T-M Transportation-Markings Foundations 5th Edition Brian Clearman Mount Angel Abbey 2008 TRANSPORTATION- MARKINGS FOUNDATIONS TRANSPORTATION-MARKINGS A STUDY IN COMMUNICATION MONOGRAPH SERIES Alternate Series Title: An Inter-modal Study of Safety Aids Alternate T-M Titles: Transport [ation] Mark [ing]s/Transport Marks/Waymarks T-M Foundations, 5th edition, 2008 (Part A, Volume I, First Studies in T-M) (2nd ed, 1991; 3rd ed, 1999, 4th ed, 2005) A First Study in T-M: The US, 2nd ed, 1993 (Part B, Vol I) International Marine Aids to Navigation, 2nd ed, 1988 (Parts C & D, Vol I) [Unified 1st Edition of Parts A-D, 1981, University Press of America] International Traffic Control Devices, 2nd ed, 2004 (Part E, Vol II, Further Studies in T-M) (1st ed, 1984) International Railway Signals,1991 (Part F`, Vol II) International Aero Navigation, 1994 (Part G, Vol II) T-M General Classification, 2nd ed, 2003 (Part H, Vol II) (1st ed, 1995, [3rd ed, Projected]) Transportation-Markings Database: Marine, 2nd ed, 2007 (Part Ii, Vol III, Additional Studies in T-M) (1st ed, 1997) TCD, 2nd ed, 2008 (Part Iii, Vol III) (1st ed, 1998) Railway, 1st ed, 2000 (Part Iiii, Vol III) (2nd ed, In Process) Aero, 1st ed, 2001 (Part Iiv) (2nd ed, Projected) Composite Categories Classification & Index, 1st ed, 2006 (Part Iv, Vol III) (2nd ed, Projected) Transportation-Markings: A Historical Survey, 1750-2000, 2002 (Part J, Vol IV, Final Studies in T-M) A Truly Integrative Transportation-Markings [Alternate Title: Transportation Markings as an Information System; Second Alternate Title: Transportation Markings as a Communication System (Part K, Vol IV, Projected) Transportation-Markings General Table of Contents with Index, 6th ed, 2008 (1st ed, 2002; 2nd edition, 2003; 3rd ed, 2004, 4th ed, 2005, 5th ed, 2006) TRANSPORTATION-MARKINGS FOUNDATIONS Part A, 5th Edition Volume I, First Studies Brian Clearman Mount Angel Abbey 2008 Dedication is that of Volume I (Parts A- D, 1st edition, 1981): To My Parents: Dad (1909-1980) Mom (1910-1973) My Step-Mother Jennie (1911-1973) My Step-Mother Mary (1912-2001) Copyright (c) 2008 by Mt Angel Abbey. All Rights Reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data (2nd ed): Clearman, Brian. First studies in transportation- markings / Brian Clearman. --2nd ed., rev. and enl. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: pt A. Foundations ISBN 0-918941-02-4 (pt. A): $15.95 (149 pages) 1. Transportation-Markings. I. Title. II. Series: Clearman, Brian. Transportation-Markings : v. 1. TA 1245. C56 1981 vol. 1. 1991 629,04's --dc 20 [629.04'2] 91-46071 CIP 4 TRANSPORTATION-MARKING FOUNDATIONS PROLEGOMENA Prolegomena: The Original Revisited a) T-M Studies 10 b) T-M: A Discipline? 16 c) T-M: Why Not a Discipline Before Now? 18 d) T-M: Approaches & Forms 20 e) Underpinings for T-M 21 Prolegomena: Addenda i T-M in Proceedings 23 ii Building Construction: An Analogy for T-M Studies 29 iii Practical Symbol Practitioners 31 iv "Final Edition" 34 v The Semiotics Circus Tent 35 CHAPTER ONE THE STUDY OF T-M N A MULTI-FACETED FRAMEWORK: SEMIOTICS, COMMUNICATIONS, CLASSIFICATION & HOLARCHY A Semiotics & Communications 1 Introduction to Chapter 1 38 2 Basic Semiotic Concepts 40 3 Foundation of Messages 43 4 Communication Model 46 5 Semiotics of the Object 47 B Taxonomy & Holarchy: Expression of Singulars & 5 Wholes & T-M 1 Introduction 49 2 Nomenclature 51 3 Holarchy 54 Notes on Sources 56 CHAPTER TWO LIGHT & COLOR PROCESSES & VISUAL T-M A Primer on Light & Color 1 Light: A Brief Review 60 2 Introduction to Color 64 3 Light Sources 68 B Color & T-M 1 Historical Development of Color Use in T-M 71 2 Summary of Color Usage in T-M 75 C Historical Development of Color Messages 1 The Development of Messages Before 1900 a) Before 1850 79 b) 1850-1900 83 2 The Development of Messages Since 1900 a) 1900-1925 88 b) Developments Since 1925 92 CHAPTER THREE ELECTROMAGNETIC PROCESSES & ELECTRONIC T-M A Primer on Electromagnetic Processes 1 Electromagnetic Radiation & Waves 96 2 Electromagnetic Waves: Generation, Propagation & Reception 98 6 B Electronic T-M Forms: Signal Configurations & Receivers 1 Introduction 101 2 Electronic Signal Configurations & Receivers: Multiple-Station at One Location with Single Message 103 3 Electronic Signal Configurations & Receivers: Multiple-Stations at One Location with Multiple-Messages 107 4 Electronic Signal Configurations & Receivers: Single Station -- Single & Multiple Messages 109 CHAPTER FOUR ACOUSTICAL PROCESSES & ACOUSTICAL T-M A Primer on Acoustical Processes 1 Introduction & Terminology 112 2 Acoustical Processes 113 B Acoustical Signals Processes & Messages 1 Types of Vibrating Instruments & Generating Sources 116 Note on Terminology 121 2 Messages & Impediments 122 CHAPTER FIVE TRANSPORTATION-MARKINGS & DESIGN A Design, Culture & T-M 1 Introduction 125 2 Primer on Design a) Terminology 126 b) Elements & Principles of Design 131 7 c) T-M, Design & Culture 133 3 Capsule History of Design: Victorian Era to the Present a) Introduction and the Victorian Era 136 b) Late 19th Century & Earlier Twentieth Century 139 c) Design Since World War II 1) Introduction 141 2) Minimalism & Functionalism 143 3) Cultural Icons 144 B External Factors Affecting T-M Design 1 Introduction for 5B & 5C 149 2 The Historical Process 150 3 Science & Technology's Impact on T-M Materials & Design 153 C T-M & Design 1 Interaction of T-M & Infrastructures with Design a) The Impact of Transportation Routeway on the Design of T-M Forms 156 b) Influence on T-Ms Internal Requirements on Design 158 c) Summary of Factors Affecting the Creating of T-M Characteristics & Design 161 2 T-M as a Reflection of Culture a) Historical Backdrop 163 b) T-M: A Reflection of its Times 166 3 Message Systems & Design: T-M as Communications a) Introduction & Terminology 170 b) Graphic, Geometric & Alphanumeric Symbols Design 172 c) Visual, Acoustical & Electronic Message Configurations 173 APPENDIX: TERMINOLOGY FOUNDATIONS OF 8 TRANSPORTATION-MARKINGS i) Core Terms and Meanings 1) Introduction a) Prefatory Statement 177 b) Uses of T-M and Perspectives on Transportation 178 2) Sources Employing Mark, Marker, Marking a) Mark/Marker/Marking 180 b) Variant Forms 182 c) LCSH 183 3) Other Terms a) Beacon, Signal, Sign: Other Primary Terms 184 b) Terms That Compete With Transportation-Markings 185 c) Overarching Terms Employed 1969-1975 187 ii) The Use of Mark/Marker/Marking in T-M a) Marine Aids to Navigation 189 b) Aeronautical Navigation Aids 194 c) Railroad Signals & Other Devices 205 d) Traffic Control Devices 207 iii) Statistical Summary of Use of Mark/Marker/ Marking in Transportation-Markings Monograph Series 216 BIBLIOGRAPHY 218 INDEXES General 239 Names i Individual Names 245 ii Group, Political & Geographical Names 249 9 PROLEGOMENA Prolegomena: The Original Revisited The original Humboldt Count)) Prolegomena for Part A has been great expanded The original form is now one of four segments. An older (and perhaps idiosyncratic) memo on how Transportation-Markings studies developed has been added as well as a brief essay on Practical Symbol Practit- ioners. A previously published essay for Proceedings (of the Chartered Institute of Transport UK) is also included in the Prolegomena. The original idea for a Prolegomena comes from Myrna Oakley, a writing instructor, at Marylhurst College (now University) in Oregon. She suggested some personal background material for a monograph on Railway Signals. The suggestion was worked on but never included in that monograph. However, the idea took hold and during a sabbatical in 1991 the idea took the form of a Prolegomena for the second edition of the Foundations monograph. The original part of the Prolegomena has undergone revision and expansion for the third, fourth and now for fifth edition of Foundations. a) T-M Studies The original volume was a cornucopia if not of delights then of variety and breadth. It was an amalgamation of three previous written but unpublished monographs. The original monographs could be seen as a single body of writings rather than independent entities yet they maintained a distinct identity. The writer, after many misadventures, decided to bring them together and publish them as one unit. For a time it had seemed reasonable to think that the first 10 monograph, American Transportation Markings: A Study in Communication, (found primarily in the first two chapters of Part A, and in Part B) would be published without further additions. However, the publisher for that first volume (which was part of a series in Semiotics) went bankrupt and the work went unpublished. During that time a second mono- graph was written. And during the time both monographs were sitting unpublished, the first portion of third mono- graph was completed. Eventually all of these studies came together as Volume I (Parts A-D, University Press of America, 1981). Three of the studies have been listed in the pre-binding year rather than in the year of the binding. This is the case with Part B, Part F, Part H (1st ed). Each was completed save for binding in December of the respective year and bound in January of the following year. All three should have been listed in the later year. The second edition of Part A contained a number of new and altered elements. The Prolegomena retained materials, or at least themes, from the 1st ed. Preface. The opening chapter is a revision, enlargement, and reformulation of the first two chapters of the old Part A. The former third and fourth chapters became a single chapter though augmented by a discussion of light. The next chapter, acoustical signals, was a new chapter and reviewed concepts in acoustics as well as examining acoustical signals. Electronic signal processes is also a new chapter.