ate to any actual damages suffered Pick up the book and find out. cap and gown. I cut class, slept through by Tattoo Art. From a capsule of our Nation’s history to lectures, and emerged awkward and wrong. Which while true, is interesting the historical timeline of a de novo scientific My first day at Lemmel (middle school given that TAT was pretty clearly discovery that lead to a drug to manage chronic where Coates attended school), I was a willfull and should have been up in myelogenous leukemia (also referred to as CML) monument to unknowledge. I walked to the $150,000-each range. is not such a stretch. “The First Clue” has the school alone, a severe violation of the nat- The 4th Circuit held that TAT reader “hovering” over a microscope with David ural order of things. …Everyone moved was arguing that the Congressional Hungerford in 1959 when he realizes that one as though the same song were playing in authorization under the Copyright of the chromosomes, in a sample prepared from their heads. It was a song I’d never heard. Act was “constitutionally excessive” a patient with CML, is too short. This short I shrugged my backpack a little tighter on and found this an “unavailing argu- chromosome that Hungerford observed would my shoulder and made my way. ment.” be known by many names, one of which is “The continued on page 52

Against the Grain / April 2016 51 The Scholarly Publishing Scene — Q and A with Jon Baumgarten Column Editor: Myer Kutz (President, Myer Kutz Associates, Inc.)

on Baumgarten has been one of the coun- author interests were adequately protected copyright arena that he knows so well. Here try’s most esteemed intellectual property already by a variety of state laws and required are my questions and his answers. Jlawyers for decades. I first got to know no amendments to the copyright act. These You’re living far away from the legal him nearly 30 years ago when he was counsel arguments won the day, and many publishers hurly-burly, but you still follow the ups and to the Association of American Publisher’s and other copyright entities supported Berne downs of copyright law. You’d have to say (AAP) copyright committee and I was chair- adoption, which passed Congress in 1989. that it’s in your blood, right? man. One of the big issues for the committee (Time survived, of course, although it’s much in those days was whether AAP would support slimmer now than it was back them.) Yes, after almost forty years of law practice, U.S. adoption of the Berne Convention, the Jon went onto bigger stages for the next government service, litigation, legislative international copyright regime in effect most 20-plus years until his retirement from active effort, commercial, policy and technological everywhere else since 1886. Major U.S. pub- law practice a few years ago. He and his wife negotiation, and other activities affecting lishing, picture and other copyright Jodi, an accomplished pianist who is a leading copyright law, I’d have to say it has left an industries had come to view Berne adherence light on the local arts scene, live on an island off indelible mark — mostly good — on my as an important component of American lead- the Carolina coast, which is heavily populated psyche. Importantly, it has left wonderful ership in international copyright affairs and in by birds, deer, alligators, and bobcats. The memories, both of issues faced and in many efforts to counter increasing foreign copyright magnificent beach is 11 miles long, but Jon cases resolved, and of many good, smart, piracy. At the same time, these U.S. copyright also enjoys sports played on grass and other ethical, intellectually honest and trustworthy industries were concerned with possible disrup- non-sand surfaces, such as golf (providing you people, both allies and adversaries. tive effects of certain convention guarantees of stay out of the bunkers), tennis, and pickleball, Can you describe some of the issues you so-called “moral rights” whereby authors have which Jon introduced to the island. (Never refer to? rights to continued “integrity” of their works, heard of it? It’s a turducken of tennis, bad- I was fortunate over my career to have have the right to object to changes made in their minton and ping-pong, played with paddles regularly been on the front lines of copyright works and even to contractually authorize new and plastic balls on indoor and outdoor courts law’s repeated, tension filled encounters with versions and adaptations of their works, and by around two and a half million people in the new and developing technologies. Take pho- have the right to withdraw their works after U.S.) Recently, he’s taken up “sporting clays,” tocopying: today it is viewed as a quaint, rather publication. Committee discussions were en- a shotgun sport akin to skeet shooting. As I prosaic technology. Beginning in the 60s, livened by a Time Inc. lawyer’s consternation tell him, he’s clearly making up for all those however, and continuing for many years, there about whether moral rights would prohibit years sitting indoors while pouring over briefs were very grave and well founded concerns in Time’s practice of cutting writers’ submissions and law tomes. the publishing community worldwide, in both to fit allocated spaces on the magazine’s pages Jon’s still invited to address audiences the commercial and not-for-profit publishing or, more devilishly, to make the words fit the worldwide on the current state of intellectual sectors such as university presses and learned company’s editorial slant. property law and what judges who are societies, particularly in STM, reference Jon was acting for a combination ruling on copyright cases are up to and professional, and college publishing, of publishing and motion picture these days. A couple of months over the impact of unbridled photocopying companies and other copyright ago, he emailed me a copy of a going on in scholarly institutions and among entities plus serving on a small ex- speech on fair use that he gave research-intensive and other commercial pert committee dealing with the to a conference in Australia last businesses. Indeed, photocopying or “re- question. He crafted submissions year. After I read the speech, prography,” more precisely the advent of new to Congress and developed leg- which I found engrossing, (it’s and increasingly cheap and widely available islative report language demon- published in the December 2015 copying devices, marked the first dramatic strating the risks of new moral issue of Copyright Reporter – emergence of a number of hallmarks that have rights protections to copyright Journal of the Copyright Society continued as prominent characteristics of all industries’ contracts, business of Australia) I thought it would copyright law/technology tensions, including models and practices as well as be worthwhile to get Jon’s views those of the digital and Internet eras. These providing assurance that those on what he sees happening in the include decentralized copying arising from decisions by large numbers of individuals and organizations to make their own copies and compilations of copies (such as course packs); inexpensive and readily accessible who struggled against French colonizers copying outside a pressing facility or other Booklover for the right to his own black body. He industrial plant; very simple reproduction from page 51 died in captivity, but the profits of that of extensive portions of copyrighted works struggle and others like it are ours, even and of entire copyrighted works; “private” Later I’d understand that the subaudible when the object of our struggle, as is so copying having the cumulative effects of beat was the Knowledge, that it kept often true, escapes our grasp. I learned mass copying; the treatment of intermediaries you ready, prepared for anyone to start this living among a people whom I who might be held legally responsible for end swinging, to start shooting. Back then, would never have chosen, because the user copying (such as libraries and document I had no context, no great wall against privileges of being black are not always delivery services then and Internet service fear. I felt it but couldn’t say it.” self-evident. We are, as Derrick Bell providers now) or found suitable to facilitate And a few of Coates’ words to his son once wrote, the ‘faces at the bottom of resolution or at least diminishing of tensions about the choice for his name from Between the well.’ But there really is wisdom (such as the Copyright Clearance Center the World and Me: down here, and that wisdom accounts and other collective licensing “reprographic “The Struggle is in your name, Samori for much of the good in my life. And rights” organizations); and more. In other — you were named for Samori Touré, my life down here accounts for you.” continued on page 53

52 Against the Grain / April 2016 NOTE: This is the version without the landing page URL

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negotiations on behalf of publishers with the under the revised act. It was an exhausting yet The Scholarly Publishing Scene library and educator communities over per- exhilarating time. from page 52 missive even if unlicensed photocopying, and Later I became involved on behalf of pub- integrated legal/business/technology negotia- lishers, technology companies, and motion media, the new technology/copyright issues I tions on behalf of motion picture and television picture studios in negotiating several further centrally participated in included off-air and studios with both the computer and consumer amendments to the revised copyright act and off-cable audio and video taping; unauthorized electronics industries over the emergent and trade agreement texts governing multinational digital duplication of DVD and Blu Ray format then hugely successful home video market. protection of copyrighted works. These in- movies and television programs; and the ap- Another noteworthy, lengthy and instructive, cluded the expansion of fair use as applied to propriate treatment of both computer programs but thus far not impactful, effort I participated unpublished manuscripts and the like; United and semiconductor chips under intellectual in was one among leading academics, lawyers States adherence to the principal treaty govern- property law. and other experts from all affected interests or ing international copyright (the Berne Con- In all these controversies I handled major “sides” of the copyright/technology divide to vention); the rules governing the recapture of litigations, Congressional negotiations, and reach a set of common principles. foreign works from the public domain in this cross-industry attempts at cooperative, vol- Weren’t you also involved in the actual country; special protections for architectural untary solutions. Several litigations, I am drafting of the Copyright Act, and other works, certain limited edition works of visual proud to say, established leading precedents copyright legislation? art, and semi-conductor chip topographies; that have remained as key legal positions for Yes, for many years, beginning in the standards for protection of American woks authors, publishers, motion picture and tele- late 1950s, various copyright owner and user abroad; prohibitions on circumvention of vision companies, and other copyright owners interests had been attempting to revise and encryption and other technological protections in many different contexts and media. Two in- update the long-governing, long outdated of copyrighted works, and principles governing tellectually complex litigations I successfully 1909 Copyright Act. From about 1970 to the liability of Internet service providers for un- handled for the government while serving as 1976 I participated in those efforts on behalf of authorized Internet copying and transmission general counsel at the Copyright Office were book publishers, songwriters and others. This of copyrighted works. (The anti-circumvention particularly challenging as they required res- comprehensive revision effort succeeded in and service provider provisions became com- olution for contemporary copyright purposes late 1976 and became effective on January 1, bined in the well-known Digital Millennium of an issue centuries old and still debated by 1978. I had been appointed General Counsel Copyright Act.) philosophers: the dividing line, if any, be- of the U.S. Copyright Office, was involved What are some of the major issues that are tween “art” and “design.” Two non-litigation in the final formulation of the new law, and currently in contention? efforts I spent considerable time with — and was responsible for the extensive government Two very prominent ones are these: First, emerged from with at least some multi-lateral, rulemakings and revision of every Copyright resolving the legal responsibility of internet cooperative solutions and many lasting friend- Office regulation and practice that had to be un- service providers and other internet-focused ships even with firm opponents — were legal dertaken in consultation with the private sector continued on page 54

Against the Grain / April 2016 53 rapid developments in digital replication, error In my view, judges are sometimes unduly The Scholarly Publishing Scene checking, storage, and the like are certain to influenced by the magic of technology… Do from page 53 enhance this trend — notably, the very term you see things that way too? “mass digitization” has become a term of art Yes, and very much so — and not only entities to effectively monitor and meaning- in the United States and abroad and is not among judges, but also among legislators and fully hinder persistent infringing by uploading, limited to Google (or to books). Furthermore, other policy makers here and abroad. The basic downloading and retransmission of copyright- even if one were to (wrongly) put aside the problem, as I see it, is the overt advocacy by ed works over the Web. Several of the Digital decision as limited to its facts, some technology interests and the receptive Millennium Copyright Amendments of some my concern remains with respect to the way the tendency of some judges and policy makers years ago (I am proud to say my partners and I court reached its result — that is, its ignoring, to be so favorably overwhelmed by the ex- secured trial and appellate judgments uphold- limiting, or silently overruling key precedents; citing promises, benefits and convenience of ing their enforcement and Constitutionality) hence, this impact of the decision may well be new technology that they view copyright as attempted to handle this with a regime of systemic and far from a limited one. an impediment, so its protections ought to be takedown notices and related principles. In I must acknowledge that some of your read- diminished if not swept aside. This view is some ways — at least as the statute has been ers will not share my view of the Google Books entirely short sighted and counterproductive to interpreted by some courts — that system case; it will certainly not be the first time that a healthy environment for intellectual scholar- has largely been undermined by the “whack- library interests and I have disagreed on mat- ship and creativity. a-mole” problem of repeated, unmonitored ters of copyright law. But I would ask those uploads and retransmission of precisely the One example of this trend in advocacy is readers to at least avoid knee-jerk reaction same material. That problem continues to be the use of the word “innovation” in copyright to the seemingly perennial copyright owner/ the focus of attention in the copyright owner debate today. Proponents of diminished user divide and give attentive thought to the and technology communities. Another is the copyright protection commonly argue the pur- potential negative impact of unauthorized mass well-known litigation of authors’ organizations ported “stifling” of technological innovation copying on the creative heritage intended to be against the Google Books Project. The lawful- posed by strong copyright law, and pretend underpinned by a vibrant copyright system. ness of that project as “fair use” was sustained that technology companies, as opposed to the at trial and on appeal, but the authors (with Other matters of continuing concern and creative copyright industries, are the only “in- support of publishers and other organizations) dispute are the development, legal propriety, novators.” (Some technology companies have are currently seeking review of the decision and impact of so-called electronic reserves that quite explicitly urged governments abroad to by the Supreme Court. This dispute has really arguably serve as the digital equivalent of the limit copyright protection as a means of en- captured my attention, in the form of at least unauthorized course packs of the photocopying couraging their local investment or presence.) public speaking and informal consultation here era; the ability to effectively restrain electron- Unfortunately , these arguments conveniently and abroad, notwithstanding my retirement. ic reach of off-shore or foreign piracy sites; overlook at least two points: first, that a great In summary, I believe the courts’ Google and the effect of 11th Amendment providing deal of technologic innovation in products and Books decisions are quite wrong, and more immunity to state institutions from copyright services of the digital economy are produced by specifically have at least ignored and under- infringement actions. Additionally, there have the time, effort, and investment of the creative mined, if not silently but unduly overruled, been comprehensive roundtables, hearings and industries themselves, as repeatedly shown in major copyright precedents that have held reviews and reports in Congress and among new, emergent, exciting and popular offerings sway to preserve a vibrant and vital copyright agencies with respect to numerous copyright (new media, new platforms, new formats, system for many years and that are of increased issues in the current and still expanding digital new research tools, etc.) of motion picture importance today. In other words, I believe era, though the practical effects of these efforts companies, scientific publishers, and others these decisions — and a few other case hold- in terms of legislation and regulation largely — actions that are critically underwritten by ings that resemble the errors of the Google remain to be seen. the protections offered by the copyright laws Books courts in some though not all respects I should mention that many of these issues to the creative works of these companies made — have effected fundamental, unwarranted and are also being voiced, debated and examined available through their own innovations in unwise expansive change in American fair use abroad. One of particular interest in that arena new entertainment and scholarly products and doctrine. Additionally, I fear the attitude of is the question of whether the so-called “flexi- distribution mechanisms. Second, in the case some who believe that the decision is a “one ble” doctrine of fair use as followed in the Unit- of copyright works being made available to the off,” or sui generis one — that is, one that is ef- ed States should replace or supplement the more public, successful or meaningful innovation fectively limited to the Google Books Project specifically defined and limited regimes of “fair even if initiated by technology companies can given the astonishing but rather unique scale, dealing” and “specific exemptions” that prevail only be viewed as a partnership or fusion of commitment and investment Google brought in other countries. In several instances I have scientific invention and copyright creativity. to its mass copying project. I adamantly do not expressed considerable concern to foreign au- This is exemplified in a recent newspaper share that limited view of the case. Even if the diences as to the wisdom of their governments article appraising the future of virtual reality breadth and reach of the Google Books Project doing so — especially if American fair use law in entertainment media that noted: “[w]ithout is viewed as singular, there are many other un- is understood to now reflect the new, unduly compelling content, even the most impressive authorized large scale and “mass digitization” expansive fair use interpretations and doctrinal piece of technology won’t appeal to more than projects in the wings with respects to all sorts changes of the Google Books case and some a hardy base of early adopters.” of copyrighted works; indeed, the essence of other quite faulty (in my opinion) decisions.

my direction, to include print collection strat- Editor-at-Large and a columnist for Against the Rumors egy and digital special collections; and our Grain since 2008, and has been a contributing from page 46 operational relationship with EdPlus, ASU’s editor for The Charleston Advisor since 1996. online learning organization. Finally, our col- http://www.against-the-grain.com and instruction, and for coordinating the league Dennis Brunning has agreed to serve Hayden Library renovation project. Lorrie as Interim Associate University Librarian for I am running out of column inches but have McAllister will arrive in late May from MIT, Academic Programs starting on June 1. This to get this last bit in. Another WOW! The in the position of Senior Administrative Li- position has responsibility for Collections awesomely wonderful Steve Oberg (Wheaton brarian with the title of Assistant University and Scholarly Communication, Archives College) has been elected Vice President/Pres- Librarian. Her responsibilities will include and Special Collections, and Academic ident-Elect of NASIG for the 2016 election supervision of the library’s data gathering and Program Services, subject to the caveat of year! Congratulations, Steve! assessment exercises; strategic initiatives at impending reorganization. Dennis has been Love to all of you, Yr. Ed. 54 Against the Grain / April 2016 From A University Press — Wander the Stacks Column Editor: Leila W. Salisbury (Director, University Press of Mississippi, 3825 Ridgewood Road, Jackson, MS 39211; Phone: 601-432-6205; Fax: 601-432-6217)

ince the fall of 2015, I’ve been fortunate sometimes-forgotten demographic within our cultural study is second nature to her. She’s to be part of an Andrew W. Mellon scholarly community.) examining vintage car posters, contemporary SFoundation-funded project looking into The history professor was focused on a advertisements, and the items amassed by the possibility of creating a discovery and community project, and he was memorabilia collectors to understand how access platform for university press human- constantly seeking new primary materials and women are portrayed as a part of car culture. ities content. The group, spearheaded by the information on food in a historical context. She frequently uses eBay and loves the Association of American University Presses In his work, he manages a large quantity of collectors who categorize things by year, (AAUP), is made up of publishers, librarians, bibliographic data and source materials. He is which makes it easier to identify material technology gurus, and digital humanists. It’s confident in being able to discover new works within the scope of her research. She also a marvelously diverse group, each of whom and knows what is happening in his field. He’s accesses a number of online archives to look come to the project with different backgrounds self-reliant in terms of acquisitions resources; at African American (though she’s and ideas about what end product would be he uses his university library a good deal, but frustrated by archives where she has to pay for most useful and how it might be structured for he also told me some years ago (in a different the material before she can scan the content to greatest usability. conversation about electronic scholarship) that see if it contains material she actually needs). We’ve met in person and by phone a he regularly buys scholarly books on his own. In talking about the work she does online, number of times now, and we’re still working He does this for the sake of ownership and this scholar — somewhat wistfully — harks to define exactly what this platform could expediency, rather than waiting for his library back to the “old school” process of doing or should be, who it’s for, and how it can be to get access to what he needs. He went on research in physical archives. She recalls that made sustainable over time. Each time I’m to note that individual historians likely have in the process of looking for one thing and tempted to be surprised at the course of the a surprisingly large number of subscriptions reading through a whole African American discussions, I remember that these questions to Ancestry.com, simply because the fee is newspaper, she would come across something are big ones, applicable not only to this yet- reasonable and these professors would rather else, say a very relevant advertisement in that to-be-named platform for scholarship. These access the records on Ancestry.com from the same edition. These sorts of great “finds” are are also, for the most part, the same big picture comfort of their home or office harder, if not impossible, using issues for publishers and librarians that will as opposed to pouring over a keyword search for a specific define the future of the scholarly ecosystem. microfiche records in a library item. She laments the fact that Who supports scholarship, its development, basement. with the remarkable access and discovery, and dissemination? This is the This historian is what our precision that come with online foundational issue that will drive much of our group would term the “confi- research, she’s had to give up collective work in the decade to come. dent scholar,” someone who the delight and benefits of Before refining a business model, those knows the pathways to the serendipitous discovery. charged with developing the shape and scope knowledge he or she needs Even though these two of the platform have to decide what it should do and who self-creates access individuals have different and who exactly it serves. Certainly, libraries solutions. For this type of profiles and research pathways, are near the center of this. But we also have to scholar, the pain point is not I was struck by two great com- consider the scholar as customer. To do this, we the inability to find relevant monalities in their situations needed more information about how scholars published scholarship; instead and research desires. Special work and what they find themselves needing it is the feeling that there are collections hold such great and wanting in the course of their daily work. relevant but difficult to discover primary ma- promise for scholarly work, and yet so much To gain some insight into the potential terials out there in special collections. He gave of what they contain remains undiscoverable to user base, members of the working group set the example of wanting to look for information the online researcher. High-level abstracts and up interviews with several types of scholars: about food culture in a child’s diary that might keywords miss much of the rich detail of the tenured, non-tenured/early career, adjunct, be housed as part of a Civil War or other histor- materials in these archives, and unless someone retired or independent scholars, digital ical collection. Traditional keyword searches knows what they’re looking for, those details natives and non. We spent several hours on would likely not yield results about a couple of often go undiscovered in virtual searches. the phone with our subjects, talking through diary pages on the deeply granular subtopic of What technologies could better unlock the full their individual research projects, their work food in daily life. This material is only easily potential of these collections, allowing for a processes, what tools they currently use, discoverable if you already know specifical- rich exploration experience online? their pain points, and their hopes and dreams ly what you’re looking for. He wished for The other common point, which is more for how to do their work differently. In something to go beyond traditional subject and relevant to the work of developing the discovery my interviews, I was once again reminded keyword searches, something that digs deeper platform for university press content, is the fact that just as libraries differ in their makeup, into source content in context. that both scholars talked about the desire for operation, acquisitions strategy, and a hundred The second scholar I interviewed differs serendipitous discovery. They acknowledged other things, these scholars, too, differ in their in many ways. She’d love to have better that the physical process of wandering the situations and needs. As universities rethink avenues for finding others working in her stacks sometimes yielded wonderful and tenure and staffing and teaching structures, the field; her research focus is industrial films unexpected information — sources that had scholars publishers serve are an increasingly looking specifically at women and car culture, in the past shaped the direction and content diverse group. and it’s a small field. She noted that tenured of their scholarly work. This wandering, the For my calls, I spoke with two scholars, faculty have a well-defined set of contacts experience of the unanticipated, cannot yet be one an associate professor of history at a me- and frameworks, but when you’re working replicated in electronic searches. Thanks to the dium-sized state university and the other an non-tenured, it’s much more difficult to con- work of the bright technical minds at work on adjunct (trailing spouse of a tenured professor) nect with other scholars and to build research the AAUP discovery platform, the hope is that in media studies at a large Canadian university. and professional networks. we’ll once again become stack wanderers, this (I still hope to interview a community college This scholar has always worked across time in the virtual stacks. professor, as I think this could be a large but disciplines, and she finds that cross-

Against the Grain / April 2016 55 Optimizing Library Services — Factors in Integrating Mobile Library Technologies: A Focus Group Study in the United Arab Emirates by Dr. Sumayyah Alfaresi (Salhiya Complex, Gate 1, 3rd Floor, Mohammad Thunayan Al-Ghanim Street, Kuwait City, P.O Box 477, Safat 13005, Kuwait) and Dr. Kate Hone (Room: Graduate School 157, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom) Column Editors: Lindsay Johnston (Managing Director, IGI Global) and Ann Lupold (Promotions Coordinator, IGI Global)

he rapidly increasing use of smartphones assistance, and English literacy were factors experience among users. The results suggest among young users creates new oppor- contributing to perceived ease of use. The that organisations need to invest in infrastruc- Ttunities for successful library service. findings suggest that designers should con- ture, support and training in order to encourage Mobile library technology has great potential sider the use of specific terms that relate to uptake of mobile library technology. Within to improve student and researcher access to students, arrange the screen in a certain way the organization, efforts should be made to academic resources. It is also seen by libraries to focus on pictures versus text, allow for user ensure that Wi-Fi coverage and mobile Internet as a positive way to improve their image and customization, and design a shallow structure connectivity is adequate for the intended user to meet the needs of a younger generation of that does not involve intensive navigation. In group across the whole campus. Relevant library users who are increasingly engaged UAE educational context, giving the user the staff assistance should be made available and with services via mobile devices. However, choice of selecting Arabic or English language it may also be beneficial to include an “ask a mobile library technologies have to be imple- while using the app would also librarian” service in the app to mented in a way that is acceptable to end users be expected to improve the per- support students’ need for assis- in order to encourage usage and therefore be ceived ease of use. tance. Organizations should also effective. Based on this issue, we conducted Trust also emerged as an invest in developing the digital a study focused on exploring factors affecting important theme affecting the literacy of their students and the adoption of mobile library technology. adoption of mobile library tech- staff so that they are better able Conducted in UAE, this developing country nology. Users were concerned to benefit from mobile library has a particularly high penetration of smart- about the security, reliability and interventions. phone technology. credibility of such a system. The Finally, the results highlight- A qualitative focus group revealed a number findings also suggested some ed the role of trial-ability in of theoretical and practical contributions to the ways by which trust might be mobile library adoption. This adoption of mobile library technology. Six increased. We proposed that theme may be indicative of the main themes have been explored to lead to system designers should focus way that users now interact with practical implications for both the designers on building an app that protects mobile apps. The low barriers to of mobile library applications and for orga- the privacy of the users and entry (in terms of both cost and nizations that wish to successfully implement clearly illustrate that the app is developed by access) encourage them to try the technology. such solutions. the university to give them a sense of trust. While this makes the initial adoption decision The first theme proposed was the perceived Additionally, the research supported the relatively easy, the flip side is that the tech- value that the context of mobile libraries relevance of social influence in the adoption nology can be discarded equally easily if the involved (perceived usefulness, quality of decisions around mobile library technology. user does not like it in practice. This suggests working life, mobility, relevance and novelty/ Students mentioned the role of both their peers that the emphasis in studying adoption of this distinctiveness). Designers need to understand and their teachers in influencing their adoption. kind of technology should be on intention to what users will value in a mobile library system Social influence is thought to be a more import- continue using the technology, rather than and design both the features and implementa- ant determinant of adoption in cultures which intention to use it self. tion to fit these user needs. Users are looking are collectivist and high in power distance. Further information on our focus group for ways to enhance the quality of their working Since Arabic cultures are generally thought study is available in the article “The Intention life. They need to access resources anywhere, to exhibit these characteristics, it is possible to Use Mobile Digital Library Technology,” anytime. They also require a system that pro- that context may have played some role in the in the International Journal of Mobile Human vides unique services that cannot be obtained emergence of this construct in the focus groups Computer Interaction (IJMHCI). In the future, elsewhere. The availability of RSS feeds and (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov, 2010). Since we would like to see similar research conducted social networks would allow them to integrate social influence was seen as a relevant adoption in other countries to explore whether the same their usage of the app within their existing so- factor, organizations should ensure that staff factors affecting the adoption of mobile library cial networking activities. The availability of members work to highlight the benefit of the technology will be supported. The theoretical tutorials would train students and improve their app to students whenever possible. implications illustrate a number of questions skills in mobile and Web search experiences. A Moreover, the research highlighted the arising from this research, which would greatly map service that would show the exact location importance of a number of facilitating condi- benefit from future quantitative examination. of a required book and a remote printing service tions that may affect the adoption. Users were Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G., and Minkov, would attract students by covering their need concerned about the technical infrastructure M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: for mobility. to support mobile access (system coverage). Software of the Mind (3rd ed.). New York: Perceived ease of use, the second broad This needs to be good enough to enable users McGraw-Hill. Hong, S. J., Tam, K. Y., and theme, was also proposed to affect the behav- to access the service while on the move. An- Kim, J. ioral intention to use mobile library technology. other factor was the availability of support, Interface design, mobile self-efficacy, library and the third factor was the degree of mobile

56 Against the Grain / April 2016 Random Ramblings — Why Don’t Public Librarians Brag More about One of Their Greatest Successes: Providing Pleasure Reading for Their Patrons? Part Two — Comments from Public Librarians Column Editor: Bob Holley (Professor Emeritus, Wayne State University, 13303 Borgman Avenue, Huntington Woods, MI 48070-1005; Phone: 248-547-0306)

his column continues the discussion of my contention that public received 20 responses. Since I deferred writing this paper until now, I librarians hesitate to brag about one of their most successful decided to ask public librarians in my home state of Michigan the same Tservices — providing pleasure reading and viewing materials for question. I did so on March 1, 2016 and received 15 emails. As a conve- their patrons. As I say below, I was struck by the fact that the textbook nience sample, the comments below have little statistical reliability. I’ll that I used talked mostly about information but said nothing about the add that many who responded were professional colleagues that I knew importance of pleasure reading. Since my professional experience as well or former students. I did receive, however, emails from people that a librarian was in three large research libraries, I thought it a good idea I didn’t know. In addition, the respondents most often showed a love of to ask public librarians if they agreed or not with me. I do have expe- reading that induced them to agree with my arguments. In all, I received rience teaching three courses — the introductory course, management, only one email with substantive disagreement, and this letter wondered and collection development — where I needed to be aware of and about publishing this piece in ATG rather than a public library focused teach public library issues. I also invited guest lecturers from all types journal and stated that much of the public would not want to pay taxes of libraries. Finally, I’ve been sequentially married to two librarians to support pleasure reading (Anonymous). Overall, the respondents whose professional experience included working in public libraries. mostly worked in small to mid-size public libraries, but I received one Nonetheless, some might challenge my credentials to talk about a pub- response from a library science professor. lic library issue and asking public librarians to weigh in could provide My first comment concerns the definition of pleasure reading. Upon additional perspectives. reflection, my request for comments included too much emphasis upon A good way to begin for those who haven’t read my first column (see fiction. John Sheridan reminded me that non-fiction is also important, a Against the Grain, December 2015-January 2016, p.58) is to provide fact that I wouldn’t contest because my mother, an avid life-long reader, the question that I asked on two discussion lists since it summarizes never read fiction. In a similar way, three librarians (Deborah Battisti, my main points: Teresa Natzke, and Jessica Parij) noted the popularity of DVDs as the In teaching the introductory library science course at Wayne visual equivalent of books or focused on the increasing expenditures State for the fourth time, I was struck by the lack of attention and publicity for this pleasure viewing format. Finally, Mark Arend paid to recreational reading in the course . The stress added that the “trashy” popular fiction of yesterday may become today’s for all types of libraries, including public libraries, was finding classics and cited “Fitzgerald, Hemmingway, [and] Twain.” information for users. While I know that recreational reading Suggesting other resources that I could use to develop this topic is technically information, I don’t think that the authors were was another frequent contribution. Two librarians (Julie Marie Frye talking about access to genre fiction. The same was true for the and anonymous) referred me to additional resources on the history of history of the public library with an emphasis upon teaching pleasure reading in libraries. The majority talked more about the cur- immigrants how to adapt to American culture. Am I correct rent situation with suggestions about other publications (Sue Kamm, in my assumption that even the early public libraries provided Kathleen McCook, Steve Norman, and Donald Reynold), authors fiction that their patrons wanted to read, perhaps even fiction (Heidi Butler who suggested the works of David Carr), and Websites from popular authors with less than high literary status? Fi- (Kathleen McCook). nally, my overall impression is that publicity about the value of My next category consists of comments about the popularity of plea- public libraries tends to focus on things like helping people to sure reading with users. Darwin McGuire pointed to the importance of find jobs, overcoming the digital divide by providing people with circulation: “At the Genesee District Library, in 2015, fiction for all Internet access, support for economic development, etc. I don’t ages accounted for 3/4 of total print circulation.” She went on to add much remember public libraries bragging about providing tons that the circulation of eBooks is growing and “is nearly all recreational of best sellers and genre fiction to their users though they may reading.” Jessica Parij provided statistics on the high circulation of brag about circulation in general. adult non-fiction and DVDs at the Rochester Hills Public Library. I bring this up in part because I think that support for recreational Finally, Teresa Natzke of the Franklin Public Library believed that reading is one of the reasons why the public library will not only “90% of the reading that my patrons do is recreational.” survive but flourish. An average family of heavy readers would A surprising number of respondents emphasized readers advisory, have trouble paying for the number of books that they wish including its history (Kirsten Corby), though I didn’t specifically ask to read unless they are happy enough with access to the free about this aspect of pleasure reading. Several librarians contrasted self-published materials available on many sites or with Project this skill with the more technological and information science aspects Gutenberg. Even this solution wouldn’t work for acquiring of public library work. For me, the most telling account dealt with the quality materials to read in print before bed to younger children. retirement of a paraprofessional whose “technical skills were not the Such a family can check out a hefty number of books, whether best” but who occasioned “a call from a patron who was extremely upset fiction or non-fiction, for their recreational/entertainment value. that we would let this person go and demanded that I come up with some Many may not even have to use the catalog and other expensive way to make her stay.” (Elyse Streit) For Betsy Sherednik, “when information resources as they head to their familiar shelves, libraries get sidetracked with maker spaces and goals to be techno geeks, which may now be arranged in book store order. it’s so sad…. I say let’s embrace what we are good at — getting the I’ve always been an academic librarian so I’d appreciate any right book into the hand of the one who wants it.” Emily Izidor worried opinions on my thoughts above…. I plan to treat this topic in about librarians who don’t read because patrons “want to hear from my next column for Against the Grain and would like to have a professionals telling them what they personally enjoyed or personally bit more authority in what I say. read.” She then added that some people use fiction to “get through the I posted the message first on PUBLIB, perhaps the most important death” of a loved one, which supports the importance of bibliotherary. discussion list for American public librarians, on June 5, 2015 and continued on page 58 Against the Grain / April 2016 57 would call that ‘trash’ or even ‘porn’ and possibly go after funding.” A Random Ramblings third anonymous librarian is even more blunt: “Your article is going from page 57 to claim librarians should try to convince local governments to support public libraries to provide little old ladies with Harlequin romances and An anonymous librarian had a perceptive observation about the old men with Westerns. The only recreation Americans are willing to differing importance of pleasure reading for children and adults. “Early support with tax money is sports.” Amy Alcensius provided a different literacy programs are important and, to get children excited about read- reason. “Maybe we don’t brag or advertise about how we fulfill the need ing, programs are created to get kids reading for pleasure; however, once for pleasure reading because the readers in the community are already we pass the threshold into adulthood, the joy of reading is no longer a users and don’t need any more convincing.” large concern.” She listed some programs to encourage adult reading, On the other hand, I concur with the more nuanced viewpoint from but they lack the educational focus of those for children such as Battle Carlie Hoffman. “I also think that the publicity has to do with the of the Books (Faye VanRavenswaay). audience. When public libraries are publicizing to other libraries or Only two librarians commented on the Pew Report, Libraries at the to government and other funding entities, they tend to focus on being Crossroads, whose summary report about what Americans wanted from good stewards of tax dollars, economic impacts, and bridging the digital their public libraries did not include pleasure reading. (I quoted from divide. When public libraries are publicizing to the general community, this report in my first article.) Cynthia Bierniek replied that it included they focus more on recreational reading (and viewing and listening)….” the statistic that “78% believe that libraries are effective at promoting Darwin McGuire confirmed this opinion when she said much the same literacy and the love of reading” though I will once again point out thing: “We tailor our message to the audience. In our millage…, we that at a certain point pleasure reading may not significantly enhance will be emphasizing the popular services….” The decision to choose the literacy for adults. A librarian who wishes to remain message appropriate for the intended audience is one of anonymous observed that “the Pew study reflects a the secrets of successful communication, especially more ‘high-minded’ view of what libraries should in this case when both messages are accurate. be doing. So it seems it’s not just librarians who I will end with a few comments on the fact aren’t bragging about pleasure reading, the study that the success of the library depends upon participants don’t seem to be doing that either.” providing pleasure reading. Deborah Battisti The person also said that both librarians and the said this well. “Folks who want information use public may be taking pleasure reading for granted. us once or occasionally. Folks who want to read One of my key points was the fact that public for recreation use us regularly; and it’s because libraries don’t take credit for their huge success … they save money getting books at the library.” and popularity in making pleasure reading avail- While several librarians said the library should able, one of the surest guarantees of their continued give patrons what they want, Kimberly Schaaf said existence. Four librarians gave the following reasons for this. Megan it best: “The main idea here is that if a patron walks away from the Buck made three points: “I think voters are more likely to vote for a library unsatisfied because we didn’t have that best seller or movie, millage if they believe the library is providing opportunities for education then they probably won’t come back. If they don’t come back, then and self-improvement that are not available (even for a fee) somewhere where do we stand when the millage expires?” in the community.” The second is that grant funders “don’t care about To conclude, I wish to thank all those who responded to my request how popular your library is; they want to know what ‘good deeds’ your for comments. The librarians above provide additional insights on library is doing and providing for the community.” Finally, “I think that pleasure reading and mostly support my contention that pleasure people want to know that their tax dollars are going to contribute to the reading is an important but often overlooked key function of public greater good — an overall improvement in society — an increase in libraries. While providing pleasure reading may not be as “trendy” education, safer environment for their children, or an overall equaliza- as 3D printing or maker spaces, it makes economic sense for the com- tion of the population.” Cynthia Orr expressed a similar concern that munity and will play a critical role in assuring the continued existence “public libraries over the years have been afraid to brag about providing of public libraries. best sellers and genre fiction because they felt vulnerable to critics who

Pelikan’s Antidisambiguation — “Horses for Courses” Column Editor: Michael P. Pelikan (Penn State)

“How many of those do you have?” work-laptop with the touch screen, which is your opera glasses. And yet to carry multiple She was asking about the various tablet the university’s,” I pointed out. digital devices seems to give those around you and pad-like devices stacked around the arms “So six?” she asked. “Sure,” I confessed, a license to comment on, of all things, your of my leather recliner. I did my best to appear “but that’s not that many, really. I mean, how perceived eccentricity. to welcome the question. “Well, it depends,” I many brushes do you use for your paintings?” Our eldest son is a Design major. He’s re- said, “on what I need to do at any given time.” “It’s not the same thing,” she said, “I need cently been talking to us about his Typography “This one’s my main at-home reading those!” class. They’ve been exploring historical typog- device,” I explained, holding up the Kindle So this is why she’s called an artist and I’m raphy, typographic analysis, and typographic Fire HDX 8.9. I held up the Kindle Voyage. called a geek. design. He’s loving it, and, with only the slightest prompting, is happy to demonstrate “And this one’s for reading when I’m away No one would really argue that an artist from home.” the gulf between what most people, even fairly ought to be restricted to carrying a single brush, literate people, know about type, and those who “What about that one?” she asked. “That’s or that a photographer ought to be restricted my Android tablet,” I said, showing the Nexus study it formally, with an eye toward becoming to carrying a single lens — unless, that is, by practitioners of type. 7, “It’s on cellular as well as wi-fi. And this choice. I might think it odd if the folks next to one,” holding up the Samsung, “is my phone.” me at the opera hoisted up a pair of Oberwerk So recently I forwarded a couple of URLs “So four,” she said. 25x100s, and it would certainly invite com- to him. The first was toward an article (there are many) about Bookerly, Amazon’s new “Well, unless you include the Microsoft ment if, at the star party, you confined your Surface, which is mine, or the Latitude observations to those you could make with continued on page 59

58 Against the Grain / April 2016 in . In work pre-dating Bell, he devised a Pelikan’s Antidisambiguation mechanism to produce a visual representation Video Acquisition making from page 58 of sound waves. The wizards associated with firstsounds.org, David Giovannoni, Patrick you feel like purpose-built typeface for e-readers. My own Feaster, Richard Martin, and Meagan exposure to, and reaction to, Amazon’s previ- Hennessy, figured out a way to take surviving ous attempts at typeface selection was confined artifacts produced in those early experiments, to mild annoyance, not really caring for any of recover the waveforms stored in them, and the fonts available on the Kindle. When they render them as sound, making it possible to offered the new typeface, Bookerly, I took hear what may very well be the earliest existing one glance at it, and thought, “Hmm! Much examples of recordings of the human voice. better!” Even though I couldn’t articulate why Included at the end of one of the clips is what it looked better, I switched over, and haven’t appears to be a spoken epithet, produced in gone back, except to prove to myself that my disgust at the end of what might be history’s selection decision rested upon something more first botched take, captured for all eternity. substantial than simple newness. Universal, indeed. Not surprisingly, the release of Bookerly There are similar examples in other ar- generated quite a bit of buzz in the type- eas, durable practices that have survived the face-aware corners of the Blogosphere (where evolution of their host technology’s evolution they have corners for everything). Overall, the over time. The act of sitting for a portrait, is comments have been largely positive, although unchanged in many respects, from paint to still this may speak, simply, to how miserable the photography, except, perhaps, for the welcome previous typeface offerings really were. departure of the head clamps that were em- One of the commentaries included a refer- ployed in early photographic portraiture owing ence to a post on fastcodesign.com. The object to the slow emulsions and long exposure times of the mention was a study conducted by Errol of that era. Another universal quality is that of Morris on the effect typography has upon directionality: most things have a front end or the reader’s perception of truth. Here’s the front side, they “point” in a particular direction link: http://www.fastcodesign.com/3046365/ and orient themselves in that direction as they errol-morris-how-typography-shapes-our- move. Most conveyance requires at least one perception-of-truth. party to be “watching where ? If it seems surprising they’re going,” indeed, we that the choice of type- pay the driver to do that — Try face might influence the it’s a selling point, “Leave perceived credibility of a the driving to us!” body of text, it’s worth re- Consider the editing membering that we’ve long process connected with the known the counterpoint to published word. Somebody, be true: you can make the usually one who demon- most lucid, sober statement strates an aptitude, if not appear ridiculous by dress- an eagerness, reads the text ing it up in a clownish font. This recalls the for errors. This protects the end-reader from Your single-source solution early days of laser printers and soft fonts, when having to be the first one ever to have read serious columnists solemnly advised folks to the thing (although I’ve spoken with many for media acquisitions take it easy, please, with the fonts already, say- professors who feel they’ve frequently been ing, “You don’t want it to look like a ransom the first even to glance at the “finished” works firm orders note!” And they were right. they receive). What all manners of human expression And here we arrive at one of the promises approval plans might have in common is the effort and care of e-text, long potential, and now made actual. that can go into the design of capture and If you have a Kindle, have you ever noticed shelf-ready preparation for conveyance of ideas. Packing the appearance in your “library” of a work something important for a trip merits some care you know to have been part of the library for small distributors and thoughtfulness. I’ve voiced suspicions some time, yet here, displayed as recent, even about this here before. To a blindfolded observ- bearing the label, “New”? What’s that about? foreign imports er sitting in the studio, a small music ensemble Well, in looking into the Bookerly release, recording session of today would sound very one of the things you find is that along with out of print titles much like one that may have occurred a century the typeface, Amazon has also introduced a earlier. Most telling would be those moments new engine to render it. The new streaming video immediately before and following the musical page layout engine comes as a software update. piece itself: the moment of silence and concen- Among other things, it has done away with tration preceding the first measure, the moment the old engine’s obsession with achieving full and get of suspended relief and reaction immediately line justification by inserting spaces between following the close. Then someone says, “Let’s words to pad out the length of a line. The result listen to it!” This is entirely independent of the often just looked weird, and was a matter of technology, and, I think, perhaps, approaches annoyance and complaint among those who universality, and perhaps is unchanging. notice and comment on such things. Ah, but to This impression is bolstered by work take full advantage of the new page rendering presented at http://firstsounds.org. These are algorithms, it has been necessary to re-encode people who’ve applied 21st-century technol- the e-texts, presumably adding tags needed to ogy to surviving examples of 19th-century direct the enhanced rendering process. This attempts to capture sound, such as those in means that works in your “library” that have 1860 by Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville www.ActionLibraryMedia.com continued on page 64 800-886-4408 And They Were There Reports of Meetings — APE 2016 and 35th Annual Charleston Conference Column Editor: Sever Bordeianu (Head, Print Resources Section, University Libraries, MSC05 3020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001; Phone: 505-277-2645; Fax: 505-277-9813)

APE 2016 — Academic Publishing in Europe — “The Digital open access. The problem for existing journals is the economics of Agenda: The Road Ahead for Scholarly Communication” flipping. Ralf Schimmer of the Max Planck Digital Library explained — Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, how, according to his calculations, flipping from a subscription model Gendarmenmarkt, Berlin, Germany — January 19-20 2016 to an open access model need not involve extra costs. The most recent exposition of his ideas is in a publication repository — http://pubman. Reported by: Anthony Watkinson (Consultant) mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/faces/viewItemOverviewPage.jsp?itemId=esci- doc:2148961. Schimmer hopes that governments will become more active in enforcing transformation. Europeans are keen on enforcement — for a U.S. program on this topic emphasising encouragement see APE is a distinctively European meeting now in year 11. Arnoud https://osc.hul.harvard.edu/programs/journal-flipping/. deKemp (once of Springer) is the highly-visible organiser and overall chair. It is his home ground and the location in and around the beautiful Is “sharing” at the heart of transformation? There was an important Gendarmenmarkt in Berlin Mitte is chosen carefully to showcase the panel at the beginning of the second day of the full conference. A city. The word “distinctively” is used because the origin of the event number of questions were raised by Richard Padley the moderator. relates to the need felt by some senior Continental European publishers Fifteen million documents are being uploaded on scholarly collabo- for a counterbalance to the increasingly Anglo-American dominance ration networks (SCNs) and they are growing. Research Gate is now of STM publishing. There is now no overt rivalry between APE and the best known. Are they legal — probably not? Do they add value the big STM meetings and indeed STM are major sponsors. At the to the system? They might well do so. The panel was headed by start of the series there were more librarians among registrants and Fred Dylla former CEO of the American Institute of Physics and more smaller German publishers, both university presses and mainly now running a consultative exercise on possible principles in this German language commercial houses, than there are now and also more new area for the STM publishers. See http://www.stm-assoc.org/ presentations on books: it made for a different mix. Now the agenda stm-consultations/scn-consultation-2015/. He was judicious. Other is essentially an international STM one but yet different because the panellists played with radical ideas. Will SCNs bypass publishers or big themes are different in Europe particularly in relation to the open become publishers? Should we flip the model and give researchers agenda and especially open access and its progress. what they want? These were two contributions from Charlie Rapple of Kudos. Watch this space. The number attending is always limited to about 200 because of the capacity of the splendid Leibnitz Hall of the Berlin-Brandenburg The first presentation on mechanisms of communication, on how to Academy of Sciences and Humanities and, as usual, there was a wait- minimise friction, has come from John Sack, a founder of HighWire, ing list. The whole of the main conference was videoed and the video the previous day. It was a tour de force available on the company blog. can be found at http://river-valley.zeeba.tv/conferences/ape-2016. The The friction involved was in the researcher workflow. He covered man- main conference site is at http://www.ape2016.eu/index.html. There was uscript submission, peer review, the form of the article, referencing and a pre-conference on 18 January with a different attendance (about 80) linking, and indexing. A lot of the analysis was of publisher failure but and organisation, which was not videoed. a common recipe for improvement was for publishers to get together on For this report I am picking out a number of the main themes ex- best practice. In some cases, but not many, such as peer review there is pressed in the sessions. These are transformation of the scholarly progress in an area where each journal used to have its own practices communication system, flipping the subscription model for journals requiring rewrites each time a paper is submitted. Professor Dave to an open access one, open science, and principles of sharing at the Nicholas of CIBER Research summarised his EU study on measuring higher policy level, and secondly a number of presentations on the me- scholarly reputation in the digital age. This is available at http://ciber-re- chanics of change including such topics as friction in the work flow, search.eu/download/20160120-reputation_berlin.pdf. Publications are reputation mechanisms, and “digital plumbing.” Then there were no longer the only standard for judgement. He is particularly interested funders. There was a final panel onpublication ethics. in teaching metrics — an almost invisible area at the moment. There was a lucid presentation on first year of the German Council for Scientific The pre-conference concentrated on the way that the digital revolu- Infrastructures which advises on digital shift. Funding tends to be for tion has impacted on the publishing business. Digital publishers need a projects. It is difficult to get funding for digital plumbing, seemingly a different skillset than they did ten years ago. The organiser wrote: “The new word for cyberinfrastructure and rather more pleasing. days of lifelong employability are behind us, and in order to make a liv- ing and add value to scholarly communication we, as people working in Many readers will know that funders have a bigger role in Europe the industry, have to adapt.” Librarians will share these sentiments from than they have in the U.S. particularly where open access is concerned. a library viewpoint. The speakers talked about so-called millennials. Science Europe is the organisation of governmental funders (74 in all) They do not want to be tied down to long-term employment and regular and was represented by their policy director. They adopted principles hours. They want a flatter hierarchy. Publishers want flexibility and on OA publishing services in 2015. There are a range of documents on new skills but I am not sure that the two needs (as described) actually this site — http://www.scienceeurope.org/downloads — many of which match. One contributor challenged assumptions about millennials who look interesting. Perhaps 80% of members have a policy of funding OA are now early career researchers — a new research project is actually mainly green but increasingly (also) gold. They understand that they asking them about their attitudes — see http://www.ciber-research.eu/ need to interact with researchers, which is a pleasant surprise. harbingers.html. Finally there was a big panel on research ethics and publishing. The main conference started with another assumption. In the EU There was general agreement that most bad behaviour is a matter of the concept of open science is espoused by the eurocracy. The speaker sloppiness rather than indicating deliberate fraud. Some thought they Barend Mons is one of their evangelists. He runs the European Open had the answer — for example a spreading of the preprint culture. Science Cloud. Researchers should make all research objects available Most were not certain how best to act. Editors are for example under to machine mining or they are not serving science is a controversial view some obligation to defend their authors. It was a debate held within among most researchers but it was argued for with some panache and biomedicine. A physicist from the floor pointed out that you do not get at a level of detail which is impossible to reproduce — see the video. retractions in his subject. There are also those who adhere to the view that all journals must be continued on page 61

60 Against the Grain / April 2016 Issues in Book and Serial Acquisition, “Where Do We Go From Here?” — Charleston Gaillard Center, Francis Marion Hotel, Embassy Suites Historic Downtown, and Courtyard Marriott Historic District — Charleston, SC, November 4-7, 2015 Charleston Conference Reports compiled by: Ramune K. Kubilius (Northwestern University, Galter Health Sciences Library)

Column Editor’s Note: Thank you to all of the Charleston Con- and broad impact statements. Funders are using altmetrics, too. Who ference attendees who agreed to write short reports that highlight pays? It may differ — the communications office at one institution, the sessions they attended at the 2015 Charleston Conference. All at- vice president for research at another. tempts were made to provide a broad coverage of sessions, and notes are included in the reports to reflect known changes in the session Implementing Collection Lifecycle Management — Presented titles or presenters, highlighting those that were not printed in the conference’s final program (though some may have been reflected in the by Annie Bélanger (University of Waterloo Library) online program). Please visit the Conference Website at www.charles- tonlibraryconference.come, and https://2015charlestonconference. Reported by: Jennifer Abbott (National Renewable Energy sched.org/, for the online conference schedule from which there are Laboratory Library) links to many presentations’ PowerPoint slides and handouts, plenary session videos, and conference reports by the 2015 Charleston Con- Bélanger urges librarians to think differently about collection ference blogger, Don Hawkins. The conference blog is available at: development. All too often we focus on the acquisition of materials http://www.against-the-grain.com/category/chsconfblog/. The 2015 and pay very little attention to what happens throughout the lifespan Charleston Conference Proceedings will be published in partnership of those items we acquire. By shifting to a holistic view of collection with Purdue University Press in 2016. development or collection management, we can improve our practices In this issue of ATG you will find the second installment of 2015 by instilling a feeling of empowerment towards our collections. We conference reports. The first installment can be found inATG v.28#1, can develop a manageable collection by taking a strategic retention focus and only keep those items that are valuable to us instead of all February 2016. We will continue to publish all of the reports received items deemed valuable. in upcoming print issues throughout the year. — RKK In a session that was standing room only, Bélanger outlined a few guidelines for developing a collection lifecycle management plan. One THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2015 involves keeping an open and consistent line of communication with CONCURRENT SESSIONS 1 stakeholders and other participants to gain buy-in. Another involves developing both a collection development policy and an overarching strategy and to be sure to follow them. Additional guidelines can be Altmetrics in Practice: How Institutions are Using Altmetric found in Annie’s toolkit: http://subjectguides.uwaterloo.ca/collec- Data to Enhance Administrator, End-User and Staff Assessment tionlifecyclemanagement. Practices — Presented by Sara Rouhi (Altmetric); Andrew By adapting this approach to collection development, the Univer- White (Stony Brook University); Colleen Willis (National sity of Waterloo Library was able to transform its costly 98 percent Academy of Science) capacity collection to a much more manageable 81 percent capacity collection. Reported by: Ramune K. Kubilius (Northwestern University, Galter Health Sciences Library) Interrogating Demand: Pathways toward purchase in patron influenced E-book models — Presented by Harold Colson (UC The session covered a lot of ground. Rouhi tackled the question, San Diego); Jim Dooley (University of California, Merced); “What are altmetrics?” by covering basics. They are 1) Indicators that are Kerry Scott (UC Santa Cruz); Deborah Kegel (UC, San Diego) complementary to traditional metrics; 2) immediacy indicators (for some, the article is not the currency of communication); 3) garners of attention in a multi-faceted picture of engagement. Altmetrics do NOT indicate Reported by: Amy Lewontin (Northeastern University) how often people are finding your site and what they are doing there, nor do they gauge efficacy. Ways to track output provide a vehicle with tags attached to output and are in a source that is track. As an institutional tool, One of the interesting moments in a very upbeat session occurred aggregates, visualizes by the deep dive, and uses of the API, provide data when Dooley, from one of the newer University of California campus- that is integrated and visualized. White described a range of applications es, Merced, discussed the goals for the “shared” collections with which and uses of altmetrics: use for faculty (VIVO) scorecards, tracking media the UC system was experimenting. He stressed the idea of improving coverage of research contributions, increasing visibility efficiencies and raised the notion of “what does sharing look like of research collaborators, and use for promotion and in an eBook world?” He mentioned taking a philosophical tenure. Additional data from altmetrics that was not approach to Demand Drive Acquisitions. The University of anticipated: puts value on “niche” research areas, adds California’s first pilot involved 32 institutions and was a split media coverage and global reach. Advice? Focus between ebrary and EBSCO, and MyiLibrary for eBooks, on DOIs, develop an “elevator” altmetrics speech, shared among all the participating libraries. Scott, from recognize that disambiguation is still a challenge. UC Santa Cruz, discussed the UC pilot between ebrary Willis described motivational metrics, using data to and Yankee Book Publishing (YBP). communicate impact. That can include Impact Lib- Scott made mention of something that many libraries Guides, impact summaries (for which she fields many may be thinking of, but may not have enunciated yet, and requests), and librarians’ use of the tools to package the that is an: “eBook values statement” which the UC libraries information. Next steps: more staff training, embedding librarians into developed for themselves. Sort of a hopes and dreams and value and communications planning for projects, improving analytics techniques what parameters would a library want to see in an eBook license. Cer- of usage, peer review metrics and analytics. During discussion with the tainly it appeared that the UC system, based on the meeting, was not audience, it was acknowledged that altmetrics, as with other numbers looking for strong DRM in their eBooks, but this was one of the nega- (and statistics), can be gamed, but their potential and actual use is unde- tives they found during the pilot. Other negatives worth noting — ADA niable for communications, collection development, grant compliance, continued on page 62 Against the Grain / April 2016 61 program but is not strong in the sciences. In this context, Levine-Clark And They Were There conducted a user survey of print and eBook usage in 2005, and a similar from page 61 survey in 2010 and again in 2015. Comparing results by discipline, type of user (faculty, graduate or undergraduate student) and over time, issues; ILL chapter level only; not an unlimited # of users; platform Levine-Clark provided very interesting and detailed results covering not loved (by librarians); STL embargoes and STL fee increases. They issues such as: why users use eBooks compared to print, how they use were looking to expand the depth and breadth of their collection, and eBooks compared to print, and how long they are willing to wait to get they did appear to find that happening with the pilot approach. What the print version vs. use an eBook version. Levine-Clark pointed out Scott mentioned that libraries may want to take note of, is that they were that, given users preferences (often for print), libraries may be doing able to support university presses through the DDA program, and also users a disservice through their choice of format. to improve access for their users, and this they could see through their usage data. Kegel spoke about a publisher specific eBook platform, and that was Engnetbase from CRC. Her feeling was that she would rather Will it Ever Settle Down? The Impact of the Rapidly Shifting see the Library purchase books from publisher sites directly, through Ebook Business Models on Libraries and Publishers — an evidenced based model. It may be time consuming for the Library Presented by David Givens (Loyola University); Rebecca Seger staff, but it is worth the time, to do the analysis. (Oxford University Press); Lynn Wiley (University of Illinois at Colson discussed the pilot approach for JSTOR eBooks. As it Urbana-Champaign); Michael Zeoli (YBP Library Services) was put to the members of the audience, “JSTOR drives.” What was different about the approach was a specific choice not to load MARC Reported by: Jennifer Culley (The University of Southern records but instead make use of their discovery tool as a database for Mississippi) their records. JSTOR chapter downloads were amazingly popular and it was interesting to see the titles used, and the reasonable cost for a Presented in a panel format to a large crowd, with standing room only, book purchase. Many of us need to be thinking about a library eBook it appeared to be the answer to “Will it ever settle down?” is not right value statement, as a possible guiding principle, and the meeting was now. Each presenter spoke about their experiences with eBooks includ- a good way to understand what should go into the creation of such a ing challenges with acquiring them, using them, maintaining them and document, and why it is important to consider. purchasing them, eliciting many nods of agreement from the audience. Currently, there are many ways of acquiring electronic books, such Publishing Our Own Work: Contributing to the Professional as: purchasing entire collections, subject specific or archival collections, Literature through Systematizing Sharing of Library Reports — via a database model, title-by-title, subscriptions or lease, aggregator Presented by Lisa Hinchliffe (University of Illinois at Urbana- third party, PDA (Patron Driven Acquisitions) or DDA (Demand Driven Champaign); Aaron McCollough (University of Illinois at Acquisitions), and EBA (Evidence Based Acquisitions). Urbana-Champaign); Emily Hardesty (University of Illinois at Some issues concerning eBooks include ownership, what is not in- Urbana-Champaign) cluded, licensing and procurement, access fees, price hikes, user options, number of simultaneous users, printing and download options, getting NOTE: Sarah Crissinger also contributed to the use statistics, platform proliferations, readers and vocabulary, discover- presentation via Skype. ability, course adoption and adding e-copies. All of these issues must be addressed, especially within the landscape of shrinking library budgets. Reported by: Leslie Koller (SILS Student, University of South eBook numbers are growing, as is the use of them. Publishers are Carolina-Columbia) making numerous changes to keep up with the market, shrinking library budgets and demand. Packages and model options are changing and libraries are forced to adapt. This looks at the moment to be an ongoing The presenters discussed the need for the preservation and sharing issue, to which all libraries will continue to face in the immediate future. of library reports within an institution and with other libraries. Mc- Collough advised on the importance of having different outlets for publishing library reports versus publishing scholarly works through THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2015 a university press. Hinchliffe presented information on the Library CONCURRENT SESSIONS 2 Occasional Report Series (LiboRS) project that was established at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. LiboRS was created as an opportunity to share materials and secure work that may otherwise Life Post-ILS Migration: How Far Have We Come Since be lost. A grant was received for funding graduate students to aid in Our “Go Live” Dates and Where Do We Go From Here? — the various steps of the project. The first graduate student who worked Presented by Susan Flanagan (Getty Research Institute); on the project, Crissinger, also contributed to the presentation via Moon Kim (California State University, Fullerton); Ann Skype. She discussed the early stages of the project and how materials Kutulas (Tarrant County College) are selected for inclusion to LiboRS. Hardesty discussed the need for creating a visually appealing template and how the project will be Reported by: Gail Julian (Clemson University) publicized through blogs and social media. Hinchliffe concluded the session by discussing the future of the project and the anticipation of the university’s first publications. The session proceeded as advertised, and various stages of the project were outlined for the attendees. Three librarians from institutions in various stages of migration to Ex Libris’ Alma shared their experiences with an engaged audience. The Getty Research Institute in California migrated from Voyager to Alma What Do Our Users Think About eBooks? 10 Years of Sur- and uses Primo as their discovery layer. Getty was an early adopter vey Data at the University of Denver — Presented by Michael of Alma and took a long time to implement. Tarrant County College Levine-Clark (University of Denver) in Texas is located on five campuses served by one technical services department. Tarrant migrated in only four months and experienced a Reported by: Crystal Hampson (University of Saskatchewan) steep learning curve. California State University, Fullerton is one of 23 campuses that are in the planning stages of a group migration to Alma in 2017. While cost was an important factor in the selection of Alma, postponing implementation until 2017 will allow for data cleanup and The University of Denver is a private institution with a strong for Alma to mature. Three of the CSU campuses are currently testing graduate program particularly in the social sciences. It also has under- and developing best practices for the group. The discussion yielded graduate programs in the liberal arts and sciences, as well as a business continued on page 63 62 Against the Grain / April 2016 and show all resources. Decipher the cost change for every avenue; And They Were There vendor price vs. negotiation price. Next, understand where program from page 62 collections can be lost in the system. Decide if other programs are growing exponentially and the expense it might cost the library. Or- several important takeaways: a shorter timeframe for implementation ganize journals and databases down to the cost per use. Be merciless may be preferable over a longer one; Alma is expected to mature over when it comes to expensive databases with a cost per use at $29.00 or the next year or two if a migration can wait; Ex Libris provides week- similar. Check into new models that acquire access like PDA, DDA, ly calls during migration and quick follow-up thereafter addressing and UDA. Prepare guidelines to cancelling and adding journals and concerns about system support; notes fields may not migrate well; databases. If one is cancelled is there another that could replace it at a Alma has strong workflow tools but don’t expect current workflow to cheaper price? Have open communication between programs. There transfer to Alma; some workflow improvements resulted but features are possibly funds available in different departments that could be al- in previous systems might not be present in Alma such as the ability located to the library for supplies and materials. Townson is part of a to interact with storage without intermediate software such as GFA; consortium and work closely with the other sixteen libraries to supply Alma upgrades monthly with fixes to that upgrade coming in the next materials and online resources. Relying on interlibrary loans and shar- week or so. This can cause confusion for staff who may be used to only ing collection development can help lower funds. Gilbert and Nolan periodic preplanned upgrades so it’s important to read the release notes; expressed open communication between everyone within the library, documentation has been improved; Alma is much more complex than consortium, and collection developments. Be exacting with funds and Voyager which is more compartmentalized; Alma has no predictive speak openly to fully understand where the money is being spent. It print serials check-in; Orbis-Cascade is a good model. will help in the long term to lower budget shortfalls, while still bringing in a well-developed collection. Making Institutional Repositories Work: From the Frontlines to the Future — Presented by David Scherer (Carnegie Mellon On the Premises and Beyond! Managing Copyright Policy in University); Barbara Tierney (University of Central Florida the Library through Institutional and Technological Change — Libraries); Burton Callicott (College of Charleston); Lee Presented by Brandy Karl (Pennsylvania State University) Dotson (University of Central Florida); Andrew Wesolek (Clemson University) Reported by: Lisa Hopkins (Texas A&M University-Central Texas) Reported by: Ramune K. Kubilius (Northwestern University, Galter Health Sciences Library) This clear, well-spoken, and engaging speaker (a copyright officer) focused on ways libraries can inform themselves about and protect This was a “one big happy family” panel that included editors of the themselves from copyright infringement. The emphasis of this pre- 2015 Charleston Insights publication, Making Institutional Repositories sentation was protecting the library and library staff from liability, not Work, and members of the University of Central Florida Libraries necessarily educating patrons, students, or faculty about copyright laws. STARS (Showcase of Text, Archives, Research & Scholarship, http:// She stressed the absolute necessity for libraries to have a copyright stars.library.ucf.edu) IR team. Coverage included platforms, policies, policy and spend time and energy enforcing that policy. There needs content recruitment, success measurement (especially through altmet- to be comprehensive placement of notices on all technology that can rics), case studies and closing remarks. Callicott provided research on reproduce equipment, and annual audits to ensure legibility and clarity of IRs for the book. Wesolek mentioned that data management and sharing those notices. Library staff must never ask what the faculty or students mandates from funders and an AAU memo can spur activity. Scherer intend to do with the book or article — adopt a “Don’t ask” policy for encouraged focus on the larger program, not the individual vessel. See protection. Karl also spoke about the special immunity that libraries it as a holistic model of services, with the IR being a keystone of the ser- have, in particular as it involves activities such as lending and interlibrary vice module. Tierney and Dotson described their institution’s librarian loan; at the same time, universities are seen as “deep pockets,” so to toolkit for IR marketing. They do environmental scans of departments. protect ourselves from potential lawsuits, libraries must place notices on During Q&A, it became apparent that some institutions have separate absolutely everything. Karl spent a little time outlining Fair Use and IRs (e.g., for special collections, data repository, digital commons), how it plays out in the university library, but gave links and resources with separate collection development policies and discovery tools to for further reading. She quickly went over risk versus reward, and connect (bridge) the IRs. It seemed common practice that depositors stressed doing a risk assessment for your library. enter basic information and libraries help with metadata. One couldn’t help but think of the challenges becoming opportunities, as optimisti- cally suggested in the baseball film, “Field of Dreams (“If you build it, Try, Try, Again: Better Faculty Outreach through Trial and they will come”)… Error — Presented by Sarah Schulman (Springer); Patti McCall (University of Central Florida); Michael Arthur (University of Alabama) Money, Money, Money…Or Not! — Presented by Deborah Nolan (Towson University); Mary Gilbert (Townson University) Reported by: Alison M. Armstrong (Radford University) Reported by: Ashley L. Ware (SLIS Student, University of South Carolina) When we think about connecting with faculty, we see the liaisons in a role between faculty and vendors. Arthur, currently the Head of This session discussed how to deal with budgets deficits, how to Resource Acquisition and Discovery at the University of Alabama plan for funding, and where to find information. Gilbert and Nolan and (formerly at the University of Central Florida) and McCall, the wanted to lay everything out on the table to explain the realities that Physical & Life Sciences Librarian at UCF teamed up with Schulman, libraries face with fiscal years showing a deficit and how to overcome an Account Development Specialist with Springer, to discuss ways in the challenges of finding money. The first step into “budget reality” was which librarians and vendor representatives can work together to reach showing explicit detail of collection funds, such as where the funds are out to faculty. Arthur and McCall were panelists and Schulman played allocated, how many fines and fees are collected, and any endowment the role of moderator and panelist. income. Emphasize access and support from the budget. It turns out An audience member said they were successful with meeting faculty that Townson University had a very large shortfall in funds. Gilbert for drinks. McCall agreed. Someone else in the audience suggested and Nolan created a system of understanding the budget to be able to wine and cheese events with faculty. ROI is a major focus as is more col- overcome these shortfalls. First, detail cost examples of staff, faculty, continued on page 64

Against the Grain / April 2016 63 real time data to compare library to library or system to system. It can And They Were There also be used for new programs for list checking and gap filling and to from page 63 support requests for additional funds. PASCAL, is high-density offsite storage. The materials that are there laboration, particularly across departments. One idea is setting material are there to stay and have been identified as last copies. funds aside for new faculty in addition to their usual departmental funds. The session was informative, engaging, and well attended. It was interesting to hear about collaborations between librarians and vendors reaching out to faculty and students, however, the sales pitch information detracted from what I think we could have learned Text & Data Mining Contracts – The Issues & The Needs — in this session. Presented by: Meg White (Facilitator, Rittenhouse Book Distrib- utors); Nancy Herther (Moderator, University of Minnesota); THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2015 Alicia Wise (Elsevier); Daniel Dollar (Yale University Library); AFTERNOON NEAPOLITAN SESSIONS Darby Orcutt (North Carolina State University Libraries)

Reported by: Ramune K. Kubilius (Northwestern University, Innovations in Open Access Monographs, Archives and Galter Health Sciences Library) Journals — Presented by Rick Anderson (University of Utah); Brian Hole (Ubiquity Press); David Parker (Alexander Reference was made to an Elsevier video, “What is Text Mining?,” Street); Alison Mudditt (University of California Press); Jack (bit.ly/1R18C1U), and the LIBER text and mining Website (http:// Montgomery (Facilitator, Western Kentucky University) libereurope.eu/text-data-mining/). Dollar jump-started the presentation with a reminder that the purpose of scholarship is to understand a large Reported by: Crystal Hampson (University of Saskatchewan) corpus of information and that challenges include legal (licensing), pricing, and access issues. The inability to mine is a type of embargo (restriction) on using content. Library support is needed especially for Mudditt opened this inspiring session on alternative models of the humanities (more than STM). Digital Humanities Centers can bridge OA publishing by describing the context for monographs publishing gaps on making raw data interoperable for humanists. Per Wise, libraries where the transition to open access is happening at the same time as and publishers work together to support researchers. She highlighted the transition to digital Open access fits UC Press’ mission to democ- Elsevier’s aims to provide services beyond content (e.g., its SDM de- ratize content and disseminate scholarship. However, OA models for velopment portal) and a timeline in this arena since 2006. Researcher STM journals (disciplines with large research grants) do not fit the challenges abound in differing support requirements by discipline and humanities reality. Mudditt described UC Press’ Luminos model expertise (early adopters needed to write their own code), legal (e.g., for OA book publishing. Contributions are made from the author’s user privacy), and financial. Orcutt mentioned his institution’s mining institution, a subsidy from its library, a subsidy from UC Press and colloquium and mentioned vendor and library push me/pull me chal- revenue from print sales. Authors want to be read, not just published. lenges and misunderstandings on capacities, siloed content, librarians’ UC Press hopes to demonstrate that OA can be better than traditional expectations (a lot at no additional cost) vs vendors’ thinking (that monographs. Hole described the of Humanities platform, everyone needs customized service). “Mining” implies new support a very cost efficient platform supported as a charitable organization, and new roles. The first step is to advocate for basic access (BAM- the publishing without article processing charges for authors. OLH hopes Basic Access Model). Questions to panelists abounded and responses to create a global community of humanities publishing. Publishing can highlighted the spectrum of users and their needs: those who just need be cheaper. Parker described archival OA publishing using two models: the data, those with an interest in getting into mining, and those who government or institution funded, and the sales threshold model which need hand holding. One (idealistic?) hope expressed: vendors should has delayed OA. An example is Anthropology Commons, which has consider price at scale with support for users at all levels (i.e., high-end delayed OA, 10% of sales contributed to sponsor future OA publishing, researchers don’t need dumbed down systems for mining). and underwriting by some contributors. That’s all the reports we have room for in this issue. Watch for Shared Print in the Orbis Cascade Alliance and Colorado more reports from the 2015 Charleston Conference in upcoming Alliance — Presented by Charles Watkinson (Facilitator, issues of Against the Grain. Presentation material (PowerPoint University of Michigan); Xan Arch (Reed College); James slides, handouts) and taped session links from many of the 2015 Bunnelle (Lewis & Clark College); Jill Emery (Portland sessions are available online. Visit the Conference Website at www. State University); Yem Fong (University of Colorado Boulder charlestonlibraryconference.com. — KS Libraries); Michael Levine-Clark (University of Denver); George Machovec (Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries)

Report by: Alison M. Armstrong (Radford University) Pelikan’s Antidisambiguation from page 59

The Orbis Cascade Alliance presenters were Arch, Bunnelle, and required it, if high enough on some list, have been updated, have re- Emery. Their top priorities are cooperative collection development, ceived the new encoding, and have been re-downloaded, and hence the pooling resources, and space reclamation. There was a collective pur- “New” label. The notion of updates and soft editions like this has been chase of 1,000 volumes of 19th Century British Parliamentary Papers lauded in the past as a quality with potential, made possible in an e-text they wanted to weed. Several lessons were learned: print documentation environment. It’s nice to see examples of such improvements appearing is never complete and always have an exit strategy. They made a joint not just in somebody’s imagination, but in the wild. purchase of the e-version. The next step is to decide who, if any of So, “Horses for courses!” It’s alright to have different devices for them, will keep the print. different applications. It’s just like different pens, or lenses, or brushes, The Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries presenters were for different settings. And hooray for settings, enabling us to go ahead Fong, Levine-Clark, and Machovec. The impetus for their shared and set the typeface we’d like to render a particular work in. And three print program was based on space, a strong ILL system, eBooks, and cheers for the drive to improve, to refine a product, to bring it closer to storage facilities. They have designated copies to hold and others to the ideal that inspired its first expression, to be focused upon making weed to protect last copies. Their comparison tool, Gold Rush, can use the next take the best take, the keeper.

64 Against the Grain / April 2016 Charleston Comings and Goings: News and Announcements for the Charleston Library Conference by Leah Hinds (Assistant Conference Director)

pring has sprung here in South Caroli- we’re excited to see his vision for a talk in We would be happy to work with you on an na! The azaleas are in full bloom, the Charleston. The conference directors have early registration option. Sweather is getting warmer, cars and approached Gary Price, of porches are covered in yellow pollen, and InfoDOCKET, following everyone (at least everyone without pollen his presentation with the allergies) is eager to get outside and soak up Long Arm of the Law panel some sunshine. last year, to head up a pro- We are excited to announce that the 2016 gram that would take the Call for Papers is now open! Do you have current pulse of the industry ideas, challenges, solutions, or information and focus on the key, cutting to share? We’re seeking proposals on top- edge issues, trends, and ics related to collection development and initiatives that are poised acquisitions, including, but not limited to: to have major consequences analysis and assessment, budgeting, dis- and require the profession’s covery, digital scholarship, end users/use attention. Another contri- statistics, management/leadership, library bution from Ann Okerson, Charleston Vendor Showcase entrepreneurship, professional development, Senior Advisor on Electron- scholarly communication, and technology ic Strategies for the Center for Research Around the same time that registration and trends. The proposal deadline is Friday, Libraries, is a “Shark Tank-like” session for opens, contracts and information for the 2016 July 15. The Charleston entrepreneurs and start-up ideas. I’ll be Charleston Vendor Showcase will be made Conference wishes to sure to keep everyone posted as these available by email. The brilliant and always on- provide opportunities for and other plenary sessions develop in point Toni Nix manages the Showcase, so if you everyone to be heard. We the coming months. aren’t already on her contact list you need to get encourage proposals that Do you “like” the Charleston in there now so you don’t miss out! Email her include representation Conference? Have you “liked” us on at . Spaces are from the different view- Facebook or followed us on Twitter? sold on a first come, first served basis, and they points and stakeholders Lately, we always sell out super quickly! The Showcase in the scholarly communi- have made will be held this year on Wednesday, Novem- cations process, so please it a priority ber 2, from 10:30 am - 6:00 pm in the Francis consider the diversity of to be more Marion Hotel. See http://www.charlestonli- braryconference.com/conference-info/events/ your panel. Also, please R. David Lankes transparent and communicate more note that conference ses- frequently both through social media, vendor-showcase/ for a list of 2015 exhibitors, sions are meant for librarians, publishers, email, and here in this column. So, if you a showcase map, and more information. and vendors to discuss issues of interest to haven’t already, check us out on Facebook Last, but not least, the Call for Precon- them all. They are not an opportunity for or Twitter to keep up to date with all our ferences prior to the main conference is up marketing products announcements, news, local Charleston info, and will close short- or services. and more. ly. We’ve already We have several Videos of all of the 2015 Plenary and got some fantastic ideas percolating Neapolitan sessions, plus eight wonderful- proposals for these and tentative ple- ly awesome “Views from the Penthouse preconferences, nary speakers in Suite” interviews from Against the Grain, sessions on linked the works! Rumor are available on the Conference’s YouTube data, legal issues in has it that R. Da- channel (http://www.youtube.com/user/ libraries, understand- vid Lankes will be charlestonconference) and on the Conference ing the library mar- making an appear- Website (http://www.charlestonlibrarycon- ket, data curation, Megan Kilb ance in Charleston ference.com/video/). If you weren’t able to and more. Megan following his ap- frantically make notes on all of Kilb and Rebecca Vargha, UNC Kalev Leetaru pointment as direc- the great ideas, quotes, and data Chapel Hill, will be leading the tor and associate dean in the College of Infor- that were shared on site, you can Acquisitions Bootcamp preconfer- mation and Communications now review these talks ence. 2016 Preconferences will be at University of South Caro- at your leisure. held Monday, October 31 through lina’s School of Library and Registration for Wednesday, November 2. If you Information Science. We’ve the 2016 Charleston have an idea for a preconference also been in conversation Conference will offi- workshop, please use the proposal with Kalev Leetaru, Senior cially open on Mon- form on the Conference Website or Fellow, Center for Cyber & email me about it. day, June 6. If you Rebecca Vargha Homeland Security, George have a situation re- That’s it for now. As always, Washington University, quiring you to spend fiscal year- please feel free to contact me or any of our Google Developer Expert, end funds prior to this time, please Conference Directors (http://www.charleston- Google Cloud Platform, and contact Sharna Williams, our libraryconference.com/about/conference-di- Featured Voice / Columnist, Conference Registrar, at . questions, etc. We’d love to hear from you!

Against the Grain / April 2016 65 Don’s Conference Notes Column Editor: Donald T. Hawkins (Freelance Conference Blogger and Editor) Data Sparks Discovery: The 2016 NFAIS that “T-shaped” skills (boundary-crossing competencies in many areas coupled with in-depth knowledge of at least one discipline or Annual Conference system) are required. Column Editor’s Note: Because of space limitations, this is an A look at job listings at www.linkedin.com/jobs/data-engineer-jobs abridged version of my report on this conference. You can read the full (or data-scientist-jobs) and indeed.com provides a picture of how article which includes descriptions of additional sessions at http://www. strong the demand for such professionals is. According to Miller, there are two types of data scientist: human data scientists who advise busi- against-the-grain.com/2016/04/v28-2-dons-conference-notes/. — DTH nesses, and machine data scientists who write advanced algorithms. bout 150 information professionals assembled in Philadelphia on Data Usage Practices February 21-23 for the 58th NFAIS Annual Conference, which Courtney Soderberg from the Center for Open Science said that a Ahad the theme “Data Sparks Discovery of Tomorrow’s Global reproducibility crisis is occurring in science, and the literature is not as Knowledge.” The meeting featured the usual mix of plenary addresses reproducible as we would like to believe. Journals and funders have and panel discussions, the always popular Miles Conrad Memorial therefore implemented data sharing policies and are mandating that Lecture (see sidebar), and a well-received “Shark Tank Shootout,” in authors publish their raw data. The Center for Open Science is working which representatives of four startup companies were asked a series of to increase openness, reproducibility, and transparency in science. It probing questions by a panel of judges. has built an open source space (see http://osf.io) where scientists can Opening Keynote: Preparing the Next Generation manage their projects, store files, and do research. It is important to make it easy to share data, and not require researchers to invest time for the Cognitive Era learning how to do it. Steven Miller, Data Maestro in the IBM Analytics Group, opened Lisa Federer, an “Informationist” at the National Institutes of Health his keynote address by noting that data is transforming industries (NIH) Library, said that many definitions of “Big Data” revolve around and professions, and the demand for data engineers is skyrocketing. the four “Vs”: New data-based professions such as “data • Velocity (the speed of gathering data), scientist,” “data engineer,” “data policy professional,” and even “chief data officer” • Variety (many types of data), are emerging. The Internet of Things and • Volume (a lot of it), and software analytics have been significant • Veracity (good data). drivers in the emergence of data-based Faster and cheaper technology and an increase in “born digital” professions and services, for example: data are also providing new roles for librarians to assist researchers • The Uber ride-sharing service uses who have never before been required to share their data.1 NIH has GPS data to determine where a car is created a publicly available planning tool to help researchers create and how long it will take to arrive at data management plans that meet funders’ requirements, (see http:// the customer’s location. dmptool.org) and the NIH library has developed a comprehensive guide to data services resources (http://nihlibrary.campusguides.com/ • Trimet, the rapid transit system Steven Miller in Portland, OR, has teamed with dataservices). Google to integrate real-time transit data with Google Maps, Managing Data and Establishing Appropriate Policies allowing smartphone users to easily plan their journeys. (See bit.ly/trimetandgoogle) Heather Joseph, Executive Director of the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) said that data policy de- • HackOregon is transforming public data into knowledge; for velopment is an evolutionary and iterative process involving the entire example, large sets of geology data are used in a system to research community. It is focused on four major areas: help Oregon residents plan for possible future earthquakes (bit.ly/after-shock). 1. Policy drivers. U.S. funders invest up to $60 billion a year in research to achieve specific outcomes, which require free • London has become the leading city working with open data access to the research results and the data. The London Datastore (http://data.london.gov.uk/) provides 2. Policy precedents and developments. The Open Data Exec- access to wide range of over 500 data sets about London. utive Order, issued in 2013 by President Obama, mandated • Kabbage (https://www.kabbage.com) has helped over 100,000 open and machine-readable data as the default for all govern- small business owners qualify for loans or lines of credit and ment information, and a subsequent Public Access Directive has redefined the process of obtaining business loans. begins to lay out the rules for accessing data. • NewRelic (http://newrelic.com/) uses predictive analytics to 3. Emergence of research data policies. Today, three years after monitor and analyze software applications and warn devel- the Executive Order, draft or final policy plans have become opers about overloads and potential outages. available for 14 federal agencies. • Many cities are now embedding smart sensors in roadways, 4. Policies supporting a robust research environment. Reiter- buildings, waterways, etc. to send and receive data, thus ation of evolutionary policy development, consistent policy improving their services. tracking, and regular input are vital to promoting a reasonable • IBM’s Watson for Oncology (http://www.ibm.com/smarter- level of standardization. planet/us/en/ibmwatson/health/) system combines patient Anita De Waard, VP, Research Data Collaborations at Elsevier, data with large volumes of medical literature to deliver evi- discussed the research data life cycle that was developed at Jisc.2 dence-based suggestions to oncologists. Important steps in the lifecycle and Elsevier’s involvement include: Obviously, in all these systems, confidence and trust in the data are • Collection and capture of data and sharing of protocols at critical. Many companies have failed in their responsibility to protect the moment of capture. De Waard mentioned Hivebench data, resulting in significant breaches. (https://www.hivebench.com/), a unified electronic notebook Data is a core business asset, but few colleges have courses in allowing a researcher to collaborate with colleagues, share data policy skills. In today’s cognitive era, everyone must become data, and easily export it to a publication system. data literate and be able to manage and analyze data. Miller said continued on page 67 66 Against the Grain / April 2016 chains, multiple versions of the same document, reference maintenance Don’s Conference Notes problems, and lengthy revision times. Now, documents can be stored from page 66 in the cloud and managed by Overleaf, so most of these problems are removed. Some journals are now receiving up to 15% of their • Data rescue. Much data is unavailable because it is hidden submissions from Overleaf. (such as in desk drawers). Elsevier has sponsored the Inter- Etsimo (http://www.etsimo.com) is a cloud-based visual con- national Data Rescue Award to draw attention to this problem tent discovery platform combining an intelligent search engine and stimulate recovery of such data. and an interactive visual interface to a document collection. In • Publishing software. Elsevier’s open access SoftwareX jour- traditional (“lookup”) searching, the user’s intent is captured only nal (http://www.journals.elsevier.com/softwarex/) supports the in the initial query, so the query must be reformulated if revisions publication of software developed in research projects. are needed. Etsimo works with keywords in a full-text index • Management and storage of data. Mendeley and GitHub and uses artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning to create provide versioning and provenance. connections in the content. A demonstration is available at http:// • Linking between articles and data sets will allow a researcher wikipedia.etsimo.com. to identify data sets in repositories. Data sets must therefore Meta (http://meta.com/) is a scientific knowledge network be given their own DOIs which will allow them to be linked powered by machine intelligence that seeks to solve some of the to articles. common problems caused by the current flood of scholarly articles. Larry Alexander, Executive Director of the Center for Visual It is powered by the world’s largest knowledge graph and is cou- and Decision Informatics (VDI) at Drexel University, said that the pled with ontologies to unlock the information in scientific articles. Center has a visualization and big data analytics focus and supports Researchers can receive recommendations and discover unknown research in visualization techniques, visual interfaces, and high articles or historical landmark articles based on the concepts and performance data management strategies. Some of its noteworthy people they follow. Bibliometric intelligence can be integrated into results include: author workflows, which provides significant benefits to all parties • Exploration of the volume and velocity of data streams in a in the publication process. 3D environment, Creating Value for External Institutions and Systems • Analysis of crime data in Chicago to find hot spots and how James King, from the NIH library, described its vision to be the they change, premier provider of information solutions by enabling discovery • Prediction of flu hot spots using environmental conditions through its “Informationist” program (see http://nihlibrary.nih.gov/ (temperature, sun exposure, etc.), Services/Pages/Informationists.aspx), in which information profes- • A gap analysis of U.S. patents to predict where new break- sionals are embedded into NIH workflows to focus on delivering throughs would occur, and knowledge-based solutions. • Mining of PLoS ONE articles to determine popularity of A unique feature of the Informationist program is its custom infor- software use. mation services: a “Geek Squad” that provides support to informa- tionists by offering digitization of government publications, database New Data Opportunities access via APIs, and consulting services. Ann Michael, President of the consulting firm Delta Think, kicked off the second day by saying that anything to do with data How Readers Discover Content in is a new career opportunity. Publishing and media businesses are Scholarly Publications leveraging data today. Article impacts have become more import- At the members-only lunch, Simon Inger ant; companies such as Plum Analytics and Altmetrics are in the presented the results of a large survey that business of providing usage data for journal articles, and Springer’s stemmed from the recognition that search Bookmetrix does the same for books. Other systems provide different and discovery do not happen in the same applications; for example: silo. For journals, there are many ways • Impact Vizor from HighWire Press (http://blog.highwire. of discovering articles. For example, this org/tag/impact-vizor/) looks at analytics of rejected articles figure shows how some academic readers and helps publishers decide if it would be worthwhile to start might navigate to various incarnations of a new journal to accommodate them; the publisher’s article. Simon Inger • UberResearch (http://www.uberresearch.com) builds decision support systems for science funding organizations; • The New York Times uses predictive algorithms to increase sales and engagement (it is careful to emphasize that such data are not used to make editorial decisions); • RedLink (https://redlink.com) helps marketing and sales teams at academic publishers focus on the needs of their customers; and • Tamr (http://www.tamr.org) connects, cleans, and catalogs disparate data so that it can be used effectively throughout organizations to enhance productivity. Building Value Through a Portfolio of Software and Systems Three entrepreneurs followed Michael and described their prod- ucts for using data. Overleaf (http://www.overleaf.com) provides a set of writing, reviewing, and publishing tools for collaborators and removes many of the frustrations that authors experience, especially when articles have many of them. Many articles today have more than one international author, and the traditional way of collaboration was to email versions of documents to them, which leads to long email continued on page 68

Against the Grain / April 2016 67 Further observations Don’s Conference Notes • Many free discovery resources, like PubMed and Google from page 67 Scholar, are used less in poorer countries. • Use of mobile devices is increasing, but smartphone use remains marginal in most territories: greatest use is in low- income countries. • Publisher Websites are becoming a more popular place to do a search. It is important to note that publishers always report that they receive more traffic from Google than from Google Scholar, but traffic from Google Scholar typically comes from link resolvers which are not the original source of the research. Understanding the origins of reader navigation helps publishers, libraries, indexing organizations, and technology companies optimize their products for different sectors across the world. Globalization and Internationalization of Content James Testa, VP Emeritus, Thomson Reuters, noted that the ten countries with significant growth in journal coverage in the Web of Science (WoS) database each added at least 40 journals to their coverage in the last ten years. China, Spain, and Brazil have all increased their coverage; coverage of Turkish journals has grown from 4 to 67 journals; and China has quadrupled its annual output to about 275,000 articles in 2015. Here are his interpretations of this data: • Many obscure journals were revealed with the introduction of the Internet, and the WoS user base became more inter- nationally diverse, so Thomson Reuters began to add more journals to its coverage. • Australia is ranked first of those journals by citation impact, probably because its journals all publish in English. • By citation impact, Chinese journals rank in 7th place, which is an indication of their lower quality. Chinese authors receive rewards for publishing in journals covered by the WoS, but their articles tend to be shallow in inventiveness and origi- nality. • Serious side effects of globalization include the practice of rewarding scholars disproportionately for publishing in high-impact journals, a lower regard for peer review, and excessive self-citations. • Major progress in communication of scholarly results has been achieved, but efforts to gain higher rankings by unethical behavior are suspect. • Secondary publishers must demonstrate that their procedures to remove questionable entries from their publications are However, publishers cannot get a complete picture of access to effective. their content because they can see only the last referring Website; in contrast, libraries can view the complete access paths of the users, as Stacy Olkowski, Senior Product Manager at Thomson Reuters said these diagrams show. that patents contain extremely valuable technical information; the claims are like recipes in a . Some 70% of the information in patents Inger’s consulting company conducted a large survey of read- cannot be found anywhere else in the research literature. Patents are er navigation in 2015 to gain a view of the importance of access more than just technical documents and can provide answers to market- channels to information publishers and buyers. About two million ing and business information questions. Focusing on China, Olkowski invitations were sent to potential respondents, and 40,000 responses said that there has been an incredible growth in the numbers of papers were received from all over the world (there was even one from the being published in Chinese journals, and the same trend has occurred French Southern and Antarctic Lands!). Literally millions of hy- with Chinese patents. The Chinese government initially questioned potheses can be tested using an analytical tool. Sponsors will receive whether they should establish a patent office, but they did so in 1984, access to the full set of data and the analytical tool; a summary of and now it is first in the world in numbers of patent applications with the main conclusions is freely available at http://sic.pub/discover. an annual growth rate of about 12.5%. About 85% of the applications Here are some of the findings: to the Chinese patent office are from Chinese nationals. Since 2003, Headlines the Chinese government has been paying people to apply for patents. • A&Is show decline in search importance, but still #1 in ag- Donald Samulack, President of U.S. Operations for Editage (http:// gregate in STEM across all sectors www.editage.com), presented a concerning picture of the globalization • Academic researchers rate library discovery as high as A&Is of the Chinese published literature. He said that Western publication (in high-income countries) practices have typically been built on trust and rigorous peer review, but there has been a tsunami of articles from China, and there is an entre- • Academic researchers rate Google Scholar #1 preneurial element of commerce in every part of Asian society, which • Over half of article downloads are free versions — PubMed has led to an erosion of this trust and honesty. There are irresponsible Central a major factor and in some cases predatory commercial elements in Asia that prey on • ToC alerts in decline facets of the Chinese publication process, such as authorship for sale • Increased role for social media in discovery (see http://scipaper.net), plagiarism, writing and data fraud, paper mills, continued on page 69 68 Against the Grain / April 2016 Don’s Conference Notes The Miles Conrad Memorial Lecture from page 68 Long time attendees at NFAIS annual meetings will know hijacked and look-alike journals, and organizations that sell fake impact that the Miles Conrad Memorial Lecture, given in honor of factors and misleading article metrics. Without appropriate guidance one of the founders of NFAIS, is regarding publication ethics and good publication practices, Chinese the highest honor bestowed by the researchers fall prey to these scams. Federation. This year’s lecturer In response to unethical practices that led to the retraction of many was Deanna Marcum, Managing articles by Chinese authors, the China government has recently issued a Director of Ithaka S+R (http:// policy of standard conduct in international publication. According to Sam- www.sr.ithaka.org/), who was ulack, some scientists have been removed from their academic positions previously Associate Librarian for and forced to repay grant money to the government. He and others have Library Services at the Library of proposed the formation of a Coalition for Responsible Publication Re- Congress. She presented an out- sources (CRPR, http://www.rprcoalition.org/) to recognize publishers and standing and challenging lecture on vendors that are “vetted as conducting themselves and providing services the need for leadership changes in in alignment with current publishing guidelines and ethical practices, as Deanna Marcum academic libraries in today’s digi- certified through an audit process...” so that authors can readily identify tal age. The complete transcript responsible publication resources. Articles describing efforts to combat of Marcum’s lecture is available on the NFAIS Website at unethical publication activities been published in Science, Nature, and on https://nfais.memberclicks.net/assets/docs/MilesConradLec- the Editage Website (http://www.editage.com/insights/china-takes-stern- tures/2016_marcum.pdf. steps-against-those-involved-in-author-misconduct). Marcum said we have moved beyond simply providing support for searches and are educating students on Web Shark Tank Shoot Out technologies; all libraries are digital now, so they have be- The final day of theNFAIS meeting began with a very informative come leaders in the digital revolution. But there is more session in which four entrepreneurs briefly described their companies to do; academic libraries must make dramatic changes, and and products and then were subjected to questioning by three judges: a different kind of leadership is necessary, especially at the James Phimister, VP, ProQuest Information Solutions; Kent An- executive level. derson, Founder, Caldera Publishing Solutions; and Christopher According to Marcum, most academic library executives Wink, Co-Founder, Technical.ly. The questions were very intense and have at least one foot in the print world and have been trained probing and mainly centered around the companies’ business models to focus on local collections. However, a national and global (they reminded me of the process one goes through when taking oral mindset is essential, which requires a different kind of lead- exams for a PhD degree!). Here are summaries of the four companies. ership. Marcum applied 10 practices of digital leaders that • Expernova (http://en.expernova.com/) finds an expert to solve were found in a study of successful digital organizations3 to a problem by accessing a database of global expertise that the library profession: contains profiles of 10 million experts and 55 million collabo- 1. Build a comprehensive digital strategy that can be rations. shared repeatedly. Users need immediate access to • Penelope (http://www.peneloperesearch.com/) reviews article electronic information. manuscripts, detects errors such as missing figures or incorrect 2. Embed digital literacy across the organization. Li- references, and checks for logical soundness, statistics, etc. to brarians must know as much about digital resources eliminate errors and shorten review times. as they do about print ones. • Authorea (https://www.authorea.com/) is collaborative writing 3. Renew a focus on business fundamentals. We must platform for research. It contains an editor for mathematics integrate digital and legacy resources to give curren- equations, makes it easy to add citations, comments, etc., and cy to our mission. provides 1-click formatting to create and export a PDF of the 4. Embrace new rules of customer engagement. Us- completed article. A selection of published articles written on ers are now in control and can decide what is most Authorea is available at https://www.authorea.com/browse. important and how much it is worth. • ResearchConnection (https://researchconnection.com/) is a 5. Understand global differences in how people access centralized database of university research information that and use the internet. We must provide services to a allows students to search for prospective mentors and is search- widely diverse population. able by location, university, and subject. Its target market is 6. Develop the organization’s data skills. Leaders the top 200 U.S. universities and 3 million students seeking must rely on data-driven decisions instead of past advisors and applying to graduate schools. practices. At the end of the session, the judges declared Authorea the winner of 7. Focus on the customer experience. Design services the shoot out because of its network potential, freemium business model, from the customer’s perspective; there is no “one and likelihood of attracting investors. size fits all.” Leveraging Data to Build Tomorrow’s 8. Develop leaders with skill sets that bridge digital Information Business and traditional expertise. Help staff on both sides of the digital divide see the value the other brings. Marjorie Hlava, President, Access Innovations, said there are three levels of artificial intelligence (AI): 9. Pay attention to cultural fit when recruiting digital leaders. Minimize silos and focus on customers. 1. Artificial narrow intelligence is limited to a single task like Empower leaders who can advance digital objectives playing chess; in an inspirational rather than a threatening way. 2. Artificial general intelligence can perform any intellectual task 10. Understand the motivations of top talent. Make it that a human can; and attractive to remain with the organization by making 3. Artificial superintelligence, in which the machine is smarter sure that there is excitement in the library. than a human, is the realm of science fiction and implies that Libraries are at a pivotal point now, and survival depends the computer has some social skills. on becoming a node in a national and international ecosystem. The major AI technologies include computational linguistics, automat- Information needs are enormous and vast; digital technology ed language processing (natural language processing, co-occurrence, and has opened the doors for us. continued on page 70 Against the Grain / April 2016 69 impact on our information systems. He presented illustrations in the Don’s Conference Notes context of video games, which are designed to cater to players’ emotions from page 69 by using their motivations. Extrinsic motivations come from outside of us; we experience them when we choose to use a service. But the real inference engines, text analytics, and automatic indexing), and automatic motivations that drive us are intrinsic: translation. Semantics underlie all these systems which work more • Mastery: the desire to be good, or competence, accurately with a dictionary or taxonomy. • Autonomy: the desire to be the agent in your life, set your Access Innovations is pushing the edges of AI and is developing goals, and reach them, and practical applications for publishers. Support for Level 1 AI includes concepts, automatic indexing, and discovery. Semantic normalization • Relatedness: the desire to connect and find one’s place in the tells us what the content is about, so we can now issue verbal com- community. mands, retrieve relevance results, filter for relevance to the requester, Photos of some of the attendees at the meeting are available on the and sometimes give answers. NFAIS Facebook page. The 2017 NFAIS meeting will be in Alexandria, Expert System (http://www.expertsystem.com/) develops soft- VA on February 26-28, 2017. ware that understands the meaning of written language. Its CEO, Daniel Mayer, said that publishers have enormous archives of un- structured content and are looking for ways to exploit it and turn it Donald T. Hawkins is an information industry freelance writer into products. They want to help users find information based in Pennsylvania. In addition to blogging and faster and easier, focus on the most relevant content, find writing about conferences for Against the Grain, insights, and make better decisions. Faceted search, a he blogs the Computers in Libraries and Internet recurring feature of online information products is sup- Librarian conferences for Information Today, Inc. ported by taxonomies and offers users an efficient way to (ITI) and maintains the Conference Calendar on access information. Content recommendation engines let the ITI Website (http://www.infotoday.com/calen- users discover things unknown to them using AI technol- dar.asp). He is the Editor of Personal Archiving ogies. The end goal is to provide a faster way of getting (Information Today, 2013) and Co-Editor of Public to an answer, not just to the content. Knowledge: Access and Benefits (Information Today, C. Lee Giles, Professor at Pennsylvania State University, 2016). He holds a Ph.D. degree from the University defined scholarly big data as all academic or research documents, of California, Berkeley and has worked in the online such as journal and conference papers, books, theses, reports, and their information industry for over 40 years. related data. The CiteSeerX system (http:// csxstatic.ist.psu.edu/about) has a digital library and search engine for computer and Endnotes information science literature and provides 1. See Federer’s article, “Data literacy training needs of biomedical resources to create digital libraries in other researchers,” J Med. Libr. Assoc., 104(1): 52-7 (January 2016), avail- subjects. It can extract data from tables, able at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4722643/. Also see http://data.library.virginia.edu/data-management/lifecycle/, which figures, and formulas in articles. describes the data management lifecycle and roles librarians can play. Closing Keynote: AI and the 2. “How and why you should manage your research data: a guide for researchers,” https://www.jisc.ac.uk/guides/how-and-why-you-should- Future of Trust manage-your-research-data. Stephane Bura, Co-Founder, Weave 3. http://www.slideshare.net/oscarmirandalahoz/pagetalent-30-solv- (http://www.weave.ai/) said that trust is a ing-the-digital-leadership-challenge-a-global-perspectives guiding principle and will have the most Stephane Bura

Changing Library Operations — Conclusions from Consortial Demand-Driven eBook Pilot at the University of California Column Editors: Allen McKiel (Dean of Library Services, Western Oregon University) and Jim Dooley (Head of Collection Services, University of California, Merced)

ne constant over the last several years has review of Academic E-Books: Publishers, versity of California, San Francisco (UCSF) been library experimentation with var- Librarians, and Users in the December which is exclusively a graduate health and life Oious eBook acquisition models. While 2015-January 2016 issue of Against the Grain sciences campus. Central administration of the the majority of these experiments have involved quotes some statistics for the UC pilot from pilot was performed by the California Digital individual libraries, some, most notably by the August 2014. In the interest of providing a Library (CDL), a unit of the University of Cal- Orbis-Cascade Alliance, have involved consor- complete picture, this column will report the ifornia Office of the President. YBP profiled tia. As a result of the experience of the Alliance results of the full two years of the pilot and the titles to be included in the discovery pool with a consortial Demand-Driven Acquisitions discuss next steps. and managed the deposit account. Titles were (DDA) program, the University of California The details of the structure and organiza- purchased after three Short Term Loans (STLs). (UC) Libraries decided in 2013 to implement tion of the pilot can be found in the June 2014 When a purchase was triggered either three or a systemwide DDA pilot with ebrary and YBP. “Changing Library Operations” column. four copies of that title were acquired to provide The pilot began in January 2014 and ended on Briefly, the pilot involved 63 university press access for all nine participating UC campuses. December 31, 2015. publishers and was limited to social science The number of copies acquired was based on This column in the June 2014 issue of and humanities (not including art) titles with historic average systemwide print purchases per Against the Grain reported on the first four publication years between 2010 and 2015. All title per individual publisher. months of the pilot. Michael Zeoli, in his UC campuses participated except for the Uni- continued on page 71

70 Against the Grain / April 2016 Another frequently raised concern with DDA when the situation deteriorated to the point that Changing Library Operations plans is usage of eBooks after purchase. As the SCP was required to download records from page 70 stated above, 415 titles were purchased during directly from WorldCat for distribution. the assessment period. Total aggregated usage During the pilot participating libraries In December 2015 the task force formed to of these titles after purchase was 440,524 uses. decided not to try to de-duplicate print acqui- conduct the pilot prepared a detailed assessment Each of the 415 titles had post-purchase usage, sitions against the eBooks in the pilot although of results through October 2015. This column ranging from fewer than 100 uses (94 titles) this would have been an issue had the pilot will focus on the results of this assessment to over 10,000 uses (4 titles). Over half of the continued as a permanent program. Campuses supplemented by some additional data through purchased titles (224 titles) ranged between 100- with local eBook DDA plans already in place December 2015. 500 post-purchase uses. Since the pilot provided reported the lowest duplication numbers. This The principal finding of the assessment was a fixed number of copies rather than unlimited may be due to these campuses having already that the pilot was successful in testing a system- simultaneous usage, turnaways occurred when reduced print acquisitions in favor of eBooks. wide eBook DDA model for the University of the number of concurrent users was exceeded. YBP introduced a method for de-duplicating California. The nine participating campuses During the pilot there were 685 turnaways local print approval plans against the system- and CDL demonstrated that they could work involving 114 titles. wide DDA profile in fall 2014. However, together to plan and implement such a pilot. During the assessment period purchases according to YBP, 50% of eBooks currently Access to titles from 63 university presses was occurred mainly in Social Sciences (111 titles) significantly lag the publication of their print provided to nine UC campuses at a systemwide and History (81 titles) although purchases also counterparts. Thus it is still possible for a large cost of $27.57 per purchased title, per campus. occurred in Literary Criticism, Political Science, number of print titles acquired through local Beyond experimenting with a particular busi- Business and Law. Within Social Sciences the approval plans to be received before the elec- ness model, another purpose of the pilot was to most popular subject was Sociology/General tronic version is available. Individual libraries test campus interest in eBooks in the Humanities followed by Anthropology/Cultural. varied as to whether they de-duplicated their lo- and Social Sciences. The usage data show that Before the pilot actually began, the first issue cal e-DDA plans against the systemwide pilot. interest is high, particularly in Social Sciences to be addressed was that of publisher willingness At the conclusion of the pilot the task force (general) and in History. Although the pilot to participate. Of the 193 international univer- managing the pilot made two principal rec- included titles published between 2010 and sity presses available on the ebrary platform in ommendations that have been adopted. First, 2015, usage was concentrated in titles published 2013, only 63 agreed to participate in the UC the scope of the task force has been expanded in 2013 and 2014. pilot when contacted by ebrary. The task force beyond the implementation of a DDA pilot An initial concern was that a majority of the managing the pilot was explicit that it wanted to using STLs to include other models of eBook funds would be expended on Short Term Loans test the use of STLs, so a reasonable assumption acquisition; in recognition of this expanded to provide access rather than on purchases to would be that those publishers scope the task force has been renamed build research collections. Given the way the that declined to participate did the Emerging E-Book Models Task pilot was structured, this concern proved un- so because of an objection to the Force. This signifies a general founded. Within the pilot the STL costs were use of STLs rather than to DDA recognition within the UC Li- 16% of the budget compared to 84% spent on in general. This assumption braries that eBooks have become purchases. This result was skewed to some ex- may be tested in future projects sufficiently important to require tent due to the multiplier of three or four when employing different models. In at least a semi-permanent body to a title was purchased. Presumably a different any event, slightly less than one-third of the investigate, monitor, recommend, and in some business model could have produced different university press publishers contacted agreed cases implement systemwide eBook programs. proportions of spending on STLs vs. purchases. to participate in the pilot. A small number of In 2013 the UC Libraries published an During the twelve-month period between publishers were participating in DDA programs E-Book Value Statement http://libraries.uni- September 23, 2014 and September 28, 2015 with other vendors and were therefore not avail- versityofcalifornia.edu/groups/files/cdc/docs/ there were 2,538 STLs and 415 titles pur- able to participate in the UC pilot with ebrary. UC_Libraries_E-Book_Value_Statement.pdf chased out of a discovery pool of 4,378 titles. Another publisher-related issue is that 30% detailing the aspirational goals toward which Purchased titles were 9% of the available of participating publishers made less than the UC Libraries would work in developing titles and 1,412 unique titles (32%) had STL 50% of their total publishing output available systemwide eBook programs. The statement activity. Of the 63 participating publishers, 38 through ebrary. Limited title availability could lists many desirable aspects of such a program had purchases (60%) and 56 (89%) had STL have contributed to lower activity for those in the areas of content supporting research and activity. The average list price was $76 for publishers during the pilot. On the other hand, instruction, fair use and scholarly commu- a single copy and $248 with the systemwide 43% of participating publishers offered 75% nications, positive user experience, product multiplier. From the official start of the pilot in or more of their output for the pilot. Less than platforms, and sustainable and fair business January 2014 (although it took several months to full availability of publisher output, particularly models. At this time the offerings of com- fully implement) through December 2015, 12% front lists, through aggregators has long been mercial aggregators are not well aligned with (578) of available titles were purchased out of a a problem for libraries extending far beyond many of the principles of the Value Statement. discovery pool of 4,784 titles. particular models such as DDA with or without A second recommendation was that the task A number of participating publishers, includ- STLs. Specifically for the pilot, selectors at force experiment with a vendor whose products ing New York University Press, University of many UC campuses were unable to determine more closely align with the Value Statement. Chicago Press, and Oxford University Press, if particular titles from participating publishers Preliminary investigations have begun; hope- significantly raised STL rates during the pilot. would in fact be available through the pilot or fully, decisions will be made and a new pilot The task force decided to keep all participating if these titles would have to be firm ordered. launched reasonably quickly. publishers in the discovery pool for the duration A different type of problem was the on- The UC Libraries remain interested in of the pilot. However, if the pilot had continued going difficulty in receiving MARC records DDA as an important mechanism for acquiring it is possible that publishers that had significant- containing OCLC numbers from ebrary, now eBooks. At the same time publishers have made ly raised STL rates would have been dropped. ProQuest, in a timely manner. Records were the use of STLs problematic by significantly Three publishers instituted STL embargoes of harvested from ebrary by the UC Shared raising rates and instituting embargoes on 12 months (MIT Press and Cornell University Cataloging Program (SCP) and distributed front list titles. The time appears ripe to Press) or 18 months (New York University to the participating campuses. The June 2014 explore other DDA models. The goal is not to Press) during the pilot which resulted in their “Changing Library Operations” column conduct pilots, but for many it is to implement a front list titles not being available in the pilot. placed the majority of the blame on OCLC; sustainable, permanent systemwide program to Again, had the pilot continued a decision would subsequent events showed that the problem acquire eBooks for the UC Libraries that will need to be made regarding the inclusion or in fact mostly lay with ProQuest. The issue most likely utilize some form of DDA. Time exclusion of publishers with STL embargoes. became pronounced in the last quarter of 2015 will tell if this goal is achievable. Against the Grain / April 2016 71 Curating Collective Collections — HathiTrust Launches Its Shared Print Monograph Archive by Thomas H. Teper (Associate University Librarian for Collections and Technical Services, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign) Column Editor: Bob Kieft (688 Holly Ave., Unit 4, St. Paul, MN 55104)

Column Editor’s Note: HathiTrust’s print print materials, especially those that are less five years (https://www.hathitrust.org/files/ monograph repository project is the largest in used, highly duplicated, and available online. sharedprintreport.pdf). geographical scope of any shared collections Locally and consortially, this rethinking has project to date and has the potential over the manifested itself in multiple efforts in the last The HathiTrust Shared Print next few years to become the largest in terms several years to develop retention agreements Monograph Program of volumes committed to retain. Because of for printed serial literature. The Commit- Our report and recommendations outline its sheer size, the roles Hathi members play tee for Institutional Cooperation (CIC), a cooperative program that rests on several in state and regional resource-sharing part- Scholars Trust, and Western Storage Trust assumptions, perhaps the most important of nerships, and the efficiencies and technologies (WEST), for example, are groups of libraries which are that, at least in its first five years, needed to declare so many retention commit- engaging in establishing retention commit- the print monograph repository ments, the repository will have substantial ments that enable member institutions to draw • will mirror the monographic hold- influence on the development of other shared down duplicated print serial titles if they wish. ings of Hathi’s digital archive, print programs, the development of a national Such print retention commitments for seri- • be built from and regionally distrib- structure for print access and preservation, als focus on the volume of space that members uted amongst members’ general, and the services OCLC offers their members may recover and have met with considerable circulating collections, in support of shared print agreements. My success. In concentrating on serials, however, they leave vulnerable to loss far less commonly • be housed in a combination of active guest columnist this issue, Tom Teper, was shelving and high-density facilities, Chair of the task force that created the shared held titles, including many serials to be sure but also a range of other material types, in and monograph plan; he and the other members • be lendable. of the task force, Clement Guthro, Erik T. particular, monographs, for which distribution Mitchell, Jacob Nadal, Jo Anne Newyear patterns, rates of duplication, traditional man- Moreover, the model we outline calls Ramirez, Matthew Revitt, Matthew Sheehy, agement strategies, and the prospect of space for the repository to be governed, managed, Emily Stambaugh, Karla Strieb, and your gain are very different from serials. developed, and financially supported by column editor met by phone and in person To address this situation and advance its HathiTrust, not by a subset of members; in other words, membership in HathiTrust over the course of several months and con- stated goals of “develop[ing] “partnerships and will equate to membership in the repository, sulted with HathiTrust Program Steering services that ensure preservation of the materi- although not all members will be required to Committee Chair Bob Wolven, Hathi mem- als in the HathiTrust and the entire print and digital scholarly world” and “reduc[ing] the hold materials on behalf of the group. Built, bers in October 2014, and Hathi Executive collaboratively stewarded, and supported by Director Mike Furlough in the course of long-term capital and operating costs of storage and care of print collections through redoubled the membership as a public good for as rapid their deliberations. Tom reported on the efforts to coordinate shared storage strate- and comprehensive a standup as possible, the Hathi project at the Print Archive Network gies among libraries,”2 the proposed repository is Forum in January and June 2015, and I am HathiTrust’s governing at once conservative in grateful to him for taking keyboard in hand board approved a ballot its goals for retention of and offering the readers of ATG this account initiative in 2011 calling print monographs and of the project’s main features. — BK for the development of a highly transformational print monographs archive. in its implication for ecent decades have witnessed signif- In the spring of 2014, it the local and collective icant, even transformational changes charged a Print Mono- management of in research libraries. Chris Ferguson graphs Archive Planning collections. R Task Force to design a has characterized these changes as a “massive Among the more and rapid shift from print to digital infor- program that would serve challenging topics we mation resources, from on-site services to both the HathiTrust mem- discussed was whether virtual services through the network, from an bership and the broad- the repository should emphasis on our values and visions to those of er scholarly community rely on a risk model, that others….”1 Longtime independent operators (https://www.hathitrust. is, whether the archive that collaborated when good and necessary in a org/print_monographs_ should seek to acquire world of physical materials, research libraries’ archive_charge). a threshold number of operations and collections are now beginning Working between June copies for each volume to mimic the networked environment of the vir- 2014 and March 2015, in order to establish a tual world in which they house their collections we on the task force completed a report that minimal level of risk for each title, or whether and offer service. summarizes recommendations with respect the repository should overthrow convention At my own library, the University of to the composition, phased construction, and seek some other mechanism for achiev- Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, spending operating systems, business model, and ing the HathiTrust’s goals. Adopting the continues to skew in the direction of electronic governance of the HathiTrust Shared risk model faced two significant impedi- delivery, with the total materials allocation Print Monograph Program (HTSPMP). ments — scope and feasibility. First, with being 75% spent on electronic resources. This Reviewed by the HathiTrust’s Program over 6,800,000 monographs ingested in the commitment certainly carries implications for Steering Committee, our report was published digital repository, a distributed repository staffing and the types of services offered, but in June 2015 with an initial set of recommended of multiple print copies could quickly reach it also requires rethinking the management of actions and an implementation calendar of continued on page 73

72 Against the Grain / April 2016 Lizanne Payne, a nationally recognized ex- Curating Collective Collections pert in shared collections management, will from page 72 join HathiTrust as the Program Officer for Shared Print Initiatives. Starting in May 2016, numbers upwards of 18,000,000 commitments Payne will have responsibility for planning, with no effective model for telling individual organizing, and implementing the shared print institutions that Hathi sought retention com- monograph archive, a program that will have mitments for some volumes and not others. In a lasting impact on the future stewardship of discussing the development of such a model, the print record. the task force quickly identified a new risk — the risk of HathiTrust falling prey to such a The Transformative Role of the severe case of analysis paralysis that it would Repository Program delay development and implementation of the The task force’s recommendation that the retained collection beyond the point where retained collection be persistent accords with the conversation would still be relevant to the the mission of the HathiTrust digital archive membership. and the historic mission of many HathiTrust The Best The second issue confronting the risk model members. Moreover, the size, prominence, centered on the issue of feasibility when it geographic distribution, and multiple affilia- of came to reaching copy-number thresholds. For tions of HathiTrust members and the position example, while many volumes are widely held Hathi itself occupies in the library commu- Pharmacy across member libraries, many others are held nity establish the repository as a component in ones and twos. This scarcity creates a long of nationwide and potentially international tail of material uncommonly held and can be programs of print retention and management. In One seen across much larger bodies of member in- Developing the repository requires a new, stitutions. It would present HathiTrust with a broadly usable technical infrastructure that Collection perennial challenge: could an item held by only enables disclosure of retention commitments, one member be considered preserved if there easy discovery of those commitments, and lo- was only one retention commitment made? cal/consortial collection management decisions In considering these and other questions, based on commitments. For these reasons, the we recommended establishing an initial target HathiTrust’s distributed monograph reposi- of matching 50% of the digital collection tory will help shape the shared print policies, of monographs, roughly 3,000,000 titles at governance structures, and financial regimes the time the report was written. The initial that enable the coordination of retention and build-out of the repository will not be driven, archiving efforts across consortia and regions; as noted, by a risk model that might focus most important, it will encourage a communi- on scarcely held titles or the establishment ty-wide approach to managing the collective of a minimum number of copies but rather collection by producing a critical mass of will develop rapidly from large commitments public retention commitments, defining new from a group of volunteer libraries. Most of preservation and collection management the repository’s early requirements in terms standards, and catalyzing enhanced service of retention commitments, materials housing development. standards, verification, and access or delivery From the point that it initiated its work, mechanisms will be relatively lightweight HathiTrust sought to be a leader in helping as the repository is built. Relying as did the to transform how libraries manage their col- implementation of the digital repository on the lections. In our recommendations, we sought recognition of common interests and values, to develop a program that would position low-cost voluntarism, and services currently in HathiTrust and its members to lead in print place among members, the retained monograph retention as they did in digital preservation collection will therefore be able to develop and service provision. Through the repository, quickly and more readily play the transforma- HathiTrust stands poised to make further, tive role envisioned for it. transformative impacts on the management of Indeed, as we concluded our work, we were libraries and the mechanisms by which they keenly aware of this initiative’s urgency in the provide services to their constituents. The minds of many in the community. Implemen- repository will fulfillHathiTrust’s purpose of tation of the repository program will require creating a “new paradigm by which research that some institutions balance human-resource libraries and other academic libraries can 30 References and financial commitments to theHathiTrust’s develop shared reliance on a scholarly print Over 450 Case Studies effort with commitments to other state and record that is collaboratively stewarded and regional resource-sharing and print-retention supported as a public good.”3 Preceptor Central agreements, yet we do not believe that the HathiTrust initiative should seek to supplant NAPLEX those agreements. Rather, we believe that it Endnotes will serve as a complement to those initiatives 1. Chris Ferguson, “Whose Vision? that are growing at the state or consortial level. Whose Values?” in Reflecting on Leadership (Washington, DC: Council on Library and Beginning with the release of the report Information Resources, 2004): 20. For more information for public consideration in June 2015, the 2. HathiTrust “Mission and Goals at http:// contact us at HathiTrust Program Steering Committee and www.hathitrust.org/mission_goals. [email protected] Governing Board set in motion the process 3. HathiTrust “Print Monograph Archive of launching the monograph repository. In Planning Task Force Charge” at http:// or late 2015, HathiTrust began recruiting for www.hathitrust.org/print_monographs_ar- visit us online at a Program Officer to lead the project. In chive_charge. March 2016, HathiTrust announced that pharmacylibrary.com

15-302 Biz of Acq — Implementing a Shelf-Ready Workflow at UMBC by Vicki Sipe (Catalog and Metadata Librarian, Albin O. Kuhn Library & Gallery, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250; Phone: 410-455-6751; Fax: 410-455-1598) and Lynda Aldana (Head of Technical Services & Library IT Services, Albin O. Kuhn Library & Gallery, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250; Phone: 410-455-3468; Fax: 410-455-1598) and Column Editor: Michelle Flinchbaugh (Acquisitions and Digital Scholarship Services Librarian, Albin O. Kuhn Library & Gallery, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250; Phone: 410-455-6754; Fax: 410-455-1598)

Context and Rationale for Investigating detail on location(s), with the addition of font size and ink color. Call Moving to a Shelf-Ready Workflow number labels probably represented the ultimate in detailed physical processing specifications. Type of label stock and font were only the In the fall 2015 after a year and a half, the Technical Services De- beginning. Call numbers included both prefixes, such as collection partment in the Albin O. Kuhn Library & Gallery at the University codes, and suffixes, such as volume numbers, and both needed to be of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) had a working shelf-ready listed accounting for all allowable variations. Instructions on the line processing workflow. To reach this point, had been a truly collaborative by line parsing of the Library of Congress Classification numbers for endeavor involving not just staff in Technical Services but input from the labels ran to many sentences. Scans of existing spine labels were other departments within the library as well as working with the systems included to supplement and clarify the textual descriptions. staff at our central technical office, Digital Stewardship and Services (DSS) at the University of Maryland, College Park, who manage our Cataloging Specifications consortium’s ILS. Unlike physical processing, the options for record selection or Beginning in the spring of 2014, we began exploring the possibility cataloging treatment were few. Here the decisions rested upon how of implementing a shelf-ready workflow for our print books. Many complete a record was desired. At the point of processing the physical organizations decide to move to shelf-ready processing to help relieve item, YBP would choose “the best available OCLC record” that matched pressures for overloaded staff or in order to continue processing materials the item for download into the catalog. This was the floor for the vendor at the same rate but with fewer staff. When we began investigating, provided service. For an additional charge, YBP would provide at least we were not expecting high staff turnover. In fact, one of the main one subject heading and a complete call number, if these were lacking in motivations in investigating the possibility of implementing shelf-ready the best available record. An additional level of service offered a more processing was if we could automate the processing of many of our complete record. In the event there was no matching record, options orders, then staff might be able to shift focus and spend time on tasks included supply no record, a brief record, or increasingly complete that could not be automated, such as special collections materials, or records. Some of these levels of service would not support spine label providing descriptive metadata for digital collections. generation, and the goal remained to have the maximum percentage of After the proposal to implement a shelf-ready workflow was ap- materials ordered via this program come as shelf ready. In the end, a proved by the Library Director and the library’s management team, level of service that provided sufficient information to generate spine work began on completing the necessary tasks to set it up with YBP, our labels was chosen over the most expensive level. This decision seemed vendor. This was a multi-step process with the first step being to provide the most cost-effective decision, assuring the highest percentage of the necessary specifications. Because of the vigilance and expertise of ordered materials would arrive with labels at the lowest possible cost. our Acquisitions Librarian and Catalog and Metadata Librarian, we were Serial issues with a distinctive title represent a small percentage of able to successfully navigate this part of the process. purchases, but a substantial wrinkle in cataloging decisions. YBP pro- Physical Processing Specifications vided support in this area by offering the option to supply a brief record when a serial record was the best record available. The decision on YBP provided a laundry list of physical processing services. Each record choice would then become a local one. This option was chosen, step incurred an additional cost, so the goal was to identify the most as well as deciding that serial issues would not be ordered via shelf ready. broadly useful minimum of processing. Materials that required pro- An additional service was offered to allow for local decisions on class cessing that varied from this common denominator were either excluded together series. This would be particularly useful if an institution did from shelf ready or the processing was altered to fit. Special Collections not follow the LC practice with a series title. UMBC uses Library of materials were excluded from shelf ready as processing varied too much Congress Classification and attempts to follow LC practice for series from the common denominator. Reference materials were added to the titles, so this option was not of interest. shelf ready process by changing former practices to match the common denominator. Focus on the useful minimum of processing for shelf Understanding Workflows ready materials also provided the opportunity to streamline physical At the time when we were implementing shelf-ready, we had a processing steps for all circulating materials. Including date due slips pre-existing YBP GOBI workflow. When orders were placed,YBP sent and date of receipt stamping inside the item increased the cost of shelf Electronic Order Confirmation Records (EOCRs) to our central tech- ready processing. Excluding these steps for shelf ready items allowed nical office, Digital Stewardship and Services (DSS) at theUniversity the decision to discontinue these steps for all circulating materials. of Maryland, College Park, and they loaded these records into our With the steps to be performed listed out, a YBP supplied question- shared ILS. The loader for this workflow utilizes existing bibliographic naire required that the details of location, number, and other variables be records when present, attaching an order and an item record to them. specified for each of the steps. Tasks performed with little thought on a We provide the ILS system number for the bibliographic record that daily basis by a variety of staff needed to be written out and specified in the order and item should be attached to in the specified GOBI field. great detail. The exact location for barcode placement required that the When there is no existing, matching record, the loader creates a new cover, the corner of the cover, the distance in two directions from edges bibliographic record based on the information in the EOCR, and creates of the cover all be identified. Barcode placement specifications also an order and item attached to it. Values are mapped into the order records needed to remain within the acceptable range required by a self-check- from GOBI, and all items are set to be in the stacks collection, with an out kiosk in circulation. Property stamping required a similar level of continued on page 75 74 Against the Grain / April 2016 Biz of Acq from page 74 item status of “on order.” If necessary, the collection is changed later based on notes mapped from GOBI into the order record. When items are shipped to us, YBP sends EDI invoices to DSS, and they load the invoices, attaching to it the orders created when we placed the orders. All the YBP materials that arrive go to one staff member, who receives them and sends them on to a copy cataloger. We knew from the beginning that not all items would be ordered as shelf-ready, so we would still need this workflow. This meant that we would have two YBP workflows: shelf-ready, and not shelf-ready, and that the technician placing the orders would have to choose the appropriate workflow at the time of order. Each workflow would be associated with a particular sub-account, and the sub-account selected at the time of order would determine if an item would get shelf-ready processing or not. Items going to special collections would not get shelf- ready processing, because they get special processing, in that nothing is permanently attached to the piece. Serials issues ordered as books also wouldn’t get shelf-ready processing, to allow for decisions on treatment. Finally, replacements would never be ordered shelf-ready, as these could result in a variety of database cleanup situations. The staff member who receives YBP materials would need to have two workflows and two procedures, one for materials not ordered shelf-ready, which she’d receive and pass on to a copy cataloger, and another for items received shelf ready, which she’d eventually theoretically be able to receive, check for a record match, and send to the stacks. Our new shelf ready workflow would work like our existing work- flow, up to the second pass load that happens when items ship. For this, DSS would develop a new loader for us, based on an existing University of Maryland, College Park loader that loads shelf ready records. This new loader, referred to as the second pass loader, varied substantially from our existing loader. We came to an understanding of how it worked through observation after it was in place. In the existing workflow, we receive EDI invoices, but in the shelf ready workflow, MARC records come with invoice data embedded, and the loader utilizes the embedded data to create invoices. The first pass loader matched records via the system number we provided in the order. The second As part of the implementation process, the first several batches of pass loader looked in the system for an OCLC number matching the records items were received and copy cataloged using the new combined OCLC number in the bibliographic record provided by YBP. In some procedure. The staff person who had been doing the receiving and some instances, YBP would provide a different bibliographic record for the copy cataloging in the past executed the new procedure. These batches second pass than the one used by the first pass loader. This meant we were reviewed by the Catalog and Metadata Librarian to identify issues now had two bibliographic records in the system, and two orders rep- requiring follow up beyond the skills of the staff person. The issues resenting the same item and a single purchase. Fortunately the DSS became a problem sheet used by the staff person. When these issues were staff produces an array of very detailed loader reports that assisted in encountered in the combined procedure, the problem sheet was marked identifying and correcting these situations. to match, and the item was kicked out of the workflow for problem Implementation and Troubleshooting resolution by the Catalog and Metadata Librarian. Marking the sheet saved time in problem resolution, and highlighted frequently occurring Implementation occurred in quick steps after all the account set up, issues that might be solved by investing time in other solutions. Some programming, loaders, and contracts were in place. A first set of orders frequently occurring issues were fixed by requesting loader changes, were placed, a first batch of final cataloging records were sent, and load- system record validation changes, and procedure changes. Conversa- ed into test. When the actual items arrived, the Acquisitions Librarian tions between the staff person and the Catalog and Metadata Librarian checked the invoice against the items and the Catalog and Metadata also led to productive tweaks in the procedure that saved time and steps. Librarian reviewed the items against the records in test. During the Overall, this stage of implementation was treated as a work in progress review of the cataloging, issues for follow up were identified both for with frequent conversations, and encouragement of suggestions. YBP and the local loader. In response, YBP made corrections, but these could only be tested with the next batch of orders. DSS staff modified Outcomes and Future Plans the loader, and reloaded the records into test, so this fix could be tweaked Implementing a shelf-ready program took much longer than we and adjusted prior to the placing of another batch of orders. Both YBP expected so that benefits in terms of noticeable changes in workloads staff and the DSS staff cooperated fully and responded in a very timely and workflows have been slow to materialize. Hopefully, the data we fashion over the course of about two months as issues arose. The first gather will help us make the case for continuing. At the very least, couple of loads were run into test, reviewed and then moved over into with the majority of the print book orders being processed through live. After these few loads, all future loads went automatically into test the shelf-ready workflow, the hope is that we can shift the priorities then live with no review between. of staff to materials that require more time and expertise to process. One of the most useful tools for identifying and tracking issues were the Looking ahead there might be opportunities to process some of our local loader reports generated by the DSS staff. There are separate reports non-print materials via a shelf-ready workflow. While we may have for each loader. Among the details these reports provide is information been a little late to the game for establishing a shelf-ready workflow, on the creation of items, holdings, orders created, and serial records that as we gather data to evaluate the program, it is still affords us an are loaded. If the number of records, items and orders did not match in opportunity to work efficiently and make the most of the knowledge the first pass loader report, this would be a signal that there was a prob- and skills of our staff. lem with the load. If orders were created during a second pass load, this meant that there were now two orders in the system for the same item. Against the Grain / April 2016 75 Let’s Get Technical — The Paper Chase: How One Library Tackled the Chaos of Media Ordering Column Editors: Stacey Marien (Acquisitions Librarian, American University Library) and Alayne Mundt (Resource Description Librarian, American University Library)

The Situation The Ordering Process he Media Services (MS) Unit of the American University 1. Within RMAD, the Media Librarian enters the order informa- Library develops and maintains a collection of visual media tion into an electronic form. He includes the title, distributor/ Tmaterials, offers media related services, and provides class- producer, year, format, vendor, cost, fund code to charge the rooms, equipment, and other playback facilities in support of the order and a note if needed to the Acquisitions Data Manage- academic and staff development programs of the University. The ment Specialist (such as if the order is a rush or duplicate). collection contains approximately 15,000 DVDs and approximately The request is then routed, via a drop-down menu, to the For 50,000 streaming titles. MS has their own budget that runs between Purchase queue. Each queue in the drop-down menu represents $40,000 to $50,000 a year. About 1,000 DVDs are purchased annually. a workflow that may involve multiple departments. The Problem Previously, all media requests were submitted to Acquisitions by the Media Librarian. These orders were madness and chaos! Often times, a sheet of paper would make its way to the Acquisitions staff that contained only the title of the video and the price. Sometimes orders were submitted through email, sometimes through phone calls, most of the time on pink cards (purchase request forms). When a sheet of paper with 100 titles requested for purchase was misplaced by an Acquisitions staff member, we knew we had a problem. There had to be a better way to place and track the orders for our Media department. The Acquisitions department, in partnership with Reserves, had already developed an in-house system to track reserves requests. A staff member in Circulation had knowledge of Microsoft Access and became the architect of a system that was called RAD (Reserves Access Database). The Reserves department within our library is a distinct collection and has its own budget. It lent itself well to being tracked by a unique system. RAD solved several problems for Acquisitions. It eliminated redundant requests, consolidated requests in one place, and improved order-tracking capabilities. When the problems with MS came to a head, we decided to adapt the RAD system to accommodate MS ordering. Adjustments were made to create RMAD (Reserves and Media Access Database). 2. The Acquisitions Data Management Specialist checks the RMAD could address several problems that were unique to media For Purchase queue every day for new orders. He researches ordering. That is, hundreds of orders were placed each month, the where to purchase the item and enters in the exact URL for order lists lacked crucial information, orders were often duplicated the item from the vendor’s Website into the notes field. This or lost, it was impossible to track the orders, and reams and reams of ensures that the correct item will be purchased. He downloads paper were produced. the OCLC record into the catalog (or creates a dummy record The Information if no OCLC record exists) and adds the OCLC number to the order form. He creates a corresponding purchase order We wanted to make media ordering streamlined and eliminate in our ILS system. The notes field is also used if a question the boxes of paper that were used each month for printouts from arises about the order. The question will be put into the notes OCLC, the catalog, and vendor Websites. Using RMAD, orders field and then routed to the Question queue for the Media were now consolidated into one place and the workflow was made Librarian to review. transparent and paperless across departments. A note field was add- ed to RMAD so information could be shared and a question status 3. The Acquisitions Data Management Specialist will route was added to alert the Media Librarian of ordering snags, such as a those titles that are being ordered by the Acquisitions Li- DVD not being available for institutional purchase. RMAD made brarian (or the Acquisitions Coordinator) to the For Stacey it easy to archive information and keep ordering history. Since the (or Alexandra) queue. He will send an email alerting the process was now automated, there were no more handwritten notes Acquisitions Librarian or Acquisitions Coordinator to orders or handwritten purchase orders, and anyone could locate and track that are ready. There are some vendors that the Acquisitions each purchase request. Data Management Specialist will order from directly, such as Midwest Tapes. The Players 4. The Acquisitions Librarian or Acquisitions Coordinator (they Media Librarian share the ordering duties) will access the appropriate queue Acquisitions Data Management Specialist and copy and paste the URL in a browser to find the exact Acquisitions Librarian/Acquisitions Coordinator (both have the item. They will place the order using a purchasing card. Once authority to use a purchasing card for orders) an order is placed, the title is routed to the Ordered queue. Acquisitions Specialist 5. When the title arrives in the library, the Acquisitions Specialist quality-checks the item to make sure it is the one that was or- Visual Media Collections Coordinator dered, finds the order in RMAD and routes the title to the Sent Media Services Specialist to Tech Check queue. Cataloger continued on page 77

76 Against the Grain / April 2016 The Results Let’s Get Technical from page 76 When we made the decision to tweak the ordering system to add in media ordering, we had to meet with all the parties involved to confirm workflows. This was a benefit to all departments (Acquisitions, Cata- 6. The title is placed in an area in the Acquisitions department loging, MS,) as we were able to get together in one room and map out for MS. The Visual Media Collections Coordinator checks the workflow of a DVD, from requesting to ordering to receiving to tech every day for new titles to pick up. It is her responsibility to check to cataloging. Many of us did not realize what other units were check each video to make sure it works. The title is either doing or not doing in the order workflow. routed in RMAD to Tech Passed or Tech Failed. If it’s in the failed queue, the DVD is usually returned to Acquisitions to One of the biggest benefits to this system is the reduction of paper be returned to the vendor (this rarely happens). For those used. Almost all paper was eliminated by using this system. The Ac- titles that pass, the following details are added to the Tech quisitions Librarian still prints out the Purchase Order and joins it with Notes field: a copy of the order confirmation. She uses this paper every month to keep track of her purchase card orders and to ultimately reconcile the Assigned call number orders with the charges on the purchase card. Country of production The use of RMAD has made it relatively easy to track the where- Closed captioning/subtitle information abouts of a particular DVD within the library. There is better commu- If item is PAL and needs special playback equipment nication among the Media Librarian and those responsible for placing If item is a burned DVD-R the orders. The turnaround for orders is much quicker, as it is usually Public performance rights status 24-48 hours from the time the order is entered into RMAD to the time the order is placed. This results in more orders being processed per Any additional notes relevant to the Media Services day. Those orders that are marked Rush in RMAD (usually a specific Specialist when cataloging and considering circulation faculty request) are treated first. of the item (i.e. if this replaced a VHS and the VHS is now going to storage). Workflows have become streamlined and all departments involved have a greater understanding of each other’s work. RMAD is really a 7. Those titles that are in the Tech Passed queue are then received “departments without borders” tool and crosses silos that had stood prior in Voyager by the Acquisitions Specialist and non-credit card to its implementation and has orders are invoiced. The title is then routed to the Paid queue helped to improve communica- in RMAD. tion and reduce redundancy and 8. The Media Services Specialist catalogs the titles that are in inefficiency across multiple li- the Paid queue and changes the queue to OCLC updated/ brary departments. This is a tool final. He also updates our holdings inOCLC . that is used to do the work across 9. Sometimes a DVD will need original cataloging and will all processes, from soup to nuts, be sent to the Cataloging department instead of handled by and it has had a team-building the MS staff. In this case, the title is routed to the Original effect. The librarians and staff Cataloging queue. are much happier!

Both Sides Now: Vendors and Librarians — When Is A Trade Show Not A Trade Show? Column Editor: Michael Gruenberg (President, Gruenberg Consulting, LLC) www.gruenbergconsulting.com

irtually every industry is aligned with vertical? It seems quite simple that the ability of attendees. It’s one or more associations that organize to compare prices, products, salespeople, etc. the old bowling ball Vand sponsor an annual trade show. of various companies in one day is preferable routine which says that if you Moreover, many of those associations will to having the sales reps from a variety of rolled a bowling ball down an aisle of a trade sponsor even more localized shows through- companies travel to the library over a period show and avoid hitting anyone with it, then out the year so as to interest their members to of many days. Furthermore, senior executive that show is useless. Or if you see groups of attend the local meetings since they may not staff will inevitably be at the trade show booth salespeople aimlessly talking to one another at have the wherewithal to travel and/or have the to meet and greet. Sure would make sense their booth, then that qualifies as “Not a Trade necessary funding to attend the larger and more to speak to the CEO, President and/or VP of Show” as well. And when a Trade Show Is expensive annual meeting. Sales individually and collectively from the Really Not a Trade Show, that morphs into a All vendors like well attended trade shows company to discuss whatever topics are on the waste of time and money for exhibitors and and conversely intensely dislike poorly at- customers’ minds at the show. attendees. tended ones. It’s all about the company’s ROI Yet, many trade shows in the information What causes this phenomenon to happen? since the more people that visit the vendors’ industry are struggling with attendance which Who bears the burden of blame? Actually the booth, the better the odds are of making more is not beneficial for vendor or attendee alike. association, the vendors and the attendees have sales and even more importantly, interacting When these struggles continue, a trade show to take some degree of responsibility when the directly with more customers and prospects. A booth becomes a seemingly deserted island trade show ceases to be productive for one or customer/prospect who is absent from a Trade in a lonely exhibit hall and passes from being two or all three parties. Show is an opportunity missed, for both parties. a productive meeting to a non-existent one. In my 30+ years of being an active partic- Associations encourage their members to That’s when the dreaded “Not a Trade Show” ipant at trade shows both as a vendor and an attend local and/or national trade shows be- rears its ugly head. attendee, I have seen the good, the bad and the cause where else can these people interact with The tell-tale signs of a “Not Trade Show” ugly. On the vendor side, I have seen sales reps all the important vendors within their industry are when aisles at the exhibit hall are devoid continued on page 78

Against the Grain / April 2016 77 entered in a drawing for a $50 gift certificate will go a long way for the company to atten- Both Sides Now ... for listening to the details of our new database tively answer your questions. from page 77 product at the booth. Each salesperson will Upon returning back from those three days be expected to make a minimum of three ap- in Denver, the attendee must take the time to literally snoozing at their booth. I have seen pointments at the booth with customers and/ write a report to management as to what was them eating and drinking an assortment of food or prospects and should include the Marketing learned at the show. Why was it important for items, even spilling some of the remnants of Director and /or VP of sales as often as possi- me to attend? What benefit for our organization that food on their clothing. I have seen reps ble at those meetings. Murray has expressed was derived by being there? How can that new too engaged in conversation with one another an interest to see some key clients, as well. knowledge be applied to our library? In other while failing to connect with customers as Finally, our main goal is to reach as wide an words, management must be made aware of qualified prospects walk on by. The attendees audience as possible to show our new product why it is important to attend. Too many times, may have been prompted to ask a question or to the industry. information professionals tell me that they two, but they choose to be polite not wanting In one brief paragraph, the company has cannot attend an upcoming show because their to disturb the internal salesperson’s incredibly set the guidelines. WHY are we going; WHO management has reduced the funding needed important conversation. I have seen reps with will be there; WHAT will we be doing there; to attend. To counter this, management has to their backs to the audience. I have seen reps and most importantly, THESE are the expected be made aware of how attending will benefit making personal phone calls, and the list goes goals and objectives. The bottom line is that the organization. However, if you don’t tell on and on and on. somewhere in the deep recesses of the com- them, they won’t know. On the attendee side, I have had visitors to pany’s accounting department, someone has Associations the booth just wanting to stock their bag with prepared a report for Murray outlining all the the company’s give-aways. “Ooh, you guys costs associated with attending the meeting in The third leg of this three legged stool is the have the BEST sticky pads. Can I have a bunch Denver. It had better be a profitable show or organization, itself. What is the organization for the people back at the library?” “Sure” says else Murray will have to explain why not to doing to make it as easy as possible to exhibit the rep. “I’d like to share with you information some unsympathetic investors or members of for vendors and make it as easy as possible for about our latest database offering.” “Hmm, the board of directors. the association members to attend? not right now; I’ll be back later” is sometimes To keep the vendors satisfied and returning the response. Unless the sale rep makes a Attendees year after year is quite simply to provide a concerted effort to schedule a time and date Whatever industry specialization your li- well lit, well ventilated exhibit hall held in a later in the conference, “later” usually never brary may be, the organization for which you city that the membership can easily travel to happens. I have seen attendees wander aim- work expects that attending a trade show is not and stay at hotels with somewhat reasonable lessly through the exhibit hall without having only an extension of your work day, but also a room rates. Moreover, the association needs to a prior plan as to which vendors are needed to vehicle by which new products, technologies assist the vendors in reaching a wide audience be seen. And I have seen associations make and ideas are brought back to the library. Of of membership through mailings and email it as difficult as possible for their members to course, your management knows that there blasts expounding on the benefits of why the visit the exhibit hall. will be a bit of sightseeing, vendor dinners and show is the “latest and greatest.” Booth space Much like the buying and selling process, in receptions, and a fair amount of lounging, but rental rates, Internet connections, and freight order for all parties to achieve, even a modicum the intent of paying travel expenses to attend charges should be held to a reasonable $ rate so of success trade show participation has to be a the show should result in a positive outcome for as to interest as many vendors as possible to at- joint effort. What this means is that just show- the organization. Therefore, what can be done tend. Providing statistics, offering a multi-year ing up at the exhibit hall by both the vendor and to ensure that the attendee not only sees and commitment at a discounted rate, creating an the attendee is simply not enough. So, what do interacts with a specified amount of vendors, “exhibits only” time for attendees each day of the vendor, attendee and association have to do but also makes time to see some sights in the the show will go a long way to bringing vendor to make the trade show a success? host city, attend some vendor receptions, speak and information professionals closer together. to authors of books relevant to the profession Recently, while attending an information in- Vendor and gain new understanding of relevant prod- dustry trade show, I spoke to an exhibitor who First and foremost, the question of “why are ucts and technologies? was bemoaning the lack of qualified prospects we going?” needs to be answered. And once All associations inevitably send out a passing by his booth. He told me that this was the company has made the decision to attend, pre-conference mailer detailing the sessions, his last year attending and went on to say that then that rationale must be passed on to the keynote speaker and of course, the vendors the all trade shows in all industries are suffering sales staff. Secondly, besides the sales staff, attending. Not only are the vendors listed, but declining attendance. who from the company is attending to support their booths and locations are clearly spelled There is an organization called the Center the sales effort and what is each person’s role out. At this point, it’s essential that an indi- for Exhibition Industry Research www.ceir. at the show? Furthermore, how many on-site vidual roadmap for the attendee be created. I org. The CEIR Mission: CEIR provides in- appointments are the salespeople expected want to see vendors A, B and C. A is on aisle dustry-leading research on the North American to have? And finally, what are the goals and 309, B is on 112, and C is the first booth as I exhibitions and events industry globally which objectives for the staff attending so as to un- enter the exhibit hall. OK, now I know where optimizes performance, increases engagement, derstand the metrics of expectations as results my main vendors are located. Creating this and addresses emerging customer needs. In are analyzed after the show? roadmap will ensure that all three are visited. looking at some of their statistics, many as- For example, the company might say, “We Add to the map any other vendor locations and sociation trade shows are showing significant are attending the annual association conference that completes the first step. growth and popularity. One only has to look at in Denver from July 6-8 this year. Our main Making specified appointments with key the Charleston Conference that has enjoyed goal is to introduce our newest database prod- vendors supplying the library is also an essen- significant growth and contains the blueprint uct. Only the salespeople from the Western tial of successful trade show attendance. If the of how a trade show can be successful. CEIR District will be there. That would be Chris, sales rep has not reached out to you, then it is provides statistics that point out that trade show Marian and Kevin. Supporting their efforts incumbent upon you to reach out to them and attendance in certain industries is increasing. will be Marge from marketing, Tom the VP of schedule a specific time and date to meet with In thinking about what song title best exem- Sales. Murray, the President of our company the company. Moreover, you can request that plifies what a successful trade show experience is expected to be there on July 7th. A pre-show a person from marketing, product management, should be for both the vendor and attendee, mailer will be sent 90 days in advance of the training, executive staff, etc be present at the the answer was quite clear. “It Takes Two show to every registered attendee. That will be meeting. Whether it is to compliment your to Tango” written by Al Hoffman and Dick followed up with another email blast 30 days sales rep, inquire about a new product or voice Manning was recorded both by musical greats, prior to the show offering each attendee to be concern over an issue, making the appointment continued on page 79 78 Against the Grain / April 2016 Decoder Ring — Museum of Science Fiction Launches Scholarly Journal Column Editor: Jerry Spiller (Art Institute of Charleston)

ashington D.C.’s Museum of Sci- and planning would be for naught if I tation of Hindu gods ence Fiction (MOSF) published couldn’t assemble the necessary teams in English-language the first issue of their new scholarly of editors, peer reviewers, and — most Indian works is extremely W 1 journal in January. The MOSF Journal of importantly — authors who would interesting. Plus, it contains Science Fiction is available online for free breathe life into the MOSF Journal subheadings like “Flying Saucers Battle Al download in PDF format. Content is available of Science Fiction. My vision was — Qaeda: Hindu Gods as Ancient Astronauts” under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 and still is — not to replace the other and “Stoned Gods versus Brain-dead Zom- Unported license. Each peer-reviewed article well-established academic journals of bies.”5 Are you reading this? Why aren’t you begins with an abstract and list of keywords. science fiction studies that already exist, reading this? 2 The journal’s editorial board includes scholars but to complement them. You could even be writing this, if you have Rachel Lazarus, Heather McHale, and Bar- Introductions to the journal are furthered the chops. The journal invites submissions of bara Jasny (also Deputy Editor of Science), as with reflections on the nature and importance 5,000 to 8,000 words, plus a 150-200 word well as prominent sci-fi authorsNancy Kress of Science Fiction from Science Fiction Studies abstract, via its Website: http://publish.lib. (Yesterday’s Kin, Beggars in Spain) and Ben editor Veronica Hollinger and Science Fiction umd.edu/scifi/about/submissions#onlineSub- Bova (Orion, Mars). Research Association Pioneer Award winner missions. Allison de Fren. The articles in the inaugural Figure I: MOSF Journal of Science But get on that. Louzon notes in her intro- issue are indeed widely varied and deliciously duction to this first issue that, “we are thrilled Fiction, Image: MOSF well grounded in critical theory. It is wonderful to say we already have many more manuscripts to see references that list not only the likes of under consideration for our next issue.”6 Herbert and Zelazny but also Derrida and I can’t wait to read them. Marx. It’s hard to beat a table of contents that includes titles like these: “Biogenetics, The Nation, and Global- ization in Paolo Bacigalupi’s Critical Endnotes Dystopias” by Derrick King 1. MOSF Journal of Science Fiction 1, no. “Gods of War Toke While Riding a 1 (January 2016). Accessed March 9, 2016. http://publish.lib.umd.edu/scifi/index Vimana: Hindu Gods in Three Indian Science Fiction Novels” by Sami 2. Louzon, Monica. “Letter from the Ed- itor.” MOSF Journal of Science Fiction 1, Ahmad Khan no. 1 (January 2016): 1. Accessed March 9. “Loving the Other in Science Fiction by http://publish.lib.umd.edu/scifi/index Women” by Karma Waltonen 3. King, Derrick. “Biogenetics, The Nation, and Globalization in Paolo Baciga- “Paul’s Empire: Imperialism and As- lupi’s Critical Dystopias.” MOSF Journal semblage Theory in Frank Herbert’s of Science Fiction 1, no. 1 (January 2016): Dune” by Amanda Rudd 4-16. Accessed March 9. http://publish.lib. The collection is not only well rooted in umd.edu/scifi/index Sci Fi’s past but quite contemporary, even pre- 4. Waltonen, Karma. “Loving the Other scient, as befits the genre. King’s exploration in Science Fiction by Women.” MOSF Journal of Science Fiction 1, no. 1 (January of the complex trappings of globalization, Neo- 2016): 33-44. Accessed March 10. http:// liberalism, climate catastrophe, and the perils publish.lib.umd.edu/scifi/index of privatization in Bacigalupi could almost 5. Khan, Sami Ahmad. “Gods of War Volume 1, Issue 1 begins with a letter from come from 2016 U.S. election headlines (if we editor (and M.L.S.) Monica Louzon welcom- Toke While Riding a Vimana: Hindu Gods actually discussed issues instead of theatrics, in Three Indian Science Fiction Novels.” ing both readers and submissions from authors: but I digress).3 Waltonen’s discussion of the MOSF Journal of Science Fiction 1, no. 1 The prospect of creating an academic dynamics of sex and power in the works of Oc- (January 2016): 17-32. Accessed March 10. journal for the Museum of Science tavia Butler, Marge Piercy, and others is also http://publish.lib.umd.edu/scifi/index Fiction filled me with elation and riveting, and is tagged with “inter-species sex” 6. MOSF Journal of Science Fiction. trepidation. My months of research as a keyword.4 Khan’s study of the represen-

Both Sides Now ... is devoted to provide clients with sales staff analysis, market from page 78 research, executive coaching, trade show preparedness, product placement and best practices advice for improving negotiation Pearl Bailey and Louis Armstrong in 1952. It was a bestselling song skills for librarians and salespeople. His book, “Buying and that was not about trade shows, but it sure was about two parties getting Selling Information: A Guide for Information Professionals together and after all, isn’t that what trade shows are all about? and Salespeople to Build Mutual Success” is available on Amazon, Information Today in print and eBook, Amazon Kindle, B&N Nook, Kobo, Apple iBooks, OverDrive, 3M Cloud Library, Mike is currently the President of Gruenberg Consulting, Gale (GVRL), MyiLibrary, ebrary, EBSCO, Blio, and Chegg. LLC, a firm he founded in January 2012 after a successful career www.gruenbergconsulting.com as a senior sales executive in the information industry. His firm

Against the Grain / April 2016 79 Being Earnest with Collections — The Importance of Reviewing Technical Services Operations to Promote Efficient Access and Enhanced Discoverability of Resources Column Editor: Michael A. Arthur (Associate Professor, Head, Resource Acquisition & Discovery, University of Alabama Libraries, Box 870266, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487; Phone: 205-348-1493; Fax: 205-348-6358)

was recently reflecting back on the first six months of my new role as work moves through the department. Though during the process at The University of Alabama. I was charged during the first year there will no doubt be times when problems are identified that bring I to undertake a complete review of work processes within the newly the discussion around to policies and procedures. It is my feeling formed Resource Acquisition & Discovery Department. The previously however that trying to include these areas in a review of workflow will separate functional areas of acquisitions, cataloging, and electronic get individuals mired down in trying to document complex operations resources were brought together just prior to my start in August of in charts that are designed to be linear. We often talk about finding 2015. The analysis began within the first couple of months as I began bottlenecks and searching for single points of failure where workflow to meet with everyone in the department. We discussed the usual things goes through one individual who does not have a backup. These types including what was going well and what could be improved. I learned of issues are easier to spot when just focusing on the transition of work about the transition period after the loss of department and unit heads throughout the department. For the current project we were in search of over the previous year or two, and understood how the staff now had new efficiencies and eager to find out if a complete and lengthy workflow to face the uncertainty of a new manager. It became apparent that analysis would help achieve a number of goals. Provided here are the bringing the units together in proximity did not necessarily mean that major goals we wanted to address. there would be a logical move toward integration of workflow. Being • Highlight current strengths Earnest with Collections focuses this month on raising awareness of • Identify areas for improvement the importance of workflow analysis. Hopefully I will provide some best practices for others who plan to take a good hard look at just where • Provide clear pathways for better integration between the technical services is going. There is a new emphasis on moving away formerly separate departments/units from traditional models of collection building and toward a focus on • Provide faster delivery of content to library users collection strategy, in line with providing content when and where it is • Improve discoverability through better quality control in needed rather than building collections across all disciplines. There is Cataloging and Electronic Resources an opportunity to be more efficient while we transition spending and • Determine appropriate staffing levels staffing from a traditional print based operation to one that will be able to • Pinpoint areas for training address selection, procurement and access in the electronic environment. • Eliminate unnecessary legacy duties Workflow — An Idea Becomes Reality • Develop new roles for the department The workflow analysis in the newly formed Resource Acquisition & • Establish goals for the new department that align with library Discovery Department at The University of Alabama began with dis- wide goals cussions between Dr. Millie Jackson, Associate Dean for Research & With goals established the next hurdle is getting buy-in from the Instruction and myself early in my tenure. We discussed how changes members of your team. in staffing, and particularly the loss of key faculty librarian positions had left many questions about the current amount and complexity of Building Support within your Team the work that remained in the traditional technical service areas of I was not always a fan of workflow analysis. I recall when I acquisitions, serials, cataloging and gifts. Questions had surfaced managed my first workflow analysis at Old Dominion University about the need to continue providing some of the services that were (ODU) I was reluctant to take on such a project. I was of the mind traditionally handled while focusing more training and staff time on that workflow analysis was a waste of time. Luckily I had a couple managing procurement and discovery for electronic resources. We of colleagues to help me through it. The results were positive and were both interested in learning just how the work moved through the resulted in enhancements to operations and major changes to staffing. various areas within the department from the starting point until the I, along with a colleague from ODU, highlighted the process and re- materials were sent out of the department. Workflow analysis can be sults in an article in Serials Review and later during a presentation at a lengthy process. It is important to undertake such an endeavor for the Charleston Conference. A similar process at the University of the right reasons and to establish goals for the project. Central Florida a couple of years later built the foundation for how When is a Workflow Analysis Necessary? operations were handled there for the next several years. With this in mind I set out to convince the librarians and staff at The University • When a department head position has been vacant for an of Alabama of the value of workflow analysis. extended period of time • During a time when there are several vacancies or shortly Keys to Successful Workflow Analysis after filling vacancies I have found that upon hearing of a workflow analysis project the • After a retirement or departure of long term employees in key natural reaction is to question why it is necessary. Usually a number roles of the staff have been through one or more in the past, and have found • Following a merger of units or functional areas them to be onerous. Their experience may have been that there is little • In conjunction with library or university strategic planning follow-up after the project or nothing changes as a result. When you add in turnover at the management level and the impact of changing • As part of a larger library initiative to pursue a new direction user expectations and new directions in the publishing and scholarly • If it has been several years since the last analysis communication landscape I think it is understandable that librarians and After a decision is made to go forth it is important to develop initial staff will feel as though a workflow analysis will just take them away goals for the workflow project. The workflow analysis will not answer from their duties during a time when they are already feeling the impact every question. I tend not to focus on policies and procedures during of staff reductions and ever changing responsibilities. this process and rather stick to identifying where problems develop continued on page 81

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type of work being performed. Before the first meeting to begin the chart Being Earnest with Collections process it is important to determine how the charts will be developed. from page 80 They can be drafted on flip charts which often promotes brain storming and then one person is assigned to build the charts using a product like In effort to address these concerns it is recommended that librarians Visio. I have also tried leading a discussion so I can ask questions and and staff at all levels within the department be brought in early to discuss really get into the current process. This can result in a combination of the project and begin to build as much support as possible. In order to notes and charts that are useful during the analysis phase. Some peo- do this I like to have a department meeting where the following points ple will choose to do the charting where they have access to Visio and are covered. instead of spending time doing them the old way, the charts are done • Encourage staff at all levels to actively participate electronically from the start. However, I have found that the process • Show examples of successful workflow charts of actually building the charts often results in many changes along the • Stress that recommendations will be made following the way and some will find it easier to build them the old fashioned way on project flip charts and then go to a computer later. Another step I have found helpful is using a systematic way to identify on the charts examples of • Focus on identifying strengths and areas for improvement where work within the department is held up while someone waits on • The analysis is focused on functional areas not individuals decisions or processes outside the department. I often use background • Prep everyone that the result may be a change in priorities colors to provide clarity. I also add notes in each chart that reflect issues and services or concerns that were brought up during the discussion phase. These • Aim for integration of workflow – units working together to often form the basis for making recommendations to enhance efficiency, address problems to explore the elimination of existing processes, and to identify potential • Final project is workflow charts with analysis and recommen- new services. dations The focus of this article was to provide some best practices that can The success of any workflow project is tied to the level of motiva- be used to help make the workflow analysis project run smoothly with tion and active participation by the team. To that end it is important to positive results that meet the initial goals and objectives. The project include staff at all levels as much as possible from the beginning. Staff just completed at The University of Alabama resulted in several internal should be given examples of workflow charts and, if available, evidence changes, better integration between the units and recommendations for of analysis and how it was previously used to influence positive change. new services that will help shape the role of Resource Acquisition & When the project began here at The University of Alabama I provided Discovery as we move forward with strategic planning at the university the team with a copy of the 2006 Serials Review article I co-wrote about and library level. When we think of being earnest with collections that our project at ODU so they could see charts and highlights from a project tends to bring up discussions about spending less and looking for ways that produced positive results. to maximize the materials budget. I hope that this column will bring attention to the importance of being efficient within traditional technical Successfully Managing the Process services operations. Eliminating unnecessary work, being more efficient During the development of workflow charts I have found it to be at what we do, and adding new and exciting roles for technical services advantageous to meet with either individuals or units depending on the contributes to being earnest with collections.

Against the Grain / April 2016 81 Wandering the Web — Laws that Affect the Life of Americans from Slavery to the 21st Century by Audrey Robinson-Nkongola (Assistant Professor/Campus Librarian, Western Kentucky University)

Column Editor: Jack G. Montgomery (Professor, Coordinator, Collection Services, Western Kentucky University Libraries)

Author’s Note: Part One of the bibliog- The “Law Library” link will take the researcher was an attempt to avoid the divide between raphy is a list of Websites where informa- to the online catalog of LOC Law Library. the North and the South that was to occur. tion concerns laws and cases that greatly Items such as “Extracts from the American LeFrancois summarized the aspects under impacted African American lives in the slave code” can be found. the 1850 act that made the recapture of slaves nineteenth century. These laws are listed The site states slave codes were in existence easier and the successful escape nearly impos- chronologically beginning at slave codes to from 1660s to 1860s, 200 years of codes that sible. He points out “federal marshals were Plessy v. Ferguson. The slave codes and were designed to control the daily lives of financially liable for not trying to execute the fugitive slave laws were meant to control the African Americans. Maryland and the District warrants and for allowing fugitives to escape. possibility of slave rebellion. As the History of Columbia’s slave codes were published on Penalties were increased for obstructing slave Channel stated, black codes and the Jim March 17, 1862, one month after President owners or helping fugitives, and included Crow laws were meant to maintain white su- Abraham Lincoln signed a law to compensate imprisonment.” LeFrancois states under “an premacy and Southern agricultural society. slave owners for their loss of “property.” Unsuccessful Accommodation” section the The Dred Scott decision declared African PBS (Public Broadcasting Service) — Compromise merely “illustrated the North’s Americans were not citizens. Plessy made http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/ and South’s opposing views on the issue of segregation the law of the land. Laws, such legal/history.html — broadcasted a series slavery.” The last section is a debate about as the Civil Rights Acts and Voting Rights called “Slavery and Making of America.” whether reparations should be paid to African Americans as the result of slavery. Although Act, demanded that the United States gov- The Website entitled, “The Slave Experience: Legal Rights and Government,” is a part of the an interesting debate, it seems out of place in ernment honor the Constitution, particularly the discussion of the Compromises. the Fourteenth Amendment — “all persons series. The page is divided vertically into two born or naturalized in the United States” are columns. The first column on the left, “Legal The History Channel Website — http:// citizens and “… forbids states from denying Rights and Government,” provides a historical www.history.com/topics/black-history/fugi- any person life, liberty or property without overview. The second column discusses the tive-slave-acts — entitled “Fugitive Slave due process of law” or “deny to any person implementation and rationale for slave codes. Acts” begins with a dramatic banner “The within its jurisdiction the equal protection According to the author, Kimberly Sabol-Tos- Slave-hunter is among us. Be on Your Guard. of the laws.”1 co, one of the first slave codes was enacted An arrest is planned for to-night (sic).” It in South Carolina in 1696. It was called the summarizes the Fugitive Slave acts and cir- Part Two lists Websites of laws that “Act for the Better Ordering and Governing of cumstances they were enacted. In addition, the attempted to reserve the centuries of oppres- Negroes and Slaves.” This act originated from Website notes that statues regarding runaway sion. These laws illustrate the small gains Barbados and became the foundation for what slaves were in the thirteen colonies as early African Americans made to obtain de facto other states used for their slave codes. as 1643. freedom. — ARN Fugitive Slave Laws Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 Slave Codes Encyclopedia.com — http://www.ency- U.S. History.org — http://www.ushistory. clopedia.com/topic/fugitive_slave_laws.aspx org/presidentshouse/history/slaveact1793.htm The U.S. History.org — http://www.ushis- — operated by Cengage Learning, repub- — created a Website for the fugitive slave acts. tory.org/us/6f.asp — owned by Independence lished Arthur G. LeFrancois’s article entitled The title of the Website is “The President’s Hall Association of Philadelphia, provides the “Fugitive Slave Acts.” The Website includes House in Philadelphia: Fugitive Slave Act definition and rationale for slave codes. Slave Fugitive Slave laws of 1793 and 1850. The of 1793.” The Website consists of the entire codes were not implemented in the South in Website is divided into five parts, “the Fugitive document of the Fugitive Slave act. In the the 1800s, but it existed in the colonies in the Slave Act of 1793,” “the Fugitive Slave Act of “Fugitive Slave Act of 1793,” in order to force 1700s. U.S. History.org states slave codes 1850,” “an Unsuccessful Accommodation,” a person back into slavery, the burden of proof were employed to control the movement of “Slave Reparations,” and the bibliography. was on the person making the charge. Section slaves in order to avoid rebellion. The bibliography provides citations of Le- Two states “if any person takes a slave or aids At the top of the page is a drop-down menu, Francois’s resources. in the escaping of the slave shall be fined five which provides various aspects of United The site succinctly states the North and hundred dollars and up to a year in prison.” A States history. The subtitle of the page is “Af- South’s views on slavery and the recapture slave owner’s word or a document before the rican Americans in the British New World.” of slaves. The varying views caused division judge was sufficient to provide the proof that a The section for slave codes is label as “6F. between the two regions. According to Le- person should be returned to slavery. African Americans.” The subsection “f” is Francois, the “Fugitive Slave Act of 1793” WGBH New England PBS channel — where slave codes are located. The left side of was an effort to provide a means to enforce http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h62. the page includes further information on slave the constitutional clause concerning escaped html — aired a series called “Africans in codes on other sites. slaves. “The act allowed a slave owner to seize America.” The Website, “Africans in America: The American Treasures of the Library an escaped slave and present him/her before a Revolution, Fugitive Slave Act of 1793.” This of Congress: Memory — http://www.loc.gov/ federal or local judge, and, upon ownership, Website is a continuation of the program. The exhibits/treasures/trm009.html — maintained receive a certificate authorizing the slave to site quotes Article IV, Section 2 of the Constitu- by the Library of Congress (LOC), is a be retaken.” tion: “any person held to service or labor” can Website about slave codes in the District of LeFrancois maintains that the “Fugitive be returned to the owner. PBS points out the Columbia (DC). To the left of the page is an Slave Act of 1850” “was an important part of Constitution does not say a slave. Additionally, image of the actual slave code passed in D.C. the Compromise of 1850.” The Compromise continued on page 83

82 Against the Grain / April 2016 should any marshal or deputy marshal refuse of Memorabilia. The Webpage features a slide Wandering the Web to receive such warrant or other process when show of some of the museum’s artifacts, which from page 82 tendered or to use all proper means diligently are very disturbing. However, the menu tab, to execute he shall on conviction thereof, be “About us” and under the section “About the the slave law allowed any official the power to fined in the sum of one thousand dollars.” In Museum,” the goal of the museum is “to get seize a slave and return him/her to bondage. the “Fugitive Slave Act of 1793,” the fine was people to think deeply” and show the alarming Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 five hundred dollars. In addition, if a fugitive artifacts of history of racism in the U.S.” By escape under an officer’s control, that officer clicking on the “video” tab, various YouTube The part four PBS series — http://www.pbs. will be prosecuted “for the full value of the videos on racism are available for viewing. org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2951.html — entitled service or labor of said fugitive.” In this act, “Africans in America: Judgment Day, 1831- The Library of Congress (LOC) — http:// unlike the previous one, the slave catcher is re- www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/ 1865,” included the Compromise of 1850 and sponsible for the successful return of the slave. Fugitive Slave Act. This Website discusses primarysourcesets/civil-rights — created a Section Five allows “posse commitatus” or “all teachers’ guide of primary sources and imag- the events that led up to the passage of the good citizens” to return slaves to their owners. “Fugitive of Slave Act of 1850.” The passage es of Jim Crow laws and segregation. The of the law was connected to the Compromise. Section Six states that the owner can pursue content can be filtered based upon Common According to PBS.org, several issues could the slave by obtaining a warrant “to seize the Core Standards, state content, grade level, have split the Union quicker than it did. For fugitive without process,” and the owner could and subject. For example, an educator can example, questions such as whether Mexico proclaim by deposition, orally or in writing, to select “Common Core Standards in grade level and California enter the Union as free or slave certify the slave belongs to him. twelve for the subject of social studies. Once states and was Santa Fe a part of the Texas ter- Black Codes the selection has been made, a list appears with the standards the content fulfills. ritory as Texan officials claimed? Additionally, PBS — http://www.pbs.org/tpt/slav- Washington, D.C., the Union’s capital, allowed ery-by-another-name/themes/black-codes/ — Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) slavery and the selling of slaves, which “was created a Website about black codes and pig the largest slave market in North America.” In Dred Scott, a slave, argued for his freedom laws. The Website includes videos on both before the United States Supreme Court in order to forgo the inevitability of the division codes. A pig law was a penalty, a misdemean- of the Union, a compromise was made. As a 1857. According to the majority opinion of or, and a felony solely levied against African the court, slaves and Blacks were not citizens, part of the Compromise of 1850, the “Fugitive Americans when a farm/agricultural crime Slave Act of 1850” was introduced, which was therefore, could not bring their cases before a occurred. These pig laws stayed on the books federal court. one of the agreements to keep the Union intact. well into the Jim Crow era. WGBH New England PBS — www.pbs. NBC News.com — http://www.nbcnews. According to the History Channel — com/id/24714472/ns/us_news-gut_check/t/s-s- org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2932.html — aired http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/ a series “Africans in American.” The title expansion-slavery-us/#.VcfyrstRHug — creat- black-codes — black codes were implemented ed a series called “Gut Check. America.” Gut of part four of the series is “Judgment Day: to control the former slaves and their labor. The Part 4: 1831-1865.” The title of the Website Check America was created to “ask…readers... Website provides a brief chronology of black what matters most to [them]. Then use the is called “People and Events: Dred Scott’s codes, which begin in 1865, with Mississippi fight for freedom: 1846-1857.” The Website responses to help inform [the] coverage of the and South Carolina being the first states to topic.” The Website entitled “1800-1850s: is exclusively about the Scott case. At the enact them. The purpose of black codes was bottom of the page are links called “Related Expansion of Slavery in the U.S.” is a part “to show a steadfast commitment to ensuring of this series. The site includes the rationale Entries,” which related to Scott’s case. One the [white] supremacy and the survival of link entitled “David Blight on the Dred Scott of the Compromise of 1820 and 1850. These plantation agriculture in the postwar years.” compromises were created to settle a dispute decision.” David Blight, Professor of History between the Northern and Southern states as The page is divided into sections, for exam- and Black Studies of Amherst College, explains to whether a state would enter the Union as a ple “States’ rights in the Former Confederacy,” the significance of theDred Scott decision. free or a slave state. The American Anthro- “Passage of the Black Codes,” and “Enforce- ment and Impact of the Black Codes.” To the Missouri Office of the Secretary of State pological Association (AAA), the providers et al — https://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/ of information on the Website, state the Com- right of the page are illustrations and links of related topics. resources/africanamerican/scott/scott.asp promise of 1850 created the “Fugitive Slave — created an online library of historical doc- Act of 1850.” According to AAA, the act was Jim Crow Laws uments called “Missouri Digital Heritage.” the most devastating legislation to slaves and The National Park Service (NPS) — The title of the Website is “Missouri State abolitionists. The act required anyone could http://www.nps.gov/malu/learn/education/ Archives, Missouri’s Dred Scott Case: 1846- capture a slave and return him/her to slavery. jim_crow_laws.htm — which is a government 1857.” The Dred Scott case began in St. Louis The slave did not have due process; therefore, entity under the United States Department of Circuit Court. Therefore, many of the detail they could be returned without a trial. As a the Interior, created a Website about Jim Crow regarding the case and the personal lives of result, free blacks could be forced into slavery. Laws. The title of the Website, “Martin Lu- Scott’s family and owners may be discussed This act caused 20,000 African Americans to ther King, Jr: National Historic Site-Georgia, in greater detail than elsewhere. According to flee from the United States to Canada. is misleading. However, the topic is about Jim the Website, Scott case began from “an 1846 Lillian Goldman Law Library of Yale Crow laws. This page discusses the Jim Crow action when Dred Scott innocently made his Law School — http://avalon.law.yale. laws in different states. Jim Crow laws are like mark with an ‘X’ signing his petition in a pro edu/19th_century/fugitive.asp — created the the slave and black codes. These laws were forma freedom suit, initiated under Missouri “Avalon Project: Documents in Law, Histo- designed to limit the African American’s every- to sue for freedom in St. Louis Circuit Court.” ry and Diplomacy.” Avalon’s purpose is to day life after he achieved freedom from slavery. The Library of Congress (LOC) — provide digital documents, which covers the For example, Mississippi had a law against http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/ topics of law, history diplomacy, politics, and the promotion of equality, i.e., “any person… DredScott.html — created an online reference diplomacy. in favor of social equality or of intermarriage guide called “Web Guides: Virtual Services The Avalon Project provided the entire ten between whites and negroes, shall be subject Digital Reference Section.” The title of the sections of the Fugitive Slave act. To summa- to fines not exceeding five hundred (500.00) page is “Primary Documents in American rize two parts of the law that different from the dollars or imprisonment not exceeding six (6) History: Dred Scott v. Sanford. LOC briefly “Fugitive Slave Act of 1793” and to illustrate months or both.” is divided by six sections, for example “Digital how this act significantly inhibited slaves’ The Ferris State University in Big Rapids, Collections,” “Chronicling,” and “Younger attempts towards freedom, Sections Five Michigan — http://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/ Readers,” etc. This page is a great resource and Six will be mentioned. Section Five “… what.htm — created the Jim Crow Museum continued on page 84

Against the Grain / April 2016 83 It set the precedent for desegregated schools. “may be detrimental, but not illegal.” In 1954, Wandering the Web Sylvia Mendez was denied access to a school Thurgood Marshall et al successfully argued from page 83 in California, because she was Latina. Mendez the unconstitutionality of segregated schools. et al argued successfully that denying Mendez Legal Information Institute (LII) — to find other types of information on theDred entry into the Westminster Elementary School https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/ Scott decision. was unconstitutional.* text/347/483 — has the full text of the Brown Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Smithsonian National Museum of Amer- v Board of Education. Whereas Plessy v. Fer- History Channel — http://www.history. ican History: Behring Center — *http:// guson made segregation the law of the land, com/topics/black-history/plessy-v-ferguson americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/2-bat- Brown v. Board of Education (1954) made — summarized the details regarding Plessy tleground/pursuit-equality-2.html — devoted segregation unconstitutional. The syllabus of v. Ferguson (1896). In this landmark case, a Webpage to Brown case entitled “Separate is Brown states “segregation of White and Negro Homer Plessy refused to sit in a separate rail- not equal: Brown v. Board of Education.” The (sic) children in the public schools of a state way car in Louisiana. He argued that his civil subtitle is “In Pursuit of Equality: Mendez v. solely on the basis of race, pursuant to state rights were violated. The seven majority panel Westminster.” As stated in the introduction to laws permitting or requiring such segregation, believed that Plessy’s civil rights were not vi- this section, Sylvia Mendez et al Westminster denies to Negro children the equal protection of olated if the accommodations were “separate, Elementary School, because she was not ad- the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amend- but equal.” As a result, Plessy v. Ferguson set mitted due to her race. Among the arguments ment — even though the physical facilities and the precedent of segregation in every aspect of made in this case, one of them declared that other ‘tangible’ factors of white and Negro African Americans’ lives. “separate schools violated the Fourteenth schools may be equal.” Amendment.” As a result, other courts upheld The Leadership Conference — http:// WNET Indianapolis, Indiana PBS the decision and Californian Governor Earl channel — http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/ www.civilrights.org/education/brown/ — creat- Warren fought to desegregate schools for ed a Website about the Brown v. Board of Edu- stories_events_plessy.html — televised a series Asian and Native Americans. This Webpage in 2002 titled the “Rise and Fall of Jim Crow.” cation Supreme Court ruling. The Leadership does not explicitly make the connection with Conference on Civil and Human Rights and Under “About the Series” link described “Rise Brown v. Board of Education. and Fall of Jim Crow” as a “landmark four-part The Leadership Education Fund “is a coalition series [that] explores segregation from the end The Constitutional Rights Foundation’s charged by its diverse membership of more of Civil War to the dawn of the modern Civil (CRF) — http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of- than 200 national organizations to promote and Rights movement.” A Website was created to rights-in-action/bria-23-2-c-mendez-v-west- protect civil and human rights of all persons in summarize the various aspects of the series. minster-paving-the-way-to-school-desegre- the United States.” The Leadership Conference The Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), a United gation — mission is to educate young people was created by A. Phillip Randolph, head of States Supreme Court case that created de to be more civic-minded. As a result, the the Sleeping Car Porters, Roy Wilkins of the jure of segregation, in spite of the Fourteenth Foundation devoted Website to the Mendez NAACP, and Arnold Aronson, a leader of Amendment. case titled, “Mendez v. Westminster: Paving the National Jewish Community Relations Legal Information Institute — https:// the Way to School Desegregation.” The Advisory Council. The organization was www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/ Website’s audience is school children, parents, founded in 1950. text/163/537 — which is housed at Cornell and teachers. Teachers can find free lesson The Brown v Board of Education Website is University Law School, provided the entire plans on Black history, the Bill of Rights divided into two sections with eight sections. Plessy v. Ferguson case, including the opinion and the Common Core. The CRF provides Under the “Online Resources,” some of the of the court and lone dissenter, Justice John background information on the Mendez de- resources include “About the Brown decision,” Harlan. The opinion of the Court made by cision and segregation. In addition, it makes “Exhibits,” and a student activity booklet for Justice Brown stated that “all railway com- a clear connection between the Mendez and children, and “Resources and Articles.” The panies carrying passengers in their coaches Brown cases. According to CRF, Mendez majority of the resources and articles are found in this State shall provide equal but separate was “the first time…evidence [presented] in a elsewhere on the Web. accommodations for the white and colored court that school segregation harmed minority children.” The National Association for the Ad- races by providing two or more passenger vancement of Colored People (NAACP) Le- coaches for each passenger train.” Justice National Park Service (NPS) — http:// gal Defense and Educational Fund — http:// John Harlan, as the sole dissenter, rebuked www.nps.gov/nr/travel/american_latino_her- www.naacpldf.org/case/brown-v-board-educa- the ruling due to “such legislation as that here itage/Los_Angeles_US_Court_House_and_ tion — was created by Thurgood Marshall, in question is inconsistent not only with that Post_Office.html — produced a Webpage to the first African American to serve on the Su- equality of rights which pertains to citizenship, the Mendez case titled “American Latino preme Court, in 1940. The Legal Defense and National and State, but with the personal liberty Heritage: U.S. Court House and Post Office, Educational Fund (LDF) “is the country’s first enjoyed by everyone within the United States.” Los Angeles, California.” NPS included illus- and foremost civil and human rights law firm… trations of the U.S. District Court, Westminster Part 2 of Laws [Its] victories established the foundations for School of Orange County, and Sylvia Mendez the civil rights that all Americans enjoy today”. The following laws illustrate a shift towards receiving her Presidential Medal of Freedom. de facto freedom for African Americans. NPS notes the discriminatory practices of The LDF created a Website to explain the Some scholars believe the Brown v. Board of school administrators in regard to Latino Brown v. Board of Education case. The title Education (1954) decision was the beginning Americans, for example, the less “Mexican” of the Website is “Case: Landmark: Brown v. of the Civil Rights movement.5 However, a child looked and sound, he/she could attend Board of Education.” On the left side of the while others contend that 1619, when the first the white school. page are “Related Files” or cases that are re- Africans who were sold as slaves to colonists, lated to the Brown case. Below the related files began the Civil Rights era.6 No matter the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) is “Recent News.” LDF provides information date, the succeeding laws demonstrate African According to Kansas state law, cities having on civil and human right cases. Americans’ collective push towards obtaining more than 15,000 citizens were required to es- The National Parks Service (NPS) — their rights under the Constitution. tablish a separate school for African American http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/ka1. children. In 1950, the Kansas State Supreme htm — a governmental agency, produced a Mendez v. Westminster (1945) court heard eleven court cases that challenged Website called “We Shall Overcome: Historic Mendez v. Westminster is not a U.S. segregated schools. Later in 1950, the NAACP Places of the Civil Rights Movement.” The Supreme Court case. However, Mendez v. created a class action lawsuit, which repre- historical places featured were the center of the Westminster had an impact on the Brown v. sented thirteen families. In February 1951, a Brown v. Board of Education case — Monroe Board of Education Supreme Court ruling. federal three-judge panel ruled that segregation continued on page 85

84 Against the Grain / April 2016 listed alphabetically by subject. HG.org has voting in various places of the United States Wandering the Web 535 articles about Civil Rights. before the law was enacted. from page 84 The Legal Information Institute (LII) — The United States Department of Justice https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/civil_rights Civil Rights Division — http://www.justice. Elementary School and Sumner Elementary — is small research engineering and editorial gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php — has a School in Topeka, Kansas. group housed at the Cornel Law School voting section on its Website. This section “Brown v. Board of Education National in Ithaca, NY. LII’s collaborators “include includes links of the “History of Federal Vot- Historic Site is the subject of an online lesson publishers, legal scholars, computer scientists, ing Rights Laws.” In addition to the history, plan produced by Teaching with Historic government agencies, and other groups and the Department of Justice provides the “1965 Places, a National Register program that offers individuals that promote open access to law Enactment” of the VRA. According to the site, -ready lesson plans on properties worldwide.” LII created WEX, which is a free two events occurred that impacted the passage listed in the National Register.” legal dictionary and encyclopedia. of VRA, the murders of civil right activists and Civil Rights Laws The encyclopedia defines a civil right as the attack by state troopers on peaceful march- “an enforceable right or privilege which if in- ers on the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, The United States has various Civil Rights terfered with by another gives rise to an action Alabama. These acts “persuaded…President laws. The most recognized laws are Civil for injury.” The Website provides information [Johnson] and Congress to overcome Southern Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968. Civil Rights on civil rights laws. legislators’ resistance to effective voting rights Act of 1964 forbade discriminatory practices in legislation.” aspects of employment.2 The Civil Rights Act United States Commission on Civil of 1968, also known as the Fair Housing Act of Rights (CCR) — http://www.usccr.gov/ — is The National Initiative on American His- 1968, prohibited discriminatory a federal government agency. The CCR was tory, Civics, and Service — http://www.our- practices in regards to housing.3 created as a result of the “Civil Rights Act of documents.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=100 The following Websites are 1957.” The Civil Rights Act of 1957 forti- — sponsored a Website entitled “Our Docu- fied the federal government’s commitment ments: 100 Milestone Documents from the places on the Internet where 4 these laws can be found. to civil rights. CCR was “established as National Archives.” The Website is comprised an independent, bipartisan fact-finding of 100 primary, digitized documents that had FindLaw — http:// federal agency.” Its mission is to “in- an impact on American history. As a result, civilrights.findlaw.com/ form the development of national civil the actual VRA of 1965 is included as one of enforcing-your-civil-rights/ rights policy and enhance enforcement the one hundred documents. The date stamp civil-rights-laws.html — of federal civil rights laws.” The Website of August 6, 1965 can be seen. The Website which is a Thomson Reuters is sectioned by highlights, recent reports, noted the purpose of the VRA was to enforce product, “provides legal information online.” recent correspondence, recent congressional the Fifteenth Amendment, which was to allow FindLaw provides a list of the Civil Rights reports, and testimony. At the bottom right everyone the right to vote. laws. The laws can be viewed alphabetically of the page are recent meeting transcripts. or by subject. The database provides a link to each law. When clicking on the link, such as Voting Rights Act 1965 Civil Rights Act of 1964: Title VII (Equal Em- The Leadership Conference Website — Endnotes ployment Opportunities), the code and various http://www.civilrights.org/voting-rights/vra/ subsections Title VII appears. 1. https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ history.html — included the history and sec- ourdocs/14thamendment.html HG.org — http://www.hg.org/civilrgt. tions as well as the Supreme Court’s relation- html — is an “online law and government.” 2. https://www.archives.gov/education/ ship to the “Voting Rights Act of 1965” (VRA). lessons/civil-rights-act/ HG.org provides background information on According the Website, Section 2 prohibits the Civil Rights laws. The Website is divided discriminatory practices of minority voters. 3. http://www.history.com/topics/black-his- tory/fair-housing-act into informative sections such as “Excessive Section 5 “requires federal ‘preclearance’ and Police Misconduct” to “Information before covered jurisdictions.” The covered 4. http://civilrights.findlaw.com/enforc- Civil Rights Lawyer.” Further on the page is jurisdictions have historically discriminated ing-your-civil-rights/civil-rights-laws.html information about Civil Rights law. The Civil against minority voters. However, in June 2013 5. http://www.cnn.com/EVENTS/1997/mlk/ Rights section is not only civil rights laws in in Shelby County v. Holder the “preclearance” links.html the United States, but international laws as was deemed unconstitutional. This act not 6. http://www.civilrights.org/resources/ well. At the top menu bar is the “Articles” only benefitted African Americans, but Asian civilrights101/chronology.html tab. Once this tab is selected, the articles are and Latino Americans were also barred from

falls into the hands of a pig-headed university have to cost $39.95. That might very well be Back Talk librarian with time on his hands. true, but as our presidential candidates repeat- from page 86 But second, I draw the conclusion that edly teach us, just because something is true more transparency is needed. If I go back to doesn’t mean I have to believe it. firm orderand are lucky, your chances of get- the CUP Website, I find that the U.S. pricing Now, I do have a six year old Cambridge ting the washable edition are very high.) for this title is $89.95 hardcover, $29.95 Press Print-on-Demand title on my private I draw two lessons from this epic saga. paperback. All evidence indicates that those shelves that is a perfectly serviceable book, First, the “who knew?” lesson that the physical prices are the same whether you receive a good paper, vividly clear printing, soundly manufacture of the books we buy nowadays is well-made artifact from the oldest university bound. Quality is possible. The problem is a far more complicated process than I realized. press in the world or a junky substitute man- not new technology but cheap people — pub- How many mass market paperbacks sold ufactured by a vendor. I harrumphed about lishers, vendors, and readers who all think that through Amazon are printed by them in this that to a non-Cambridge publisher I know, second and third quality objects are quite good way? Sure, many readers today get a book in suggesting I should get a discount for the enough for “mere” reading. The old Roman their hands and if they take a moment will sniff tacky version, and she was kind enough to senators, when their turn came in debate and at it and grumble about how books aren’t made explain to me patiently that I am getting that they wanted to express dissent, sometimes the way they used to be, but Henry Adams was discount, because if the publisher can’t count confined themselves to a two word spccch: right, “The world grew cheap, as worlds must.” on switching to POD at a certain point in the ceterum censeo. “I think otherwise.” I do. It’s just bad luck when one of those books print run, the paperback copy would probably

Against the Grain / April 2016 85 Back Talk — Adventures in Fine Reading Column Editor: Jim O’Donnell (University Librarian, Arizona State University)

his is the life! I sit in my office and I nition. Do they think that the reader will be the first time I opened think of a book I’d like to read. Often in more likely to spot the book in a bookstore if it, not a good sign for Ta few minutes and never more than a few it’s the size of the Sears Roebuck catalogs of a book meant to be a days later, I’m reading that very book. For one my childhood? When I buy one of those, I al- college textbook for who started out his library life in a quonset hut ways go looking for the bicycle tire valve on it, diligent readers. I grew grumpier, uttered a few on an army base in the desert, this is amazing hoping that I can let all the air out and shrink it imprecations, and talked to a few people, whom and beautiful. down to the size of a classic Modern Library I will preserve with anonymity from being If life were merely amazing and beautiful, edition, which is the right size for human hand immortalized in a rivetingly memorable ATG of course, we’d have no great works of art: and eye. Doesn’t work very often. column, and I discovered a remarkable thing. no Picasso’s Guernica, no Moby-Dick, and POD packaging is a success in taking ugly Sitting quietly in my office on February no rivetingly memorable columns in Against to the next level. Ugliness didn’t surprise 19th, looking closely at the inside back cover the Grain. Fortunately, my experience has me about my new Thucydides, but what did of this second copy, I discovered a small gone beyond amazing and reached the level surprise me was trouble reading the book. logo there confirming that this book had been of “you’ve got to be kidding.” One of the things Thucydides is famous for printed in San Bernadino CA on the 16th of It started this way. There came upon me a in his books is all the reported orations by February, 72 hours earlier. How could that be? fierce desire to read a new translation ofThu - distinguished statesmen, who explain exactly I asked my colleagues; they confirmed that cydides. Hobbes and Jowett and Crawley and how they mean to take opportunity for glory they had known that The Harrumpher wanted Lattimore and Blanco are all so other-century, and turn it into the shabbiest, bloodiest war of a fresh copy, and so they got it as fast as they so let’s see what Mynott can do. Jeremy all antiquity. What does it mean, then, when could — from Amazon. Yes, and? Mynott ascended through the editorial ranks I find that this copy of the book calls them Well, it turns out that when a major pub- at Cambridge University Press to become the spccchcs? Cost containment I can understand, lisher hands over a book to Amazon to sell, Press’ CEO and then in retirement ascended but just how much do we save eliminating the they may require the publisher also to provide even higher, to enter the ranks of Thucydides cross-bars on the letter “e”? The vanishingly Amazon with a PDF of the book. Amazon translators. It’s a tough and unforgiving task, faint print of this badly made copy rendered thereby acquires the right to produce what I but he has carried it off splendidly, no question. the artifact nearly unreadable. will now call “Print-on-Discretion” copies. I knew of his success at second hand and want- I harrumphed. Yes, librarians are too gen- For whenever Amazon decides that their com- ed to witness it myself. teel to harrumph, but I was trained differently. mitment to deliver the goods as quickly and But though the book was published in Harrumphing is one of the core competencies cheaply as possible so requires, they have the 2013, our library hadn’t yet acquired it. In inculcated in Provost School, and there I did right to produce a print-on-demand copy of the these days of access over ownership, that’s very well indeed. Word of my harrumphing book and send it whizzing on its way. Never no firm obstacle to the satisfaction of desire, went out through the library staff, who heard mind that the publisher, formerly an important but I still thought we should buy a copy, and me say that we should send this book back and link in this chain, has an abundant supply of so we placed an order. True to the magic of get a better copy. A small number of days later copies in their U.S. warehouse, for those can the times, the book showed up a few days another copy arrived, this time a paperback. It all stay on the shelves, while Amazon runs later, 761 pages, with translation, notes, index, too was big — 1.75” thick, to be precise. I sat it off another one and sends it skittering down and the like. next to my old Signet paperback of Moby-Dick the supply chain. I was disappointed. The book that arrived and realized that if I’d had this Thucydides When I learned this, gentle reader, I’m sorry was a hardcover copy that had clearly been when I read Melville at 16, it wouldn’t have to say that I harrumphed again. Bring me the “printed on demand,” as the cover was that kind been so hard to imagine just how immense the head of Alfredo Garcia, I cried, and with it a of shiny washable plastic stuff that gives PTSD white whale was. copy of this book that was actually produced flashbacks to the textbooks we so loathed in And so I began to read. This copy was by its publisher! More scurrying ensued, and seventh grade. Some publishers have decided, better than the last, containing actual speeches soon I had what I asked for. you see, that the way to keep a place for the and no spccchcs, though to my bifocular eyes This time I smiled. The actual book pub- print book in the digital age is to make those it was rather faintly printed and in type rather lished by Cambridge University Press had the books as cheap and ugly looking as possible. smaller than necessary for something as, well, same trim size but was only 1.25” thick. The Big, too: trim sizes bloated beyond all recog- bloated as this. The “perfect” binding cracked Amazon bloat-on-demand edition was fully 40% bulkier at 1.75”. The CUP cover was better printed, the binding was better (actual ADVERTISERS’ INDEX signatures), the paper color was easier on the eye (slightly off-white), and there was less bleed-through of text from the verso of a given 33 accessible Archives 10 The Charleston Report 19 The Optical Society page on the slimmer, lighter weight volume 59 action! Library Media Servicel 9 cold Spring Harbor Lab Press 37 proQuest than on the Amazon copy. 2 adam Matthew Digital 13 copyright Clearance Center 23 Quertle, LLC So where had the original “hardcover” POD copy full of spccchcs come from? That, I was 87 american Chemical Society 53 emery-Pratt 47 rittenhouse Book Distributors now truly interested to learn, had come via 73 american Pharmacists Association 15 grey House Publishing 7 SAE International Coutts, our old reliable distributor, and had 41 annual Reviews 11 igi Global 29 SPIE Digital Library come into being at Lightning Source’s Ten- nessee home, because the original print run of 25 aSME 88 Midwest Library Service 75 Turpin Distribution hardcover copies had run out. (This book is in 5 aTG 17 The MIT Press 3 yBP Library Services a textbook-ish series published simultaneously 81 The Charleston Advisor 21 Modern Language Association in hard and soft covers, with a very short run of the hard covers. Unless you have the book For Advertising Information Contact: Toni Nix, Ads Manager, coming on an approval plan or pre-publication , Phone: 843-835-8604, Fax: 843-835-5892. continued on page 85

86 Against the Grain / April 2016 WELCOMES FOUR CO-EDITORS FROM AROUND THE WORLD

Cornelia Bohne Krishna Ganesh Professor, Department Director, Indian Institute of Chemistry, University of Science Education and of Victoria, Canada Research, India

Luis Liz-Marzán Deqing Zhang Director, Director, Institute of CIC biomaGUNE, Spain Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

To learn more about ACS Publications’ newest open-access journal visit pubs.acs.org/acsomega