• • • • TRANSPORTATION-MARKINGS • DATABASE • COMPOSITE CATEGORIES • CLASSIFICATION & INDEX • • • -­ • III III • 1

TRANSPORTATION-MARKINGS: A STUDY IN CO.MMUNICATION MONOGRAPH SERIES Alternate Series Title: An Inter-modal Study of Safety Aids Transportatiol1-Markings Database Alternate T-M Titles: Transport [ation] Mark [ing]s / Transport Marks / Waymarks

T-MFoundations, 4th edition, 2005 (Part A, Volume I, First Studies in T-M) (3rd edition, 1999; 2nd edition, 1991) Composite Categories A First Study in T-M: The US, 2nd edition, 1993 (Part B, Vol I) Classification & Index International Marine Aids to Navigation, 2nd edition, 1988 (parts C & D, Vol I)

[Unified First Edition ofParts A-D, University Press ofAmerica, 1981]

International Traffic Control Devices, 2nd edition, 2004 (Part E, Volume II, Further Studies in T-M) (lst edition, 1984) Part Iv Volume III, Additional Studies, International Railway Signals, 1991 (Part F, Vol II) International Aero Navigation Aids, 1994 (Part G, Vol II) Transportation-Markil1gs: A Study il1 T-M General Classification with Index, 2nd edition, 2004 (Part H, Vol II) (1st edition, 1994) Commllnication Monograph Series Transportation-Markings Database: Marine Aids to Navigation, 1st edition, 1997 (I'art Ii, Volume III, Additional Studies in T-M) TCDs, 1st edition, 1998 (Part Iii, Vol III) Railway Signals. 1st edition, 2000 (part Iiii, Vol III) Aero Nav Aids, 1st edition, 2001 (Part Iiv, Vol III) Composite Categories Classification & Index, 1st edition, 2006 (part Iv, Vol III)

(2nd edition ofDatabase, Parts Ii-v, Projected) Brian Clearman

T-M· A Historical Survey, 1750-2000, 2002 (Part J, Volume IV, Final Studies in T-M) Mount Angel Abbey A Truly Integrative T-M(Alternative Title: Transportation-Markings as an Information System) (Part K, Vol IV, Projected) 00000 0 0 0 DOD 2006 Transportation-Markings General Table ofContents with Index, 5th edition, 2006 (lst edition, 2002; 2nd edition, 2003; 3rd edition, 2004; 4th edition, 2005) • • TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATED TO MY GRANDPARENTS: • PREFACE 23 Catherine Abbie Brady Sauers, 1878-1919 • CHAPTER ONE MARINE AIDS TO NAVIGAnON Frederick William Sauers, 1869-1944 1A Buoys & Other Floating Aids 1A1 Physical Buoys • a) Overarching Tenns 24 1) Basic Overarching Tenns Annie Donaldson Clearman, 1879-1966 • 2) Other Overarching Terms 3) General Overarching Tenns for Marine Aids to Frederick William Des Coudres Clearnlan, 1871--1968 Navigation • b) Lighted Buoys 25 c) Can & Conical Buoys 26 d) Spar Buoys 26-27 Copyright (c) Mount Angel Abbey 2006 • 1) Basic Spar Buoys 2) Specialized Spar Buoys Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data [Modified] • e) Barrel & Cask Buoys 27 Clearman, Brian f) Standard & Non-Standard Buoys 27 Transportation-Markings Database g) Sound Buoys 27-28 /Brian Cleannan. • 1) Overarching Terms p. cm -- (Transportation-Markings: v. 3 = pt. I) 2) Bell Buoys "Monograph Series" Includes Indexes. 3) Whistle Buoys Contents: i. Marine -- ii. TCD -- iii. Rail -- iv. Aero -- v. Composite Categories & Index. • 4) Siren Buoys ISBN 0-9)841-24-5 5) Other Sound Buoys 1. Transportation-Markings--Databases. 1. Title. II. Series: h) Combination Buoys 28 Clearman, Brian. • i) Other Physical Buoy Tenns 29 Transportation-Markings : v. 3. 1) Materials of Construction TA 1245.C56 1984 vol. 3. 2) Special Names Referring to Physical Structure 629.04'5 s [629.04'5]--DC21 94137240 • 3) Other Specialized Tenns 4 1A2 Buoy Morphology Terms • a) Location Fonns 30-31 III 1) Approach Buoys 2) Channel Edge Buoys (or Channel Limits Buoys) .. 5 3) In-Channel Buoys • e) Character of Operations Terms 47 b) Hazard Buoys 31 1) Nature of Operations c) Buoy Names From Messages 31 • 2) Specific Character ofLight Operations d) Names from Indirect Navigation Uses Forms 32 f) Miscellaney 47 1) Station Buoys g) General Character ofLights 48 2) Towing Buoys • Notes: Major Lights: New Terms & Differences in Studies 48 3) Anchor, Anchorage & Mooring Buoys Notes: Minor Lights: Differences in Studies 50 e) Special Purpose Buoys 33 f) Miscellaneous Buoys • 33 1B2 Daybeacons 1A3 Excerpts from Buoy Adjunct Terms 33 a) Overarching Terms 52 1A4 Major Floating Aids Terms • 1) Basic Terms a) Overarching Terms 34 2) Shared & Foreign Language Terms .b) Lightship & Light Vessels 34 b) Morphological Daybeacons 52-53 c) Light Floats 34 • 1) Leading/Range Marks d) Large Navigational Buoys 34 2) Signals Notes: New Terms & Differences in Studies 35 • 3) Other Morphology Terms. c) Physical Daybeacon Forms 53-55 1B Fixed Visual Aids I 1) Unidirectional 1B1 Fixed Lights • (a) Established Name a) Overarching Terms 40-41 (b) Local Names 1) General Overarching Terms 2) Structural Daybeacons 2) Overarching Terms for Major Lights • (a) Structural Daybeacons Employing Overarching Terms 3) Overarching Terms for Minor Lights (b) Established Names b) Major Lights 42 (c) Local/Descriptive Names 1) Subdivisions • 3) Natural Marks 2) Major Light-Individual Entries Notes: Daybeacons: New Terms & Differences in Studies 56 c) Minor Lights 44-45 1) • Single-Member Structures 1C Acoustical & Radio Aids (a) Narrower Types 1C1 Acoustical Aids (b) Wider Types • a) Fog Signal Overarching Terms 59 2) Multiple-Member Structures b) Diaphone, Diaphragm, Reed, & Siren Signals 60-62 3) Enclosed/Composite/Single Structures l) Diaphone Signals d) Morphological Terms 45 • 2) Diaphragm Signals 1) Major Lights (a) Overarching Terms 2) Minor Lights (b) Diaphragm Signals-Compressed Air 6 • • 7 (c) Oscillator Signals 3) Transponder Beacons 3) Reed Horns k) Satellite Navigation 77-78 4) Sirens 1) Overarching & Other Terms c) Explosive, Percussion, Submarine & Whistle Signals 63-64 2) GPS 1) Explosive Signals 3) Navy Transit Satellite Navigation Systems 2) Percussion Aids 4) Other Satellite Systems d) Submarine Signals 65 1) Other Radio Aids 78 e) Whistles 65 1) Radio/Sound Aids f) Miscellaneous Signals 66 2) Miscellaneous Aids Notes: Acoustical Aids: New Terms & Differences in Studies 66 Notes: New Terms & Differences in Studies 79

1C2 Radio Aids a) General Overarching Radio Aids Tenns 72 2 TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES 2 b) Radiobeacon Overarching Terms 72 2A Light & Sound Signals 2A c) Radiobeacons-Main 73 2A1 Traffic Control Signals 1) Directional a) Overarching Terms & General Note 83 2) Nondirectional b) Specific Entries 83 3) Rotating c) Traffic Signal Operation 83 4) Composite 2A2 Pedestrian Signals 84 d) Radiobeacons-Other 73 2A3 Traffic Signals-Other Types 84 e) Radiobeacons-Character of Operation 74 2A4 Flashing Beacons f) Hyperbolic Aids: Overarching Terms, Loran & Decca Forms 74-75 a) Overarching Terms 84 1) Overarching Aids b) Specific Entries 85 2) Decca c) Lighting Devices 85 3) Loran 2A5 Grade/Crossing/Level Crossing Signals 85 g) Hyperbolic Aids - Single & Quasi-Single 75 2A6 Sound Traffic Signals 86 h) Partially Hyperbolic Forms 75-76 Notes: New Terms & Differences in Studies 86 1) Consol Forms 2) Raydist Forms 2B Warning Signs i) Radar Aids: Reflectors 76 2B 1 Categories & Overarching Terms 1) Overarching Terms & Comer Reflector a) Categories 91 2) Other Radar Reflector b) Overarching Terms 92 j) Radar: Secondary & Primary Radar 76-77 2B2 Roadway Alignment Signs 1) Overarching Terms & Primary Aids a) Introductory Note & Overarching Terms 91 2) Shoran b) Specific Signs 91 8 9 -- 123 2B3 Roadway Condition Signs 2D2 Priority Signs 2D3 Prohibitory & Restrictive Signs a) Introductory Note & General Terms 92 a) Prohibitory & Restrictive Signs 123-125 b) Specific Signs 92 Dir~ction 2B4 Intersection Signs 1) One-way & Both Signs 2) Categories ofExclusion Signs a) Introductory Note & Overall Terms 94 3) Vehicular Exclusion: Weight, Height, & Length Signs b) Specific Signs 94 4)~ Miscellaneous Signs & Single Category Signs 2B5 Intermittent Moving Hazard Signs 95 b) Prohibitory & Restrictive ofTurns & V-Turns 125 2B6 Construction & Maintenance Signs 97 2B7 Other Hazards Signs (About-Turns) Signs c) Prohibitory & Restrictive ofOvertaking (Passing) Signs 125 a) General or Alternate Danger Signs 97 d) Prohibitory & Restrictive: Speed Limits Signs 125 b) Specific Signs 98 e) Miscellaneous, Single Forms, & End ofProhibitive 125 c) Supplemental Plates/Plaques 99 Or Restrictive Signs Notes: New Terms & Differences in Studies 99 2D4 Mandatory Signs 126 128 2C Informative Signs 2D5 Standing & Parkings Signs 2D6 Pedestrian Crossing Signs 129 2Cl Categories & Overarching Terms .­ 129 2D7 Miscellaneous Regulatory Signs a) Categories 109 2D8 Special Regulatory Signs: Temporary Traffic Control/Railroad 129 b) Overarching Terms 109 Crossing/Schools/Bicycles 2C2 Destination & Direction Signs 109 Notes: New Terms & Differences in Studies 130 2C3 Route Markers • a) Introductory Notes & Overarching Terms 110 2E Traffic Markings b) Specialized Route Markers 110 • 2El Overarching & Sub-Overarching Terms c) Route-Marker Tabs 111 a) Overarching Terms with General Notes 135 2C4 Mileposts 112 136 2C4 Signs Giving General Information b) Sub-Overarching Terms • 1) More General Terms Introductory Note 2) More Restricted Terms a) Overarching & Sub-Overarching Terms 112 3) Transportation-Marking Studies Category Terms b) Services Signs 113 • 2E2 Pavement & Curb Markings c) Parking Signs 114 a) Longitudinal Markings 136 d) Recreation Signs 114 1) Center Line Markings e) Miscellaneous Signs 115 • 2) Edge Lines Notes: New Terms & Differences in Studies 117 ... 3) Lane Markings 4) Other Longitudinal Markings 2D Regulatory Signs b) Transverse Markings 138 2D1 Categories 123 .- 10 • 11 c) Other Pavement & Curb Markings 139 9) Physical Shunting Signals 2E3 Hazard, Obstruction, Delineation Markings ·10) Function-Related Shunting Signals a) Hazard & Obstruction Markings 140 11) Sidings, Train Yard & Other Signals b) Delineators 140 12) Message-Related Signal Terms c) Banicades & Channelizing Devices 140 13) Miscellaneous Signals Notes: New Terms & Differences in Studies 141 c) Systems 157-159 1) Overarching Terms 2) Manual Block Signal Systems 3 RAILWAY SIGNALS, SIGNS, MARKERS 3) Controlled Manual Block Signal Systems 4) Automatic Bock Signal Systems 3A General Railway Signal Terms 5) AbsolutelPermissiveSignals 3A1 Overarching Terms 6) Other Block Signals a) Signals 148 7) Interlocking Signalling b) Fixed/Lineside/Railway-Railroad/Wayside Signals 148 8) Train Control ' c) Other Overarching Terms 149 9) Specific Named Systems d) PossiblelPartial Overarching Terms 150-151 Notes: New Terms & Differences in Studies 1) Energy & Technology-Related Terms 159 2) Physical-Morphological Overlapping Terms 3B Fully & Partially-Lighted Signals 3) Possible Overarching Terms-Miscellaneous 3B1 Overarching Terms 4) Terms Including Hardware Components 162 3B2 Color Light Signals 3B2 a) Principal Signal Types 162 3A2 Message, Morphology & System Terms 1) Basic a) Messages: Aspects & Indications 151-152 2) Limited-Variant 1) Color 3) Variant - 2) Aspects 4) Signaling 3) Indications b) Other Color Light Signals 163-164 b) Morphology 152-156 1) Distance Signals 1) Overarching Terms 2) Lens Arrangement Terms 2) Stop S,ignals 3) Morphology & Other Terms 3) Starting Signals 3B3 Searchlight Signals L64 4) Distant Signals 3B4 Other All-Lighted Signals ,5) Systems a) ,Single Lens Units: Morphological Dimension 165 6) Route & Junction Signals Frequently Present 7) Other Signals-Running Operations 1) Signal Terms Slightly More Morphological 8) Subsidiary Signals Than Physical 12 13 2) Signal Terms Somewhat More Morphological General Note Than Physical 1) Disc Signals Containing the Word Disc b) Dwarf Signals [Frequently Multiple Lens] 165 2) Banner Signals (Exposed Disc Form Under c) Undifferentiated Physical Signals 166 then Banner Name) 3B5 Position Light, Color Position Light, & Alphanumeric, c) Morphological-related Terms 177-178 Graphic & Geometric Signals General Note a) Position Light Signals 166 1) Switch Signals b) Color Position Light Signals 167 2) Points Indicators c) Symbolic Signal Types 167-168 3) Route Indicators General Note 4) Other Morphological Signal Terms d) OtherSignals 178-179 I 1) Multi-Lamp/Theatre Indicators I 2) Stencil Indicator 1) Crossbar Signals 2) Flag Signals 3) Other Indicators I 3B6 Cab Signals 3) Lighted Signs & Boards a) Major Cab Signal Types 168 4) Track Indicators b) Operational Terms -Cab Signals 168 5) Miscellaneous Signals 179 c) Partly Morphological Terms 169 Notes: New Terms & Differences in Studies I d) Other Cab Signals 169 e) Cab Signals with Sound Dimension [Primarily 170 3C Unlighted Visual Devices 3Cl Unlighted Fixed Types with Constant Message I Acoustical Signal segment] 3B7 Partially-Lighted Signals: Semaphores General Note 187 187 a) Overarching Terms 170 a) Location Signs 187-189 b) Types of Semaphores 170-171 b) Transportation Signs 1) Lower Quadrant & Upper Quadrant Signals 1) Speed Control Signs 2) Somersault Signals (a) Speed Control & Restriction Signs c) Semaphores: Methods ofOperation 171 (b) UAR Speed Signals (=Signs) d) Semaphores: Morphologically-Related Terms 172 (c) Speed Zone Signs e) Semaphores: System-Related Terms 173 (d) Other Speed Signs f) Other Semaphores Terms 174 2) Location Signs 3B8 Partially-Lighted Signals: Signal Boards, Disc Signals (a) Advance Location Signs & Other Forms (b) Limit & Location Signs a) Signal Boards 175 (c) Territory Limits Signs 190 1) Overarching Terms & Terms in Other Languages c) Maintenance ofWay Signs 190 2) Specific Board Terms d) Safety Signs b) Disc Signals 175-176 e) Marks & Markers 190 14 15 f) Boards & Posts 192 3E Level/Grade Crossing Signs, Signals, Markers g) Plates & Flags 194 & Other Devices h) Other Devices 194-195 General Note 207 1) Overarching Terms 3El Integrative Level Crossing/Grade Crossing Signals 207 2) Blue Flags 3E2 Lighted Level Crossing/Grade Signal Crossing Signals 208 3) Electric Traction Signs 3E3 Barriers & Gates 4) Miscellaneous Signs a) Barriers, Full Gates, & Gates 209 3C2 Targets b) HalfBarriers & Gates 210 General Note 195 3E4 Sound Signals 210 a) Overarching Terms 195 3E5 Signs 211 b) Morphological-Related Terms 195-196 3E6 Open Crossings 212 General Note Note: New Terms & Differences in Studies 212 1) Shape Targets 2) Color & Position Targets 3F Staff& Ticket, Tablet, Token, Train Order 3) Terms Relating to Railroad Functions & Time Interval Signals c) Other Targets 196 3Fl Staff 214 d) Switch Stands 196 3F2 Staff & Ticket 215 Note: Signs: New Terms & Differences in Studies 197 3F3 Tokens 215-216 Including the Problems ofCorrelating Classifications 3F4 Tablet & Tablet & Tokens 216 & Database 3F5 Tokenless Block Working 217 3F6 Train Order 217 3D Acoustical & Radio Signals 3F7 Time Interval 217 3Dl Acoustical Signal Terms 3F8 Other Devices 218 a) General Note & Overarching Terms 202 Note: New Terms & Differences in Studies 218 b) Explosive Signals 202 c) Level/Grade Crossing Sound Signals 202 d) Cab & Train Control Sound Signals 203 CHAPTER FOUR AERO NAVIGATION AIDS e) Other Sound Signals 204 3D2 Radio Signal Terms 4A Overarching Terms: General, Visual & Lighted Terms Note 204 4Al General Terms for All Aero Navigation Aids a) Overarching Terms 205 a) Primary Terms 220 b) Satellite Systems 205 . b) Specialized Terms 220 c) Other Radio Signals 205 4A2 Visual Aids Terms 221 Note: New Terms, General Note & Differences in Studies 205 4A3 Sub-Overarching Terms 222 General Note 16 17 4A4 Overarching Terms for Lighted Aero Navigation Aids 4C3 Approach Lighting Systems a) Light & Lighting Aids Terms 222 General Note b) Airfield & Airport LightlLighting Terms 222 a) Approach Lighting Systems 232 4B Beacons & Obstruction Lighting b) Special Approach Lighting Types 234 General Note 223 c) Historic Terms 234-235 4B1 Overarching Terms 223 1) Slopeline Systems 4B2 Physical Apparatus 2) Center Line Systems a) Method of Operation-Related Terms 224 3) Other Historic Approach Lighting Systems b) Dimension-Related Terms 224 4C4 Final Approach Equipment c) Energy Source-Related Terms 225 a) Overarching Terms 238 4B3 Morphological Terms b) Precision Approach Path Indicators 238 a) Airport Beacons 225 .c) VASI Systems 239 1) Airfield & Airport Beacons 1) Systems 2) Code Beacons 2) Operational Types b) Airway Beacons 226 d) Other Types 240 c) Heliport & Other Beacons 226 I) Glide Path 4B4 Miscellaneous Beacons & Support Structures 2) Tri-Color a) Miscellaneous Beacons 227 3) Fresnel b) Support Structures 227 4) PLASI 4B5 Obstruction Lighting 5) Miscellaneous Systems General Note 4D Runway & Taxiway Lighting a) Overarching Terms 227 4Dl Runway Lighting b) Beacons 228 a) Overarching Terms 241 c) Obstruction Lights-Incandescent & Miscellaneous 228 b) Runway Edge Lights 241 Types c) Runway Centerline Lights 242 d) Obstruction Lighting-Strobe & Composite Types 229 d) Threshold, Touchdown Zone, Runway End & Other 242 4C Approach Lighting Lights 4C I Overarching Terms e) Runway Equipment Terms 243-245 a) Major 229 1) General Terms b) Secondary 230 2) Physical Apparatus c) Sub-Overarching Terms 230 3) Light Equipment By Intensity 4C2 Equipment Terms 4D2 Taxiway Lighting a) Physical Terms 230 a) Overarching Terms 246 b) Physical/Morphological Terms 231 b) Taxiway Edge Lighting 246 c) Support Structures 232 c) Taxiway Centerline Lighting 246 18 19 i IlL d) Physical Apparatus & Other Terms 246-247 . 4) Composite Systems 1) Physical Apparatus c) Hyperbolic Aids 265-266 2) Other Taxiway Lights General Note 4D3 Historic & Composite Terms 1) Overarching Terms a) Historic Terms: Boundary, Contact & Range Lights 248 2) Loran b) Composite Terms 248 3) Decca Notes: New Terms & Differences in Studies 248 4) Consol 5) Omega 4E Radio Aids .6) Miscellaneous Hyperbolic Aids 4E1 Overarching Terms d) Satellites Navaids 267-271 a) General Terms 255 1) GPS b) SUb-Overarching Terms 256 (a) Overarching Terms 256 c) Special Terms (b) Specialized & Composite Terms 4E2 Terminal Navaids/Aids to Final Approach & Landing (c) Navstar GPS 257 a) General Terms (d) Glonass 257-258 b) Historic Terms 2) Augmentation Terms 1) Overarching Terms (a) DGPS 2) Systems (b) WAAS & LAAS Augmentation 3) Components (c) GNSS 259-261 c) Instrument Landing Systems, ILS (d) Other Satellite Navigational Systems 1) Overarching Terms (1) Satellite Navigation Terms 2) Other Terms (2) Transit & US Navy System 3) ILS Components (3) Miscellaneous Systems 4) Microwave Landing Systems, MLS 4E4 Intercategory Group: Beacons (a) Principal Terms a) Nondirectional Beacons 272 (b) MLS Constituents & Other Terms b) Marks, Markers, Beacons 273 4E3 En-Route Aids c) Miscellaneous Beacons 275 a) Historic Terms 262 Notes: New Terms & Differences in Studies 276 1) Early Terms 2) Intermediate Terms 4F Signs, Markings, Markers & Marks b) VORIVORTAC/DME/TACAN Aids 263-264 4F1 General Notes & Overarching Terms 286 General Note 4F2 Marks & Markers 286 1) VOR, VHF Omnidirectional Radio Range 4F3 Other Forms 2) Distance Measuring Equipment, DME a) Reflective Aids 289 3) TACAN/Tactical Air Navigation b) Signal Panels, Signal Areas, Indicators, 290 20 21 Other Objects & Miscellaney PREFACE 4F4 Signs & Markings General Note 291 The Transportation-Markings Database project (within the T-M Monograph a) Overarching Terms 291 Series) began in 1997 with the publishing ofthe initial component, Transpor-tation­ b) Runway Markings 292 Markings Database: Marine. That study was joined by T-MDatabase: Traffic c) Taxiway Markings 293 Control Devices (1998), Railroad Signals (2000), Aero Nav Aids (2001) components. d) Markings Other Than Overarching, Runway, Taxiway, 293 Each component included a double index (T-M forms arranged in categories, and an Special Categories alphabetical index), and descriptive entries for individual T-M forms. Each e) Special Category 295-298 component, in turn, was divided into major sub-components (e.g. Fixed Lights, 1) Heliport & Vertiport Markings Buoys, Radio Aids). 2) Holding Position Markings 3) Obstruction Markings The several category indexes did not ignore the classifications from the earlier 4) Apron Markings modal studies (Parts C/D, E, F, G; the intermodal study ofD.S. aids, Part B). But 4F5 Signs 4F5 neither did they fully incorporate those classifications. In some instances database a) Overarching Terms 298 category indexes and modal classifications were marked by a substantial correlation, b) Signs Other Than Runway & Taxiway Types 299 but in other cases indexes and classifications displayed only limited correlation. c) Runway Signs 300 d) Taxiway Signs 300 This study, Part Iv, is a review and revision ofthe category indexes (which can e) Special Category: Holding Position Signs 301 also be viewed as a form ofclassification). It examines and more substational-Iy f) Signs-Other 302 incorporates modal classifications into the Database indexes. The study theeby Notes: Differences in Studies 302 creates an integrated core for the entire T-M project -- and not only the Database -- by listing all T-M forms. The end result is a consolidated categories classification, BIBLIOGRAPHY 304 All T-M forms for each transportation mode are grouped together in a single chapter. This contrasts with the current multi-chapter format. Each chapter is then divided into the major forms ofthat mode. The Index/classifications are accom­ panied by notes delineating differences between index and text ofthe Database; differences between database entries and modal classifications; and a listing ofnew terms. There are no bibliographies or traditional back-of-the-book indexes.

22 23 CHAPTER ONE General Comments Aids* MARINE AIDS TO NAVIGATION Aids to Navigation Beaconing 1A Buoys & Other Floating Aids Coastal Aids/Coastal Marks lA1 Physical Buoys Fixed Marks & Floating Marks a) Overarching Terms Guiding Marks 1) Basic Overarching Terms Landmarks Aids to Navigation Buoy* Landfall Marks Buoy Lighted Sea Aids* BoyelBwoy Major Aids* Buoyage Marks Buoyant Beacon Marks & Signs for the Sea Floating Aid Markers Floating Beacon Navigation Marks Floating Mark Navigation Signs* Marker Navigational Aids Marker Buoy (Multiple meanings) Sea Marks/Sea-Marks/Seamarks Navigation Buoy* Shore-Based Lights* Navigational Buoy Curious Terms: 2) Other Overarching Terms (Often partial; frequently informal) Marine Signposts Approach Buoy Ocean Lamp-Posts Automatic Buoy b) Lighted Buoys Deep Sea Buoy Acetylene Buoy*/Acetyline Gas Buoy* Harbor Buoy Automatic Electric Buoys Metal Float Electric BuoylElectric-Buoy :I Ocean-Buoy/Ocean Buoy Electric Light Buoy/Electrical Light-Buoy/Electrically Lighted Oceanic Buoy Buoy* Sea Buoy/Sea-Buoy Float (with Light) Seacoast Buoy Floating Light Beacon 1 Short Range Aids to Navigation* Foster's Gas-Lighted Buoy* ,I Signal Gas Buoy/Gas-Buoys Unlighted Buoy Gas Lighted Buoy Visual & Audible Aids to Navigation* Gas-Lit Buoy I' 3) General Overarching Terms for Marine Aids to Navigation High Focal Plane Buoy/Lighted Buoy ofHigh Focal Plane 24 25 Lantern-Buoy Light Buoys/Light-Buoys/Lightbuoys Lighted Buoys Wooden Spar/Wooden Spar Buoy Lighted Marks 2) Specialized Spar Buoys Luminous Buoy Floating Beacons (Netherlands includes Spar on Can, Spar on Mast Buoy* Conical/Can) Oil Gas Buoy*/Oil Gas Lighted Buoy Mast Buoy* Platform Buoy (Light) Special Forms (These are visually at variance with true Spars Spar Buoy Fitted with Electric Light* and lack separate name; names employed here are c) Can & Conical Buoys descriptive labels) Can/Can Buoy/Can-Buoy Spar on Can CannBuoy Spar on Can/Conical (Norway: this is termed a Spar Buoy; Spar Cylinder Buoy/Cylindrical/Cylindrical Buoy is Standard) Cone Buoy Spar on Cone Conical/Conical Buoy Spar on Curved Can (Spar on Can with Curvature) Convex Buoy* e) Barrel & Cask Buoys Nun/Nun Buoy Barrel/Barrel Buoy* Can & Cone Buoy Cask Fast Water Buoy* Drum Buoy* Fast Water Can Buoy Keg Buoy Fast Water Nun Buoy Oil Drum/Oil-Drum Buoy Special Can Buoy Seatonne Tall Can Buoy Ton Buoy Iron Can Buoy Tonne Iron Nun Buoy Tun Special Nun Buoy :t) Standard & Former Standard Buoys Spindle-Shaped Nun Buoy Pillar Buoy Spiral Buoy* Cagework Buoy Tall Nun Buoy Ogival Buoy Sphere Buoy d) Spar Buoys I 1) Basic Spar Buoys Spherical Buoy Spar/Spar Buoy/Spar Buoy Spindle Iron Spar/Iron Spar Buoy g) Sound Buoys Spindle Type-Tapered Spar 1) Overarching Terms Tubular Spar Buoy Sound Buoy Automatic Sounding Buoy/Sounding Buoy* 26 Sound Signal Buoy 27 i L.... Submarine Bell Buoy/Buoy Fitted with a Submarine Bell 2) Bell Buoys Bell Buoy/Bell-Buoy/Bellbuoy* Gas, Whistling & Submarine Bell Buoy i) Other Physical Buoys Iron Bell Beacon Vessel Unlighted Bell Buoy 1) Materials of Construction Bell BoatlBell-Boat/Bell Ship Foam-Filled Buoy Boat-Shape Buoy Glass-Fibre Buoy Brown Bell Buoy*lBrown's Bell Buoy GRP Buoy Iron Buoy 3) Whistle Buoys Automatic Buoy/Automatic Signal Buoy Metal Buoy Automatic Signal Buoy (Whistle)* Oaken Buoy Plastic Buoy Automatic Whistling Buoy* Courtenay Buoy*/Courtenay's Whistling Buoy Reinforced Plastic Buoy Large Whistle Buoy Steel Buoy Unlighted Whistle Buoy Wood (-en) Buoy Whistle Buoy 2) Special Names Referring to Physical Structure Blind Buoy Whistling Buoy/Whistling-Buoy Dan Buoy 4) Siren Buoys Alarm Buoy Double BuoylRelieving Buoy Horn Buoy Estuary Buoy Siren Buoy Ice Buoy/Ice-Buoy 5) Other Sound Buoys MarkerlMarker Buoy (Has Several Meanings Including Carillon Buoy Overarching And Possibly Morphological Meanings) Gong Buoy Winter Buoy h) Combination Buoys 3) Other Specialized Buoys Combination Buoy Beacon Buoy (Bake-Germany; Lighted & Unlighted Forms) Lighted Sound Buoy/Lighted-Sound Buoy Beacon-BuoylBeacon-Buoy II Boat-Shaped Buoy (With Bell) Perch Buoy Forms Perch Buoy Lighted Bell Buoy Lighted Bell Buoy (Can/Conical/Spherical) Log Perch Buoy Lighted & Bell Buoy Summer Perch Buoy Gas & Bell Buoy/Combination Gas & Bell Buoy Winter Perch Buoy Lighted Whistle Buoy Radio Aids Forms Gas-Whistle Buoy/Gas & Whistling Buoy/Gas & Whistle Buoy Radar Beacon Buoy Lighted Gong Buoy Radar Reflector Buoy* Lighted Horn Buoy Radio Beacon Buoy/Radiobeacon Buoy 29 28 r 1

Sonobuoy Starboard Buoy Sono-Radio Buoy Starboard Hand Buoy/Starboard-Hand Buoy/Starboard-Side Historic Buoy Forms Buoy/Righthand Buoy Buoy Shapes Subforms Port BuoylPorthand Buoy/Port Hand Buoy/Port-Hand Buoy/ Egg-Bottomed Buoy Port-Side Buoy Flat-Bottomed Buoy 3) In-Channel Buoys Flat-Bottomed & Wrought Iron Buoy Bifurcation Buoy Bottom-Shaped Buoy Centerline Buoy Personal Names; Channel Buoy/Channel-Buoy Captain Harris's Floating Lighthouse* Fairway Buoy Captain Moody's Floating Lighthouse* Junction BuoylLighted Junction Buoy Herbert's Buoy Lateral Buoy Lenox's Buoy Mid Channel Buoy/Mid-Channel Buoy Poulter's Buoy Middle-Ground Buoy/Middle Ground Buoy/Middleground Buoy Iron (Herbert's) Buoy Preferred Channel Buoy Peacock Life Buoy Transition Buoy Herbert's or Inverted Cone Buoy Turning Buoy Refuge Buoy-Beacon b) Hazard Buoys Other Forms: Cable Buoy/Cable-Buoy Discrepancy (Temporary) Buoy* Dan Buoy Hollow-Bottom Buoy Danger Buoy/Isolated Danger Buoy Refuge Buoy-Beacon Dredging Buoy Wandering Buoys* Fish Net Buoy/Fishnet Buoy/Fish-Net Buoy/Fish Trap Buoy lA2 Buoy Morphology Terms Obstruction Buoy a) Location Outfall Buoy l) Approach Buoys Practice Area Buoy/Marking ofAreas-Military/Military Practice Approach Buoy Area Buoy Bar Buoy Spoil-Ground Buoy Farewell Buoy Telegraph Buoy/Telegraph Cable Buoy/Submarine Telegraph Landfall Approach Buoy Buoy Landfall BuoylLand Fall Buoy Wreck Buoy/Wreck-Marking Buoy Landfall Approach Buoy c) Buoy Names From Messages Recognition Buoy Color Forms: Sea Buoy/Sea-Buoy Black Buoy 2) Channel Edge Buoys (or Channel Limit Buoys) Green Buoy - 30 31 l'

Red Buoy Quarantine Buoy White Buoy Quarantine-Ground Buoy Yellow Buoy Quarantine (Ground) Buoy Color Combination Forms: Kedge-Buoy Black/White Vertical Striped Buoys Warping Buoy Checkered Buoy e) Special Purpose Buoys Parti-Colored Buoy Special Buoy/Special Purpose Buoy/Special-Purpose Buoy/ RedlBlack Horizontal Banded Buoys Special-Duty Buoy Vari-Colored Buoys t) Miscellaneous Buoys White/Black Horizontal Banded Buoys Compass Adjustment Buoy White/International Orange Buoys Hauling-Off Buoy White Buoy with Green Top Measured Mile Buoy YellowlBlack Vertically Striped Buoys SeadromeBuoy Yellow (Green Top) Buoy/White Buoy with Green Top Survey Operations Buoy Other Message-Based Names Forms: Swing Buoy Intracoastal Waterway Buoy lA3 Excerpts from Buoy Adjunct Terms Topmark Buoy Marks* d) Names From Indirect Navigation Uses Bifurcation Marks 1) Station Buoys Buoyage-Marks* Station Buoys Can Marks* Lightship Station BuoylLight-Vessel Station Buoy Channel Marks* Position BuoylPosition Spar Conical Marks* Watch Buoy/Watch-Buoy Floating Marks Marker Buoy (This term has several meanings) Junction Marks* 2) Towing Buoys Landfall Marks* Towing Buoy/Towing-Buoy/Towing Spar/Towing-Spar Lateral Marks Fog Buoy/Fog-Buoy/Fog Spar Lighted Marks* 3) Anchor, Anchorage & Mooring Buoys Outfall & Spoil-Ground Marks* Anchor Buoy/Anchor-Buoy Porthand MarkslPort Hand Marks*/Port-hand Marks*lPort-Hand Aids* Anchorage Buoy/Aero Anchorage BuoylExplosive Anchorage Spar Marks* Buoy Spherical Marks* Light-Vessel Mooring Buoy Starboard Hand Marks/Starboard-Hand Marks*/Starboard Hand­ Mooring Buoy Markers/Starboard-Hand Aids* Hong Kong Mooring Buoy Cardinal Buoys* Trunk/Trunk Mooring Buoy Cardinal Marks/Cardinal Markers 32 33 North, South, West, East Cardinal Marks Vessel/Unattended Light-Vessell"Manned" Light VessellAutomatic Isolated Danger Marks Lightship/Automatic Lightship/ "Manned" Lightship/Un "manned" Mid-Channel Marks* Lightship/Unattended Light Vessel/Un "manned" Light­ Middle Ground Marks/Middle-Ground Marks* Vessel/Unattended Lightship/Automatic Un"manned" Lightship/ Quarantine-Ground Marks* Light-Vessel Unwatched Safe Water Marks Floating Lighthouse Spare Marks Floating Light/Floating-Light Special Marks c) Light Floats Transition Marks* Lightfloat/Light Float/Light-Float/Gas-Light Float Undefined Marks* Automatic Lightfloat/Automatic Light-Float/Automatic Light Floats*/ Wreck Marks* Un"manned" Light Float/Un"manned" Light Float Ocean Data Acquistion Marks Light-Boat/Lightboat/Boat Float/Unattended LightboatlBoat Beacon! Traffic Separation Marks Gas Boat ~poil Ground Marks GRP Catamarans & Catamarans Military Exercise Zone Marks d) Large Navigational Buoys (LNB) Cable/Pipeline Marks LNB/Large Navigational Buoy/LAN BY/Large Automatic Navigation Recreation Zone Marks Buoy 1A4 Major Floating Aids Superbuoy a) Overarching Terms Large Buoy Large Automatic Navigation Buoy* Lighthouse Buoy Large Floating Aids Floating Light* Large Floating Navigational Aids Notes Major Floating Station b) Lightships & Light Vessels New Terms: General Comments I, II Lightship/Light Vessel (Core Term) Aids to Navigation Buoy, Wesler 1966 Lightship/Light-Ship Navigation Buoy, Wesler 1966 Light Vessel Acetylene Buoy, Wesler 1966 Human-Related Terms Acetylene Gas Buoy, Wesler 1966 Relief Ship Cardinal Buoys, IHB 1925 LightvessellLight VessellLight-Vessel/Light-Vessel Station Convex Buoy, Edwards 1884 ReliefVessellReliefLight Vessel/Relief Ship/ReliefLightship/ Courtney Buoy, Edwards 1884 ReliefLight-Ship/Spare Light-Vesse! Discrepancy Buoy USCG LL 1991 Attended Lightvessell"Manned" Lightvessel/Un"manned" Light Electrically Lighted Buoy, Part J .. 34 35 .,,,.

I Fast Water Buoy, USCG AIN 1990 Buoys. They are not included in this study. Two terms are included: Floating Lights, Edwards 1884 Aids (and other sources) Foster's Gas-Lighted Buoy, Heap 1889 Short-Based Lights Large Automatic Navigation Buoy, Renton 2001 Lighted Sea Aids, Part J Differences between index and text ofDB include: Major Aids, Part J Mast Buoy, Edwards 1884 There is less batching ofterms in index. For example, all materials of Navigation Sign, Hague & Christie 1975 construction were a single entity in the Database while different materials are Oil Gas Buoy, Wesler 1966 listed separately in this study. Port-Hand Aid, Naish 1985 Spar Fitted with Electric Light, Heap 1889 Oceanic Buoy in text appears as Ocean in index. The error has been corrected. Spiral Buoy, Edwards 1884 Sea-buoy form omitted in text but now added. Starboard-Hand Aid, Naish 1985 Beaconing: omitted in text but now added. Barrel Buoy, Wesler 1966 Landmarks omitted in index but Landfall Marks included twice; now included. Drum Buoy, Edwards 1884 Two forms categories listed by shape and non-shape differentiation in index Sounding Buoy, Edwards 1884 but no entries given. These categories were omitted in text. Bellbuoy, Renton 2001 Float (with Light) given in index though text included Float (Light) instead. Index Brown Bell Buoy, Wesler 1966 form correct since term intended to note Float was ofa lighted form though not Automatic Signal Buoy (Whistle), Edwards 1884 so stated in title. Automatic Whistling Buoy, Edwards 1884 Lighted Marks present in index though not in text. Now included in both Radar Reflector Buoy, Wesler 1966 Platform Buoy (Light) in text but not in index; now added. Captain Harris's Floating Lighthouse, Heap 1889 Submarine Bell Buoy in text but not index. Questionable since this aid was fully Captain Moody's Floating Lighthouse, Heap 1889 termed Gas, Whistle & Submarine Bell Buoy Discrepancy (Temporary) Buoy Spar: Spindle-Tapered Spar in text altered to more accurate: Spindle Type­ Wandering Buoy, Wesler 1966 Tapered Spar. Relief Light-Ship, Heap 1889 Brown's Bell Buoy in text but not in index. This term ineeds to be added to Automatic Light Floats, Renton 2001 Index. Brown Bell Buoy, a new term, adjoins this term. New Terms: Additions to Marks: Boat-Shape Buoy in text under Sound Buoys in Combination Buoys in index. Either UN 1957 or LN 1936 (Burton 1980 addition for Port Hand Marks) Lighted & Bell Buoy missing from index but now added. Double Buoy/Relieving Buoy in text but omitted from index; now added. Terms from Part J: A variety ofterms were added in this study. Some may Hollow-Bottom Buoy in two places in Index but one in text. It is now located in have been coined because ofthe nature ofthe study (all forms ofTransportation­ one place: Historic Forms: Other Forms. Markings in close proximity). Others may have been misnomers or may have Beacon-Buoy and Beacon Buoy II are additional forms found in text. become separated from source materials. The terms included All-Metal Buoys, Radiobeacon Buoy is found in one and two word forms in text. Index altered to Bell Floats, Electric Lighted Buoy, Pointed Buoy, Sound (Bell) Buoy, Visual reflect that pattern. 36 37 .... Part H reflects many ofthe practices of Part CID. It includes Electronic Aids not found in CID. It also includes Major Lighted Aids not found in C/D including the Lighted Catamaran which is also notin the Database. Buoy Shapes subforms appears in text rather than Shapes-described forms in Part B incorporates the location classes in the classification as well as materials index; former practice now adopted for both index and text. Lenox's Buoy not in text but in index; it is now added. ofconstruction. Land Approach Buoy not in text. This may be a red herring. See correct terms ofLandfall Buoy and Landfall Approach Buoy. Channel Limit forms rather than In-channel forms employed in text; channel limits can be employed for channel edge but not in-channel. Preferred Channel Buoy in text but not index; now added. Practice Area Buoy, etc in different locations for index and text. Both are now in Hazard Buoys. White buoy with green top attached to another entry in text and basic entry not complete. Entry reconfigured and corrected. Position Buoy and Position Spar in text under Station Buoys. Index placed them under Towing. Both buoys now in Towing for both index and text. Towing Spar in text with and without hyphen. Index had only later form but now corrected. Light-Vessel Mooring Buoy in text but now added to index. Marks and Spare Marks not in text. Spare Marks apparently a red herring. The general term ofMarks placed with specific forms in index. Porthand Marks and Starboard Hand-Markers are questionable since source has not been located. Superbuoy omitted from Index; added to this study. Large Buoy and Lighthouse Buoy separate entries in Text but not in Index; now separate in this study.

Differences between B, C/D, H, and Database index, text:

C/D differentiates Lighted Buoys by shape and by nation. This is not done in Database. Can and Conical Buoys given by nation in CID. Spar Buoys complex order in C/D: arranged by standard, modified, special and nation. Miscellaneous Buoys = Barrel and Cask in Index in C/D. Sound Buoys lists basic forms and by nation in C/D. Combination Buoys: basic forms and by nation in C/D.

38 - 39 "II

IB Fixed Visual Aids Major Beacon Major Light IBI Fixed Lights Major Light Structures a) Overarching Terms Navigation Light/Navigational Light I) General Overarching Terms Non-Towers* Fixed Aids to Navigation Offshore Light/Offshore Lighthouse Fixed Lights Open Tower* Lights Openwork Structures Lights on Fixed Structures Phare/Faros/Pharus/Pharos Light Aids , Primary Seacost Light [Term is also morphological] (Light) Beacon/Lighted Beacon/Light BeaconlLight-Beacon Rock Station Lighted Marks Rock Lighthouse*/Rock Lighthouse Tower*/Rock Tower Marine Light Roof-Mounted Light* Maritime Lighting Sea-Light/Sea Lights 2) Overarching Terms for Major Lights Sea Lighthouse* Beacon-Fires* Sea-Girt Towers ! ! i Beacon-Light* Sea-Navigational Light Beacon Tower Sea-Swept Lighthouses Blazing Beacons* Sea Tower* Coast Light/Coastal Lights/Coastwise Lights [See also: Secondary Light/Secondary Coastal Light [Term is also i I I Morphological Terms] morphological] I Electric Light Station* Shore-Based Lights* Enclosed Towers* Shore Structures/Shore Lights Fire-Towers* Structures on Islands & Promontories Freestanding Light* Tall Coastal Towers Lake Light-House Tower Land Structures/Land Towers/Land Lighthouse/Land Lights Wave-Exposed Towers* Lighthouse/Light-House/Light House Wave-Swept Structures/Wave Swept Lighthouses/Wave-Swept Lighthouse Beacon Tower Lighthouse System 3) Overarching Terms for Minor Lights Light Attached to Keeper's Dwelling* Beacon/Beacon Light/Beacon-Light/Iron Beacon/Stone Light Station/Light-Station Beacon/Wooden Beacon Light-Tower/Light Tower/Lighted Tower* Harbor Light/Harbor-Light/Local Harbor Light Lighted Coastal Beacon Light Beacon/(Light) Beacon/Lighted Beacon Local Light 40 41 Minor Light Pyramidal Iron Skeleton Tower Other Light Skeleton Wrought-Iron Tower/Skeleton Wrought Iron Tower* River Light/Riverine LightlRiver Beacon Wrought-Iron Open Framework Structure Short-Range Aids* Shore & Harbor Lights* Brick Tower SupportlIron Support/Wooden Support Building/Wooden Building b) Major Lights Concrete Caisson Tower 1) Subdivisions Concrete Tower/Monolithic Concrete Tower Note to Major Categories Cylinder Wave-exposed Lights* Dwelling Wave-Swept Towers/Wave-Swept Structures/Wave-Swept Enameled Panels on Steel Towers i i Lighthouses/ Frame Tower/FrameworklFramework Tower ! ~ ! Sea Girt Lighthouses/Sea-Swept Lighthouses Granite Tower General Comments House/Wooden House Land TowerslLand Structures Masonry Tower General Comments I, II Offshore Light/Offshore Lighthouse 2) Major Lights-Individual Entries (Classified according to this Pile Lighthouse/Pile Light-House schema: L=Probably Land-Based; LT=Possibly either but Tending Rock Tower/Rock Lighthouse/Rock Station toward Land location; LM=Land-Base More likely; More=Marine; Screw-Pile Tower/Screw-Pile Lighthouse/Screw-Pile A number of L Categories entries could be Marine when combined Foundation/Screw- with a Special Marine Foundation). Pile Structure/Screw-Pile System Skeleton Steel Structure* Note: This first entry in DB is very long, complex. The following Skeleton Steel Tower/Skeleton Tower/Skeleton Structural Tower/ entry is an alternate formulation for this study. Lattice Steel Tower/Steel Tower Skeleton Structure Cast Iron Lighthouse/Cast-Iron Lighthouse/Cast Iron Tower/Cast Skeleton Wood Tower Iron Plate Tower Stone Tower/Monolithic Stone Tower Iron Frame/Iron-Framellron Framework Light-house/Iron Frame- Structure work Lighthousellron Framework Tower Submergible Lighthouse Iron Lighthousellron Light-House Telescopic Lighthouse Iron Pile Lighthouse/Iron Pile Light-house Tower on Marine Foundation/Lattice Steel Tower/Steel Tower Iron Pyramidal Framework Light-House Wooden Structure Iron-Skeleton Light-House*/Skeleton Iron Light-House* Wooden Tower Iron Tower Foundations Open Iron Structure/Open Iron Tower Caisson Foundations

42 43 ...... Crib Foundation Framework Stone Foundation Guyed Tower/Semi-guyed Tower c) Minor Lights Multiple Pile/Multiple Pile Light 1) Single-Member Structures Pile Structure/Pile Structure LightlPile Structure on Marine (a) Narrower Types Foundation Articulated LightfBuoyant Light Beacon/Resilient Skeleton Steel Tower/Skeleton TowerlLattice Steel Beacon/Resinex BeaconfResinex Tension Beacon Tower/Structural Tower/Structural Tower on Marine Mast/Beacon Mast/Mast Beacon Foundation Pedestal Skeleton Structures Pillar/Metal Pillar Tripod/Tripod Light/Tripodal Tower/Tripodal Tower Light/Tripod Pipe/Pipe Light Beacon Pole/Single Pole/Pole Beacon Tubular Structures Post Light/River-Post Light/Steel Post Light/Post LightlPost- 3) Enclosed/Composite/Single Structures LightlIron Post Apparent Light Pylon Arms Single Pile/Single-Pile Light/Single-Pile Beacon Cairns Spar/Spar Light Fanal Spindle/Spindle Light House Staff/Iron Staff HouselHut on Structure/House/Hut on Pile Structure/House/Hut Stake Light/Rive Stake Light I , on Tripod Spindle/Spindle Light Hut Standard Structure on Special Foundation Iron Frame/Triangular Frame/Wooden Frame (b) Wider Types Iron Turret General Comments Lever Light/Swape Light/Popinjay Column Lighted Bank Concrete Beacon (Column) Pyramid/Pyramid Beacon/Stone Pyramid/Pyramidal Cylinder/Cylindrical/Cylindrical on Marine Foundation Small House/Small House on Marine Foundation GRP Beacon/GRP Beacon Tower Stand/Iron Stand Obelisks Triangle Beacon Pillar d) Morphological Terms Pylon 1) Major Lights 2) Multiple-Member Structures Coast Light/Coast Station Braced Pole Light Coastal Beacon/Coastal Beacon Light/Coastal Light/Coastal Cylindrical/Cylindrical on Marine Foundation Lighthouse/Coastal Navigation Aids/(Lighted) Coastal Beacon Dolphin/Dolphin Light/Dolphin Beacon Coastal Tower* 45 44 Coastwise Beacon/Coastwise Beacon Light/Coastwise Light/ Single Station Leading Light/Single Station Direction Light/Single Coastwise Station Range Light Coasting Light Tide Light/Tide-Light/Tide Signal/Tidal Light Feu de Jalonnement Traffic Signal/Port Traffic Signal First Class LightlFirst Class Dioptric LightlFirst-Order Dioptric e) Character ofOperation Terms Light-House/First-Class Fixed Light 1) Nature ofOperations Guidance Light/Guiding Light/Guide Light Attended LightlNonattended Light/Unattended Light Hazard Light Automatic Light/Automated Light* Headland LightlHead Light "Manned" Light/"Unmanned" Light/"Manned" Lighthouse Landfall Light Robot Light* Lights ofthe First Order/-Second/-Third/-Fourthl-Fithl-Sixth Semi-Watched Light Main Light Watched Light/Unwatched Light/Unwatched Navigation Light Major Coastwise Light 2) Specific Character ofLight Operations Making Light Auxiliary Light Obstruction Emergency Light Warning Light/Warning Beacon Light Main Light 2) Minor Lights Occasional Light Bar Beacon Permanent Light Bridge Light/Bridge Navigation Light Seasonal Light Channel Light/Channel Markers/Channel Navigation Light Standby Light Direction Light/Directional LightIDirection Beacon Subsidiary Light Dock Light Temporary Light Fishing LightlFishing-Light Vertical Light Feu De Rive Weak Light Fog Detector Light Winter Light Isolated Danger Light f) Miscellaney Jetty End Light Aeromarine Light Leading Light Aeronautical Light Marine Traffic Light Chapel Lighthouse Pier LightlPierhead Light/Pier-Beacon Cottage Lighthouse Port Light Fire Beacon/Fire Tower Range Light/Range Beacon/Electric Range Light First Class Light Sector Light/Light Sector/Sectored Light/Sector Navigation High & Low Lights LightlPort Entry· Light Sector Light (Partially Major Lamp-Post Morphological) Lantern Light

46 47 Lighthouse-Ornee forms names. Some portion ofthese terms may have been coined for the Major Harbor Light/Minor Coastal Light classifications, or are variant forms of actual phenomenon. Private Light Standing Beacon These terms include: Turret Non-tower Notes: Major Lights Open Tower Closed Tower New Terms: Houses on Structure Tower Attached to House/Building Beacon-Fires, Adams 1870, Edwards 1884 House on Special Marine Foundations Beacon-Light, Adams 1870 Tower on Special Marine Foundations Blazing Beacon, Edwards 1884 Tower on Skeleton Structure Coastal Lighthouse, Part J Coastal Tower, Bathurst 1999 Differences Between Index & Text in Database: Major Lights: Electric Light Station, Edwards 1884 Fire-Tower, Adams 1870, Edwards 1884 General Characteristics ofLights terms are partially included in this coverage: Freestanding Light, Stephens 1973 Those terms that suggest a Lighthouse installation and not merely light Iron-Skeleton Light-House, Heap 1889 apparatus arelisted. Lights Attached to Keeper's Dwelling, Stephens 1973 Iron Towers incomplete in Index; corrected in this study. Robot Light, Le & We 2000 Cast-Iron Lighthouses omitted from Index but included in this study. Rock Lighthouse, Edwards 1884, Bathurst 1999 Many terms beginning with "Coast" or "Guidance" and variants appear in OA in Roof-Mounted Light, Stephens 1973 index but in text under morphology. Most are now in morphology though a Sea Lighthouse, Adams 1870 physical dimension cannot be denied. Some basic forms remain in OA. Sea-Tower, Adams 1870 Lighted Coastal Beacon was listed in the Index but not in the Text. The term appears Shore & Harbor Lights, Part J in Langmaid 1955 and is included in this study. Shore-Based Lights, Englesou 1998 Rock Structure in index but listed as Rock Station in the text. Rock Structures Short-Range Light, Keeler 1987 appears to be an error and now changed to Rock Station in index. Skeleton-Iron Light-House, Heap 1889 Secondary Light in index was joined by Secondary Coastal Light in text. The Skeleton Steel Structure, USCG 1964 second term is now added to the index. Skeleton Wrought Iron Tower, USCG 1964 Tower listed in index but omitted in text. It is now added though a very Wave-Exposed Towers, Part J general that tends toward the vague. Framework Tower omitted from index but now added. Framework included twice Terms are included from classifications in Parts C/D 1988 and Part H 2003 that in index and the word Frame also included in index. Those are errors and now may represent categories and sub-categories more than they represent actual T-M omitted. • 48 49 Structural Tower on Marine Foundation. In index but omitted from text. within the monographs not from outside sources additional sources. Skeleton Wooden Tower. Both index and tex omit "en" from Wooden. Head Light. Text but not index includes this term. It should be added to index. Warning Beacon Light. In text but not index. Differences Between Index and Text in Database: Minor Lights Coastal Station Light in text only. First Class Light in text only. Beacon included in text as overarching term though not in index; that is now Turret in text only. corrected. The usage is possibly slightly at variance with that ofC/D where it Standing Beacon appears in text but Standing Light is listed in index. Both should is an undifferentiated term rather than overarching. be Standing Beacon. Bridge Navigation Light in text but not in index. It is now added. First Class Light in text only. Cylinder was listed in the Database Index but Cylindrical in text. It is now Reciprocating Light in text only. altered. Maritime Light in index should be Marine Light. Mast Beacon/Beacon Mast in Database text but not the index. That is now rectified. Differences Between Classifications & Database: Riverine Beacon (Light) in Index but should be Riverine Light. Spindle did not include Light in the Database index but it is included in the text The Database has a plethora ofoverarching terms for major lights. It also has and it should have been represented by a variant form in the original index. , 1 many terms for listing individual forms. By contrast, the Classifications are markedly Structure has "light" in text and that is now added. compact. They manifest essentially a three-art subdivision: Major Structures: Sea­ Wooden Frame. The term is in the Database text though not in the index. It is now ! Girt; Major Structures: Land-Based Towers; and Non-Towers (H) and Non­ added. 'I ~' Towers/Composite Structures (CID). H has a variant classification with Major Lights (Lighthouses) as the only heading. The Classifications required limited headings Differences Between Parts C/D & H, and Database: Minor Lights while the Database had to confront the variegated forms. "Beacon" is found in CID for undifferentiated aids under that heading. It is added Notes: Minor Lights though not a term ofprecision. Dolphin was found only in C/D. But it is now added. The classifications in C/D 1988 and H 2003 at times employed slightly different HouselHut on Structure/Pile Structure/Tripod are three group names in CID. terms for categories than those found in the Database. This is also true for though not elsewhere. It is now added. formulations ofthe categories. Nonetheless, the terms are not essentially different Lattice Tower required the addition ofa middle word: "steel" in index. from those for the Databaselst ed. as well as this index! classification. Mast is listed in C/D but not in H or the Database. It is now added. Pedestal Light is listed in C/D but not in H or Database. It is now added.Pile The word "light" is not employed as frequently for CID and H terns as it is in the Pyramidal is found in H but not elsewhere. It is now included. \J I I Database. The classifications in the monographs often included "light" in category Spindle Light has no hyphen in H. I headings which reduced the use of "light" for T-M forms. Standard Structures on Special Foundation. This was a "catchall" term in H. It is included though it is not an ihdividual term. ~ These Notes do not have a new terms category since any new terms are from Tripod employed in C/D and is now added. I ~J . 51 I::1 50 lB2 Daybeacon Termss Traffic Signals a) Overarching Terms 3) Other Morphology Types 1) Basic Terms Cable Marks* Beaconage*/Beaconage System* Diamond Beacon DaybeaconfDay BeaconfDay-Beacon Landfall Beacon Fixed Beacon Mark Indicating Bank to Hug* Shoreside Marker* Mark Indicating Prohibited Entrance, or "Danger"* Stationary Beacon Shore Marks* Unlighted BeaconJ(Unlighted) Beacon Warning Regulatory Marker 2) Shared & Foreign Language Terms Winter Marker Bake c) Physical Daybeacons Bake (Norw) 1) Unidimensional Bak (Sw)* (a) Established Names Balise Perch Balise Fixe Pile Beacon Pile Beacon/Pile-Beacon Daymark/Day Mark/Day-Mark Pillar Stehende Bake Pole/Single Pole b) Morphological Daybeacons Pole Beacon 1) LeadinglRange Marks Post/Post Beacon/Post Beacon Structure Clearing Marks Post-Mark Day-Beacon Range Spar Leading Marks Spindle/Spindle Structure Crossing Mark* (b) Local Names (Some may overlap with above terms) Crossing Transit Mark* Beacon Pole Range Beacons Board Range MarkslRangemarks Braced Pole Range Target Marks Channel Stake Transit Marks Column 2) Signals Concrete Pile Dock Signals Edgemark Harbor Signals I-Beam/I-Beam Mast Lock Signals Iron Pile Port Signals Iron Pillar Tide Signals Iron Post .. 52 53 Iron Spindle Frame/Framework/Framework Structure/Iron Framework/ Mast Wooden Framework* Pipe Spindle Iron Beacon/Stone Beacon/Wooden Beacon Post-Mark Iron ConelPointed Cone Sandbank Beacon Iron Tripod Single Pile Kapen/Caapen* Single Pile-Concrete/-Wood/-Steel Lattice-work Structure*lLatticework* Single-Pile Beacon Masonry Beacon Single Pile Structure Masonry Structure Single Wooden Beacon Structure/-Steel Beacon Structure/­ Multiple Pile Concrete Beacon Structure Multiple Pile Structure/Multiple Structure/Multiple Pile Single Pile Wooden Structure/-Steel Structure/-Concrete Cluster DolphinlMultiple Pile Cluster Dolphin Structure/ Structure Multiple Pile Battered DolphinlMultiple Pile-Battered Shaft/lron-Shaft/Stone Shaft DolphinIMultiple Pile Battered Dolphin Structure/Multiple Spindle Structure Pile Platform Structure Staff Obelisks* Stake Pile Structure Steel Pile/Single-Steel Pile Pile Tripod Stump* Pipe Frame Wrought Iron Mast Pyramid/Pyramidal Structure/Pyramidal Stone Structure Wrought-Iron Pole* Skeleton Structure Wooden Post Skeleton Tower 2) Structural Daybeacons Slatted Structure (a) Structural Daybeacons Employing Overarching Terms Slatted Tower Bak* Small House Bake Square Frame Bake Stone Monument Beacon Structure (b) Established Names Timber Structure Dolphin Timbered Beacon* Tripod/Tripod Beacon Tower BeaconlBeacon Tower (c) Local/Descriptive Names Triangular Structure Cylinders* Yarde Cylindrical Structures* 3) Natural Marks Enclosed Structure* Birch Tree Beacon

54 55 ,.

Cairn Main Bank Mark Landmarks* Mark Indicating Bank to Hug Petit Arbre/Small Tree* Mark Indicating Prohibited Entrance, or "Danger" Pricke Shore Marks Stone Construction Tree Branch (Natural Form, Tied-down Branch)* Differences Between Index and Text ofDatabase: Twig* Withy (Unlighted) Beacon: "Beacon" omitted in Database. Leading Marks: Listed in heading but not listed as component term in Database. Notes: Daybeacons Pole Beacon: Listed as Beacon Pole oftext. Post Beacon Structure: Not listed in text though in index. New Terms: Single Pole: Not listed in text but in index. Post-Mark: In text but not in index. Bak, Sweden 1985 Single Pile-Concrete/-Wood/-Steel is now split offfrom Single Wooden Beacon. Beaconage, Kerchove 1961, Naish 1985, USNOO 1969 Bake terms have been reworked; Bak (Sweden) has been added. Beaconage System, Part J Multiple Pile forms have been reworked. Caapen, Naish 1985 Cylindrical Structures, Edwards 1884 Explanations ofpractices and special terms in Database: Enclosed Structures, Part H Landmarks, IALA 1970 Morphological Daybeacons: character not fully known. Some may be partially or I I Lattice-work Structure/Latticework, Parts cm entirely lighted in character. Obelisks, H & C 1975 Physical Daybeacons b) Local names: Some terms are both physical and Pyramidal Stone Structure, USCG Atlantic LL, Vol I, 1970 morphological: Channel stake, Edgemark, Sandbank beacons Shore Beacon, Rogers 1985 Structural Daybeacons: Database merged two groups together (Open Structures, Shoreside Marker, Roger 1985 and Enclosed & Solid Structures) and this study continues that unitary Stump, Sweden 1985 approach. Timbered Beacon, Naish 1985 Tree Branch, IHB 1956, Parts cm, H Terms not in English: "Trans-national" terms (e.g. Bake) are retained. But more Twig, Naish 1985 restricted terms not included (e.g. Swedish "Ros" for cairn). Wrought-Iron Pole, Heap 1889 Terms ofuncertain character are retained ifspecific nature not easily ascertained New Mark Terms, UN 1957 or ifthey spill over into other forms (e.g. signals which can also be lighted at Cable Mark least in part). Crossing Mark Crossing Transit Mark Variant forms in Physical Daybeacons should probably be kept together unless a

56 57 ,;;:

reason for separation is present (e.g. posts and wrought-iron posts).

IC Acoustical and Radio Aids Differences Between Parts C/D and H and Database: ICI Acoustical Aids The original classification ofPart C/D lacked main and variant forms. Part H a) Fog Signal Overarching Terms added main and variant subdivisions with many specific forms in the variant Acoustic Aids** classification only. Two terms in the Classification proved to be questionable: Acoustical Signal Lattice-work Structure/Latticework were employed in C/D and H but are not fully Aerial Fog Signal accurate; they were replaced by Slatted Structure in the Database. The term Artificial Air Signal* Marks was employed in H for built-forms; constructed forms would have been Alarm Signal preferable. Automatic Foghorn Audible Aid/Audible Signal Coast Fog Signal/Coastal Fog Signal* First Class Fog Signal* Fog Horn/Fog-Horn/Foghorn Fog Signal/Fog-Signal/Fogsignal Fog Signal Apparatus/Fog-Signaling Apparatus* Fog Signal Emitter Fog Signal Station/Fog-Signal Station Fog Warning Signal Fog Whistle Guiding Signal** Horn Long-Range Signals* Major Fog Signal Marine Fog Signal** Minor Fog Signal Obstruction Signal Occasional Fog Signal Secondary Fog Signal Short Range Signals* Sound Buoy Sound Emitter Sound Signal/Sound-Signal 58 59 irr

Sound Signal Buoy Horn, Diaphragm Sound Signalling Device* Supertyfon/Supertyfon Air Hom*/Supertyfon Air Steam Fog Alarm** Signal*/Supertyfon Fog Signals*/Supertyfon Steam Fog Signal Hom*/Supertyfon Signal*/Two-note Supertyfon*/ Trumpet* Leslie-Supertyfon Air Whistles* b) Diaphone, Diaphragm, Reed, & Siren Signal Tyfon/Tyfon Air Hom*/Tyfon Hom/Tyfon Signal 1) Diaphone Signals Apparatus/Typhon Air Diaphone (c) Oscillator Signals A-Type/B-Type/C-Type/C-Type Diaphone/F-Type/F Type Diaphragm Hom, Electric Diaphone/Triple-F Signal/Two-Tone F-Type, F2T/G-Type/G-Type Diaphragm Hom, Electric Oscillator Type Diaphone/K-Type/Twin K Type Diaphone/L-Type/Twin K Type Diaphragm, OscillatorlDiaphragm (Oscillator Diaphone* Electric Air Oscillator** Diaphone Electric Fog-Hom/Electric Fog Hom Diaphone Horn/Diaphone Fog Hom/Diaphone Fog Signal/ Electric Fog Signal Diaphone Signal Electric Fog Signal Apparatus Diaphone Two-Tone/Two-Tone Diaphone Electric Fog Homs* Double-Toned Fog Hom Electric Homs* Steam Diaphone Electric Diaphragm Emitter Two-Tone Diaphone Electric Diaphragm Hom** Vertical Diaphone Electric Emitter*/Electric Sound Emitter* 2) Diaphragm Signals Electromagnetic Horn (Electromagnetic Air) Oscillator (a) Overarching Terms Electromagnetic Oscillator Diaphragm Electric Fog Signal* Diaphragm Horn/Diaphragm Fog Signal Electric Signal* Hom ELU 500 Pure Tone Electric Emitter* Horn, Diaphragm ELU 800 Electric Emitter* Misnomers: Air Whistle, Steam Whistle Emitter* (b) Diaphragm Signals-Compressed Air High Fidelity Electric Fog Signal* Air Hom Horn, Electric Magnetic Oscillator Air Diaphragm Horn** Horn, Oscillator Chime/Chime Signal/Air Chime Diaphragm* Lighted Horn Buoy Compressed-Air (Diaphragm) Hom Low Power Electric Sound Signal* Diaphragm Air Horn* LP HF Electric Emitter* Horn, Chime, Diaphragm/Hom, Diaphragm, Chime Nautophone Horn, Compressed-Air Oscillator

60 61 Pure Tone Signal Electric Motor Siren* 72-Tannoy-Speaker Electric FS* Electric Siren Short Range Electric Signals* Five-inch Sirens: Automatic 5-inch Siren/5-inch Automatic Triple Frequency Emitter Stack* Siren/5-inch Siren/5-inch Disc Siren/5-inch Service Triple Frequency Fog Signal* Siren/Service 5-inch 3) Reed Horns Siren/Twin 5-inch Siren* Air Trumpet Fog SirenIFog-Siren Barker Hom*!Barker Reed* Fog Trumpet* Daboll's Fog Hom* High & Low Siren* Daboll Reed* Lighthouse Fog Siren* Daboll TrumpetlDaboll's Rotating Trumpet* "Note" Sirens: Automatic Two-note SirenIDouble-note Equine Trumpet Siren/Motor-driven Two-note Siren/Single-note Siren/Two­ Fog Trumpet Note Hand Fog Reed HornJHand-HornJHand Hom Siren/Two-note, Hand-pumped Reed Signal* "Police Type" Siren Holmes Hand Hom* Port Siren* Holmes Reed* Rayleigh Siren* Manual Reed*IManual Reed Hom* Rayleigh Trumpet* Norwegian Hom* Secomark Siren* Reed Service Siren* Reed Fog Signal Seven-inch Sirens: 7-inch Cylindrical Siren/7-inch Diameter Reed HornJReed-HornJ*Reed Hom Fog Signal Siren/7-inch Disc Siren/7-inch Motor-driven Disc Siren/7-inch Reed Signal Single-note Siren/7-inch Diameter Siren/7-inch Siren* Reed Trumpet Single Automatic Siren* "Standard Reed"* Siren Steam Trumpet/Trumpet Siren Fog Signal/Siren Fog-Signal**/Steam-Powered Signal* Stentor Reed*/Stentor Hom* Siren Buoy 4) Sirens Sireno/Siren-o/Electric Sireno Air Siren Steam-Powered Automatic Siren* Steam Siren/Steam-Siren/Steam Siren Brown Siren* Syren Brown Syren Trumpet* c) Explosive, Percussion, Submarine & Whistle Signals Compressed Air siren* 1) Explosive Signals Disc Siren* Acetylene Fog Gun/Acetylene Fog-Gun/Acetylene Gun Double-Siren** Acetylene-Gas Gun/Gas Gun 62 63 Automatic Fog Gun Brown's Bell Buoy Breech-Loading Gun* Carillon Buoy Cannon Compressed-Gas Bell Buoy Cannonade* Drum** Clockwork Explosive Fog Signal* Electric Bell**/Bell Electric** Eighteen-Pounder Gun* Fog BelllFog-BelllFogbell Explosions** Fog Gong Explosives*/* * Gong Explosive Charge Gong Buoy Explosive Coast Fog-Signal** Hand-Operated Bell* Explosive Emitter Lighted Bell Buoy Explosive Fog Signal/Fog ExplosivelFog Explosive Signal Lighted Gong Buoy Explosive Signal Mechanically Operated Fog Bell* Explosive Sound Signal Perpetual Fog-Bell Gas Explosive Signal* Steam Gong Fog Cannon Unlighted Bell Buoy/Unlighted Bell-Buoy Fog-Signal Gun Wave-Actuated Bell* Fog Gun/Fog-Gun Wave-actuated Buoy (Bell)* Gun/Gun Signal d) Submarine Signals Howitzer* Air Oscillator* Moyes Gun* Automatic Submarine Signal Muzzle-Loaded Gun* Electric Oscillator* Radio-Controlled Acetylene Gun* Fessenden Oscillator** Rocket Submarine Bell/Submarine-Bell Sound Rocket/Sound-Rocket Submarine Fog-Bell Special Gun* Submarine Fog Signal Tonite Explosive Signal Submarine Oscillator/Oscillator 2) Percussion Signals Submarine Signal Percussion Aids/*Percussion Devices Submarine Signalling/Submarine Signalling System* Aerial Bell Submarine Sound Signal Automatic Bell Submerged Bells Automatically-Operated Fog Bell* Underwater Bell Bell Underwater Oscillator Bell Boat/Bell-Boat/Bell-Ships Underwater-Signal Bell Buoy/Bell-Buoy e) Whistles

64 65 p

Air Fog Whistle/Air Whistle Automatic Buoy/Automatic Signal Buoy New Terms: Courtenay's Whistling Buoy Crosby Automatic Fog Signal Most additions to Fog Signal terms are generated by two groups ofmajor Fog Whistle/Fog-Whistle sources: terms appearing in Part J from several sources (though not found in Part Ii), Leslie-Tyfon Steam Whistle** and many terms from Renton's Lost Sounds (2001). There are also a few terms from Lighted Whistle Buoy USCG 1953 and one term from Parts C/D and H. A single asterick attached to a term Locomotive Whistle denotes a term from Renton. Double astericks denote additions other than Renton. Self-Acting Fog-Hom Ship's Whistle* Some terms in Part J either are misnomers or they were coined to meet the context Six-inch Whistle*/Twelve-inch Whistle* ofa monograph encompassing all forms ofTransportation-Markings. Underwater Sound Signal Buoy Diaphragm Fog Hom seemingly is a descriptive term for the Fessendent Oscillator. Steam Fog Alarm**/Steam-Whistle Fog Alarm* Bell Float has not been located in any source. Mechanical Bells was possibly coined Steam Fog Signal to distinguish a basic marine aid from other forms ofbells. Acoustic Aids and Marine Steam-Powered Whistle Fog Signals are retained though possibly not ofofficial standing. Daboll'sTrumpet Steam Whistle/Steam-Whistle/Steam Fog-Whistle/Steam-Whistle lacks an apostrophe in known sources. Fog Signal* Vernon-Smith Whistle** Wave-Actuated Whistle Natural Signal, Adams 1870 Whistle Drums, Edwards 1884,154; Brock 1974, 19. Admittedly this is an old term but "Whistle" (Secomark)* seemingly it did not appear in any previous source employed for T-M Whistle (Misnomer) studies. Whistle Buoy Echo Board, Putnam 1933 Whistling Buoy/Whistling-Buoy Explosive Coast Fog-Signal, Edwards 1884, 167 Unlighted Whistle Buoy Fessenden Oscillator, Fay 1963, 12-13 f) Miscellaneous Signals Siren-Fog Signal, Edwards 1884, 177. Renton includes this term but without a "Bird Fog Signal"* hyphen. Echo Boards* Double-Siren, Edwards 1884, 177. Natural Fog SignallNatural Fog-Signal Leslie Supertyfon Air Whistle, Leslie Co. Natural Signal** Leslie Tyfon Steam Whistle, Leslie Co. Natural Sound-Warnings Vernon-Smith Whistle, Edwards 1884, 168 Piston Horn*lElectric Piston Hom* Steam Fog Alarm, Brock 1974, 17. Talking Beacons* "Guiding Signal," Edwards 1884, 175. This is an informal term and ofa vague nature. It could refer to a lightship as much or more than a fog signal. Notes 67 66 Explosives appears in Parts C/D and in H. Part Ii adds a qualifying or explica­ Eighteen-Pounder Gun ting term to the basic term in all cases but never the core term alone. Electric Air Oscillator Renton also includes Explosives. Electric Diaphragm Hom Electric Fog Horns Air Diaphragm appears in USCG 1953, 25-2 but it was not included in Part Ii. Electric Emitter/Electric Sound Emitter Electric Air Oscillator also appears in USCG 1953. Electric Fog Signal Electric Diaphragm Hom also appears in the aforementioned source as does: Electric Hom Steam Diaphragm Hom (formal name for USCG is Hom, Diaphragm (Steam). Electric Motor Siren Bell, Electric or simply Electric Bell is a final USCG entry. Electric Oscillator Hand-Operated Bell* Electric Signal The term Cannon---Guns in USCG seems to be a combination offog signal either ELU 800 Electric Emitter cannon or gun in form. ELU 500 Pure Tone Electric Emitter Emitter New Terms: Renton Explosives Explosive Coast Fog-Signal Air Chime Diaphragm First Class Fog Signal Air Diaphragm Hom Fog Trumpet Air Oscillator Gas Explosive Signal Air Signal Hand-pumped Reed Signal Automatically-Operated Fog Bell High & Low Siren Automatic Siren High Fidelity Electric Fog Signal Barker HomlBarker Reed Holmes Reed "Bird Fog Signal" Howitzer Breech-Loading Gun Lighthouse Fog Siren Brown Siren Long-Range Signals Brown Syren Trumpet Low Power Electric Sound Signal Cannonade LP HF Electric Emitter Coastal Fog Signal Manual Reed/Manual Reed Hom Clockwork Explosive Fog Signal Mechanically Operated Fog Bell Compressed Air Siren Moyes Gun Daboll's Fog Hom Muzzle-Loaded Gun Daboll Reed Norwegian Hom Daboll's Rotating Trumpet Percussion Aid Diaphragm Air Hom Percussion Device Disc Siren Piston HomlElectric Piston Hom

68 69 Port Siren Differences Between Index and Text ofDatabase: Radio-Controlled Acetylene Gun Rayleigh Siren Batching ofterms in the Database has been reduced in this study which thereby Rayleigh Trumpet simplifies entries. Reed-Hom 7-inch Siren Alarm Signal was present in the text but not in the index ofthe Database. Special Gun Fog-Signalling Apparatus in index appeared as Fog Signal Apparatus in text. Submarine Signalling System Hom in index for OA but only in Diaphragm for text; it probably should appear in Secomark Siren both places. Service Siren Steam Fog Alarm in Brock 1974 refers to Diaphone signal but can appear in OA 72-Tannoy-Speaker Electric FS as well. Single Automatic Siren Diaphone Fog Hom appears as two words in text but one in index. Short Range Electric Signals Steam Diaphone: any extant sources have not been located. Short Range Signals Double-Tone Fog Hom in index but Double-Toned in text. Ship's Whistle Misnomers refer to Whistles which text includes under Whistles but retained here Six-inch Whistle as well. Sound Signalling Device Chime Signal in text but in index. "Standard Reed" Diaphragm Signals are unitary in text but subdivided into OA and Compressed­ Steam-Powered Signal Air in index. However, nuanced differences may be misrepresented with that Steam-Whistle Fog Alarm subdivision. Steam-Whistle Fog Signal Hom (for Reed) does not appear in text. But OA entry notes refer to Reed. Stentor Reed/Stentor Hom "Police Type" siren appears in text but not in index; it is now added. Supertyfon Air Horn/Supertyfon Air Signal/Supertyfon Fog Signals/Supertyfon Explosive Signals are formulated differently in index than in text. Batching is less SignallTwo-Note Supertyfon a feature ofthe index. Talking Beacon Fog Gong not in text. Triple Frequency Emitter Stack Lighted Bell Buoy not in text but to be added. Index included in Percussion as Triple Frequency Fog Signal well as in Whistles. It is now removed from Percussion. Trumpet Self-acting Fog-Hom appears in Whistles for text. Twelve-inch Whistle Submarine Fog Signal not in text. An uncertain term but retained for now. Twin 5-Inch Siren Submarine Marine Fog Signal. Second "Marine" should be omitted. Twin K Type Diaphone Courtenay's Whistle Buoy in index becomes Courteney Whistling Buoy in text. Wave-actuated Bell Sound Signal Buoy not in text. Wave-actuated Buoy (Bell) Steam Gong not in index, but now added. "Whistle" (Secomark) Steam-Whistle not in index, but now added. Steam Fog-Whistle not in index, but now added. 70 71 Unlighted Whistle Buoy not in text. This should probably be added to text. Maritime Radio Beacons*/Marine Radiobeacons* Ornnirange/Ornnidirectional Range RadiobeaconlRadio BeaconlRadio-BeaconiRadio Beacon Stationl Differences Between Classifications & Database: Radiobeacon Station* Radio Beacon Fog Signal The Classifications employed a range ofoverarching terms. Only one, Fixed Fog Radio Fog Signal/Radio Fog-Signal Signals, does not appear in the Database. The term differentiates fixed location Radiophare signals from floating forms. The term has been added to this study. One other term, Wireless Beacon Explosives, has been added to the study from the Classifications. The Classifications Wireless Fog Signal have relatively limited terms. For that reason terms were often divied between groups Wireless Lighthouse with a variety offorms, and single types in which distinct forms had a unitary nature. c) Radiobeacons-Main The Database did not follow that pattern because many more terms were present. 1) Directional Course Beacon 1C2 Radio Aids Directional BeaconlDirectional RadiobeaconiDirectional Beacon a) General Overarching Radio Aids Terms (Radio Ranges)/Directional Radio Beacon Ground-Based Navigation Aids* Direction Finding BeaconlDF Beacon Electronic Aids to Navigation 2) Nondirectional Electronic Navigation Aids Non-directional Radiobeaconl(Nondirectional) Radiobeacon Electronic Navigation Systems Circular RadiobeaconiCircular Beacon Marine Navigation Systems Fixed Non-Directive Marine Beacon* Navigation Aids 3) Rotating Navigational Aids Revolving Radiobeacon Position Fixing Systems Rotating Loop Radiobeacon Radio Aids Rotating RadiobeaconIRotating Beacon Radio Aids to Marine Navigation Rotational Pattern Radiobeacon Radio Aids to Maritime Navigation 4) Composite Radio Aids to Navigation Ornni-Radio Beacon Radio Navaids* Omnidirectional Beacon Radio Navigation Aids/Radionavigation Aids d) Radiobeacons-Other Radio Navigational Aids Aero Radio Beacon Radionavigation Systems/Radio Navigation Systems Aeromarine Radio Beacon b) Radiobeacon Overarching Terms Automatic Radiobeacon* Beacon Calibration Station Marine Radiobeacons Class A Radiobeacon* Marine Nondirectional Beacon* Coastal Beacon* 72 73 Equisignal Beacon Trunk Route Decca Marker Radio Beacon/Marker Beacon/Marker/Radio-Marker Two-Range Decca Beacon 3) Loran QTG Service/Radio Station with QTG ChaikaiChayka Radiobeacon Buoy Cyclan Radio Compass Station/Radiocompass Station* Cytac Radio Direction Finder (RDF) Station/Radio Direction-Finding Differential Loran-C/DLoran* Station Electronic Position Indicator (EPI) Secondary Radio Aids to Navigation Gee Short-Range Radiobeacon HF LoranIH.F. Loran* VHF Radio Lighthouse Beacon Hyperbol e) Radiobeacons-Character ofOperations Loran Continuous Carrier Radio beacon Loran-A, -B, -C, -D, -E Continuous Radiobeacon Loran Chain Dual Carrier Radiobeacon Loran GNSS (Logic)* Group Sequence Station Loran System Sequenced Radiobeacon LF Loran/L.F. Loran*/Low Frequency LoranILow-Frequency Loran* f) Hyperbolic Aids-Overarching Terms, Loran & Decca Standard Loran 1) Overarching Terms SS Loran/S.S. Loran*/Skywave Synchronized Loran Hyperbolic Aids g) Hyperbolic Aids-Single & Quasi-Single Hyperbolic Navigation Systems Differential Omega Hyperbolic Radio-Navigation Systems* Hi-Fix 2) Decca Omega Decca POPI Decca Chain Radux Decca Navigator/Decca Navigator System/Decca Navigator Chain Radux-Omega* Decca Lambda (see also Lambda) Rana Delrac Toran Dectra h) Partially Hyperbolic Aids Dectra Chain 1) Consol Hi-Fix BPM-5 Lambda (see also Decca Lambda) Consol Mini-Fix Consolan QM ElektraiElectra Sea-Fix Sonne

74 75 Two-Aerial Consol Oboe 2) Raydist Shiran Lorac Shoran Hyperbolic Raydist 3) Transponder Beacons Pure-Range Raydist Cross-Band Rarnark* Raydist Derveaux Raydist, Type DM, Type DR, Type E, Type M, Type N In-Band Racon* i) Radar Aids-Reflectors In-Band Rarnarks* 1) Overarching Terms & Comer Reflectors Racon Radar Reflectors Racon Responder Enhancer Reflectors* Radar Beacon Comer Reflectors Radar Marker* Octahedral Cluster Radar Marker Beacon Pentagonal Reflector Radar Marker Buoy Radar Comer Reflector Radar Navaids* Trihedral Reflector Radar Responder Buoy* 2) Other Radar Reflectors Radar Transponder Beacon* Dielectric Reflectors Rarnark Dihedral Reflectors Responder Beacon Luneberg Lens/Luneberg Reflector Secondary Radar Parabolic Reflector Transponder/Transponder Beacon Radar Buoy k) Satellite Navigation Aids Radar Reflector Buoy 1) Overarching & Other Terms Right Angle Reflector Marine Satellite Systems j) Radar Aids-Secondary & Primary Radar Navigational Satellite 1) Overarching Terms & Primary Aids Satellite Microwave Position Fixing Systems Satnav/Satellite Navigation/Satellite Navigation System Primary Radar Satellite-Based Navigation*/Satellite-Based System* Radar Aids* Satellite-Based Radionavigation System* Radar Aids to Navigation Aerosat Radar Navaids* Starfix Ratan 2) GPS 2) Shoran Differential GPS Electronic Position Indicator Global Positioning System (GPS) Hiran Glossnass 76 77 Maritime Differential GPS (DGPS) Hydrodist Maritime GPS* Navaglobe & Navarho NavstarlNavstar-GPSINavstar GPS* Omnidirectional Range NGPS* Omnirange Omnistar* WAAS & LAAS in Marine Navigation* Notes 3) Navy Transit Satellite Navigation Systems Cicada/Tsikada* New Terms: Navsat i and Navsat ii Navy Transit Satellite Navigation System Automatic Radiobeacon, O'Brien 1983 NNSSlNavy Navigation Satellite System Class A Radiobeacon, O'Brien 1983 Transit/Transit Navigation Satellite System Coastal Beacon, FRP 1990 US Navy Satellite SystemlUS Navy System Fixed Non-Directive Marine Beacon, Keen 1938 4) Other Satellite Systems Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), leAO 1997 DGNSS, Differential DGNSS* Marine Nondirectional Beacon, Williams 1992 Conventional DGNSS* Low-frequency Loran, Casabona, Hall 1947 Precise DGNSS* H.F. Loran, RA. Smith 1948 Galileo* S.S. Loran, RA. Smith 1948 GNSS, Global Navigation Satellite System*/Global Navigation L.F. Loran, RA. Smith 1948 Satellite System (GNSS)* Radar Marker, USNOO 1969 US Air Force System Radar Transponder Beacon, Grover 1957 1) Other Radio Aids Radux-Omega, Blanchard 1991 1) Radio/Sound Aids Reflectors, Williams 1992 Distance Finding Station Radar Responder Beacon, IRE 1949 Radio Sonobuoy Cross-band Ramarks, Wylie 1976 Rafos In-band Racons, Wylie 1976 Sofar In-band Ramarks, Wylie 1976 Sonobuoy APN Sono-Radio Buoy Synchronized Radiobeacon & Air Fog Signal Explosions, 1938 "Talking Beacon" Fog-Signal Station, 1914 2) Miscellaneous Aids Fog-Signaling Apparatus, 1938 A-N Radio Range Radiobeacon Station, 1928 Radiocompass Station, 1928 Benito Fixed Non-Directive Marine Beacon* Short Range Aids to Navigation, 2002 78 79 Visual & Audible Aids to Navigation, 1977 Differences Between Index & Text in Database: WAAS & LAAS in Marine Navigation, 2002 Marine Navigation Systems was replaced by Maritime Navigation Systems Hofmann-Wellenhof2003: in index. It now reverts to Marine. Conventional DGNSS Radio Aids to Marine Navigation is in index but not in text. However, Kemp DGNSS, Differential GNSS includes term and it is therefore retained. D Loran/Differential Loran-C Radio Navigation System appears in text but omitted from index. It is now added. Ga1i1eo Invisible Lighthouse dropped is moved from OA to Other Forms in index. GNSS, Global Navigation Satellite System Directional Radiobeacon segment has undergone several changes that place it in Ground-based Navigation Aids alignment with sources. Loran GNSS (Logic) Rotational Pattern Radiobeacon in text but index substituted Rotating; index now Maritime GPS changed to Rotational. Maritime Radio Beacon Aero Radio Beacon should be Aero Radiobeacon in index. Navstar GPS [without hyphen] Marker Radiobeacon seemingly has one form in which Radiobeacon is one word. NGPS Radio Compass Signal should end in Station rather than Signal. Omnistar Continuous Carrier Radio Beacon in text; index now reflects that formulation. Precise DGNSS Dectra was omitted from text though a portion ofentry retained. The title is now Satellite-based Navigation restored. Satellite-based System Electronic Position Indicator. The acronym ofEPI is as added as a supplement. Tsikada [alternate name for Cicada] Radar Corner Reflector in text was altered to Racon Comer Reflector in the index. Index now includes Radar Comer Reflector. NIMA Derveaux included in text but omitted in index; it is now added to index. Maritime Differential GPS (GPS) Racon Response Enhancer should be Racon Responder Enhancer and now U.S. Air Force System corrected. Radar Responder Beacon in text. Radar now added to Responder Beacon in index. Parts CID 1988: Navsat in index contrasts with a more complex formulation in text. Hyperbolic Radio-Navigation Systems SoundlRadio Aids Forms now replaced by Radio/Sound Aids. Sono-Radio Buoy in text now added to index. Part H 2003: Miscellaneous Forms in text replaces Miscellaney in index. Radar Aids Talking Beacon in text and now also in index.

Part J 2002: Differences Between Parts C/D & H, and the Database: Radar Navaids Radio Navaids Parts CID included a single classification while Part H had both main and variant forms. Two terms in the Classifications were not added to the Database but have been 80 81 added to this study. Radiobeacons were a main unit for C/D and contained six CHAPTER TWO specific forms. H had a single main term and five variant forms. Satellite forms are limited in the Classifications. Overarching terms for the Classifications are markedly TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES different from those ofthe Database. C/D uses Electronic Transportation Markings; possibly coined by the compiler. H uses Electronic Aids and Marine Electronic Aids. 2A Light & Sound Signals Both tend to the vague and are not established terms. A sub-arching term in H, 2Al Traffic Control Signals Ground- & Spaced-Based Hyperbolic Systems is likely a "home-grown" term as well. a) Overarching Terms & General Note Part B includes Short Range aids and Long Range Aids under the term Electronic General Note Aids to Navigation. Those terms appear in the literature including references to visual Traffic Light Signals marine aids as well as materials on electronic aids. The terms are therefore included Traffic Signals elsewhere. Signals Road Signals Highway Traffic Signals Signals for Vehicular Traffic Road Signalling Traffic Lights/Traffic-Lights* Light Signals Lighted Traffic Signals* Street Traffic Signals Lights* Electric Traffic Lights* Signal Lights* b) Specific Entries General Note Traffic Control Signals Street Traffic Signals Signals for Vehicular Traffic [two entries: see also OA] c) Traffic Signal Operation General Note Automatic Signal Fixed-Time SignallFixed Time Signal Pretimed Signal Traffic-Actuated Signal Traffic-Adjusted Signal 82 Vehicle-Actuated Signal

83 V' I

2A2 Pedestrian Signals b) Specific Entries Accessible Pedestrian Signals* Flashing Yellow Beacon/Flashing Red & Yellow Beacon Pedestrian Signals Flashing Warning Beacon* Pedestrian Crossing Signals* Hazard Identification Beacon Signals for Pedestrians Intersection Control Beacon Pedestrian-Operated Signals Speed Limit Sign Beacon Pedestrian Traffic Lights* Stop Sign Beacon/Stop Beacon* 2A3 Traffic Signals-Other Types Warning Beacon Cyclist Signals* c) Lighting Devices Freeway Entrance Ramp Control Signals*/Traffic Signals for General Note Freeway Entrance Ramps/Traffic Signals at Freeway Entrance Lighting Devices Ramps/Ramp Control Signals* Floodlights Emergency Signals*/Emergency-Traffic SignalslEmergency-Vehicle Hazard Identification Beacon Traffic Control Signal*/Traffic Control Signals for Emergency Steady Burning Electric Lamps/Steady-Burning Electric Lamps*/ Vehicles Steady-Bum Electric Lamps* Ferry-Boat Landing Signals* Warning Lights Flash Lights* Type A, Low Intensity Flashing Warning Lights Low-Flying Aircraft Signals* Type B, High Intensity Flashing Warning Lights Traffic Signals for One-Lane, Two-Way Facilities Type C, Steady-Burning Lights/Type C, Steady-Bum Traffic Lights for Special Vehicles* Warning Lights* Lane-Use Control Signals/Lane Control Signals/Lane Direction Signals/ Type D, 360-degree Steady Burn Warning Lights* Lane Direction Control Signals Special Lighting Units Movable Bridges SignalslDrawbridge Signals/Traffic Signals at Advance Warning Arrow Panels, Types A, B, C/Arrow Panels* Drawbridges/Traffic Control Signals for Movable Bridges/Swing In-Roadway Lights* [Review] Bridges 2A5 Grade Crossing/Level Crossing Signals Portable Traffic Control Signals* Active Grade Crossing Warning System* Robots* Active Traffic Control System*/Active Traffic Control Devices for School Area Traffic Signals* Highway-Rail Grade Crossings* Temporary Traffic Control Signals* Autoflag* Vibrotactile Pedestrian Device*· Automatic Flagman* 2A4 Flashing Beacons Flashing Light SignalslFlashing-Light Signals a) Overarching Terms Flashing-Light Signals: Flashing Beacons Post Mounted* !. Beacons Overhead Structures* Traffic Beacons Highway Grade Crossing Warning Devices*

84 85 No Right [Left] Turn Signals Robots Railroad Grade-Crossing Signal Train Approach Signals/Train-Approach Signal Traffic Control Signals at or Near Highway-Rail Grade Crossing*/Traffic Kuemmel 2000 Control Signals Near Highway-Rail Grade Crossing* Traffic Lights at Level Railroad Crossings* Audible Pedestrian Signal Wig Wag Signal 2A6 Sound Traffic Signals* Movable Bridge Signals* [VisualiSound] Lay 1990 Audible Pedestrian Signals* Grade/Level Crossing Signals*[VisualiSound] Pedestrian Crossing Signals Road Sound Signals*

Solomon 2001 Notes Automatic Flagman New Terms: Wikipedia

Note: The online and contributor-generated encyclopedia Wikipedia offers an extensive introduction to what they term Traffic Lights. Regretably, the author(s) New Terms: US MUTCD 1988; 2000 & 2003 are not given. Traffic Lights, an infrequent term in official publications and the literature, is a prominent term on the internet. That is reflected in Wikipedia. Accessible Pedestrian Signals, 2000, 2003 Active Grade Crossing Warning System, 2000, 2003 Lights Active Traffic Control Devices for Highway-Rail Grade Crossings, 2000, 2003 Electric Traffic Lights Active Traffic Control Systems, 2000, 2003 Signal Lights Arrow Panels, 2000, 2003 Pedestrian Traffic Lights Emergency-Vehicle Traffic Control Signal, 2000, 2003 Traffic Lights for Special Vehicles Flashing Lights: Post Mounted, Overhead Structures, 2000, 2003 Traffic Lights at Level Railroad Crossing Freeway Entrance Ramp Control Signals, 2000, 2003 Traffic-Lights Portable Traffic Control Signals, 1988 School Area Traffic Signals, 1988 Steady-Burn Electric Lamp, 2000, 2003 CASATC 1950 Stop Beacon, 2000, 2003 Temporary Traffic Control Signal, 2000, 2003 Flash Lights Traffic Control Signals at or Near Highway-Rail Grade Crossing, 2000, 2003

86 87 Traffic Control Signals Near Highway-Rail Grade Crossing, 1988 The Sound Traffic Signals category is absent in the Database but it is now Vibrotactile Pedestrian Device, 2000, 2003 added. Railroad-Highway Grade-Crossing Signal in Database index appears as Warning Lights, Type D, 360-degree Steady-Burn Warning Lights, 2000, 2003 Railroad-Grade Crossing Signal in Database text. GradelLevel Crossing Signal added by compiler in order to encompass signal lights whether under grade or level headings. New Terms: From Parts E & H Some terms in the Index are listed line-by-line while a batching arrangement Cyclist Signals, E and H is followed in the Text. These terms include Pedestrian Signals, and Traffic Emergency Signals, E and H Signals-Other Forms. Ferry-Boat Landing Signals, E Flashing Warning Beacon, E Traffic Signals for One-Lane/Two-Way Facilities in the Index contrasts with In-Roadway Lights, E similar wording in the Text except for a comma in the Text. The Index now Low-Flying Aircraft Signals, E displays that punctuation. Miscellaneous Signals, E Ramp Control Signals, E Differences Between Parts B, E& H, and the Database: Steady-Burning Electric Lamps, E [Database & MUTCD 1988 lack hyphen] The term Warning Beacon was employed by US FHA beginning in 1997. It replaced Hazard Identification Beacon. The latter term is also included in the New Terms From Part J Database though omitted by Parts E and H.

Autoflag [Level (Railway) Crossing Signals employed in Parts E and H rather than Highway Grade Crossing Warning Devices Grade Crossing/Level Crossing Signal or Level (Grade) Crossing Signals. The Lighted Traffic Signals source ofthe Parts E and H formulation is unclear. Lighted Wig-Wag Road Sound Signals Part B includes an older classification that is occasionally different from with newer classifications and the Database. Differences include: Traffic Beacon is used in place ofFlashing Beacons (This also true ofPart Differences Between Index and Text ofDatabase: H, 2nd edition though not in Part E, 2nd edition). Lane-Control Signals is used in place ofLane-Use Control Signals The chapter heading in the Database was that ofTraffic Signals. The heading Emergency Traffic Signals rather than Emergency Signals is now changed to Light and Sound Devices. There are two reasons for the One-Lane/Two Way Signals are included while the Database has a change: some signals have a sound dimension, and some lighted devices are in a variant form; Parts E&H lack the term. fixed mode ofoperation rather than in a signal mode. There is also a "Vibrotactile pedestrian device" which is not represented in the title. Part E, 2nd edition, includes Ramp-Control Signals, and Miscellaneous Signals. Neither are in the Database either under those formulations or alternate 88 89 formulations.

Part H omits the hyphen from Lane-Use Control Signal. The 2nd edition 2B Warning Signs (2003) adds Movable Bridge Signals, Emergency Signals, and Lighting Devices. 2Bl Categories & Overarching Terms The Database includes those terms though the first two are in alternate forms. a) Categories Overarching Terms Audible Pedestrian Signals first appears in Part J predating Part Iii (the Roadway Alignment Signs Database), Part E (lst ed), and Part H (1st ed). Part J includes Draw Bridge Roadway Conditions Signs Signals with Movable Signals as a subordinate term. The Database has an Intersection Signs alternate version though Movable Signals is primary. Moveable employed instead Intermittent Moving Hazards Signs ofMovable in some ofthe classifications. This study includes Movable only. Construction & Maintenance Signs Non-Vehicular-Related Hazards Signs* Roadway-Related Hazard Signs* Temporary Traffic Control Signs* Traffic-Related Hazards Signs* Other Dangers Signs Other Hazards Signs b) Overarching Terms Introductory Note Advance Warning Signs Caution Signs Danger Signs Danger Warning Signs Giving Warning ofDanger Signs Warning Signs Warning Signposts 2B2 Roadway Alignment Signs a) Introductory Note & Overarching Terms Curves Dangerous Curves Dangerous Bends/Bends Horizontal Alinement Changes/Changes in Horizontal Alignments*/ Roadway Alignments Turns b) Specific Signs 91 90 Bad Comers Bike Hill Bend, L, R Hill/Hill_In_ Double Bend, L, RlDouble Bend to R, L Hill Blocks View Sign* Left Bend/Right Bend Dangerous Hill Single Bend to the R, L Dangerous Descent Dangerous Comer Dangerous Ascent Chevron/Chevron Alignment Dangerous Steep Descent to R, L Combined Horizontal Alignment/Advisory Speed Sign* Steep Ascent Combined Horizontal AlignmentlIntersection Sign* Bump/Dip Curves, L, RlSingle Curve, L, R Cross Drain or Dip Curve Speed Sign* Dead End/Dead End PlaquelNo OutletINo Outlet Plaque*/ Divided Hairpin Curve Sign* Highway AheadlDivided Highway/Divided Highway Ends/ Limited Sight Distance Divided Highway (Road) Ends Sign* Sharp Curve Rough Road 270 degree Curve Sign* Speed Hump Sign* Reverse Curve, L, R Uneven Road Reverse Tum, L, R Gutter Sharp Turn/Bend Clearance Tum, L, RlSingle Tum, L, R % Grade_Miles Winding Road/Winding Road to L, RlRight Winding RoadlLeft Next_Miles Winding Road _Miles Large Arrow Sign/Directional Arrow/Bi-Directional Arrow/One- Bikeway Narrows Direction Large Arrow Sign*/Two-Direction Large Arrow Sign* Bicycle Surface Condition Warning Sign* Dangerous Sharp Turning to L, R Carriageway Narrows Dangerous Bend Winding to L, R Lane Reduction Transition Truck Rollover* Limited Width Sign 2B3 Roadway Conditions Signs Narrow Clearance . a) Introductory Note & Overall Terms Narrow Road Roadway Conditions Narrow Structure Roadway & Environment* Road Narrows Roadway Surface Conditions Draw BridgelHump BridgelNarrow Bridge Roadway Surface Physical Conditions Bridge Ices Before Road* Special Roadway Features One Lane Bridge b) Specific Terms Opening Bridge Added Lane* Overhead Bridge 92 93 One-Direction Large Arrow* Dangerous Fork Two-Direction Large Arrow* Dangerous T-Junction Supplemental Arrow Plaques* Delta Supplemental Plaques* Interaction ofVehicles with Other Moving Objects* Pavement Drop-Off Intersection Warning Sign* Pavement Ends Oncoming Extended Green* Pavement Narrows Oncoming Traffic Has Extended Green*/Oncoming Traffic May Pavement-Width Transition Have Extended Green Dangerous Shoulder Road in Which Another Road Ends at a Junction Loose Gravel Road Intersection Low Shoulder* Road Junction/Road Junctions Shoulder* Side Road Shoulder Drop-Off Sign* Successive Tees Soft Shoulder T Sign/T Intersection/T-Symbol Sign*/T-Intersection Sign* Low Clearance Traffic Circle/Roundabout Lane Ends Sign* Y Sign/Y Intersection/Y-Symbol Sign*IY-Intersection Symbol Sign* Lane End Merges L, R Merge/Merging Traffic Sign Lane Reduction Sign* Signal Ahead/Signals Ahead Lane Reduction Transition Sign Stop Sign Ahead/Stop Ahead L, R Lane Ends Warning Signs at Approaches to Intersections* Uneven Lanes* Yield Ahead Roads Leads Onto Quay or River Bank Sign Double Arrow Runway Truck Ramp/Runaway Truck Ramp_Miles 2B5 Intermittent Moving Hazards Signs Truck Escape Ramp Sign* Advance Crossing Sand/Gravel/Paved Supplemental Plates Beware ofAnimals 2B4 Intersection Signs Bicycle Crossing/Bicycle Crossing Warning/Cycling Entering or a) Introductory Note & General Terms Crossing b) Specific Signs Bicycle Surface Condition Warning* Cross Road/Cross-Road/Crossroad Cattle or Other Animal Crossing Cross Street Cattle Crossing Cross Traffic Does Not Stop Plaque* Children Crossing Sign* Congestion Dangerous Fork Cross Walks Dangerous T-Junction Deer Crossing Delta Fallen Rock/Falling Rock or Landslides 94 95 ~ !

Farm Machinery No Signal Sign* GolfCart Sign* Railway Advance Warning Sign* Hazardous Conditions Railroad Crossing Signs* High Water Storage Space Sign* Horse-Drawn Vehicles* Train May Exceed_(lan/h or miles) Moose Crossing XX Feet/Meters Signs [4] Pedestrian Crossing Ahead/Pedestrian Crossing/ XX FeetlMeters Between Track & Highway Sign* Pedestrian Crosswalk XX FeetlMeters Between Highway & Tracks Behind You Playground AheadIPlayground 2B6 Construction & Maintenance Signs Range Cattle Road Repairs Ahead Signs School/School Ahead/School Crossing/School Zone/ Road Work/Road Works Signs School Crosswalk Road Work Ahead Signs School Crosswalk Warning Signs* Road Construction '" Feet/Detour AheadJRoad Street Closed ... Feet! School Bus Stop Ahead One Lane Road ... FeetlMen Working/Fresh Oil/Road Machinery School Speed Limits Ahead/Shoulder Work Ahead/Survey Crew Ahead/Flagman ... School Advance Warning Sign* Feet/Flagger/Left [Right] Lane Closed Ahead/Single Lane .../ School Warning Sign* Blasting Zone_FeetlEnd Blasting Zone/Tum OffTwo-Way Radio/ Slippery When Wet/Slippery Road Pilot Car Follow Me/End ConstructionIRoad Diversion/Detour/ Slippery When Wet-Bicycle Path Flagman/Survey Crew/Truck Entrance Signs Snowmobile* Advance Flagger Sign* Truck Crossing/Truck Entrance, R, L Worker Sign*/Workers Sign Crossing No Gates/Gates or Level Crossing Barrier/ Advance Road Construction Sign* Level Crossing with Barrier/Level Crossing UnguardedlLevel Advance Detour Sign* Crossing/Guarded Level-CrossinglLevel Crossing Guarded by Advance Road Closed Sign* GateslLevel Crossing Warning CrosslLevel Crossing Stop Sign/ Advance One Lane Ahead Sign* Unguarded Level Crossing/Unguarded Level-Crossing/ Advance Lane Closed Sign* Level-Crossing with Gates/Level-Crossing Without Gates/ Advance Warning Sign* Railway Cross-Buck/Unprotected Railroad-Crossing/ Construction Approach Warning Signs* Protected Railroad Crossing Signs for Blasting Areas Sign* Railroad Level/Grade Crossing* Temporary Traffic Control Devices*/Temporary Traffic Control Level/Grade Signs* Zone Devices* Level/Grade Crossing Sign* Worker Sign*/Workers Sign Level (Railway) Crossing Sign* 2B7 Other Hazards Signs Low Ground Clearance Highway-Rail Grade Crossing* a) General or Alternate Danger Signs No Train Hom Sign* Other Dangers

96 97 General Danger Sign Uneven Track Alternative Sign c) Supplemental Plates/Plaques Dangers Other Than Those Indicated by Signs 1-6 Bis Advance Street Name Plaque* b) Specific Signs Advisory Speed Plate/Advisory Speed Plaque* Additional Panels Diagonal Arrow Plaque* Advance Traffic Control Sign* Diagonal Lanes Plaque* Advisory Exit Speed Distance Ahead Plaque* Airfield!Airplane Distance Plaque* Be Prepared to Stop Sign* High-Occupancy Vehicle Plaque* Bridle Path Hill-Related Plaque* Cross-Wind Next Distance Plaque* Crossing Sign* Photo Enforced Plaque* Emergency Signal Ahead Sign* Share the Road Plaque* Emergency Vehicle Sign* Traffic Circle Plaque* Exit Exit Speed Sign* Notes Factory Entrance Hazardous Conditions Warning Signs for the classifications in Part E and Part H are influenced by Motorized Traffic Sign* UN 1968. Those classifications leaned toward official formulations and, hence, No Passing Zone UN forms are listed but a wide variety ofUS forms are not so listed. This is less No Traffic Sign* the case with Traffic Signals and Traffic Markings where US forms are more Notice Boards substantial than those ofUN 1968. Categories for Database and Part E and Part H Low Shoulder bear substantial resemblance. The 2nd ed. ofPart B (1992) contains a variety of Peligro classifications including one ofmessages that provides a comprehensive ofUS Ramp Speed Sign* sign forms. Road Diversion Road Leads Onto Quay or River Bank* US MUTCD editions have increasingly added coverage ofspecial categories Rough Road ofTCD forms. The general coverage must thereby be augmented by bicycle, Rules ofRoad school, construction and maintenance sections. Temporary Traffic Control Snowflakes replaces an older term, Construction & Maintenance [MUTCD 1961 has "Traffic Speed Reduction Sign* Controls for Highway Construction & Maintenance Operations". MUTCD 1971 Temporary Two-Way Ahead and 1978 add "Street and ..."]. MUTCD 1988 had expanded the older term to Trucks Use Lower GearlUse Lower Gear/Use Second GearlUse Low Traffic Control for Streets & Highways Construction & Maintenance, Utility & Gear* Emergency Operations. MUTCD 2000 and 2003 have both expanded and Two-Way Traffic Sign* simplified the overarching term. There are obvious overlaps between general and

98 99 1'- i

specialized sections. However, some new terms are often present in the Dead End Plaque [1988 edition employs both plate and plaque terms] specialized segments. Diagonal Arrow Plaque 2003 Diagonal Lanes Plaque 2003 The older term ofPlate has been superseded by Plaque. The meaning is Distance Ahead Plaque 2000 unchanged. MUTCD 1978 and 1988 employed both terms. Plaques/Plates have Distance Plaques 2000 grown in types and numbers in recent years. As a result MUTCD 2000 and 2003 Emergency Signal Ahead Sign have added a plaque segment to their schema of warning signs (Roadway Emergency Vehicle Sign Related/Traffic Related/Supplemental Plaques). Plaques have therefore been GolfCart Sign 2003 given a separate segment in this classification. High-Occupancy Vehicle Plaque 2003 Hill Blocks View Sign 2003 A new segment known as Supplemental Warning Devices has been added to Hill-Related Plaques this coverage. It is not in the Database. The terms have not been added to the Horse-Drawn Vehicle Signs 2003 index/classification. Some terms are more in the form ofdescriptive statements Intersection Warning Sign [category sign] and require the context ofSupplemental Warning Devices for coherence. Some of Lane Reduction Signs 2000 the Devices are partially lighted and require alternative treatment. The materials Lane End Signs 2003 are in a draft form and require additional work. Low Ground Clearance Highway-Rail Grade Crossings Low Shoulder Sign Motorized Traffic Sign 2000 [category and individual sign] I New Terms: Next Distance Plaque No Outlet Plaque 2000 MUTCD 2000/2003 No Traffic Sign No Signal Sign Added Lane Sign No Train Horn Sign Advance Arrow Plaque Oncoming Extended Green Sign 2003 Advance Arrow 2003 Oncoming Traffic Has Extended Green/Oncoming Traffic May Have Extended Advance Street Name Plaque Green 2003 Advance Traffic Control Signs [category] One-Direction Large Arrow Sign Advisory Speed Plaque Photo Enforced Plaque 2003 Be Prepared to Stop Sign 2003 Ramp Speed Sign Bicycle Surface Condition Warning Sign School Crossing Warning Assembly 2003 Bridge Ices Before Road Sign 2003 School Warning Sign 2000 Combined Horizontal Alignment/Advanced Speed Sign Share the Road Plaque Combinded Horizontal Alignment/Intersection Sign Shoulder Sign [category] Cross Traffic Does Not Stop Plaque 2003 Shoulder Drop-Off Sign ! Curve Speed Sign Signs for Blasting Areas, 1998 L 100 101 Worker Sign and Workers Sign. Newer editionsinclude only the latter. Database Snowmobile Sign 2003 has only the singular form. Speed Hump Sign Y-Symbol Sign Speed Reduction Sign 2003 Storage Space Sign Signs for Blasting Area. This overarching term does not appear in newer editions. Supplemental Arrow Plaques The term is not in the Database. Supplemental Plaques Temporary Traffic Control Devices/Temporary Traffic Control Zone Devices Newer editions include the term Advance Warning Signs but the word Temporary Traffic Control Devices Signs 2003 "Advance" does not appear with the specific sign term. 1971 includes T-Intersection Sign 2003 Construction Approach Warning Signs as well as adding Advance to the specific Traffic Circle Plaque 2003 term. Train May Exceed_(kmIh or miles) Truck Escape Ramp Sign Advance Road Construction Sign Truck Rollover Sign 2003 Advance Detour Sign Trucks Use Lower Gear Advance Road Closed Sign Two-Direction Large Arrow Sign Advance One Lane Ahead Sign 270 Degree Curve Sign 2003 Advance Lane Closed Sign Uneven Lanes Sign Advance Flagger Sign Use Low Gear 2003 Workers Sign XX Feet/meters Jones & Hawkins 1997 XX Feet or Between Track & Highway XX Feet or Marker Between Highway & Tracks Behind You Roadway-Related Hazards Signs Y-Intersection Sign 2003 Traffic-Related Hazards Signs Non-Vehicular-Related Hazards Signs 1988 and older editions ofMUTCD

The word "Sign" is listed within the category but not attached to the actual These editions list terms that are not in the Database. term as is done here. MUTCD 2000 and 2003 include the terms Roadway Related and Traffic Related within their respective schemas but those terms are less Construction Approach Warning Sign. complete than those ofJones & Hawkins. Crossing Sign [category] Divided Highway (Road) Sign Exit Speed Sign Part E, 1st edition, 1984 No Outlet Plaque T-Symbol Sign Interaction ofVehicles with Other Moving Objects Two-Way Traffic Sign 103 102 Roadway & Environment Signs Low Clearance: Clearance: Delete from Index unless source confirms this form; Warning Signs at Approach to Intersections not in Text. Part Iiii, 2000 Road Leads onto Quay... : In Text; add to Index. Lane End Signs: Correlate Text and Index; compare to changes in 2000,2003. Railroad Crossing Signs T-Symbol and Y-Symbol Signs: Older term but missing from Database. Add. Signal Ahead/Signals Ahead: Split in Text; Source review necessary.

Intermittent Moving Hazards: The Database Index added probable moving Differences Between Database Index & Text hazards from schools, and railway crossings special categories under intermittent moving hazards. While the text added many ofthose hazard signs to Other Bend Forms: Together in text; separated in index Hazards. That category partly reflects UN practice which has many signs in Other Bend, L, R: Not in text; source unknown; retained in Index until determined. Hazards [Note: UN 1968 employs term Other Dangers rather than Other Hazards Turns, L, R& Single Tum, L, R: Together in text; separated in Index. Single not as was done in the Database]. A reworking ofsigns may thereby be needed. In followed by Tum in Text. addition, two pages mislocated in Database and many signs were mistakenly Sharp TurnlBend: Source ofthis configuration unknown; retained in Index until assigned to Miscellaneous Forms. This is now corrected. clarified. Right Winding RoadlLeft Winding Road: Text only; now added to Index. Construction & Maintenance Signs: Complex and differences between Index Winding Road/Winding Road to L, R: Second form not in text; retained in Index and Text. Some reordering and simplification have been carried out. until term clarified. Miscellaneous Signs: Some Regulatory Signs were inadvertently added to Index; Roadway Conditions: Category in text but not an individual term. However, it they are now deleted. is discussed in introductory remarks. Miscellaneous Signs: C&M Signs listed in Index under that heading but not in Roadway Surface ConditionslRoadway Surface Physical Conditions: Together Text. Signs now moved to correct category. in Text but separately listed in Index. Hill, Descent, Ascent: Together in Text but separation may be in order because Other Hazards: Miscellaneous: The Database Index includes a variety ofsigns ofdifferences in terms. that are regulatory and were inadvertently included in the Index. These signs Railway Grade Crossings: Very complex. Some simplification in Index. New are not listed in the text: These signs include terms may remain in separate listings. Cross Only at X-Walks Some terms in Index physically separate yet together in Text. Now together or at Cross on Green Light Only at least adjoin one another. Do Not Block Intersections Bridge terms: Together in Text. Keep OffMedian Narrow BridgelRoad Narrows: This formulation not in Text; delete entirely. Left on Arrow Only Narrow Clearance: Clearance: Configuration not in Text; delete from Index Left Tum Signal Narrow Structure & Bridge: Together in Text; adjust Index to that form. Stop Here on Red Arrows & Checkerboard: Together in Text; add to index ifsource supports that form. 105

104 Bowman 1995 has prepared an article on "Supplemental Warning Devices" based on work ofTransportation Research BoardlNational Cooperative Highway Differences Between Parts E & H and Database: Research Program. The TRBINCHRP work is a synthesis ofthese devices employed by various agencies. Many ofthese devices involve tlashing lights and Part E (2004) views the Railroad Level/Grade Crossing as a separate section signs. They are therefore not entirely an unlighted aid. The following outline while the Database places that material within the Intermittent Moving Hazards summarizes these devices and conditions they are addressing: segment. Part H (2003) follows the practice ofPart E. The classifications are intluenced by the UN including the practice ofa separate Crossing section. Environmental Conditions Category* Passive Warning Signs: Slippery Roadway Conditions Part E includes an Other Dangers segment while the Database employs an Watch for Ice on Bridge/Ice Forms on Bridge Before Pavement/Watch for Ice alternative term: Other Hazards. Part H employs Other Dangers. Active Warning Signs: Slippery Roadway Conditions Bridge Icy Ahead (Activated device not described) Road Alignment/Roadway ConditionlIntersectionllntermittent Moving Ice on Bridge (supplemental plaque: When Flashing); Flashing Lights added. Hazards/ Construction & Maintenance are found in both Parts and in the Graphic Representation ofSwerving Car (supplemental plaque: Max Speed Database. As previously noted, US MUTCD has changed Construction and 35 MPH); Flashing Lights added. Maintenance to Temporary Traffic Controls. Construction & Maintenance are the core words for that category but not the full title. See previous paragraph on Limited Visibility Caused by Fog or Smoke terminology changes in MUTCD. Fog Area Sign with Flashing Light. Smoke Sign with Flashing Light. Variable Message Sign. Red neon tubing employed for words and numbers. Part E (1984) categories are at variance with new categories in several respects: Roadway Alignment and Roadway Conditions Signs are listed under Flashing Lights added to neon tubing. Roadway & Enviroment Signs, a single category. Intermittent Moving Hazards High Wind Warning Signs Signs were placed under Interaction ofVehicles with Other Moving Objects Trailers - Campers Gusty Wind Area Next_Miles Signs. Construction & Maintenace Signs were designated Temporary Warning Strong Wind Possible Sign with Wind Sock Signs for C & M. Intersection Signs were termed Warning Signs at Approaches to Heavy Cross Wind Sign with Wind Sock. Intersections. Level/Grade Signs were known as Railroad Crossing Signs. Other *Terms for conditions and devices are from Bowman. Dangers were divided in Other Dangers I & II.

Part H (1994) is somewhat similar to Part E (1984) though there are Heavy Vehicles Category Trucks That Hit This Will Hit Bridge Sign with Device equiped with tubing differences. Roadwork Signs is employed in lieu ofC & M. Level (Railway) Crossing Signs replaced Level/Grade Crossing Signs. The former is indicative of that will hit truck. Prior Passive Warning Sign: Load Height Gauge Ahead UN and Eastern Hemisphere practice. SIgn. Vehicle Too High/Stop Sign with Sensing Device. Geometric Features Category Supplemental Warning Devices: Flashing Beacon on railing activated by loop detectors for excessive speeds 1 Traffic Coming From Left (Right) When Flashing with Flashing red Beacons. 106 L 107 Supplemental Plate: IfLights Out Sign/No Power/Signal Not Working with fixed white lights. 2C Informative Signs Be Prepared to Stop with supplemental plate: New Signal or New Stop Sign. 2Cl Categories & Overarching Terms Accompanied by Red Flags or Battery-powered Flashing Lights. a) Categories Alternative Supplemental Plate: New Signal (Stop Sign) Ahead. Overarching & Sub-Overarching Terms Established Alternative: Signal Ahead Sign with Flags, Flashing Lights. Destination & Distance Special Crossing Zones Route Markers Yield to Pedestrian Signs with Flashing Beacons Signs Giving General Information Duck Crossing Ahead Sign. b) Overarching Terms Grazomg Area with Suplemental Plate: Liability For Damage Limited by General Note Law. Advance Direction & Direction Signs Rail-Highway Crossings Destination & Distance Signs Graphic Symbol Sign ofTruck Hung-up on Crossing: Roadway-Tracks at Directive Signs different elevations. [Non-standard: symbol not in MUTCD]. Guide Signs Graphic Symbol ofTrolley car with supplemental plate" Trolley Crossing. Indication Signs RR Crossing Sign with Supplemental Plate: Watch for Trains with Flashing Information Signs Red Beacons. Informational Signs Pavement Conditions Category Informative Signs Steel Deck Sign. Non-standard Symbol. Place & Route Information Signs Undulations Ahead Sign. Non-standard Symbol: rumble strips. Road Identification Signs Rumble Strip Sign. Standard message. Route Markers/Route Marker Signs Congestion & Stopped Vehicles Category Signs Giving Indications Only Caution Slow Traffic When Flashing with Flashing Red Beacons Signs General Information Watch for Stopped Traffic When Flashing with Flashing Red Beacons 2C2 Destination & Distance Signs Ramp Back Prepare to Stop Sign Advance Direction Signs Advance Signs/Advance Guide/l-Mile/2-Mile Signs Approach Direction Signs City Names Signs Color-Code Destination Signs* Community Interchange Signs Confirmatory Signs Descriptive Signs Destination Signs Destination & Direction Signs Diagrammatic Signs

I 109 i 108 L Direction Signs Forest Route Markers Direction Indicator Signs Interamerican Highway Route Markers Directive Signs Interstate Route Marker/Interstate Route Signs* Distance/Confirmation-Distance Signs Markers for Alternate Routes* Exit Direction Signs Off-Interstate Business Loop Marker/Off-Interstate Business Spur Exit Name Panel Off-Interstate Business Sign* Expressway Directional Signs Pan-American Road Route Marker Expressway Interchange Signs Provincial Route Markers Fingerboard Signs Reassurance Route Marker FingerpostslDirection Posts/Guide Posts/Signposts Road Marker Gore Signs State Route Marker/State Route Sign* Interchange Sequence Signs Trailblazers Intersection Signs*/At-Grade Intersection Sign* Trans-Canada Route Marker Mileage Signs Trunk Route Marker/Truck Auxiliary Sign* Next Exit US Route Marker/US Route Sign* Next Exit Supplemental c) Route-Marker Tabs Next (X) Area Signs*lNext X Exit Signs* General Note Place/Place Names/Place Identification Sign Advance Turn Arrows Tab/Advance Tum Arrow Auxiliary Sign Preferential Only Lane Sign* By-Pass Tabs/By-Pass Auxiliary Signs* Pull Thru Sign Cardinal Direction Tabs/Cardinal Direction Auxiliary Signs Street Name Sign/Street Names Plates North, East, South, West Supplemental Advance Guide Signs Directional Arrow Tabs/Junction Auxiliary Sign* 2C3 Route Markers Ends/End Auxiliary Sign* a) Introductory Notes & Overarching Terms Junction Tab Signs/Junction Auxiliary Sign* Road Identification signs To Auxiliary Signs* Route Markers Alternate Tabs Route-Indicators Temporary Marker Tabs b) Specialized Route Markers Alternate Tabs Auxiliary Markers By-Pass Tabs Bicycle Route Markers Relief Tabs Business Route MarkerlBusiness Auxiliary Sign* Business Tabs Combination Junction Sign Detour Tabs Confirming or Reassurance Assemblies* Detour Signs Confirming Route Markers Markers for Alternate Routes/Auxiliary Signs for Alternate Routes* County Route Markers/County Route Sign* Alternate Marker/Alternate Auxiliary Marker

110 111 By-Pass Route Marker/By-Pass Auxiliary Sign* Essential Services Route Marker Assembly/Route Sign Assemby Food & Fuel 2C4 Mileposts Routing to Specific Destination General Note Miscellaneous Information Direction Stones Parking Area Signs Kilometre Stones Recreation & Cultural Signs Landmarks/Guide Accomodation Services R&C MarkslMarkers General Information R&C Mark Stones Motorist Services R&C Milliaries* LandR& C Mileposts/Mile Posts*/Mile Markers [2 forms] WaterR& C Milestones WinterR& C Road Markers Recreation Areas Signs Stone Markers Recreational & Cultural Interest Area Reference Location Signs*!Intermediate Reference Location Signs* Rest & Information Area 2C5 Signs Giving General Information Rest & Scenic Area Introductory Note Rest & Information Area a) Overarching & SUb-Overarching Terms Rest Area Signs Civil Defense Signs* Service Signs Directions, Position, or Indication Signs Tourist Information & Welcome Center Signs Emergency Management Signs* Tourist-Orientated Directional Signs (TODS)* Signs of General Interest/General Interest Signs b) Services Signs Other Signs Providing Useful Information for Drivers ofVehicles/ Accessibility for the Handicapped Sign* Signs Giving Notice ofFacilities Which May Be Useful to Road Accomodations/HotellMotel/Lodging Users Airport General Information Signs Ambulance Station Sign* General Information & Auxiliary Signs Breakdown ServicelMechanical Help/Mechanical Services/ General Motorist Signs Service Station General Services Signs Carpool Information Sign* Indicative Signs Channel 9 Monitored Sign* Indication Signs/Signs Giving Indications Only Emergency Dial XX Sign* Information Signs Emergency Medical Services Sign* Information, Facilities or Service Signs Emergency Medical Care Sign* Off-Road Facilities Signs Ferry Boat Recreation & Accomodations First Aid/First-Aid/First Aid Station

112 113 Filling Station!Fuel/Gas/Gas StationlFuel (Diesel) Tourist Information Center Sign* Food/Restaurant/Refreshment or Cafeteria Trailer Camp Hospital Travel Information Litter Container Sign* Trolley Park National Scenic Byways Sign* Viewpoint Next Services ... Miles Welcome Center Sign* Pharmacy Sign* Youth Hostel Phone/Telephone Additional R & C Signs: Radio Information Signs* Winter Recreation Area/MarinalViewing Area/Rest Rooms/Food Radio-Weather Signs ServicelPost Office/Mechanic/Ferry/Swimming/Canoeing/ Radio-Traffic Information Signs Motor BoatinglBoat Launching Ramp/Sail Boating/Ice Skating/ Recreational Vehicle Sanitary Sign* Water Skiing/Snow Skiing/Fishing/Ranger Station!Amphitheater! Recycling Collection Sign* No SmokinglPicnic Area/Camp Fire Travel Information Call XX Sign* e) Miscellaneous Signs Trail Marker!Trail Sign* Access for Handicapped c) Parking Signs Advance Signs-Exit Motorway Authorized Parking Place/Authorized Parking-Place Advised Itinerary for Heavy Vehicles Park & Ride Advisory Speed Park & Ride Next Right All Trucks Commercial Vehicles Next Right Parking Beginning ofBuilt Up ArealEnd of ... Parking Area Bicycle Route Parking Allowed Bus Stop Parking w/o Lights Bus Stop/Tramway Stop d) Recreation Sign s County Boat Launch Ramp Crossover Sign!Advanced Crossover Sign Camping Cul-de-Sac Camping or Caravan Site Do Not Throw Litter Caravan Site Emergency & Authorized Vehicles Only Information Center End ofRoad for Motor Vehicles Picnic SitelPicnic Table/Picnic Tables ... Miles Escape Lane Rest Area Exit Direction Roadside Parking Area ... Miles/Roadside Rest ... Feet General Speed Limit Scenic Area Gore Scenic Overlook Information Signs Tent Camp Keep OffWet Paint

114 115 Medical Center Motorway/End ofMotorway Shelter Directional Signs* No Dumping Allowed Fallout Shelter_Miles No Fishing From Bridge No Through Road Pedestrian Activated Signals Signs Notes Pedestrian Overpass/Pedestrian Underpass Police New Terms: Protected Pedestrian Walk Radio Information Sign* 2000/2003 Radio-Weather Signs Radio-Traffic Information Signs Note: The long-enduring term Route Marker has been eliminated by US River & Lake FHA. The 1988 edition included the term but the 2000 and 2003 editions have Road for Motor Vehicles replaced the term primarily with the term Auxiliary Signs. The reasoning for this Sanitary Facility change is not known. Many terms have been altered as a result ofthe change. Second Stage These altered terms are presented in a batch format. Route Markers is retained as Signs Indicating Closure ofa Traffic Lanes an overarching term for the study. Signs Indicating Number & Direction ofTraffic Lanes Traffic Signals Speed Sign Route Signs & Auxiliary Signs/Route Sign Auxiliary/Junction Auxiliary Tram Stop No_ Sign/Cardinal Direction Auxiliary Sign/Auxiliary Signs for Alternate Turn Marker Routes/Alternate Auxiliary Signs/By-Pass Auxiliary Sign/Business Auxiliary Weigh Station Signs Signs/Truck Auxiliary Sign/To Auxiliary Sign/End Auxiliary SignlInterstate Advance Symbol Auxiliary Sign/Temporary Auxiliary Sign/ Detour & Auxiliary Sign/Advance All Trucks Commercial Vehicles Next Right Turn Arrow Auxiliary Sign/Directional Auxiliary Sign/Route Sign Exit Direction Assemblies/Advance Turn Arrow Auxiliary Signs/ Directional Arrows Auxiliary Gore Sign Sign/Trailblazer Assembly/Trail Signs Civil Defense Signs/Emergency Management Signs* Evacuation Route County Route Signs/Intersection Signs/State Route SignslUS Route Sign/Off­ Area Closed Interstate Business Route Sign Traffic Regulation Post Maintain Top Safe Speed An even longer enduring term, Mileposts, has also been replaced by Road Use Permit Required for Thru Traffic MUTCD. The new term is Reference Location Sign. 2003 also adds Intermediate Emergency Aid Centers Reference Location Signs while MUTCD 2000 emplyed Reference Posts for Decontamination Center Freeways and Expressways. MUTCD 2003 employs not onl?, Reference Location Registration Center Signs but also Enhanced Reference Location Signs. Welfare Center 117 l 116 National Scenic Byways Sign Other Changes Between 1988 and 2000/2003 (older MUTCD editions serve Pharmacy Sign as background sources for this coverage): Radio Information Signs Radio-Weather Signs Accessibility for the Handicapped Sign Radio-Traffic Information Signs Advance Turn Arrow Auxiliary Signs instead of Advance Tum Arrow Recycling Collection Center Sign At-Grade Intersection Sign instead ofIntersection Signs Recreational Vehicle Sanitary Sign By-Pass in By-Pass Auxiliary Sign instead ofBypass in former Bypass Marker Trail Sign Color-Code Destination Signs Travel Information Call 511 Sign Civil Defense Signs, 1988 Weigh Station Signing instead ofWeight Station Signing Detour Marker and Detour Sign replaced by Temporary Detour & Auxiliary Sign Welcome Center Sign, 1978 Directional Arrow Auxiliary Signs instead ofDirectional Assembly Reference Posts Emergency Management Signs General Service Signs Other Changes Between MUTCD & Database: Next X Exit Area Signs instead ofNext (X) Exit Signs, 1988 Preferential Only Lane Sign, 2003 only Auxiliary Signs For Alternate Routes, 2000 Specific Services Signs instead ofMotorist Service Signing (Specific Services Confirming or Reassurance Assemblies; 1988 and 2000/2003. Now added to was employed within segment) text. To Auxiliary Sign Intersections Signs, 1988; now At-Grade Intersection Sign Tourist Information Center Sign, 1978 Tourist-Orientated Directional Signs displays hyphen in 2000/2003 but not in Civil Defense/Emergency Management Signs have been moved from Regulatory 1988 Signs. They had been included with Regulatory Signs in the Database. Intersection Approach Signs Interstate Route Signs Tabs from Canadian replaced Marker in the Database. It may be less confusing to Off-Interstate Business Route Sign employ Marker as well as Tab. The value ofMarker may not be fullly Advance Signs for TODS eliminated even in light ofMlJTCD changes. General Directional Guide Sign for Conventional Roads Destination Guide Signs Blanchard 1919 Ambulance Station Sign Carpool Information Sign Mile Posts Channel 9 Monitored Sign Emergency Dial XXX Sign Emergency Medical Services Sign Noble 1946 Emergency Medical Care Sign Litter Container Sign Milliaries I' 118 119 Categories Index; it is now added. Recreational & Cultural Interest Area Signs in Text and alphabetical Index but UK MOT not Categories Index; it is now added. A variety ofsigns in Miscellaneous are together but listed separately in Index. Buttons Cats-Eyes Differences between Parts E & H, and Database:

Differences Between Index & Text in Database Differences in this category are extensive. Parts E and H contain only main classification entries for Informative Signs. That briefcoverage creates few points Informational Signs: in Text; added to Index ofcommonality between Database and the classifications. Two ofthe four "SOGI": Signs of General Information should be Signs Giving General classification categories contain significant errors: Destination and Direction Information (SGGI). Signs are replaced by an eroneous Distance and Direction Signs. Both Database Destination & Direction Signs: Distance rather than Direction in Text; Index and classification include "SOGI" signs: Signs ofGeneral Information instead of changed to that term. "SGGI" Signs: Signs Giving General Information. The error was noted in Part E, Street Name in Text; name added to Index; street spelling also corrected. 2nd ed yet the flawed term was not eradicated. Combination Junction Markers: Text has sign; added to Index. Reassurance Markers: not in Text though Reassurance Route Markers in Text and The classification requires a variant entry. It is possible that the more in Index. Basic term dropped from Index. abundant terms ofPart E, 1st ed, and Part H, 2nd ed can be the basis ofsuch an Confirming Route Marker: in Text; added to Index. entry. Those terms included Advance Direction Signs, Direction Signs, Road Interstate Route Marker: in Text; added to Index. Identification Signs, Place Identification Signs, Confirmatory Signs. Two final Route-Identification Signs: not in Text; source unknown. terms are both awkward in phrasing yet vital: Signs for "Facilities which may be Note for Route-Marker Tabs: lacks title. General needs to be added to both Text useful for road users" and Signs for "Facilities which may be useful for road and Index. users. The older classifications employed UN categories and created a separate Directional Arrows: in Text; add to Index. Standing and Parking Signs group. Signs Giving General Information in the General Note in Mileposts: in Text; add to Index. Database (though under the inaccurate heading) is divided into Services, Parking, Mile Posts listed twice in Text: along and with Mile Markers. Recreation and Miscellaneous segments. The first three could be employed in Miscellaneous Signs & Service Signs: both require reconfiguration in Text and some manner for a variant classification entry. Miscellaneous needs to be divided in Index. into coherent units as much as possible. Gas Station/Fuel Diesel: needs to be joined by Filling StationlFuel/Gas in Index. Trailer Camp: in text; add to Index. Differences between MUTCD editions and Database: Road for Motor VehiclelEnd ofRoad Vehicles: in Text; add to Index. Emergency & Authorized Vehicles Only; in Text; add to Index. US MUTCD editions display increasing complexities in organization, Weigh Stations: add four terms to Index. categories and individual devices. This is especially true with those categories and Tourist Orientated Directional Signs in Text and alphabetical Index but not signs within Signs Giving General Information. In order to improve the coverage 120 121 the existing Overarching category has been altered to Overarching and Sub­ 2D Regulatory Signs overarching terms. This altered category lists not only major groups ofterms but 2D1 Categories more restricted sub-groups within the various MUTCD editions. The expanded Priority Signs listings present the category terms as they are given with no attempt at integrating Prohibitory & Restrictive Signs terms into a single category. Coverage ofindividual sign coverage is also a Prohibitory & Restrictive ofEntry Signs difficulty: there is an uncertain line between Service signs and Miscellaneous Prohibitory & Restrictive ofTumsfU-Tums Signs signs. The coverage attempts to separate terms without undue arbitrariness. Prohibitory & Restrictive ofOvertaking Signs Significant changes in Route Markers are described below. Speed Limit Signs Miscellaneous, Single Forms & End ofProhibition or Restriction Signs Mandatory Signs Parking & Standing Signs 2D2 Priority Signs Terms Give Way/Yield Sign Yield Here to Pedestrians Signs*fUnsignalized Pedestrian Crosswalk Signs*/ In-Street Pedestrian Crossing Signs* Stop Sign/Supplemental Plaque: 4-Way*/All-Way* Priority Road SignlEnd ofPriority Sign Stop, Children Crossing Sign Additional Panels Slow-Major Road Ahead Sign Halt at Major Road Ahead 2D3 Prohibitory & Restrictive Signs Terms a) Prohibitory & Restrictive ofEntry Signs 1) One-Way & Both Direction Signs No Entry Sign Do Not Enter Sign Direction Prohibited Sign Closed to All Vehicles in Both Directions/Closed to All Vehicles Signs Wrong Way Sign* 2) Categories ofExclusion Signs No Entry for any Power Driven Vehicle Except Two-Wheeled Motor Cycles Without Side Car Sign/ 122 123 No Entry Motor CyclesIJ\lo Entry CyclesINo Entry Mopeds/ Sign/No Trucks Over ... Lbs Empty Weight Sign/Weight No Entry Goods VehicleslNo Entry Any Power Driven Vehicle Limits ... Tons Per Axle ... Tons Gross Sign Drawing a Trailer Other Than A Semi-Trailer or a Single Axle Maximum Load Sign/Maximum Height Sign/Maximum Width TrailerlNo Entry for PedestrianslNo Entry for Animal-Drawn Sign/Maximum Load Per Axle Sign VehicleslNo Entry for HandcartslNo Entry for Power Driven 4) Miscellaneous & Single Category Signs Agricultural VehicleslNo Entry for Vehicles Carrying Driving ofVehicles Less Than ... Metres (... Yard) Dangerous Goods for Which Special Sign Plating is Prescribed Apart Prohibited Sign No Entry for Goods-Carrying VehicleslN0 Entry for Motor b) Prohibitory & Restrictive ofTurns & U-Turns (About-Turns) Signs VehiclesINo Entry for Bicycles No Left Turn/No Right Turn/Turning to the Left Prohibited/ Motor Traffic Prohibited/Motor Lorries Prohibited/Motorcycling Turning to the Right Prohibited/Tum Left (R)INo TumslNo Tum on Prohibited/Cycling Prohibited/Riding [Horses] Prohibited Right/Right Tum on Red After StoplNo Right Turn on Red Traffic No TruckslNo Passenger CarslNo Animal-Drawn CartslNo SignallNo U-Turn SignalslNo About-Turns (U-TumslNo Turns BicycleslNo Farm Machinery/ Turn Prohibition Signs* No Motor VehicleslNo Trucks/Trucks Excluded/ Do Not Block Crossroads Commercial Vehicles ExcludedlPedestrian Excluded/ c) Prohibitive & Restrictive of Overtaking (Passing) Signs Commercial Vehicles with Lugs ProhibitedlPedestrians, Overtaking Prohibited Sign/Overtaking By Goods Vehicle Bicycles, Motor Driven Cycles ProhibitedlPedestrians & Prohibited Sign Bicycles ProhibitedlJ\lo Bicycles/Cycling Prohibited/ Do Not Pass Sign Bikes, Trucks, Motor Cycles Prohibited No Overtaking Sign Play Street: Prohibited All Vehicles_To_Unless Calling Stopping Prohibited Sign At Premises in the Street d) Prohibitive & Restrictive Signs: Speed Limits Selective Exclusion Signs* Maximum Speed Limited to he Figure Indicated Sign/Maximum 3) Vehicular Exclusion: Weight, Height, & Length Signs Speed Zone Sign/Speed-Limit Sign/Speed Limit Sign/Speed No Entry for Vehicles Having An Over-All Width Limit 30 MPH/30 MPH Speed Limit Signs/Truck Speed Exceeding ... Metres (...Feet) Sign/No Entry for Vehicles Limit Sign/Night Speed Limit Sign/Minimum Speed Limit Having an Height Exeeding ... Metres (...Feet) Sign/No Sign/Truck Maximum Sign/Speed Zone AheadlReduced Speed Entry for Vehicles Exceeding ... Tons Laden Weight Sign/ Ahead/Reduced _Speed MPH/Speed Limit_& Minimum Speed No Entry for Vehicles ... Tons on One Axle Sign/No Entry Limit Sign for Vehicles or Combination ofVehicles Exceeding ... Metres e) Miscellaneous, Single Forms, & End ofProhibitive or Restrictive Signs (... Feet) in Length Sign Additional Panels Weight Limit Sign (LN 1931 & 1939) Maximum Width of Dangerous Goods Prohibited Vehicles Signs/Weight Height ofVehicles (1939) Signs/ Fines Higher Plaque* No Entry for Vehicles Having an Axle Weight Exceeding Inspection ... Tons (UN 1949)/Axle Weight Limit ... TonslMaximum Load Passing Without Stopping Prohibited Per Axle Weight Limit ... Tons Signs/Axle Weight ... Tons Stop (Customs) Sign/Customs Sign/Stop Near Customs

124 125 Use ofAudible Warning Devices/Prohibited Sign/ Mandatory Movement Signs/Options Movement Signs/ Hom Blowing Prohibited Sign/Silence Sign Mandatory Tum Signs/Double Tum Signs End ofall Local Prohibitions Imposed on Moving Vehicles Sign/ Optional Movement Lane Control Signs* End ofProhibition of Overtaking Sign/End of Speed Limit Sign Passing Lane Ahead Sign Speed Limit De-Restriction Sign Plaques: Bus Lane/Center Lane/HOV+2/Left LaneILeft 2 LaneslRight End_Mile Speed Sign Lane/Taxi Lane* Traffic Prohibition Sign* Preferential Lane Sign Truck Inspection Station Sign/Commercial Vehicles Next Right/ Preferential Only Lane Sign*!Preferential Only Lane for High Truck Inspection Station Advance Sign/Truck Inspection Station Occupancy Vehicle (HOV)* Exit Signs Begin Right Turn Lane Yield to Bikes 2D4 Mandatory Signs Right (Left) Lane Must Tum Right (Left) Sign* Direction to be Followed Sign Signs Indicating a Regulation or Danger Warning Applying to One Compulsory Circulation Sign (1) Or More Traffic Lanes Compuslory Circulation Sign (II) Compulsory Minimum Speed Applying to Different Lanes Pass This Side Sign Compulsory Minimum Speed Applying to One Lane Keep Your Right/Tum Left Only/Tum Right Only/Keep Straight Speed Applying to Different Lanes Ahead/Trucks to Right-Lane/Two Way Traffic Ahead/Pedestrians to Signs Indicating Lanes Reserved for Buses the Left Signs Slower Traffic Keep Right Signs/Trucks Use Right Lane/ Truck Left (R) Tum Only Lane/Straight Through or Left (R) Tum Only Lane_Feet Signs/Keep Right (L) Signs Lane/Right or Left Tum Lane Only/All Movements Permitted Snowmobile Route Signs/Snowmobile Prohibition Sign Lane/Straight Through Lane Only Sign/Double Right (L) Tum Truck Route Signs/All Trucks Commercial Vehicles Next Right Signs Only/Double Right (L) Tum Only/Straight Through & Double Left Two Way Left Tum Only Sign/Center Lane-Left Tum Only Sign (R) Turn Only/Two Way Left Tum Lane Only/Three Lane Tum Lane Use Restriction Sign Movement Sign One Way Sign/One-Way Signs Compulsory Roundabout Sign/Traffic Circle Keep Left (R) Dual Carriageway/Tum Left (R) One Way Only Signs/ Compulsory Cycle Track/Compulsory Foot-Path/Compulsory Track for Two Way Left Tum Only/Center Lane-Left Tum Only

i I Riders on Horseback/Compulsory Minimum SpeedlEnd of Yield Centre Lane to Opposing Traffic Sign I I Compulsory Minimum Speed/Snow Chain Compulsory Signs Tunnel Signs I Divided Highway Crossing Signs Keep Left/Turn Left/Keep Left ofIsland Signs Do Not Block Crossing Signs Keep Right (Left) Sign* Intersection Lane Control Signs* Keep Right Except to Pass Advanced Intersection Movement Lane Control Signs* Left Lane for Passing Only Reversible Lane Control Signs* Entry Only-One Way Street Lane-Use Control Signs One-Way Sign (II) Mandatory Movement Lane Control Signs* Signs for Uphill Traffic Lanes* I' 126 127 Slow Moving Traffic Lane Signs* Parking, Standing & Stopping Signs* Slower Traffic Keep to Right/Slower Traffic Use Right Lane Reserved Parking for Persons with Disabilities* Road Closed/Road Closed_Miles Ahead-Local Traffic Only/ Parking Prohibition Signs in Rural Districts* Road-Closed/Road Closed to Thru Traffic Rural Parking Control Slower Traffic Use Right Lane/Slower Traffic Keep to Right Rural Parking Control Sign Travelpath Restriction Sign Rural Stopping Control Sign 2D5 Standing & Parking Signs Stopping is Prohibited Sign Parking Prohibited/Parking Prohibited Zone Sign/Standing & Parking Urban Parking & Stopping Signs* Prohibited Sign/Alternate Parking SignlLimited Duration Parking/ Urban No Stopping Signs Parking ZonelParking Signs Stopping Control Sign Handicapped Parking Sign Rush Period Stopping Control Sign Limited Direction Parking Zone Exit Sign Part Time Stopping Control Sign Restricted Stopping or Waiting Sign Urban Parking Control Waiting on Alternate Sides Sign Parking Control Sign Parking Sign Part-Time Sign No Parking/Restricted Parking/No Parking & No Stopping Parking Limit Sign No Parking/No Waiting/Parking Signs/Prohibition ofParking 2D6 Pedestrian Crossing Signs Waiting Prohibited/Stopping Prohibited Signs Cross Only at Cross Walks Signs Parking Prohibited Zone/Parking Prohibited at Certain Times Zone In-Street Pedestrian Crossing Signs* SignlParking Zone/End ofParking Prohibited Zone Sign/End of No Pedestrian Crossing Signs Parking Zone. Pedestrian Crossing Signs No Parking SignINo Parking_to_/No Parking Except Sundays & Pedestrian CrosswalkIPlayground Crossing Sign/School Crossing Signs Holidays Signs/No Stopping or Standing Sign/One Hour Parking Use Ped Signals Sign SignINo Parking Loading ZonelNo Stopping/No Standing Anytime Yield to Peds Sign SignINo Parking Bus Stop Sign Use Cross Walk No Parking on Pavement SignINo Stopping on Pavement SignINo Cross on Green Light Only Sign/Cross on Walk Signal Only Sign Parking Except on Shoulder SignINo Parking SignlEmergency Push Button for Green Light Sign/Push Button for Walk Signal Sign Parking Sign*/Emergency Stopping Sign/Emergency Restriction 2D7 Miscellaneous Regulatory Signs Sign*/Emergency Parking Only Signs/No Stopping Except on Hazardous Cargo Signs* Shoulder Sign Hazardous Material Signs* No Waiting This Side Today Sign/Waiting Limited to_In Any Hour No Hitchhiking Signs Signs Photo Enforce Signs* No Parking SignslParking Signs Traffic Laws Photo Enforced Signs* No Parking/Bike Lane Sign 2D8 Specialized Regulatory Signs: Temporary Traffic ControllRailroad Multiple Parking Control Sign Crossing/Schools/Bicycles

, i 128 129 i! Begin Right Turn Lane Sign In-Street Pedestrian Crossing Signs, 2000 Bicycle Lane Sign* Intersection Lane Control Signs, 2000 Bicycle Regulatory Signs* Keep Right Sign Do Not Stop on Track Signs* Mandatory Movement Lane Control Signs, 2000 Local Traffic Only Signs* No Parking Bicycle Lane Sign, 2000 No Motor Vehicles Sign One Way Sign No Parking Bicycle Lane Sign*/J\Io Parking Bike Lane Sign Optional Movement Lane Control Sign, 2000 No Right (Left) Turn Across Tracks Sign* Parking Prohibition Signs in Rural Districts, 1971 Parking Limits Signs * Parking Signs in Rural Districts, 1961 Pedestrian Crossing Signs Parking, Standing, & Stopping Signs, 2000 Road (Street) Closed Signs*/Road Closed Sign Photo Enhanced Signs, 2003 Shared-Use Path Restriction Sign* Plaques: Left Lane; HOV+2; Taxi Lane; Center Lane; Right Lane; Bus Lane; Sidewalk Closed Sign* Left 2 Lanes, 2000, 2003 Speed Limit Signs Preferential Only Lane Sign, 2003 Stay in Lane Sign* Preferential Only Lane For High-Occupancy Vehicles (HOV) Signs, 2003 Stop Here on Red* Reserved Parking for Persons with Disabilities, 2000, 2003 Tracks Out ofService Signs* Reversible Lane Control Sign, 2000 Weight Limit Signs (3)* . i Right (Left) Lane Must Turn Right (Left) Sign, 2003 Road (Street) Closed Sign, 2003 Selective Exclusion Signs Notes Shared-Use Path Restriction Sign, 2000 Signs for Uphill Traffic Lanes, 1988 New Terms in MUTCD Slow Moving Traffic Lanes, 2000 I •.. Stay in Lane Sign, 2003 Advance IntersectiQn Movement Lane Control Sign, 2000, 2003 Stop Here on Red Sign, 2003 Bicycle Lane Sign, 2003 Supplemental Plaques: 4-Way; All Way, 20001 Supplementary Plates, 1971 Bicycle Regulatory Signs, 2000 To Oncoming Traffic, 2003 Center Lane-Left Turn Only, 2003 Tracks Out of Service, 2003 Cross Only at Cross Walks, 2003 Traffic Laws Photo Enhanced Signs Do Not Stop on Track Signs, 2003 Traffic Prohibition Signs Emergency Parking Sign, 1971 Uphill Traffic Lanes Signs, 1961 Emergency Restriction Sign, 2000, 2003 Unsignalized Pedestrian Crosswalk Signs, 2003 Fines Higher Plaque, 2003 U-Turn Prohibition Sign, 1961 Hazardous Cargo Sign, 1988 Urban Parking & Stopping signs, 1988 Hazardous Material Signs, 2003 Wrong Way Signs, 1971

130 131 Yield Here to Pedestrian Signs, 2003 Tum Signs: Index more batched than Text; simplified formulation needed. Speed Limits; reformulation in index needed because ofover-batching. A major term for UN 1968 in Regulatory Signs is that ofProhibitory & End ofspeed limit entries require reformulation. Restrictive Signs. Parts E, H, Iii contain seriously malformed versions of that term. Frequently Prohibitive has replaced Prohibitory and on occasion a second Mandatory Signs form has been substituted: Prohibition. An effort has been made to conform to the correct form in this study. It should be noted that Prohibition may correctly refer Tum Left (R)/Left (R) Tum Only: not in Text; retain ifsource found. to specific signs on occasion. Traffic-Circle; in Text but not in Index. Added to Index. Keep Right (L) in Text; now added to Index. Several signs, categories ofsigns or alternative forms ofsigns have been Two Way Left Tum Only/Center Lane-Left Tum Only; in Text. now added to omitted in the Database. These are are added in this study. When these forms are Index from MUTCD the year ofthe relevant edition has been included. One-Way Signs, a long-enduring form, is included in a category sign but the actual sign was Standing & Parking Signs omitted. Wrong Way signs were entirely omitted but now added. They should be The order ofthese signs in the Index was at odds with that ofthe Text. This in Informative Signs. This change has been made in this study. Selective study has a corrected listing ofthese signs. Exclusion Signs, a long-enduring MUTCD sign, was omitted from the Database. Supplemental Plaques for Stop Signs were termed Supplementary Plates in older Parking Prohibition Zone in Index should be Prohibited; now corrected. '! I MUTCD editions. Emergency Parking Sign was also omitted from Database. It is Standing & Parking Prohibited Signs: Prohibited omitted in Index; now corrected. from MUTCD 1971 edition. Limited Direction Sign in Text should be Limited Duration Sign. No Stopping Except on Shoulder in Text and now added to Index. Civil DefenselEmergency Management signs were placed in Regulatory No Parking--Bike Lane: two lines on sign plate; punctuation for Text and Index Signs in the Database. an uncertain matter. Rural Parking and accompanying terms: w/i Rural Parking Control category in Text. Differences Between Index & Text ofDatabase By Category Urban Stopping category: O/A heading in Text.

Prohibitory & Restrictive Signs Pedestrian Crossing

Note in Text: no title. Add title to Text, Index Pedestrian mispelled in index Long batching entries not always clear Miscellaneous Formulation ofterms simplified in Index with less batching ofterms in Index Cross on Green formulation in index may be adequate though at variance with Riding [Horses] Prohibited Sign: Prohibited lacking in Text; now added. Text. No Entry .... Height Sign; entry not complete in Text but now corrected. Weight signs; duplicated signs in Text removed; one unclear entry; formulation Differences Between Parts E&H and Database: simplified in index 133 132 Two categories in E&H are in alignment with the Database: Priority, and Mandatory. Prohibitory and Restrive has been commented on. Parking and 2E Traffic Markings Standing more correctly would be Standing and Parking. The variant 2EI Overarching & Sub-Overarching Terms classification attempted to summarize groups ofterms instead oflisting each term a) Overarching Terms with General Terms and thereby greatly expanding the classification. However, a clear correlation of General Notes I, II between the summary groups and the actual signs fell short ofactualization. The Road Markings Prohibitory category appears in the correct form in the variant classification. Traffic Markings Mandatory Signs includes considerable details for some forms while entirely Markings overlooking other other forms. Roadway Markings Highway Markings Carriageway Markings b) Sub-Overarching Terms 1) More General Terms Horizontal Markings* Horizontal Signing* Markings & Delineation Systems* Marking Devices* Marking System*/Markings System* On-the-Roadway Markings* Pavement Surface Markings* Surface Markings Road Surface Markings Pavement Markings Pavement Markings for Obstructions* Road Marking System* Roadway Delineation/Traffic Delineation Markings Roadway Marking & Delineation 2) More Restricted Terms Longitudinal Markings/Longitudinal Pavement Markings* Transverse Markings Hazard Markings Marked Surfaces* Obstruction Markings Obstruction Pavement Markings* Object Markings

134 135 Painted Lines* Continuous Lines for "Particular Situations"* Paint Markings* Highway Traffic Lines* Raised Horizontal Markings* Lane Lines/Lane Lines Pavement Markings* Raised Markings* Lane Lines & Right Edge Line Pavement Markings* Traffic Paint Markings* Lane Lines at Controlled Intersections Barricades & Channelizing Devices Lane Markings 3) T-M Studies Category Terms* Lane Reduction Transition Markings* Alphanumeric Markings Oblique Parallel Lines* Graphic Markings Pavement-width Transition Markings Horizontal Markings Reserved Lane Markings Horizontal Markings: Longitudinal Road Markings for a Lane Reserved for Certain Vertical Markings Categories ofVehicles 2E2 Pavement & Curb Markings Solid Long Lines* a) Longitudinal Markings Temporary Lane Markings 1) Center Line Markings Traffic Lane Markings Center Lines/Centerlines*/Center-Line Markings/Centerline Traffic Lines* Markings*/Center Markings/Centerline Stripes/Pavement White Lane Lines Pavement Markings* Centerlines/Yellow Centerline Pavement Markings* White Lines* I: ',: Directional Dividing Lines White Line Markings* Double Centerlines White Line Road Markings* 2) Edge Lines 4) Other Longitudinal Markings Border Lines Indicating the Limits ofthe Carriageway Limits Bi-Directional Retro-Reflective Marker* Carriageway Edgelines Ceramic Marker* Carriageway Limit Lines* Collimating System* Edge LineslEdge Line Pavement Markings*lEdge Line Electronic Powered Emissive Markers* Markings*lEdge ofCarriageway Markings* Formed-in-Place Markings* Edge Markings/Edge-MarkingslEdgeline Raised Markers* Hot-Applied Surface Markings* Left-Hand Edge Lines*/Right-Hand Edge Lines* Lens-Type Reflectors* Limits ofTravelled Roadway Pavement Markings* Luminous Marks* Pavement Edge Lines Magnetic Markers* Pavement Edge Lines Markings Marking Extensions Through Intersections or Interchanges/ Pavement Edge Markings Pavement Markings Extensions Through Intersections 3) Lane Markings Markings at Particular Locations Centerline & Left Edge Line Pavement Markings Markings for Particular Situations Channelizing Lines Marking of Obstructions (Dual) 136 137 II Non-Reflective Buttons* Transverse Lines at Controlled Intersections/Transverse Lines Non-Reflective Marker*/J"Jon-Retro-Reflective Marker*/ at Uncontrolled Intersections Non-Retro-Reflective Ceramic Marker*INon-Reflective c) Other Pavement & Curb Markings Ceramic Pavement Marker Advanced Speed Hump Markings* No-Passing Zone MarkingslNo-Passing-Zone Markings Arrows*/Arrow Markings/Legends & Symbols/Word Markings/ Protuding Markers* Word Messages/Word & Symbol Markings Radioactive Emissive Markers* Approach Markings for Obstructions in Roadway/Marking of Raised Pavement MarkerslRaised Reflective Pavement Obstructions MarkerslRaised Reflective MarkerslReflective Pavement Center & Left Edge Line Pavement Markings* Markings/Recessed Reflective MarkerIPavement Marker Centerline Markings for Shared-Use Paths Reflecting Road Studs/Catseyes/Cats-eyes*fButtons* Colored Pavements Reflective Buttons* Coloured Cement Concrete Markings* Reflective Markers* Curb Markings/Curb Markings for Parking Restrictions Retro-Reflectors*fBi -Convex Reflectors*/Corner-Cub Reflectors* Directional Markings Retro-Reflective Marks*lRetro-Reflective Markers*Retro- Dynamic Envelope Delineation* Reflective Units* Dynamic Envelope Markings* Audible Roadway Delineation/Rumble StripeslRumble Strips/ Dynamic Envelope Pavement Markings* Chatter-Bar* Exit & Entrance Interchange Ramp Markings j Self-Luminous Reflectors* ! i Highway-Rail Grade Crossings Pavements Markings* Snap-Over Markers* , ; Markings for Bicycle Lanes* Snowplowable Reflective Markers II Markings for Other Circular Markings* I, Streetcar Clearance & Transit Vehicle Guide Lines Marking Patterns & Colors on Shared-Use Paths* , , Guide Lines for Turning Vehicles/Turn Markings/ Median Islands Formed by Pavement Markings I I, Turning Movements ofVehicles Object Markers on Shared-Use Path b) Transverse Markings Oblique Parallel Lines* Crosswalk Lines/Cross-walk/Crosswalk/Crosswalk Markings/ Pavement MarkingsIParking Space MarkingsIPaving Space Limits/ Pedestrian Crossings Parking Space Lines Cyclist Crossing Markings Pedestrian Lines* Intersection Markings (Sub-OA)/Intersection Pavement Markings* Preferential Lane Longitudinal Markings for Motorized Markings* Limits Lines/Stop Bar/Stop Lines Preferential Lane Word & Symbol Markings* Lines Indicating Points at Which Drivers Must Give Way Reflective Pavement Legends Railroad Crossing MarkingslRailroad Crossing Advance Markings/ Speed Hump Markings* Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing Pavement Markings/ Speed Measurement Markings* Approaches to Railroad Crossing Markings/Approaches to Standing & Parking Regulations Railway Crossing Markings Stop & Yield Markings* 138 139 Surface Dressing Markings* Drums Train Dynamic Envelope Pavement Markings* High-Level Warning Devices (Flag Tree)* Yield Lines* Heavy Barricades 2E3 Hazard, Obstruction, & Delineation Markings Light Barricades a) Hazard & Obstruction Markings Portable Barrier* General Note Portable Flasher Support Clearance Markers Traffic Cones End ofRoad MarkerslEnd-of-Roadway Markers*lEnd-of-Roadway Tubular Markers Markings* Vertical Panels Markers Adjacent to the Roadway* Cones Markers for Objects in the Roadway* Marking ofObstructions Notes Hazard Markers New Terms: Object Markers Types I, II, III Reflective Markers UK MOT b) Delineators Buttons Bidirectional Reflective DelineatorslMonodirectional Markers Cats-eyes Guide Markers/Guide Posts DelineatorslDe1ineators-Curb*/Delineators-Upright*/Post Mounted Delineators/Post-Mounted Markers/ Lay 1991 Road DelineatorslRoad-Edge DelineatorslRoadway Delineator/ Centerlines Roadside DelineatorlRoad Delineators/Road-Edge Delineators/ Post DelineatorslRoad-Delineation Markers Curb Markings for Roadway Delineation Parts E & H Lateral Delineators* Alphanumeric Markings Lateral Signs* Graphic Markings, H only c) Barricades & Channelizing Devices Horizontal Markings General Note Horizontal Markings: Longitudinal & Transverse Forms, E only Barricades, Types I, II, III Horizontal Markings: Multi-Directional, Graphic & Alphanumeric Forms Barricades-Portable* Multip1e-Directions Markings Barricades-Permanent* Vertical Markings Channelizing Devices Carriageway Limit Lines, E only Channelizing Devices-Traffic Cones* Continuous Lines for "Particular Situations", E only Channelization Devices* Oblique Parallel Lines, E only Direction Indicator Barricade* Yield Lines, E only 141 140 Pedestrian Lines, E only Highway-Rail Grade Crossings Pavement Markings Arrows, E only High-Level Warning Devices (Flag Trees) [1971: picture only; 1978] Delineators - Curb, E only Intersection Pavement Markings Delineators - Upright, E only Lane Lines & Right Edge Line Pavement Markings, 2000 Channelizing Devices - Traffic Cones, E only Lane Line Pavement Markings, 2003 Barricades - Portable, E only Lane Reduction Transition Markings Barricades - Permanent, E only Longitudinal Pavement Markings Markers for Objects in the Roadway Markers Adjacent to the Roadway Note: Some changes in the classification ofE and H are more in the form of Markings for Bicycle Lanes, 2000 category terminology than actual individual terms. This is especially true offirst Marking Patterns & Colors on Shared-Use Paths, 2000 seven terms in Parts E & H list. Markings for Roundabouts Markings for Other Circular Intersections TCD Handbook 1983 No-Passing Pavement Markings Object Markers on Shared-Use Paths, 2000 Markings System Obstruction Pavement Markings Non-Reflective Ceramic Pavement Markers Pavement Markings, 2000 , ' ,I On-the-Roadway Markings Pavement Markings for Obstructions 11 Paint Markings Portable Barrier [1978] Preferential Lane Word & Symbol Markings I 'i I :I Preferential Lane Longitudinal Markings for Motorized Markings MUTCD 2000 and 2003 [with earlier terms omitted from Database] Speed Hump Markings Speed Measurement Markings Advanced Speed Hump Markings Stop & Yield Markings Approach Markings for Obstructions Train Dynamic Envelope Parking Markings Bicycle Detection Markings, 2003 Yellow Centerline Pavement Markings 2003 Centerline & Left Edge Line Pavement Markings, 2000 White Lane Line Pavement Markings 2003 Centerline Markings for Shared-Use Paths Direction Indicator Barricades Dynamic Envelope Delineation, 2000 OECD 1975 Dynamic Envelope Markings, 2003 Dynamic Envelope Pavement Markings, 2000 Amber/Green/Red Markers Edge Line Markings Bi-Directional Red & White Retro-Reflective Marker Edge Line Pavement Markings Bi-Convex Reflectors End-of-Roadway Markers, 2003IEnd-of-Roadway Markings, 2000 Cats Eye Centerline Markings

'. 143 142 Cats Eye Marker Radioactive Emissive Markers Centre Lines Raised Horizontal Markings Ceramic Marker Raised Markings Channelization Markers Raised Pavement Markers Collimating System Raised Reflective Lane Markers Coloured Cement Concrete Markings Reflecting Buttons Comer-Cube Reflectors Retro-Reflective Marks Edge Lines Retro-Reflective Markers Edgeline Raised Markers Retro-Reflective Units Electrically Powered Emissive Markers Retro-Reflectors European Road Marking System Reflective Markers Formed-in-Place Markers Road Marking & Delineation Highway Traffic Lines Self-Luminous Reflectors Horizontal Markings Snap-over Markers Horizontal Signing Snowploughable Raised Markers Hot-Applied Surface Markings Solid Long Lines Lanes Lines Stop Lines Lateral Delineators Surface Dressing Markings Lateral Signs Traffic Lines Lens-Type Reflector Traffic Paint Markings Luminous Marks White Lines Magnetic Markers White Line Markings Marked Surfaces White Line Road Markings Marking & Delineation Devices Marking Devices Marking Systems Differences Between Index & Text: Non-Reflective Markers Non-Retro-Reflective Markers Roadway Delineation, and Traffic Delineation Markings: Sub-Overaching terms Non-Retro-Reflective Ceramic Markers in text; now separated. iI • , Nonrectro-Reflective Buttons Hazard, Obstruction & Delineation Markings: This is a corrected category that Paint Markings omitted "Obstruction" both in Index and in Text. Painted Lines The Sub-Overarching Headings ofBroader Terms is changed to More General Pavement Surface Markings terms in both Index and Text. Ploughable Raised Markers Center Lines/Center-Line Marking/Center Marking/Centerlines Stripes: Protuding Markers together in Text, and now also in Index.

144 145 Pavement Centerline: In Text but omitted in Index; it is now added. differently than in the Index. Pavement Markings, an overaching term, was also listed as individual term in Guide Markers & Guide Posts accompanied by notations ofuncertain meaning in Index but not in Text; now deleted from index. the Index for the Database. Those notations are now deleted. Edge Lines: 9 items all together in Text; 3 additional in Index: Left-hand Edge Audible Roadway Delineation in Text has been changed to Delineator. Lines, Right-hand Edge Lines, Limits ofTravelled Roadway. They are added Road-Edge Delineator Markers has been added to Road-Edge Delineators. to Text as well as Carriageway Limit Lines from Part E. Pavement Markings Road Delineators is in Text but not in Index; it is now added. added to Limits ofTravelled Roadway. Terms on separate line in Index but Road-edge Delineators in Text but not in Index; it is now added. arranged in sub-groups in Text. Formerly all terms in one group in Text. Barricades have a different configuration in the Text than in the Index. Border Lines: Different formulation in Index than in Text. Index altered to Cones in text but not in Index; they are now added. conform to Text. Reserved Lane Marking: "Marking" omitted in Index but now added. Differences Between Part E&H and Database: Raised Pavement Markings in Index but apparent error. It is changed to Raised Pavement Markers as is the case in the Text. The Database classification is subdivided into major types and further divided Reflective Road Studs: Reflecting in Text but now altered to "Reflective." into more detailed forms. The classifications ofParts E& H, by contrast, use Lines Indicating Points at Which Drivers Must Give way in Text but omitted in basic forms (horizontal, vertical) with major forms placed within those forms. Index; it is now added. Details are to be found in variant classifications. Part H only partially includes Pedestrian Crossing in Text but absent from Index; it is now added. specific types; Part E expands those types yet it does not include all types. This is Limit Lines /Stop Bars/Stop Lines now together in Index as in Text. in contrast to the classifications ofTraffic Signals and Traffic Markings. The Curb Markings in Text but omitted in Index; it is now added. Database, therefore, has an advantage over the Parts E and H classifications. But Color Pavements given in Text but correct term is Colored Pavements which has both need further expansion. been added. Parts E and H have category forms that are new to the Database. Some of Reflectorized Pavement Legends in Index is now changed to Reflective Pavement ! I Legends as listed in Text. these are "coinings" ofthe compiler. I I I. Stopping & Parking Restrictions in Index but Standing & Parking Restrictions in Text; the later is correct. Markings added to term. I Reflectorized Hazard Markers in in Index but not in Text; it is now added. Reflective Hazard Markers: Term should be Reflector Marker for Index and Text. "Hazard" lacking in Text. End ofRoadway Markers and End ofRoad Markers both present in MUTCD 1988 and therefore both present in Index and in Text. Clearance Markers situated in different places in Text and in Index. The term is now in the same location for both. Most Delineators constitute one entry in Text but they appear on separate lines in the Index; that practice is continued in this study. Object Markers Types I, II, III are to be found in the Text but they are configured 147 /' I I 146 \ ',l CHAPTER THREE RAILWAY SIGNALS & OTHER DEVICES Lineside Equipment/Lineside Signal/Lineside Signalling/Lineside Note Visual Signal/Lineside Fixed Signals Line-side Signal* Not all ofthe Database terms are in this study. Terms that are included relate Line-side Signaling* to physical signal terms and other terms that include the word signal. These latter Railway Signal/Railroad Signal terms include message, morphological and system forms. Solomon 2003 notes the General Note two-fold use ofthe term Signal in railway operations: both fixed hardware and Railway Signaling/Railway Signalling/Railroad Signaling signal aspects. This two-fold usage can be confusing In this study where a non­ Railway Signaling & Control Systems/Railway Signaling & Control physical term includes signal then that term is included. This practice goes Railway Signaling, Control & Communications Systems beyond the use ofthe term in the classification, but omits many uses in the Railroad Signaling System/Railway Signal System/Railroad Signal database. Solomon 2003 also refers to fixed signals and human signals. This System/Railway-Signal System/Railway Signalling System/ creates a three-fold distinction. This study therefore includes term that incorporate Railway Signaling System the term signal though the physical signal has greater significance. Wayside Signal/Wayside Signal System/Wayside Signals & Controls/Wayside Signaling* 3A General Railway Signal Terms c) Other Overarching Terms [Some terms may need to be relocated] 3Al Overarching Terms Electric Light Signal* a) Signal Terms Fixed Trackside Signal/Fixed Trackside Color Light Signal Signaling/Signalling Immovable Signal General Notes I, II Light Signal* Signal Night Signals*/Night Signaling* Signal Apparatus Optical Signals/Optical Signs & Signals Signal Appliance Rail Aids* Signal Device/Signalling Device Rail Signals* Signal System/Signaling System/Signalling System Railway Visual Signals* Signal System, Device, or Appliance Roadway Signals Safety Aids* Signal Implement y b) Fixed/Lineside/Railway-Railroad/Wayside Signal Terns Safety Signals* Fixed Signal Stationary & Fixed Signals Fixed Railroad Signal Trackside Devices* Fixed Signal Systems/Fixed-Signal System Trackside Railway Visual Signalling Systems* Fixed Signaling* Trackside Signalling/Trackside Signals/Track-Side Signals/Track Side Fixed Wayside Signal/Fixed Wayside System Signals/Trackside Railroad Signals Line Signalling System Trackside Visual Signalling* Visual Lineside Signal* Visual SignalsNisual SignallingNisual Signalling System

148 149 Warning System Visual & Audible Signals Wayside Devices* 4) Terms Including Hardware Components d) Possible/Partial Overarching Terms Bracket Signal 1) Energy & Technology-Related Terms Bridge Signal General Note Doll Signal A.C. Signaling Lattice Post Bracket Signal All-Electric Power Signalling Lattice Post Signal Electric Signal/Electric Signal System/Electric Signaling/Electric Left-Hand Bracket Signal Signalling/Electrically-Operated Signals Tubular Steel Bracket Signal Electro-Gas Signal Electro-Mechanical System Electro-Pneumatic Signal/Electro-Pneumatic Signalling 3A2 Message, Morphology & System Terms Low-Pressure Electro-Pneumatic Signalling Manually Operated Fixed Wayside Signals/Manually Operated Note Signals/Manual Signals/Manual Signalling Mechanical Signals/Mechanical Signalling This segment conflates three separate units ofthe Database. The Database Motor-Operated Distant Signals was intended to be a comprehensive coverage ofterms: fixed signal forms but I also closely-related terms other than fixed signals. This index/classification I . Power Operated Signals/Power-Operated Signals/Power Signalling/Power-Signalling/Power-Worked Signals centers on fixed signals (since the modal classification is that offixed entities). 2) Physical-Morphological Overarching Terms For that reason only terms that include inclusion ofthe term Signal (or related General Note terms) are included. A clear separation ofhardware terms from messages, Main Route Signals functions and systems may have generated less confusion but railway practice Main Signal/Main Line Signal/Mainline Signal development did not follow that direction. Terms that include the word signal are I I Primary Signal included though non-fixed signal terms are separated from actual signal "Universal" Signal apparatus. The following material includes just two color terms. There are many Symbol Information Processing more color terms. But consulted sources include only these terms with signal or 3) Possible Overarching Terms-Miscellaneous marker attached to them. Marker is included since it is a major safety aid term. Functional Signal System Safe Working/Safeworking/Safe-Working/Safeworking a) Messages: Aspects & Indications Appliances 1) Color Signal-&-Control Systems/Signal & Control Systems Double Yellow Signal Signal & Switch Systems Lunar White Marker Lamp Signalling Devices 2) Aspects Trackside Warning Signals Two-Aspect & Related-Forms: 26 with Signal, Signalling or Train Signals & Controls Indicator I 151 l 150 Three-Aspect: 20 Main Line Signals/Main-Line Signals Four-Aspect: 13 Main Line Running Signals Other Forms: 14 Main Running Stop Signals 3) Indications 2) Stop Signals Clear Signal Advance Signal Proceed Signal Advanced Signal Caution Signal Buffer Stop Signal Approach Signal Coleigny-Welch Signal Lamp Stop Signal Dead Signal Danger Signal Fixed Stop Signal Preliminary Caution Signal Home Signal/Home-Signal/Rear Home Signal/Signal, Limited Clear Signal/Medium Clear Signal/Slow Clear Signal Home/Outer Home Signal/Inner Home Signal/Intermediate Limited Approach Signal/Medium Approach Signal/Medium Home Signal/Second Home Signal/Third Home Signal Advance Approach Signal Splitting Home Signal Medium Approach Slow Signal/Slow Approach Signal/Restricting Splitting Signal Signal Stop Signal Approach Limited Signal/Approach Medium Signal/Approach Color Light Stop Signal/Automatic Stop Signal/Semaphore Stop I ,I Slow Signal/Advance Signal/A.P. Permissive Stop Signal I Approach Medium Signal/Advanced Approach Signal 3) Starting Signals Stop & Proceed Signal/Grade Signal Starting Signal Medium Signal Starter Signal Caution, Low-Speed Signal/Caution, Medium-Speed Signal Advanced Starting Signal/Advance Starting Signal/ Caution Normal Speed Signal Section Signal Clear, Medium-Speed Signal 4) Distant Signals Normal Speed Signal Auxiliary Signal Clear, Normal-Speed Signal Distant Signal/Distant Semaphore Signal/Distant (Warning) Aspect, Phantom Signal/Phantom Signal SignallHall Distant Signal/Distant-Signal False-Clear Signal Warner Signal b) Morphology Warning Signal 1) Overarching Terms Outer Distant Signal/Inner Distant Signal/Distant Signal Color Running Signals Light/Color Light Primary Signals· Distant Signal Running Line Signal Advance Signal Color Light Running Signals Approach Signal Main Signals Unworked Distant Signal/Signal, Distant/Splitting Distant Signal

152 153 5) Systems Repeating Signal Absolute Signal Repeater Signal Advanced Section Signal Repeat Signal Automatic Block Signals Banner Repeater Signal Automatic Signals Electric Repeater Signal Block Signal Tunnel Signal Block & Interlocking Signals Tunnel Junction Signal/Tunnel Repeating Signal Controlled Signals Tonnage Signal Holding Signals Grade Signal Interlocking DwarfSignal Co-Acting Signal Intermediate Block Signal Protection Signal Intermediate Signal 8) Subsidiary Signals Interlocking Signals/Signals, Interlocking Subsidiary Signals Permissive Signal Switch Signals/Points Signals Semi-Automatic Interlocking Signals 9) Physical Shunting Signals Semi-Automatic Signals Shunt Signal 6) Route & Junction Signals Shunting Signal Directing Signal Signal for Shunting/Signals for Shunting ·Movement j Entry (Route Signal/Entry (Route) Light Signal Switch Signal I Junction Signal Disc Shunting Signal Route Signal Shunting Disc Signal Route & Junction Signals Ground Shunt Signal Routing Signal Mechanical Shunting Signal Turnout Signal Position Light Shunt Signals Four-Way Shunting Signal Shunt Signal (Position-Light) 7) Other Signal-Running Operations Power-Operated Shunt Signal AB Entry Signal 10) Function-related Shunting Signals Backing Signal Backing Signal Non-Stop Permissive Automatic Signal Calling-on Signal Wrong Road Signal/Wrong-Road Signal Close-up Signal Station Signal Draw-Ahead Signal Station Protection Signal Draw-Ahead Position-Light Subsidiary Signal Platform Signals Elevated Shunting Signals Precaution Signals Facing Shunt Signals Protecting Signals High Shunting Signal

154 155 \ , , I Humping SignallHump Shunt Signal Accept Signal/Accepting Signal Independent Shunt Signal Appendant Signal Limits of Shunt Signal Arrival Signal Main/Shunt Signal Deceleration Signal Miniature Arm Shunting SignallMiniature Arm Shunt Signal Dragging Equipment Signal Running Shunt Signal Intermediate Signal Running Subsidiary Shunt Signal Merry Go Round Signal Set-Back Signal Outer Signalling Shot Shunting Signal Platform Line Signal Shunt Ahead Signal/Shunt-Ahead Signal Snow Shed Territory with Color Light Signals Sub-Shunting Signal Station Departure Color-Light Signal Subsidiary Shunting Signal Subsidiary Signal Siding Shunt Signal Temporary Signal Warning Signal Track Occupancy or Departure Signal

I ! 11) Siding, Train Yard & Other Signals Trolley Line Signal Goods or Siding Signal Yard Track Signal Hump SignallHumping Signal c) Systems Marshalling Yard Signal 1) Overarching Terms Outlet Signal Block Signal System Siding Signal Block Signaling/Block Signalling Take Siding Signal Block System ofSignals Terminal Signals System, Block Signal Yard Exit Signals Fixed Block Signal System Dead-End Signal Electro-Pneumatic Block Signal System Directing Signals Blocking Signals 12) Message-Related Signal Terms 2) Manual Block Signal System Absolute Signal Manual Block Signal System All Right Signal Manual Block SignalinglManual Block Signalling Caution Signal Manual Block Signal System Cautionary Signal Manual Block Signal System-Space Interval Deceleration Signal Manual Signalling Permissive Signal 3) Controlled Manual Block Signal Systems Permissive Stop Signal Controlled Manual Block Signal System Proceed Signal Controlled-Manual Block-Signalling 13) Miscellaneous Signals 4) Automatic Block Signal System Terms

156 157 \ ! Automatic Block Signalling on Double Track!Automatic Block 9) Specific Named Terms Signalling on Single Signalling SNCF Signalling System for VHSNHS System of Signalling & Automatic Signalling Signalling System for High Speed Control System for Single-Track Signaling Micro Processor-Based Signalling System Double-Track Block Signalling TBS, Transmission-Based Signalling Multiple-Block Signalling Roadway Automatic Block Signal System Note Semi-Automatic Block Signalling Three-Block Signalling New Terms: Two-Block Automatic Signalling Three-Block Automatic Signalling Wayside Signaling, Vantuomo 1993 Single-Track Automatic System Single-Track Automatic Signalling Fixed Signaling, Grafton 1896 Single-Track Automatic Signal System Safety Signal, Grafton 5) AbsolutelPermissive Terms Night Signals, Grafton APB Single-Track Signaling Absolute Permissive Block Signaling Line-Side Signals, Solomon 2003 A.P.B. Scheme of Signaling/Absolute-Permissive-Block Scheme Line-Side Signaling, Solomon 2003 of Signaling Light Signal, Solomon 2003 ,,' Absolute & Permissive Signaling on Double Track Electric Light Signal, Solomon 2003 , 6) Other Block Signals I', Moving Block Signalling Wayside Devices, Welty 5-1988/C & S ... 1996 Moving Block Signal Nachod Signal System Night Signaling, Breckenridge 1967 Overlap Block Signal System Overlap Scheme ofSignaling Trackside Devices, Sterner, ud 7) Interlocking Signalling Terms Interlocking Signalling Fixed Trackside Color-Light Signals, Kanner 1992 Electrical Signal Interlockings Key Interlocking Signalling Visual Lineside Signals, Allen & Woolstenholmes 1991 Mechanically-Interlocked Points & Signals SignallPoint Interlocking Safety Aids, Chandrika 1998 8) Train Control Terms Overarching Terms: Signal & Control System Railway Visual Signals, Tansley 1985 CTC Terms: CTC Railway Signaling System Trackside Railway Visual Signalling Systems, Tansley '. ! i '. : 158 159 Trackside Visual Signalling, Tansley Main/Shunt Signal in Text; Signal omitted in Index. Decceleration Signal in Index and in Text though in a different segment in latter. Rail Aids, Part J Merry Go Round Signal; not in Text but source located and needs to be in Text. Rail Signals Snow Shed '" Color Lights: Text has C.L. Automatic Block Terms (lE d)): The Database also includes Primary Overarching Terms in Other Languages. Lower entries listed in Text under Absolute/Permissive Terms (lEI d)) Some terms are overarching while others are for full and partly lighted signals. [d) should be e)]. One term, Light Signals, is included thogh the Database omits that term from Automatic Train Operations/Automatic Train Operation System: Text has general overarching terms. The Database also includes a Signal Component Train Protection System segments. Some ofthose terms are signal terms though containing a hardward Train Stop has hyphen in Index but omitted in Text. component. The signal terms are included in this study. Automatic Train-Stop Devices--separate entry in Text; not in Index; now added. Train Situation Indication: Text has Indicator. Comtrac lacks second "c" in Index. Differences Between Index and Text ofthe Database: Microlok: Text has Microlock.

Bridge Signal in Text; add to Index. Differences Between Classifications and Database: I Fixed Wayside Signal in Text; add to second term ofIndex. OA terms: Parts F and H employ Trackside Signals as a primary term though a I, Railway Signaling System in Text; add to Index. I, i''. '. minor and infrequently used term in the Database which reflects the literature. , :: I Railway Signaling and Railway Signalling separated by comma in Index; I i changed to slash. Note: Chapter 1 ofthe Database takes up overarching terms, messages, 'I Train Light Signal in Text; add to Index. morphology and systems. Therefore only limited terms shared by classifications Left-Hand Bracket Signal in Signal Components; add to Index. and database. Some limited terms may be shared -- or partially so -- in other parts Restriction Indication in Index should be Restricting Indication. ofthe study (e.g., Morphology terms such as Shunting may be combined with Medium Signal in Index is duplicated; omit one term. physical term such as Position-Light Signal). Medium-Clear: hyphen in Text but not in Index. Approach Diverging Route: route in Text; add to Index. Approach-Medium: hyphen in Text but not Index. Coleigny-We1ch Signal Lamp omitted from Index; now added. Advance Starting Signal Starter Semaphore: not in Text; omit last two words from Index. Fixed Distant Signal lacks Signal in Text. Outer Distant, Inner Distant Signal: / not rather than, in Index. Tunnel Junction Signal/Tunnel Repeating Signal: Text has repeater. Color Light Points Indicator: Colour in Text. 161 Points Indicator-Arrow: Text adds Type to term.

i ...,.1 160 3B Fully & Partially-Lighted Signals Automatic Colour-Light Signalling 3B1 Overarching Terms Color Light Signaling/Colour Light Signalling/Colour-Light Illuminated Signal Signalling/Color-Light Signalling (Taiwan) Light Signal Colour Signalling Railway Signal Lights Electric Automatic Colour-Light Signalling Signal, Light b) Other Color Light Signals Signal Light 1) Distance Terms Visual Signal Light Color-Light Type Signal, SR/Short Range Signals 3B2 Color Light Signal Terms Medium Range Color Light Signals/Medium Range Color a) Principal Signal Types Signals 1) Basic Long Range Colored Light Signals Color Light Signal/Color-Light Signal/Colour Light Signal Long-Range Color-Light Signal Colour-Light Signal/Colourlight Signal Long Range Colour Light Signal Color-Light Type/Color Light Type/Color-Light Type Signal/ Long Range Daylight Signal Colour-Light Type ofSignal Long Range Signal Colorlight*/Color Light*/Color-Light Signaling* Long Range Type 2) Limited-Variants Long Range Daylight Type Color Light Signal , i Signal, Color Light Short Range Color Light Signals/Short-Range Color Light/ Colour Light/Colourlight/Colour-Light Short Range Colour Light Signal Color Signal/Colour Signal Short-Range Color-Light signals [Vertical Type, Subway Type] Coloured Lights 2) Lens Arrangement Terms 3) Variants Long Range Color Light Signals, Vertically Arranged/ Automatic Colour-Light Signal Type D Long Range Color Light Signals, Vertically I Arranged/Type D (Vertical) Color-Light Signals I, I Colour Light Running Signals/Colour-Light Running Signals Multiple-Lens Colour Light Signal/Multiple-Lens Colour- Horizontally Arranged Long Range Color Light Signals/ Light Signal/Multple-Lens Four-Aspect Colour-Light Long Range Color Light Signals, Horizontally Arranged! Signal/Colour-Light Signals Multi-Aspect Vertical Type E (Horizontal) Color Light Signals/Horizontal Multi-Colored Light Signal Color-Light Signal*/Horizontally Orientated Color-Light I Multi-Unit Coloured Light Signal Signal* Multi-Head Color-Light Signals* Triangular Arrangement Color Light Automatic Block Single-Head Color-Light* Signals/Color Light Signals Arranged in a Triangle/ Spreadlight Colour Light Signals/Long Range Spread Light Type G (Triangular) Color-Lights Signals/Triangular Colour Light Signal/Spreadlite Colour Light Signal Position-Color-Light*/Color-Light with Triangular Three-Head Color-Light Signal* Light Pattern*/Triangular-Pattern Color-Light*/ 4) Signaling Terms Triangular-Pattern Color-Light Signal*

II 162 163 r Cluster Type Signals/Cluster Type Four-Aspect Signals/ Searchlight Type Colour-Light Signals/Searchlight Type Colour Light Cluster Colour-Light Signals Signal Colour-Light Signals Multi-Aspect Cluster Searchlight-Type ofColor-Light Signal 3) Morphology & Other Terms Searchlight Type ofSingle-lens Colour-Light Approach-Lit Color-Light System!Approach-Lit I, Colour Searchlight Signal Mechanical Colour-Light Signals Color-Light Signal, Searchlight Type Christmas Tree DwarfSearchlight Type Color-Light Automatic Block Signals*/Color-Light Block Color Light High Signal, Searchlight Type/Color Light Dwarf Signal, Signals*/Color Light Interlocking & ABS Signal* Searchlight Type Colour-Light Route Indicator GRS Searchlight* Colourlight Signal-Underground Style Hall Searchlight* Colour Light Signal (Humping) Hall-Type Colour-Light Signal Colour Light Shunt Signal LEDS Searchlight Signal Day Colour-Light Signal Right-Hand Searchlight* Double Light Signal Short-Range Signal* Fairyland' Single-Head US&S* Mechanical Color-Light Signals Single Lens Searchlight Signal Miniature Colour-Light Signals/Miniature Colour Light Single Light Signal Signals Twin-Head Searchlight Signal*/T'Yln Head Searchlight Signal* Three-Aspect Day-Time Colour-Light Signals Two-Head Searchlight Signal* Type-D Color-Light* 3B4 Other All-Lighted Signals Terms US&S Color-Lights*/Safetran (3-Light) Color-Light Signals*/ a) Single Lens Units: Morphological Dimension Frequently Present GRS Color-Light*/Raco Color-Light*/GRS Triangular 1) Terms Slightly More Morphological Than Physical Color-Light*/GRS Triangular-Pattern Color-Light Signal* Marker I 3B3 Searchlight Signals \ Marker Lamp :l General Note Marker Light Searchlight 2) Terms Somewhat More Morphological Than Physical '\ Searchlight Signal j Automatic "A" Signal/"A" Light/Illuminated "A" Light I Search-Light Signal "L" Light Searchlight Type Multiple-Aspect Light Signal Searchlight Type Signal b) Dwarf Signals [Frequently Multiple Lens] Search Light Signal Dwarf Signal Search Light Type Signal Signal, Dwarf Searchlight Color Light Signal Colour Light DwarfSignal/Color Light Dwarf Signal Searchlight Type ofColorlight Signal/Searchlight Type Colorlight Signal DwarfType Signal

164 165 \ Dwarf Signal-Electrical Position Light Dwarf Signal DwarfSearcWight Signal/DwarfColourlight Signal Position Light Shunt/Position-Light Shunt Signal DwarfColourlight Shunting Signal Position Light Humping Signal/Position Light Humping Speed c) Undifferentiated Physical Signals Terms Signal Auxiliary Signals Ground Position Light Shunt Signal Back Light I Hump Shunting Signal Back Light II Position Light Junction Indicator Back-Light/Backlight Position Light Automatic Type Side Light Position Light Speed Signal/Toton Position Light Speed Signal Flasher Lights Position Light Subsidiary Signal Flashing Lights (Signal)lFlashing Light SignallFlashing Position-Light System* Lights Pattern Indicator Flashing Signal Pedestal Signal Signal, Flashing Light Subsidiary Signal Revolving Light Signal Position Light Speed Signal Fixed-Focus Signal DwarfPosition Light* High Signal Wing Lights Light Strip b) Color Position Light Signals Modular Unit General Note Multiple Unit Signal Color Position Light Signal Multiunit Color-Position Signal Signal Lamp Color-Position-Light Signal 3B5 Position Light, Color-Position Light, & Alphanumeric, Graphic & Signal, Color Position I Geometric Signals I; Colour Position Light Signal 'I a) Position Light Signal Terms Color-Position-Light High SignallColor-Position-Light Dwarf General Notes I, II, III Signal Position Light*IPosition-Light* Color Position Light Dwarf Signal Position Light Signal Position-Color Light Signal Position-Light Signal Color & Position Signal Position Light/Position-Light c) Symbolic Signal Terms Position-Light Type Wayside Signal General Note Beam-Light Signal/Beam Light Signal 1) Multi-Lamp/Theatre Indicators Signal, Position Light Multilamp Route Indicator/Multi-Lamp Route Indicator/ Daylight Position Light Signal Multi-Lamp Position Light Signal (LR) Seven-Way Route Indicator/Three-Way Theatre Route

166 167 rI Indicator Continuous Cab Signal/Continuous Cab Signalling Theatre Multi Lamp Route Indicator Continuous Inductive Cab Signal Theatre-Type Route Indicator/Theatre Type Route Continuous System ofCab Signalling/Continuously Controlled Indicator Cab Signal/Continuously Controlled Cab Signal 2) Stencil Indicators Continuous Controlled Cab Signal System Stencil Indicator/Stencil Type Indicator/Stencil Type­ Four-Aspect Coded 100 Hz Cab Signal System!Four-Indication Indicator/Stencil Route Indicator/Stencil Type Route Code Continuous Inductive Cab Signaling/Four-Indication Code Indicator/Stencil, Number or Letter Type/Stencil [Type] Continuous Cab Signal System 3) Other Indicators Intermittent Cab Signaling/Intermittent Cab Signal System Arrow Indicator/Single Arrow IndicatorlDouble Arrow Multiple-Indication Coded Cab Signal Indicator Three-Speed Train Control Cab Signal Indicator/Indicator [Stencil] Two-Indication Non-Code System [Cab Signal]/Three-Indication Linear Indicator* Non-Code Track & Loop System [Cab Signal] Moving Slide Type Route Indicator TVM 430 Cab Signalling System Projector Type Route IndicatorlProjector Type c) Partly Morphological Terms 3B6 Cab Signals Terms General Note a) Major Cab Signal Types Four-Aspect Cab Signal Cab Signal Four-Aspect Cab Signal System General Note I, II, III Four-Aspect Cab Signaling* Cab-Signal Four-Aspect System* [Cab] Automatic Cab Signal/Automatic Cab Signal System!Automatic Four-Indication Cab Signal Cab Signal System (ACS)/System, Automatic Cab Signal Four-Indication Cab Signal System Automatic Cab-Signal System Continuously Controlled Five-Aspect Cab Signal Signal, Cab Five-Aspect Cab Signaling Cab Signal System Multiple Aspect Cab Signal Cab Signaling/Cab Signalling/Cab-Signaling/Cab Signalling Three-Indication Cab Signal General Note I, II Two-Aspect Continuous Inductive Cab Signal* Cab-only Signals* Two-Aspect, Three-Aspect Cab Signal System* I . I b) Operational Terms-Cab Signals Two-Indication Cab Signal Cabmatic d) Other Cab Signals A-C.lD-C. Cab Signals//A-C.ID.C. Coded Cab Signal System ACSES Cab Signal* CATC Cab Signals Advance Cab Signal* Coded Continous Cab Signal System!Coded Continuous Cab Cab Lights Signaling Cab Signal Indicator* Continuous Cab Signal System Cab Signal Subsystem

168 169 Enforced Cab Signaling UQ Type SemaphorelU-Q Semaphore Type Signal System of Cab Indicators Left-Hand, L-Q Semaphore SignallLeft-Handed Upper-Quadrant Visual Cab Signals Semaphore* Wayside Cab Signal Equipment Modified LQ Signalling On-Board Cab Signal Equipment 2) Somersault Signals Visualizer Balance Arm Signal/Self-Balancing Somersault e) Cab Signals with Sound Dimension [Primarily Acoustical Signal Signal/Somersault! Somersault Pattern, Semaphore/Somersault segment] LQ Semaphore/Somersault Type Signal/Tumbler/Tumble Arm Indicator, Cab, Audible Signal/Tumble-Arm Semaphore*Semaphore Somersault Cab Indicators [Audible, Visual] SignallU-Q Somersault Cab Signal with Whistle & Acknowledger/Coded Continuous Somersault Home Signal Cab Signals with Whistle & Acknowledger Centrally Balanced Semaphore/Centre-Balance Signal 3B7 Partially-Lighted Signals: Semaphore c) Semaphores: Methods of Operation a) Overarching Terms General Note Semaphore Signals/Semaphores All-Electric Semaphore*/All-Electric Semaphore Signal General Notes, I, II, III Electric Motor Semaphore Signal/Electric Motor Signal/Electric- Ancient Lights Motor-Driven Semaphore Signal/Electrically-Operated Semaphore , , Railway Semaphore Signals/Semaphore Railway Signals Motor-Driven Semaphore Dwarf Semaphores/Dwarf Signals/Dwarf Type Signal Motor-Operated Semaphore Fixed Semaphores*/Fixed Semaphore Signal Motor Semaphore Signal Mechanical Signalling/Semaphore Mechanical Signalling Lower-Quadrant All-Electric Semaphore* Mechanical Lower Quadrant LQ Signal Electric Operated I Non-visible Signals* Electro-Gas Semaphore/Electrogas SignallElectro-Gas Signal ! l Semaphore Light Electropneumatic Lower-Quadrant Semaphore*IElectropneumatic Semaphore Type Semaphore*lElectro-Pneumatic SemaphorelLQ E-P I Signal, Semaphore Semaphore/Electro-Pneumatically-Semaphore/Pneumatic Power I ! Visual Semaphore Signals* Signal* b) Specific Signals Oil-Lit Semaphore Signal/Oil-Lit LQ Stop & Distant Signal 1) Lower Quadrant & Upper Quadrant Signals Power-Operated Signal General Note Mechanical DwarfSignal Lower QuadrantlUpper Quadrant/Lower Quadrant Semaphore/ Mechanical Ground Signal I, Upper Quadrant Semaphore/Lower Quadrant SignallUpper Mechanical Lower-Quadrant Semaphore* Quadrant SignallLower Quadrant Semaphore SignallUpper Mechanical Operated Semaphore Signal QuadrantSemaphore SignallUpper-Quadrant Signal* Mechanical Semaphore Lower-Quadrant SignallL-Q Semaphore Mechanical Signal'

l I 170 171 Mechanical UQ Signals Semaphore Stop Signal Manually-Operated L-Q Semaphore Stop Signal Semaphore-Type Automatic Block Signal Manually-Operated Semaphore Single-Arm Upper-Quadrant Semaphore* Base-of-Mast MechanismlBase-of-Mast Mechanism Stop Semaphore Semaphore*/Base-of-Mast Semaphore/Top-of-Mast Two-Arm Mechanical Ground Signal Semaphore/Top-of-Mast MechanismlTop-of-Mast Mechanism Three-Position Lower-Quadrant Semaphore* Semaphore* Three-Position Slotted-Mast Semaphores* Pneumatic Semaphore Three-Position Upper Quadrant Semaphore-Left ofMast/Semaphore-Right ofMast Three-Position Upper-Quadrant Semaphore*/Three-Position Upper d) Semaphores: Morphologically-Related Terms Quadrant Signal/Three-Position Upper Quadrant Type* General Note Three-Position Semaphore Signal Automatic Block Semaphores*/Automatic Block Semaphore Signal Two-Position Lower-Quadrant Semaphore* Two-Arm, Two-Position Mechanism Two-Position Semaphore One-Arm Three Position Mechanism UQ Splitting Signal Three-Position Electro-Pneumatic Semaphore Upper Quadrant Two-Position Home Electro-Pneumatic Semaphore Signal US&S Style-B Lower-Quadrant Block Signal* Distant E-P Semaphore Signal Three-Arm Signal Distant Semaphore Three-Aspect Semaphore I Five-Arm Lower-Quadrant Semaphore* Three-Blade Semaphore*/Three-Blade Upper-Quadrant Semaphore* Home Semaphore Three-Position Semaphore Block Signal Limited Clear U-Q Signal, Vanns Two-Position Semaphore Upper Quadrant Lower Quadrant Block Semaphore* Three-Position Semaphore Upper Quadrant L-Q Distant Signal, Taylor Twin-Arm Lower-Quadrant Semaphore* L-Q Stop Signal, Two-Arm E-P Dwarf Signal One-Arm Two-Position Signal Two-Arm Signal One-Arm Two-Position-LQ--Signal Two-Arm Two-Position Signal One-Arm, Two-Position UQ Dwarf Signal Two-Arm Two Position Signal

.. ~ One-Arm Signal Two-Arm Two Position LQ Signal One-Arm Mechanical Ground Signal Two-Aspect Upper Quadrant One-Blade Lower-Quadrant Signals* Multi-Aspect Upper Quadrant .11 I Pneumatic Block Semaphore* e) Semaphores: System-Related Terms ,.I' Semaphore Distant Signal General Note Semaphore Manual Block Automatic Block Semaphore Semaphore Running Signal Automatic Motor-Operated Semaphore Semaphore Shunt Signal Automatic Semaphore

172 173 , Ii Automatic Semaphore Signal Automatic Three-Position Upper Left-Hand Semaphore Signalling Smash Board Semaphore Automatic Block Station Semaphore/Station Semaphore Signal Semi-Automatic Electro-Pneumatic Distant Semaphore Style-B Signals* Upper Quadrant Automatic Signal UQ Pipe-Operated/Dwarf Signal f) Other Semaphore Terms. *US&S Style-S SemaphorelUS&S Style-B Semaphore/US&S Style-B Back Light Lower-Quadrant SemaphorelUS&S Style-T Semaphore/US&S Backing Signal Style-S Upper-Quadrant SemaphorelUS&S Style-B Lower­ Banner Repeater QuadrantlUS&S Style-S Upper-QuadrantlUS&S Style-B Lower Display Board Quadrant SemaphorelUS&S Lower-Quadrant SemaphorelUS&S Double Arm Semaphore/Double Arm Station Semaphore Lower-Quadrant SignallUS&S Style-T-2IUS&S Style-T Upper­ Electric Semaphore QuadrantlUS&S Style-TUpper Quadrant Signal Equal Balanced Bracket Signal/Balanced Bracket Signal/Three Doll 3B8 Partially-Lighted Signals: Signal Boards, Disc Signals & Other Signals Balanced Bracket Signal/Two-Doll Balanced Bracket Signal a) Signal Boards Co-Actors 1) Overarching Terms & Terms in Other Languages GRS Model2A Semaphore*/GRS Model2A Upper-Quadrant Signal*/ General Note GRS Model2A Lower-Quadrant*/GRS Model2A Dwarf Signal Board Semaphore* Board Hall Style-K Upper Quadrant Semaphore*/Hall Lower-Quadrant Board Signal Semaphore* Form Signal Hudson Type ofSemaphore Klapbord Illuminated Semaphore Pantella Lartigue Signal 2) Specific Board Terms Left-Handed Semaphores* Mechanical Signal Board* Mininature Semaphore Signal Perforated Board Signal Miniature Repeater Semaphore (Co-Acting) Pivoted Board/Pivoting Board Signal Miniature Arm Signal/Miniature Semaphore Signal Quarter-Rotating Chequer-Board/Chessboard Model 2A Upper Quadrant Semaphore* Revolving Board Parabolic Bemaphore Signal Revolving Board & Lamps Upper Left-Hand Quadrant Semaphore Signal b) Disc Signals Repeater General Notes . Semaphore Position-Type Signal* Disc I, II, III, IV, V Single Arm Semaphore l) Disc Signals Containing the Word Disc '! Slotted-Post Semaphore Automatic Enclosed Disc Signal Slotted Post Banjo Banjo Signal*

174 175 Bracketed Disc Banner Repeater Signal C.l. Pillar Disc Banner Type Signal/Banner-Type Signal Compound Ground Disc Banner Type Train Order Signal Disc/Disc Signal Box Type Train Order Signal Disc & CrossbarlDisc & Crossbar SignaIIDisc-&-Crossbar Signal Clockwork Exposed Disc Signal Disk Signal Clockwork Signal Double DisclDouble Disc SignallDouble-Disc Signal Exposed Banner Clockwork Type Signal Double Disc & Crossbar Signal Ireland Banner Box Type Signal DwarfSignal/Three-Position Dwarf/Two-Position Dwarf Revolving Banner Signal/Rotating Banner Signal Signal Top-of-Mast Exposed Banner Signal Enclosed Disc/Enclosed Disc Signal c) Morphological-Related Terms Exposed Disc Clockwork Type Signal General Note Floodlit Ground Disc/Flood Lit Disc/Flood-Lit Disc 1) Switch Signals Gallows Type ofSignal (Disc) Dodson Switch & Signal Lamp Ground Disc/Ground Disc Signal Electric Switch LamplElectric-Light Switch Light Ground-Level DwarfSignal Electric Switch Half-Open Disc Signal Keosene Switch Lamp Hall's* Lamp, Switch; Electric Hall Disc*/Hall Disc Signal*/Hall's Enclosed Disc* Oil-Burning Switch Lamps Hall Signal* Oil-Lamp Independent Disc Oil-Lighted Switch Lamp Mechanical Disc Oil Switch Lamp Mechanical Revolving Disc Signal Reflecting Switch Lamp/Reflex Switch Lamp/Reflex Lens Switch Pattern Ground Disc Lamp Power-Operated Disc Switch DwarfSignal Revolving Disc Signal/Revolving Disc Switch Indicator Tommy/Tommy Dodd Switch Lamp U.Q. Power Worked DwarfSignal Switch Light 2) Banner Signals [Exposed Disc Forms Under the Banner Name] Switch Signal Banner* Switch Stands Banner Signals 2) Points Indicators Banner Box Signals Catch Point Disc/Points Disc Banner Box Type (Ireland Signal) Catch Point Indicator Banner Box Type Signal Mechanical Points Indicator: Arrow Type; Disc Type Banner Clockwork Type Arrow Type

176 177 --~ rI Ii Disc Type End ofShunt Sign Points Indicator Indication Board Points Indicator - Arrow Type Lineside Board 3) Route Indicators Marks & Markers for Japan [Selected Entries] Mechanical Route Indicator Shunting Limits Board Morse & Berry Type Route Indicator Temporary Speed-Reduction Board Moving Slide Type - Route Indicator Train-Order Board 4) Other Morphological Signal Terms 4) Track Indicators Clockwork Automatic Block Signal General Note Clockwork Enclosed Disc Type Electric Automatic Signal Block Indicator Clockwork Signal Exposed Disc Form & Automatic Block Signal Motor Car Indicator Gasset & Fisher Clockwork Exposed Banner Type ofAutomatic Switch Indicators Block Signal Track Car Indicators Disc Shunt Track Occupancy Indicators i Disc Shunting Track Indicators i . I Floodlit Disc Shunting Signal Track Side Warning Indicators Home & Distant Banjo Type ofDisc Signal Train Approach Indicators d) Other Signals 5) Miscellaneous Signals 1) Crossbar Signals Ball Cross Bar & Lamp Ball Signal Crossbar Signal Basket Signal Double Discs & Cross Bar Gate Signal Flap Signal Ground Signal Tilting Crossbar Signal/Tilting (Crossbar) Signal Highball Signal/High-Ball Signal 2) Flag Signals Indicator Lantern Automatic Flagman Lamp Fantail Signal Multiple-Ball Signal Flag Pot Signal Kite Signal Smash/Smashboard Signal Flag Signal Tiltboard Signal General Note Trip's Improved Railway Signal Pivoted Flag Two-Colour Oil Lamp 3) Lighted Signs & Boards General Note Notes Caution Board

179 178 New Terms: Solomon 2003: All-Lighted Signals GRS Searchlight

Colorlight Cab-Signaling Color Light Cab Signal Indicator Color-Light Signaling Two-Aspect Continuous Inductive Cab Signal Multiple-Head Color-Light Signals Advance Cab Signal I US&S Color-Lights Four-Aspect Cab Signal I Safetrain (3-Light) Color-Light Signals ACSES (Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System Cab Signal Color-Light Automatic Block Signals/Color-Light Block Signals Two-Aspect Cab Signaling Color Light Interlocking & ABS Signal Four-Aspect System [Cab] GRS Color-Light Two-Aspect, Three-Aspect Cab Signal System Horizontal Color-Light Signal Four-Aspect Cab Signaling Single-Head Color-Light Type-D Color-Light New Terms: Solomon 2003: Partially-Lighted Triangular Position-Color-Light Raco Color-Light Visual Semaphore Signals Horizontally Oriented Color-Light Signal Automatic Block Semaphores ,I Fixed Semaphores I I Color-Light with Triangular Light Pattern Triangular-Pattern Color-LightiTriangular-Pattern Color-Light Signal Three-Position Slotted-Mast Semaphores 3-Head Color-Light Signal All-Electric Semaphores GRS Triangular Color-LightlGRS Triangular-Pattern Color-Light Signal Semaphore Position-Type Signals Base-of-Mast Mechanism Semaphore Position-Light System Top-of-Mast Mechanism Semaphore Position LightiPosition-Light 3-Blade Semaphore/3-Blade U-Q Semaphore DwarfPosition Light' 2- & 3- Head Semaphore LQ Block Semaphore Single-Head US&S US&S Style-B L-Q Block Signal Two-Head Searchlight Signal Electropneumatic Semaphore Twin-Head Searchlight Signal Twin-Arm L-Q Semaphore Twin Head Searchlight Signal Style-B Signal U-Q Signal Right-Hand Searchlight Left-Handed Upper-Quadrant Semaphore Long-Range Searchlight Upper-Quadrant Semaphore Short-range Signal Single-Arm U-Q Semaphore Hall Searchlight 3-Position U-Q Semaphore

180 181 3-Position L-Q Semaphore 2-Position L-Q Semaphore Ball L-Q All-Electric Semaphores Multiple-Ball Signal 5-Arm L-Q Semaphore Banner Mechanical L-Q Semaphore Banner Clockwork Type Electropneumatic L-Q Semaphore Left-Handed Semaphore Flag Pneumatic Block Semaphore Tiltboard Signal 3-Position UQ Type Banjo Signal Model2A UQ Semaphore LQ Block Semaphore Automatic Enclosed Disc Signal One-Blade L-Q Semaphores Hall Disc Signal US & S Style-S Semaphore Hall Disc B" Enclosed Disc Signal " Lighted-Quadrant Semaphore Hall's Enclosed Disc T " Hall's SUpper-Quadrant Semphore Hall Signals BLower-Quadrant SUpper-Quadrant Mechanical Signal Board B Signal B LQ " - Lower-Qudrant " AAR 1953 " Signal Pneumatic Power Signals T-2 TUpper-Quadrant Part J: T UQ Signal " Non-visible Signals B LQ Block Signal Tumble-Arm Semaphore

GRS Modal 2A Semaphore Upper-Quadrant Signal Differences Between Index and Database: Lower-Quadrant All-lighted Dwarf Signal Colour-Light Signals Multi-Aspect-Vertical in Text but omitted from Index; Hall Style-K Upper Quadrant Semaphore included in this study Lower-Quadrant " 183 182 Electric Automatic Colour-Light Signals in Index but Signalling in Text; the latter Banner Clockwork Signal in Text but not in Index. Included in this study. is in Text and in this study Points Disc included in Text but not in Index; it is now added here. Color-Light Type Signal (SR) in Index but 0 omitted from Text. Searchlight Type Colour-light Signals in Text joined by non-hyphen version; that Differences Between Parts F/H and Database: ,I is included in this study . Searchlight Type ofSingle-lens Color Light in Index but Colour in Text. All-lighted Dwarft Searchlight Signal has Type not Signal in Text; that is the correct form. The classifications ofthe modal studies present three main components: Colorlight High Signal ... has Color Light in Text; that is also followed here. Trackside, Cab and Dwarf. Dwarf signals are a main component in classification DwarfColourlight Shunt Signal in Index has Shunting in Text; Index should be but they are very subordinate in the Database. Basic components are largely Shunting. absent in the Database while various types ofmechanisms (Color light, etc.) are in Side Light (Back Light) in Index but Text has Back only; this study has that form. a dominant role. Some ofthe differences are explained by the nature ofclassifi­ Flashing Signals (Signals) in Index but Flashing Lights in Text which is correct. cations in contrast to the database format. Position Signal Signal individual entry in Index but not in Text; this study included that entry. Alphanumeric, Graphic and Geometric forms are major subdivisions in Cab-Signalling joined by Cab-Signaling in Text but not in Index; this study has theDatabase but underplayed in classifications. Some terms in the classifications both. were coined by the compiler and serve as category designations but they are not Continuous Cab Signaling System in Index contrasts with Signal in Text; that is found in the Database. Such terms include Colour-Light: Multiple lens; Color­ followed in this study. Light: Searchlight lens and Symbol signals. The classifications include sub­ Conductive Inductive Cab Signal in Index has Continuous Ind\lctive Cab Signal divisions ofsignals based on the appearance ofthe signal. This does not result in in Text; Continuous is the correct word. recognized names and hence are omitted in the database. Four-Indication Cab Signal System in Text but omitted from Index; included in in this study. Partially-Lighted Differences Between Index and Text: Correlation between classification and the Database are substantial for some Partially-Lighted areas ofTransportation-Markings (e.g., numerous marine and tcd forms). However, the problem of correlation for railroad signs is also present with DwarfType Signal in Text only; added in this study railroad signals. International structures and organizations are limited for railroad LQ Electro-Pneumatic Semaphore not in Text. Omitted in this study. aids, and the building up of an abstract structure for diverse terms in a taxonomy LQ Signal Electric Operated duplicated in Index; on entry omitted, did not not mesh well with the structure ofthe database where there are many Pneumatic Semaphore in Text added to this study terms within a simple structure. Semaphore-Left ofMast and -Right ofMast lack hyphens in Index but included in Text and in this study. The Database has two major components: Semaphores and Signal Boards, Three-Position Dwarf Signal in Index lacks Signal in Text; omitted in this study. Discs & Other Forms while the classifications have a structure ofTrackside Pattern Ground without Disc in Index but added in Text; included here. Signals- Semaphores/Signal Boards/Dwarf Signals & Rotating Signals/Dwarf Banner Box Signal duplicated in Index; on entry omitted. Revolving SignalslRailway Signals-Single Forms, Lighted Signs. Dwarfs are very

184 185 r I ! important in classification but very subordinate in the Database. Semaphores in 3C Unlighted Visual Device the classification are based on the character of blade and spectacle which resulted 3CI Unlighted Fixed Devices with Constant Messages in only limited terms. General Note a) Location Signs Some specific terms as well as category designations are omitted from the Location Signs Database. These include pillar-disc, minature graphic symbol indicators, and Corporation or Other Political Subdivision Signs graphic symbols. The arrangement of single forms, lighted signs in classification Mile Post Signs contrasts with the lighted signs and boards ofthe Database. Standard Right ofWay Signs Subdivision Signs Tresspass Sign Tresspass--Right ofWay Sign/Tresspass-Bridge/Tresspass-Crossing Signs

II Railroad Property - Tresspassing Forbidden Under Penalty " Danger Do Not Tresspass on the Railroad Valuation Section Sign b) Transportation Signs Ii i: 1) Speed Control Signs (a) Speed Control & Restriction Signs I' ON I, II I Advance-Warning Sign/Advance Warning Sign II Reduce Speed Sign Resume Speed Sign I" Retro-Reflective (Road Traffic Type) PSR Sign Speed Control Signs - Temporary & Permanent Speed Limit - Permanent Sign/Speed Limit - Temporary Sign Speed Slow Resume Temporary Reduce, Slow & Resume Speed Signs Reduce Speed Sign Slow Sign Resume Speed Sign (b) UAR Speed Signals (=Signs) Speed Restriction Signals Start of Speed Restriction Signal

186 187 End ofSpeed Restriction Signal Speed Restriction Warning Signal Station Name Signs (c) Speed Zone Signs (b) Limit & Location Signs Speed Zone Sign General Note Restricting Sign Yard Limit Signs Resume Speed Sign Switching Limit Signs Indicator Signal Territory Limit Signs Fixed Indicator Station Location Signs Sign for Day Running Derail Location Signs Warning Sign/Commencement Sign/Termination Track Capacities Signs Arrows Water Station Limit Signs Line Speed Indicator Fuel Station Limit Signs Speed Indicator Cinder Station Limit Sign Temporary Speed Restriction Indicator Blind Siding Signs "ZOO Boardl"R" Board Cut Section Sign Speed Restriction Signs - Temporary (c) Territory Limits Signs Speed Restriction Sign Territory Limit Signs Senal Indicadora de Velocidad LimitadalDe Fin Senal General Note Indicadaro de Velocidad Begin CTC SignlEnd CTC Sign (d) Other Speed Signs CTC Curve Speed Signs Begin Permanent Slow Speed Sign End Temporary Slow & Release Begin Cab Signal/Territory/End Cab Signal Territory Proceed Prepared to Stop Sign Begin TCS SignlEnd TCS Sign Zone Speed Sign End of Signal Territory 2) Location Signs End ofBlock SignIBlock-Limit Sign (a) Advance Location Signs End ofTrack Circuit Sign General Note Automatic Block Signs Railway Grade Crossing Signs Start Automatic Block Signs Drawbridge Signs End Automatic Block Signs Tunnel Signs Remote Control Signs Junction Signs Begin Remote Control Signs Rock Slide Signs End Remote Control Signs Snow Slide Signs Beginning ofDouble Track Sign/End ofDouble Track Station Signs Sign/Double Track , Begins/Double Track Ends 188 L 189 Begin Rules ...lEnd Rules ... "S" Marker Approach Block Limit Sign!ABL Sign Clearance Mark c) Maintenance ofWay Signs Diamond Shaped Marker General Note Distance Markers Alinement Sign or Markers Elevation Markers Bridge SignlBridge Number Signs Fixed Markers Curve & Elevation Signs Landmark Elevation Markers Lineside Marker End ofShunt Sign Marks & Markers for Japan Flanger Sign General Note Maintenance Limits Sign Repeater Signal Roadway Structures Sign Train Stop Sign Marker/Car Stop Marker Snowplow Sign Shunting Signal Marker & Shunting Sign Marker Raise Snowplow Sign Switch Target Lower Snowplow Sign Sudden Release Shunting Sign Mark Token Block Working Sign Trolley Wire Dead Section Indicator d) Safety Signs Trolley Wire Electric Source Sign Marker General Note Route Electric Source Sign Marker Electrical Hazard Sign Once Stop Sign Marker Fire Hazard Sign Clearance Post Highway Grade Crossing Sign Whistle Sign Marker Barricade Sign Buffer Stop Indicator Highway & Barricade Sign Marks: Power-Operated Switch Sign Route Identification Mark Restricted Clearance Sign Slow Speed Release Mark Warning No Clearance for Man on Side or Top of Car Sign Signal Aspect Confirmation Position Mark No Clearance Sign* Power Drive Mark e) Marks & Markers Coasting Mark -- AC & DC Markers Signal Alarm Mark Marker (Board) Station Approach Mark Alinement Marker Tablet Carrying Mark Auxiliary Marker Train Stop Position Mark "C" Markers/"S" Markers Electric Train Section Mark General Note Monument Marker "C" Marker Reflective Marker Board

190 Iii. . 191 I

High Speed Marker Board Start ofSection Board/End ofSection Board ! I I I Selection Entrance Marker End ofSection Marker Board I Signal Marker Board Sighting Board i i Spring Switch Marker/Spring Switch Sign Signal Warning Board ,I \ Wayside Marker Starting Signal Notice Board Wing Markers Station Limit Board f) Boards & Posts Station-Name Board General Note Train Clear ofPassing Loop Indicator/Advanced Starting Loop Clear Advance Warning Board Signal Baak AWS Cancelling Indicator Caution Board End ofToken Section Proceed ifPlatform Clear Board Countdown Marker Board Temporary Warning Board Flag Board/Metal Flags Temporary Outer Speed Board/Temporary Inner Speed Board/All Indicating Board Trains Stop Boad Indication Board Train Order Board Lineside Board Terminating Board Marker Board Stop Board Mechanical Signal Board* Temporary Speed-Reduction Board Mile Board Warning Board Nameboard Watering Board Notice-Board Whistle Board Number Board Yard Limit Board Order Board "Y" Board Permanent Speed Restriction Board/Permanent Speed-Restriction Block Posts Board Clearance Post Permanent Warning Board Curve & Elevation (Post) "R" Board/"Z" Board Elevation Posts/Full Elevation Posts/Zero Elevation Posts Radio Channel Change Board/Radio Channel Indicator Gradient Posts Reflectorized Distant Board/Distant Board/Fixed Board Marker Post* Resume-Speed Board (Temporary)/Resume-Speed Board Mile Posts (Permanent) Permanent Whistle Post/Temporary Whistle Post Shunting Limits Board Property Line Posts/Property Posts Signal Board Section Posts/Sub-section Posts Slow Board Signposts Speed Board Whistle Posts

192 193 Roadway Signs g) Plates & Flags Sign "A" Plate Signpost "F" PlateINfPlate 2) Blue Flags Identification Plate General Note Identifying Plate Derail Track Circuits Stop Fireman's Call Plunger Plate Stop (Portable) Telephone Plate Carnp Cars Identity Plate Alto Letter Plate Danger Men Working on This Truck Marker Plate Danger Tank Car Connected Narne Plate/Plate, Narne Stop Tank Car Connected Plate, NumberlNumber Plate 3) Electric Traction Signs Signal Background Plate 4) Miscellaneous Signs Signal Identification Plate Approach Signs Signal Number Plate Checquered Signs Station Nameplate Number Plate "T" Plate Signal-Note-In-Use Sign Flags Revolving Stop Sign* General Note Stop Sign* Flags* Flagboards 3C2 Targets Metal Flags General Notes I, II, III, Iv Flag Signals* a) Overarching Terms Blue Flag Devices Target Power Blue Flag Switch Stand Target Blue Flag Detail Switch Target Derail Blue Flag Illuminated Switch Target Chock Flag b) Morphological-related Terms h) Other Devices General Note 1) Overarching Terms 1) Shape Targets General Note General Note Trackside Signs Arrow-shaped Vanes (9 Forms) !' Lineside Signs Obround-shaped Vanes (3 Forms) !ii Fixed Signs i' I " t !! I,•.,i. 194 195 l ~.II Ground Throw Stand Rectangle-shaped Vanes (4 Forms) Ground-Throw Switch Stand/Ground Throw Switch Stand Obround Vanes (4 Forms) Hasty Triple Stand Other Shapes (6 Forms) High Banner Two Tie Switch Stand/Low Banner Two Tie Switch 2) Color & Position Targets Stand General Note High Switch Stand 3) Terms Relating to Railroad Function Hub Safety Automatic Switch Stand Blind Target Intermediate Stand Main Track Switch Target Low Stand Siding Yard Switch Target Low Switch Stand Siding Derail Target/Siding Derail Target Main Line Safety Switch Stand/Malinline Safety Switch Stand Yard Switch Stand Main Line Switch Stand c) Other Targets Parallel-Throw Switch Stand Day Targets Stone Drum Switch Stand Main Line Switch Signals Pony Stand Target Stands Positive-Action Switch Stand Switch Target Reflector Type/Reflectorized Switch Target/Reflector Steelton Switch Stand Target Switch Stand, Parallel Throw Targets Whose Titles refer to Height: Three-In-One Automatic Switch Stand Low Target Low Revolving Target Intermediate Target Note High Switch Target High Target New Terms d) Switch Stands General Note Flag, Solomon 2003 Automatic Safety Lock Switch Stand Flag Signal, Solomon Automatic Safety Switch Stand No Clearance Sign, CRIP 1977 Automatic Stand Marker Post, Solomon Automatic Switch Stands Mechanical Signal Board, Solomon Colurnn-Throw Stand Revolving Stop Sign, Solomon Derail Switch Stand/Derail Stand Stop Sign, Solomon Double Stand DwarfStand Enclosed Geared Type Parallel Throw Switch Stand Differences Between Database Indexes & Text: Signs Gearless Switch Stand

196 197 Corporate in Index but Corporation in Text; Index changed to Corporation Temporary Reduce ...: Both Index and Text altered. Hub Safety Automatic Switch Stand is listed in text but not in index; it is now UAR entry garbled in Index; now changed to conform to source. added. Line Speed Indicator duplicated in Text; delete one entry. Line Indicator in Index: delete. Speed Indicator: add to both Index and Text. [New Term in a sense] Differences Between Classifications & Database: End ofTrack Circuit Sign in text: add to Index Warning No Clearance: add to text There has been considerable trouble in correlating signs in classifications Nameboard: two words in text; change to one with the treatmel1t in the Database. The following notes are an early attempt to Resume-speed ... : add to text come to grips with that problem. They are perhaps thinking out loud, or stream of Speed Restriction Sign: add to index consciousness more than notes that can be used in the study. Advance ... To be separate entry in both Index and Text Block Posts in text; index changed to two words. DB and E/H/B: very difficult to correlate both categories ofsigns and often Stop Tank Car Connected Sign: add to index specific forms of signs. Some ofthe problem may be the fact that European signs are often speed-related and manifest many forms. While US signs are much less Note: Targets often speed in nature. Though that problem is found with both DB and classifications. The Classifications themselves may be part ofthe problem. The Targets are unlighted aids consisting of one or two vanes. Often times they variations give speed forms but no non-speed sign forms. The Classifications are joined to a switch lamp. Targets are in themselves an unlighted signal type aid attempt but only attempted to bring together diverse types in coherent groups. But (it has more than one message. Switch lamps are partly-lighted whether a target is those attempts are often flawed and do not cohere with group names in the DB in attached or not. The Classifications treated Targets as both unlighted and partly­ not a few instances. At times it is not all that easy to say what a classification lighted aid. The Database placed unlighted fixed aids together then joined Targets category consists of. And even more often it is not that easy to correlate DB to a composite group consisting ofunlighted signals, acoustical signals, radio categories with Classification categories. signals. The topic of Target needs to be reformulated with the bulk of classification and database within unlighted aids. With Switch lamps as partly­ Signals are nearly universal with various classifications and categorizations. lighted and cross-references between the two subjects. That reformulation is One can build up a framework with the many forms of signals and their existing. followed at least some extent in this study. The core materials oftargets are But signs and related devices are less universal and manifest considerable vari­ similar in the various studies though notably different in configurations. A third ation. I may have errored in trying to construct an coherent and overarching element is the Switch stand. These are not included in the classifications. They are system in which to place signs. I should have looked for the structure in whatever included in the Database since the switch stand is the structure to which target and signs presented themselves and sought the order there even ifpartial and or switch lamp is attached. Occasionally the term stand becomae an element ofthe uncertain. A case in point: the Classifications speak ofSign and Signal ID & name ofthe aid. Signal Function Signs. But in railway practice the common term would have been plate. Plates rather than signs denote posting ofsymbolic messages on signal Difference Between Index and Text ofDatabase: masts. The alternate term is one ofa number ofplate-type aids and forms a segment in itself. Plate needs to become part ofthe Classification. And the use of

198 199 sign needs to be dropped. In Board & Posts In summary , 5314 Stop Boards Database and Classification groups can only be partially correlated. (H has 5324) Morphology/physical terms are often run together in both Database and Territory Limits Signs Classification with too little sorting out and explanation ofhow terms 5315 Section & Block relate and to what degree. (H has 5325) Electric Traction Signs No general international categories though some regional tendencies may 5316 Electric Traction Signs occassionally exist. (H has 5326) DB is intended to expand and draw out entries into a broad comprehensive ? panorama. While the Classification pulls distinct entries into groupings 5317 Limit & Restriction Signs which are subsumed into further groups. Taxonomy and Holarchy (H does not have this) undergird that exercise. This study as a combination classification! Safety Signs indexes bridges the two approaches. 5327 (H) Safety Signs Part H, 2nd ed, partly improves the degree ofcorrelation. 5328 (H) Maintenance of Way Signs Maintenance of Way Signs I• Which are the worst cases ofnon-correlation in the DB and Class.? I ,I ** Plate should have been used not Sign. Non-signal aids in railway practice lack overall structure (even more than signals). Earlier T-M attempted to build a Correlating Parts F and H (also Parts B and J): Approach... Advance Location? framework for various disconnected pieces. However, that framework should (Station, Yard, Crossing, Station, Crossing, Bridge have drawn its shape from the various bits and pieces of signs and organization Bridge & Whistle Posts But Whistle Posts & Yards? rather than impose an artificial structure on the fragments. A good example is (H has 5320) applying sign to what should have been termed plates.

5311 Station, Yard, Track = Limit & Location Signs & Political Units Track, Yard, Station may (H has 5321) correlate but Political?

5312 Location (= Whistle Post) = Whistle Posts in Boards & (H has 5322) Posts

5313 Sign & Signal ID** = Plates- ID, Number & Signal Function (H has 5323)

201

I 200 ~. 3D Acoustical & Radio Signals Bell, Single Stroke Bell, Vibrating 3Dl Acoustical Signals Crossing Alarms a) General Note & Overarching Terms Crossing Bells Acoustic or Audible Signal Double Gong Highway Crossing Bell Audible Danger Signal Electrically Actuated Bell* Audible Signalling Devices Electronic Bell/Electronic Warning Bell Audible Warning Systems Enclosed Crossing Bell b) Explosive Signals Iron Case, Enclosed Crossing Bell Audible Signal [=Explosive; possible OA term] Enclosed Water Tight, Low & High Voltage Highway Crossing Bell Banger Enclosed Type Gong ! Clayton's Automatic Detonator Placer Grade Crossing Alarm I Highway Crossing Bell/Bell, Highway Crossing I: Clayton Fogging Machine 'I Detonating Fog Signal Highway Crossing Bell-Electronic/Highway Crossing Bell-Electro- Detonating Signal Mechanical Highway Crossing Signal ", Detonator !:i Detonator Machine Locomotive Type Crossing Bell Detonator Placer Motor Driven Locomotive Type Bell* Detonator Signal Pedestrian Crossing Bells* Duplex Fog Signal Railway Crossing Bells* Fog Skeleton Bell Fog Detonator SOlUld-Bell/SolUld Bell Fog Repeator Vibrating Bell* Fog Signal [Also possible OA] Warning Bell* Fogger Whistle Signal* Fogging Machine d) Cab & Train Control SOlUld Signals Torp~do General Note Torpedo Signal Cab Signal, Audible c) Level/Grade Crossing SOlUld Signals Cab Signal-SolUld Audible Automatic Warning Devices Audible Cab Signal*/Audible Cab-Signal* Audible Warning Devices* Audible Cab Signalling/Audible-Cab Signalling Audible-Pedestrian Crossing Audible Cab Indicator/Indicator, Cab; Audible Automatic Bell Audible Frequency Cab Signal* Bell Audible Indicator Audible Signal Bell, Gong 202 203 Bell & Siren Unit Electronic Token Cab Alarm Electronic Token System Cab Indicator Radio-Based Token System Cab Whistle Radio Block Code Continuous Cab Signal with Whistle & Acknowledger Radio Electronic Token Block (RETB) Indicator, Cab; Audible Radio Electronic Token System Klaxon Radio Token Block Reliostop Radio Token Block System Warning Hooter Radio Token Equipment Warning Whistle Radio Tokenless Block Whistle Signals RETB System e) Other Sound Signals Token Block All-Weather Fuzees b) Satellite Systems Bell [Switch Indicator] GPSINAVSTAR GPS/GPS Technology Fog Gong Sat-Guidance System/Sat-Based Guidance System Fusees c) Other Radio Signals Non-optical Signals [=Fog Signalling Devices] Beacon/Euro-balise Beacon Rail Sound Signals I' Euro-Radio I Siding Bell Box* Radio-Shunting Track Crew Warning Signals [Sound dimension] Raliophone i Track Indicators [Sound dimension present] Wireless Signal System

Note 3D2 Radio Signals The Database placed fixed unlighted forms together, and then placed signal Note: Database presents a listing ofterms without subdivisions. This forms whether visual, acoustical or radio together. While a case might be made coverage divides terms into overarching, radio token, and other forms. This for that approach it can also be viewed as idiosyncratic. Targets are now placed creates a diverse grouping for limited terms yet that arrangement is necessary. with other visual forms and the small sections ofacoustical and radio are placed ETCS (European Train Control System) is considered in Systems. But several together in an uneasy alliance ofnot-visual forms. terms are signal or signal-related in nature.

a) Overarching Terms New Terms: Electronic Signalling Radio Signalling Audible Warning Devices, Solomon 2003 Radio/Electronic Token Electrically Actuated Bell 205 204 Warning Bell Signals which is absent from the Database.

Vibrating Bell, ARSPAP-D 3E Level/Grade Crossings Signs, Signals, Markers & Other Forms Audible Frequency Cab Signal, Bisset 1990 General Note Audible Cab Signal, Ellis 1966 3El Integrative LC/GC Terms Audible Cab-Signal, Nock 1978 Automatic Safety Installations for Level Crossings Automatic Controlled Level-Crossing Protection Siding Bell Box, Hall Sign & Signal Bells Flashing Lights Pedestrian Crossing Bell, WRRS Automatic Level Crossing Protection Motor Driven Locomotive Type Bell Automatic Signal Devices Automatic Warning System Track Crew Warning Signals, Part H Conventional Track Circuit-Operated Level Crossing Approach Warning System Rail Sound Signals, Part J Crossing Protection Railway Crossing Bells Crossing Warning Device Four-Quadrant Grade-Crossing Gates* Whistle Signal, DAR Grade Crossing Warning Systems Highway Crossing Protection " Note Highway-Railroad Crossing Protection Level Crossing (Review) The Databased placed all non level!grade crossing and cab sound signals MWL Crossing together in a heading ofExplosive Signals. However, some forms were not ofan Highway Crossing Protection explosive nature~ Those signals are now placed in an Other Forms category. Automatic Bells Flashlight Differences between Index and Text ofDatabase Gates Wig-wag Duplex in index has a fuller name in text: Duplex Fog Signal. Highway Crossing Signal Crossing Sign Differences between Parts F and H and Database: Locomotive Type ofBell Wigwag Signal Thee are few sound terms in Parts F and H. Part H includes Track Crew Warning. Highway Crossing Warnings & Controls

206 207 Cantilever Highway Crossing Signal Gates Hoeschon Crossing Signal Lamps Miniature Warning Lights Highway Grade Crossing Miniature RIG Warning Lights Signs Railroad/Highway Grade-Crossing Protection* Signals Railroad-Railroad Grade Crossing Signal System Railway Grade-Crossing Signals* !. Warning Device Highway Signals Power-Worked MCB Level Crossing-Flashing Light Signals Audible Warning Devices Level Crossing Signals Traffic Lights Level Crossing with Flashing Light Signals Barriers Level Crossing with Signal System Railway Crossing Safety Aids* Signals for Tramway Level Crossing Seismi~ Based Train Actuated Approach Warning at Level Crossing Pre-Warning Signals The Onon - 300 Level Crossing Approach Warning Systems Tram Crossing Signals 3E2 Lighted LC/GC Signals Visible Warning Signals Advance Warning Signal (Highway Crossing) Visual Grade-Crossing Warning* AGA Highway Danger Signal WigWag Automatic Flashing Lights* Wig Wag Crossing Signal Barrow Crossing Warning Indicator Wig Wag Grade-Crossing Protection* Cantilever Signal Wig Wag Systems* Color-Light Highway Signal Wig Wag Type Crossing Signal 3E3 Barriers & Gates Crossing System* a) Barriers, Full Gates, & Gates Flashing-Lights* Automatic Gates Flashing Lights, Automatic Gates & Ringing Bell* Automatic Lifting Barriers Flashing-Light Crossing* Barriers Flashing Light Signals/Flashing-Light Signal* Barrier Type Protection Flashing Light Type Boom Gates Flashing Signals & Crossing Gates* CCTV Monitored Remote Barrier Crossing Grade-Crossing Flashers & Crossbucks* Crossing Gates Grade Crossing Signal Electric Operated Lifting Barriers Grade-Crossing Protection* Electro-Hydraulic Pedestrian Barrier Grade-Crossing Warning* Full Barrier Highway Approach Signal Grade-Crossing Gates*

208 209 Level Automatic Barriers Bell, Gong, Audible Warning Level Automatic Open Crossing Crossing Alarms Level Crossing Barrier Double Gong Highway Bell Level Crossing Gates Electrically Actuated Bell* Level Crossing with Automatic Barrier Electronic Warning Bells Level Crossing with Full Barrier Enclosed Crossing Bells Lifting Barrier Enclosed Type Gong Manned Gated Crossing Grade Crossing Alarm Manned Barriers Locomotive Type of Crossing Bell Manned Barriers Crossing Highway Crossing Alarm MCB/Local Highway Crossing Bell MCB/Remote Highway Crossing Bell-Electronic MCB/CCTV Highway Grade Crossing Warning Device TOB Hoeschen Bell System Manually Controlled Barriers Rail Sound Signals* MCB/CCTV Railway Crossing Bells* (. On Call Barrier Crossing Skeleton Bell I Short-Arm Gates Vibrating Bell , TMO (Trainman Operated [Barrier]) Warning Bell* Trainman-Operated Barrier (TOB) 3E5 Signs Wicket Gate Auxiliary Sign b) HalfBarriers & Gates Close Up Road Warning Sign [& with Flashinglight] AHB Crossings Crossing Signs Automatic HalfArm Barrier Installation Crossbucks* Automatic Half Barrier Crossbucks (Crossbones)* Automatic HalfBarrier Crossing (ARB) Crossbuck Signs Automatic HalfBarrier Locally Monitored (ABCL) Distant Road Warning Sign Automatic Level Crossing & HalfGate Gates Not Working Sign Double HalfBarrier & Full Barrier Crossing Grade-Crossing Sign*/Grade Crossing Sign* HalfBarrier: Double HalfBarriers & Single Half Barrier Highway & Barricades Sign Level Automatic HalfBarriers Highway Crossing Sign Level Crossing HalfBarriers Highway Grade Crossing Sign 3E4 Sound Signals Illuminated Sign Audible-Pedestrian Crossings Level Crossing Halt Board Audible Warning Devices* Level Crossing - Sign Board

210 211 Railroad Crossing Sign: Highway, At the Crossing, Advance Warning Grade Crossing Flashers & Crossbucks Sign (& with Flashing Light) Grade-Crossing Gates, Solomon Railroad Grade Crossing Targets Audible Warning Devices, Solomon Road Signs at Level Crossing Warning Bell, Solomon Reflector Buttons Bell, Solomon Revolving Stop Sign*/Revolving-Stop Sign* Electrically Actuated Bell, Solomon St Andrew's Cross Crossbucks, Solomon St George's Advance Warning Board Crossbucks (Crossbones), Solomon Second Train Coming Sign Grade-Crossing Sign, Solomon Signs (Crossing) Grade Crossing Sign, Solomon Warning Signs for Level Crossing Railway Grade Crossing Signs 3E6 Open Crossing Railway Grade Crossing System, Solomon Accomodation Crossing Revolving Stop Sign, Solomon Automatic Open Crossing Locally Monitored (AOCL) Revolving-Stop Sign, Solomon Automatic Open Crossing Remotely Monitored (AOCR) Automatic Open Level Crossing Rail Sound Signals, Part J Open Crossing (OC) Railway Crossing Safety Aids, Part J Open Crossing with No Controls Differences Between Index and Text ofDatabase Notes Automatic Signal Devices in text; omitted from index; add New Terms Conventional Track Circuit ... Index omits Approach before Warning but included in text; add to index Flashing-Light Crossing Signal, Solomon 2003 AGA Two-color Highway Danger Signal in text; add to index. Crossing System, Solomon Locomotive Type Crossing Bell in text; add to index Automatic Flashing Lights, Solomon Level Crossing in index: review (no source in text for term) Grade-Crossing Warning, Solomon Signals for Tramway Level Crossing: review in M&H Grade-Crossing Protection, Solomon Flashing-Lights, Solomon Flashing-Lights Crossing, Solomon Differences Between Parts F and H and Database: Flashing Signals & Crossing Gates, Solomon Flashing Lights, Automatic Gates & Ringing Bell, Solomon Neither Part F or Part H gives substantial attention to Level/Grade Crossing Four-Quadrant Grade-Crossing Gates, Solomon devices. Part H includes LC/GC Signals [Crossing Bell]. While Part F omits this Visual Grade-Crossing Warning, Solomon 213 Wigwag Signal, Solomon

212 category. TCD studies also include this topic which possibly reduces the need for Train StaffSystem/Train-Staff System coverage here. However, the Database has given W&T Electric StaffSystem considerable attention to the topic. Webb & Thompson Electric Staff Webb & Thompson Electric StaffInstrument 3F Staff& Ticket, Tablet, Token, Train Order & Time Interval Signals Wooden Staff/Wooden Train Staff 3F2 Staff& Tickets 3Fl Staff Paper Ticket Method Absolute StaffSystem/Absolute StaffInstrument Staff & Ticket!Staff-&-Ticket Annett's Key Staff& Ticket System Automatic Electric StaffInstruments Ticket System Automatic Staff Exchanging Apparatus/Automatic Exchange Train Staff& Ticket System Equipment!Automatic Tablet Exchange Equiipment Train StaffTicket Electric Staff Wooden Train Staff & Paper Ticket Method Electric Train Staff 3F3 Tokens Electric StaffInstrument Automatic Token Exchange Electric StaffBlock System Ball TokeniBall-Token Electric Staff System Ball Token Type i i,, , Electric StaffWorking Electric Token :, i Electric Train Staff& Ticket System Electric Token Apparatus :I Electric Train StaffSystem Electric Token Instrument Intermediate Siding Junction Instrument Electric Token Methods Large Electric Staff Electric Token System O.E.S. Staff Electric Token System/Electric Token Block One Train Working Key Token I, II Pennissive StafflPennissive Attachment Key Token Block System Pusher Attachment Key Token Transfer System Staff Key Token Balancer Staff& Ticket Working Key Token Instrument StaffCatcher Key Token System StaffCrane/Crane, Staff Neale's Ball Token Instrument StaffManual Block System Neale's Single Line Combined Ball Token & Block Instrument StaffPouches No Signalman Remote Key Token WorkinglNo-Signalman Remote Key StaffSystem Token Working Subsidiary Electric StaffWorking No Signalman Token Block Train Staff/Train-Staff One Train Working

214 215 Signalman-to-Signalman Token Working 3F5 Tokenless Block Working Signalman to Automatic Operated Token Working General Note Single Line Token Instrument Scottish Region Tokenless Block Token Tokenless Block Token Block System Tokenless Block Equipment Token Signalling Tokenless Block Working/Tokenless Block System Electric Single-Line Token System Tokenless Block Instrument Token Type Block Instrument Tokenless Block Working (Paper Ticket) Token-Forms 3F6 Train Order Token Forms-II Balloon Train Order Main Section (Unidirectional) Token Banner Type Train Order Signal Engineering Token Boot-Jack Type Train Order Signal Test Token Box TypeTrain Order Special Token Center-Pivoted, 2-Position Train Order Signal Van Schaar Train Token System Double-Arm UQ Train Order Signal 3F4 Tablet & Tablet & Tokens Electric Enclosed Disc Train Order Signal Ball & Tablet Token Instrument Electro-Mechanical Train Order Signal Electric Tablet/Electric Train Token Nineteen Order Electric Tablet Instrument Slow Order i Electric Tablet System Telegraph Train-Order Signal Electric Train Tablet Method Telephone Train Order Sign Single Line Tablet Thirty One Order Tablet Timetable & Train Order (T & 0) Tablet Block Systems Train Order Boards Tablet Block Train Operation Train Order/Train-Order Tablet Instrument Train-Order Lineside Signal Tablet System Train Order Signal/Train-Order Signal Tablet System ofWorking Train Order Signals ofthe Color Light Type Tyer's Key Token InstrumentiTyer's Electric Train Tablet Train-Order System Tyer's Electric Train Tablet System Train-Order Working Tyer's #7 Table Instrument Written Train Orders #6 Tyer's Tablet Machine Yarrington Type ofTrain Order Signal Tyer's Tablet Instrument 3F7 Time Interval Tyer's Electric Tablet SystemiTyer's Tablet System Telegraph Block or Time-Interval System Tyers No. 12B Key Token Instrument Time Interval SystemiTime Interval-System

216 217 r Time Interval Method I Time IntervaliTime-Interval Neale's Single Line ... in complete in text. I Time Interval System of Working/Time-Interval System of Tokenless Block Equipment not in index; now added. Safeworking Tyer's Electric Train Tablet System listed in index but not in text. It needs to be Time Systems added to text. Note: A Century ... 1954 adds a hyphen. 3F8 Other Devices Tyer's Key Token Instrument/Tyer's Electric Train Tablet in text but not in Direct Traffic Control (DTC) index; it is now added. Space Interval Method Tyer's Patent #7 Tablet Instrument omits "Patent" from both index and text. Telegraph & Ticket Method Telegraph Message System Telegraphic Order Method ofTrain Working Differences Between Parts F & H and Database: Telegraphic Orders Ticket & Section Order System Part F omits all ofthese devices from the classification. They are treated in an Time-Code System Appendix. Timetables/Time-Tables Time-Table Operation/Timetable Operations* Part H includes basic terms ofStaff, Tickets, Tokens, Tablets under the heading Timetable System* ofMoveable Signals in the variant classification. Train Warrant Control (TWC)

Notes : : I New Terms

Timetable Operations, Solomon 2003 Timetable System, Solomon 2003 Tyers No. 12B Key Token Instrument, Kenya Railways 1982

Differences Between Index and Text

Direct Traffic Control (DTC) in text but omitted in index; now added. Space Interval-Method lacks hypen in text. Automatic Tablet Exchange Equipment lacks last work in text. Train StaffTicket in text only; now added to index. Train Staff System/Train-Staff System duplicated in index; now deleted. Ball Token Type mislocated in text.

218 219 rI CHAPTER FOUR Landing Aids to Navigation* AERO NAVAIDS Landing & Navigation Aids Mobile Airfield Lighting Systems 4A Overarching Terms: General, Visual & Lighted Terms Navigation Systems 4Al General Terms for All Aero Navigation Aids National Airspace System (NAS) Ground-to-Air (G/A) Systems a) Primary Terms [Landing sub-element]* General Note Portable Heliport Lighting Systems Aero Aids* Radio & Navigation Aids Systems Aero Safety Aids* Temporary Airfield Lighting Aero Visual Aids* Visual Aids for Approach & Landing Aeronautical Navigation Aids 4A2 Visual Aids Navaids General Note Navigation Aids Aeronautical Lighting & Other Airport Visual Aids Navigational AidslNavigational Aids (Navaid)* Airport Visual Aids/Airport Visual-Aids Systems Navaid Systems Airport Visual Navigational Aids Systems Navigation Aids Systems All-Weather Visual Aids Navigational System* Aviation Lighting I ! I Aids Ground Visual Aids I ., , Aids to Air Navigation Landing Aerodrome & Airway Lighting Aids to Navigation Visual Aids

I; Air Navaids Visual Aids for Airports Air Navigation Aids Visual Aids to Air Navigation Air Navigation Aids Visual Aids Systems Visual Aero Aids* Visual Air Navigational Aids b) Specialized Terms Visual Ground Aids Aeronautical Aids Visual Landing Aids i i Aids to Aerial Navigation Visual Landmarks ':" Air Navigation Systems Visual Navaids Air Navigation & Obstruction Lighting Visual Signals Aircraft Landing Aids* 4A3 Sub-Overarching Terms Approach & Runway Light System General Note , Electronic & Visual Air Navigational Aids (Navaids) AGA= Aerodrome Ground Aids I Ground Aids to a Contact Flight Approach & Landing System ~ , Ground-Based Navigation Aids Approach & Navigation Lights :: Approach & Runway Lighting/Approach & Runway Lighting Systems

:1 220 L 221 Approach & Threshold High Intensity Unidirectional Sequence- Airport Light Products Flashing Lights Airport Lighting Equipment Approach, Threshold, & Runway Lights & Runway Markings Aviation Ground & Seadrome Lighting Approach, Threshold, Runway End Elevated High-Intensity Light Aviation Ground Lighting Approach/ThresholdlRunway End Elevated Light Aviation Lighting Approach/ThresholdlRunway High Intensity Unidirectional Elevated Aviation Lighting Equipment Light Aviation Lighting Systems Approach/ThresholdlRunway End Inset Light Field-Lighting for Airports Medium Intensity Approach, Threshold, Runway Edge Lighting Fixed Lights Miscellaneous Visual Approach Aids & Airport Beacons Ground Lighting Semi-Flush Approach & Threshold Lights Ground Lighting Aids 4A4 Overarching Terms for Lighted Aero Navigation Aids Ground Lighting to Aid Navigation a) Light & Lighting Aids Ground-Positioning Lighting General Note International Lighting Systems* Light Landing Lights Light System Lighting & Marking System Lighted Aids for Air Navigation Lighting/Marking/Lighting & Marking I, Lighted Aids Marking & Lighting/Marking & Light Systems Lighting Navigation Lighting Lighting Aids Night Landing & Approach Aids* Lighting Systems Passive Airport Lighting b) Airfield & Airport Light/Lighting Powered Lighting Systems Aerial Lighting* Signal Lights Aero Lights* Signal Light Equipment Aerodrome Lighting Systems Systems ofLights Aeronautical Ground Lights Visual Traffic Control Aids Aeronautical Ground Lighting 4B Beacons & Obstruction Lighting Air Lights General Note Airfield Lights 4B 1 Overarching Terms Airfield Ground Lighting Beacon Airfield Lighting Beacon Aids* Airfield Lighting Systems General Note I, II Airport & Air Navigational Lighting & Marking Aids Aerodrome Beacon Airport Ground Lighting Equipment Aeronautical Light Beacon Airport Lights Air Beacon

222 223 r

I' Aviation Beacon Double-Ended 36-Inch Diameter Beacon I Beacon, High Intensity DCB 36-Inch Rotating Beacon/DCB Rotating Beacon/DCB Beacon Light Rotating-IO Beacon Light Beacon c) Energy Source-Related Terms 4B2 Physical Apparatus General Note a) Method ofOperation-Related Terms Acetylene Beacon Airport 26" Rotating Beacon Acetylene Gas Beacon Flashing Beacons Electric Beacon Oscillating Beacon Electric Beacon Light Revolving Beacon Electric Light Beacon Rotating Beacon Flashing Gas Beacon Rotating Beacon for Small Airports Gas Beacon Rotating Electric Beacon Gas Flashing-Beacon/Gas-Flashing Beacon ,i Rotating Light Beacon 4B3 Morphological Terms Rotating Lights* a) Airport Beacons b) Dimension-Related Terms I) Airfield & Airport Beacons General Note General Note IO-Inch Rotating Beacon Aerodrome Identification Beacon 18-Inch Beacon Aeronautical Beacon Light 24-Inch Airway Beacon I Airfield Beacon 24-Inch Beacon/Twenty-Four-Inch Beacon/24-Inch-Diameter Beacon/ i Airport/Heliport Beacon I' Twenty-Four-Inch Double-End Rotating Beacon Airport Identification Beacon 24-Inch Dome/24-Inch Double Endl36-Inch Double End/24-Inch Airport (Land) Beacon/Airport (Water) Beacon Single End Alternating Green/White Beacon/Alternating Yellow/White I: i Rotating 24-Inch Beacon Beacon I , Beacon, 36-Inch, Double-End Type I , Military Airport Beacon* Beacon, 36-Inch Rotating Beacon 2) Code Beacons CAA-291 36-Inch Rotating Beacon Code Beacon Four-Beam 24-Inch Beacon Airport Code Beacon 36-Inch Beacon Airport Rotating Beacon 36-Inch Double End, Rotating Beacon/36-Inch Double-End Auxiliary Airport Beacon Rotating Beacon Auxiliary Airport Code Beacon 36" Rotating Beacon Auxiliary Beacon 36-Inch Revolving Beacon Auxiliary Code Beacon Thirty-Six-Inch Spherical Rotating Beacon Auxiliary Green Code Beacon

I 224 225 L • r Electric Code Beacon Rotating Heliport Beacon Flashing Code BeaconIFlashing-Code Beacon Seaplane Base Identification Beacon Flashing Green Beacon Seaplane Base Light Beacon Identification Beacon High Intensity Seaplane Base Beacon/Medium Intensity Seaplane Identification (Code) Beacon/Identification Code Beacon Base Beacon Long Range Beacon Stolport Beacon Rotating Airport Beacon 4B4 Miscellaneous Beacons & Support Structures Rotating Beacon for Small Airports/Airport Rotating Beacon a) Miscellaneous Beacons for Small Airports Approach Light Beacon b) Airway Beacons B.B.T. Flashing Beacon Acetylene Gas Blinker Cluster Beacon Airway Beacon Flickering Beacon Air-Way Beacon Incandescent Beacon Airway Beacon Light Landmark Beacon Airway Light Beacon Solar Powered Beacon Air-Route Beacon b) Support Structures Automatic Routing Beacon General Note I, 51' Airport Beacon Tower i Auxiliary Blinker Light Aviation Routing Beacon Beacon Tower: Course Light/Course-Light Prefab Tower Structure Electric Routing Beacon Structural Steel Tower En Route Beacon Tubular Steel Tower Fixed Course Light* Double Wood Pole Tower Gas Routing Beacon Tubular Tower/Tubular Beacon Tower/Tubular Steel Airport Lighting Airway Beacon Tower Route Beacon Airport Beacon Tower Routing Beacon Tower, Aerial Navigation Beacon Sperry Airways Beacon 4B5 Obstruction Lighting c) Heliport & Other Beacons .General Note I, II, III Heliport Beacon a) Overarching Terms Heliport Identification Beacon Airport Hazard Beacon Heliport Rotating Beacon Hazard Beacon High Intensity HeliportlMedium Intensity Heliport Beacon Hazard Light Identification Beacon for Heliport Use Hazard Warning Beacon Revolving Projector Type ofBeacon Obstacle Light 227 226 --~==------

Obstruction Identification Red Obstruction Lighting Obstruction Lights Single Obstruction Light Obstruction Lighting Steady-Burning Light/Steady Burning Red Obstruction Light Obstruction Marker & Lighting Suspension Type Obstruction Light Obstruction Marker Lighting d) Obstruction Lighting-Strobes & Composite Types Red Danger Light Catenary Lighting Daytime Lighting for Tall Obstructions I· Tower & Obstruction Lighting/Tower Obstruction Lighting i b) Beacons Dual Lighting/Dual Lighting System Anticollision Beacon Dual Lighting with Red-Medium Intensity Flashing System! Beacon, 300mm Hazard/300mm Beacon (Obstruction)/ Dual Lighting with Red-Medium Intensity Flashing White/ 300mm Hazard Beacon/300-mm Hazard Beacon/300mm Dual Red-White Medium Intensity Obstruction Strobe Beacon Beacon High Intensity Flashing White Lights Red Beacon (Obstruction) High Intensity Flashing White Obstruction Light Flashing Beacon High Intensity Obstruction Lighting System Flashing Hazard Beacon/Flashing Red Hazard Beacon High Intensity White Obstruction Light Flashing, Omnidirectional Beacon Low-Power Consumption Strobe-Type/Strobe-Type Flashing Red Obstruction Light Light, Navigational, Beacon, Obstacle or Code Medium Intensity Flashing White Obstruction Light II Military Airport Beacon* Obstacle Beacon Medium Intensity Flashing White Obstruction Lights 40 FPM/ Medium Intensity Flashing White Obstruction Light, 60 FPM Obstruction Strobe Beacon Medium Intensity Obstruction Strobe Beacon/Medium Intensity Rotating Beacon Obstruction Strobe Rotating Lights* Medium Intensity Omnidirectional Flashing White Light System Rotating 24-Inch Beacon Medium Intensity Strobe 300mm Code Beacon/Flashing Code Beacon/300mm Code & Obstacle Lights Hazard Beacon Low-Intensity Lights 300mm-Milimeter Fresnel Lensed, Obstacle or Code Beacon Navig'ation Light Medium-Intensity, Type A 60-90 fpm Medium-Intensity, Type A 20-60 fpm Obstruction Lights-Incandescent & Miscellaneous Types Medium-Intensity, Type B 20-60 fpm Aviation Red Obstruction Light High-Intensity Obstruction Light, Type B Double & Single Obstruction Light Obstruction Strobe Light/Obstruction Warning Light Double Obstruction Light 4C Approach Lighting Field Obstruction Light 4Cl Overarching Terms Low Intensity Obstruction Light a) Major Terms Neon Obstruction Lighting Approach Lighting Systems Obstruction Marker Light

228 229 Approach Lights Medium Intensity Omnidirectional Elevated Lamp Approach Lighting Omnidirectional Flashing Lamp b) Secondary Terms Unidirectional Flashing Lamp Airport Approach Lighting Further Terms: Airport Approach Lighting System Capacitor Discharge Light Approach Light System/Approach Light System (ALS)* Condenser Discharge Light Approach-Light b) Physical/Morphological Terms Approach Lighting System General Note Approach Aids ALS Threshold Light Bar Approach System Approach Direction Light Civil Visual Approach Aids Approach Flashers Descent Aid* Approach High Intensity Undirectional Light

I Descent Indicator Aid* Approach, Inset I c) Sub-Overarching Terms Approach Light

I I Airfield Approach Systems Approach Light Bar Assembly I Approach Lights for Other Instrument Runways I Alignment-Type Carrier Landing Systems I' Approach Visual Guidance Systems Approach Medium Intensity Omnidirectional Elevated Light Ii Final Approach & Take-OffArea (FATO) Approach Sequence Flashing Uni-Directional Direct Line Ground Lights for Landing Guidance Couple Flashing Light \I Landing Aids Approach Side Row i: I Lighting Systems Approach, Threshold II New Generation Runway Visual Range System* Barrette/Centre Line Barrette I Night Landing System* Bartow D-l Lights Standard Approach Aid Electronic-Flashing-Approach Lighting Touchdown System* Elevated Approach Light Visual Aid to Approach for Landing Flashers/Flashing Light Visual Approach Aids Flashing Approach Light Visual Landing Aids Flush Approach Light 4C2 Equipment Terms Ground Level Approach Searchlight, High Intensity a) Physical Terms Helipad Approach Light General Note High Intensity Approach Lights Flashing Light* High Intensity & Displaced Threshold Lights High Intensity Unidirectional Lamp High Intensity Double-Skinned Unidirectional Elevated Lamp Housing Assemblies* Approach Light Low Intensity Omnidirectional Elevated Lamp High Intensity Uni-Directional Inset Approach Light I L 230 231 ...'I r Light Marker Airport Approach Approach Light System for Cat II & III Runways Lights, Flashing, Omni-Directional: ODALS, REILS Approach Light System for Cat I Operations PAR 56 Approach Light Approach Strobes Q20A/PAR 56 Approach Light/PAR 56 Approach Light Lamp Cat I ALS/Cat II ALS Semi-Flush Approach Light Cat 2 Approach Lights Sequence Flasher/Flasher Circling Approach Lights Sequence Flashing Lights on Center Line Approach FAA High Intensity Sequence Flashing Lights High Intensity Approach Light Systems/High-Intensity Approach- Sequence Flashing Lights-Unit Light System/High-Intensity Approach Lights SFL High Intensity Approach Light System with SF Side Row Barrettes High-Intensity Approach Lighting Steady Burning Lights High Intensity Lights c) Support Structures MALS General Note MALS, Medium Intensity Approach Light Systems Low-Impact Resistant Structures Approach Light System, M.L, MALS LIR MALS Steady Burning Light Frangible Safety Mast for Approach Systems MALSF Frangible Safety Approach Mast MAL/SF 'I Safety Mast for Approach Lights MALSR il Safety Mast for Approach Systems MALSR Approach-Light System I 4C3 Approach Lighting Systems MALSR System General Note f. Medium Intensity Approach Lighting a) Approach Lighting Systems Medium Intensity Approach Lighting Bar Assembly Approach Light/Approach-Light Medium Intensity Approach Lighting Equipment Approach-Light Systems Medium Intensity Lighting System Approach Lighting Systems Medium Intensity (MALSR, MALSF, MALS) Approach Light Systems (ALS) I Non-Instrument Approach System I ALSF-I/ALSF-I Non-Precision Approach Lighting System ALSF-2/ALSF-II Precision Airport Category I Lighting System ALSF-2 System/ALSF-2 Approach-Light System Precision Approach Category I Light System Alpha System Precision Approach Cat II & III Lighting System ALSF-II-SSALR Dual Mode High Intensity Approach Light SALS System/ALSF-II/SSALR Dual Mode System/Dual Mode Simple Approach Lighting System High Intensity Approach Lighting System Simple System ALS/SFL Cat I& Cat II Simplified Approach Lighting/Simplified Approach Lighting

232 233 System "Simplified" Approach Light System SSALF Pearson Slope Line Approach Light System SSALS H.I. Slopeline Approach Lights SSALR Slope Line Approach Lighting System Standard High Intensity Approach Lighting System Slope Line Approach-Light System/Slope-Line Approach- Straight-In Approach System Light System/Slope Line Approach Line System System ofApproach-Lights Slope Line Lighting System b) Special Approach Lighting Types Slope Line System Airport Lead-In Lighting System (LDIN) Slopeline Approach Light System Circling Guidance Lights Slope-Line Approach System* Lead-In Lights Slopeline System Lead-In Light System (LDIN) Airport Lead-In Light System/ Slopeline-Transverse-Bar Approach-Light System/ Runway Lead-In Lighting System Slopeline Approach-Light/Slopeline Approach-Light , Lead-in-Lighting System with Transverse Bars (SET) I I Long Lead-In Strobe Lighting System (LLDIN) Slope Line High Intensity Approach Lighting System i ODALS Slope Line System ofHigh Intensity Approach Lights Omnidirectional Approach Light System (ODALS) Slopeline Omnidirectional Approach Lighting Systems (ODALS) Slope Line Lights Omnidirectional Flashing Lights Slope Line Approach Lights/Slope-Line Approach Lights Omnidirectional Lead-in Approach Light System Slope & Approach Light Omnidirectional Lead-in Lights Slope Approach Omnidirectional Lights 2) Center Line Systems RAILS/Runway Alignment Indicator Lights/Runway Alignment General Note Indicator Light System Center-Line Approach Light System ! REIL Center Line Approach System I: RIL, Runway Identification Lights Centerline Approach Lighting System/Centerline Approach i; Light System I· Runway End Identifier Light (REIL) Runway-End Indicator Light* Center-Line Lights ! . Strobes Center Line System Visual Vector Omnidirectional Approach Lighting System Center-Line System c) Historic Terms Centerline System l) Slopeline Systems Center Line Approach System Double-Row Funnel-Shaped Slope Line Configuration! Center Line Approach Lighting Dual-Row Funnel-Shaped Slope Line Configuration Center-Line High Intensity Approach Light System i Center Row System Center-Line "Configuration A" System 234 L 235 r n I: , ' Ii ,I Drem I*/Drem II*/Drem System* I i Single-Row Center-Line System Dutch System Centerline System with Strobeacon EFAS, Electronic Flash Approach System Centerline-Crossbar Configuration EFAS Centerline Crossbar System Flare Path*/Flare Path System* 3) Other Historic Approach Lighting Systems GHm Lamp Flare Path System* AGA Funnel System Glim Lamp System* All-Weather Approach Lights Approach System High Intensity Incandescent Approach Lights (ALS)/ ALPA System Medium Intensity Incandescent Approach Lights (ALS) Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) Incandescent-Lamp Approach System ALPA ATA Approach Lighting System* Interrupted-Sequence-Flashing Approach-Light System Angled Linear System Left-Hand, Single-Row, Ladder-Type, High Approach Barrette Centreline Approach Lighting System* Light Lanes Bartow Approach Lights Approach Light Lanes Bartow Light System Left-Hand-Row SystemlLeft-Hand Row "Ladder System" Bartow Multi-Row Approach-Light System Multi-Row Approach-Light System i Bartow System National System I Calvert Bar System Neon Approach Light/Neon Approach-Light/Neon Light Calvert Centreline & Crossbar System* System Calvert International System* Neon Approach Lighting System Chance Light* Neon Ladder/Neon-Lamp-Ladder Approach System Money Flare* Parallel-Row System/Parallel Row Approach Light System! Calvert System Parallel Row Approach-Light System Civil Airfield Approach System RAE Horizon-Bar System (RAE) Distance Coded Centerline Approach Lights* Row-Type Approach Light System Funnel-Shaped System*/Funnel-Shaped Lights Standard Approach Light System Funnel System Surface Illumination System* Landing Approach Light System System ofNeon Approach Lights Left-Hand Row SystemIDouble-Row System Two-Row Approach-Light System Modified Calvert System U.S. National Standard Configuration "A"/U.S. Calpa or Alpert System Standard Configuration A (Alpha) System Calvert (English) System Component ofApproach Systems: Calvert System ofApproach Lights Steady-Burning Approach Light Calvert & RAE System Terminating Bar Centerline Lighting Wing Bar Configuration A 237 236 IT:.' Three Lamp PAPI c) VASI Systems 4C4 Final Approach Equipment 1) System a) Overarching Terms Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) Approach Path Slope Indicator Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) SystemlVisual Approach Visual Guidance System Approach Slope Indicator System Bar-Type Aid* Visual Approach Slope Indicator System (VASIS) Heliport Approach Path Indicator (HAPI) Visual Approach Slope Indicator System Glide Path Light Indicator VASI Ground-Based Visual Light Guidance System VASI Approach Indicators* Medium-Intensity HAPI Unit VASI System Visual Approach Descent Indicator (VADI) VASI-Type Approach Aid* Visual Approach Guidance Indicator Systems VASIS Visual Glide Path Aid A-VASIS Visual Glide Path Indicator AVASIS Visual Guide Path Indicator (VGPI) Abbreviated Visual Approach Slope Indicator Visual Guide Slope Indicator Abbreviated Visual Approach Slope Indicator System (AVASIS) Visual Guide Slope Indicator System SAVASI b) Precision Approach Path Indicators RT-VASIS Four Box Precision Path Indicator System* AT-VASIS Precision Approach Path IndicatorlPrecision Approach Path T-VASIS Light Units (Blade Type)/T-VASIS Light Units Indicator (PAPI)* T-VASIS/Tee Visual Approach Slope Indicator PAPI 2) Operational Types Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) System General Note Precision Approach Path Indication Lights* VASI-2NASI-4NASI-6NASI-12NASI-16 PAPI System VASI-IINASI-IVNASI-VI [3 Bar]NASI-XII [3 Bar] PAPI Approach System 2-VASIS. PAPI Glide Path Lighting System/GPLS 12-Box VASI/12-Box VASI System PAPI Lights/Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) Lights 4-Box VASI PAPI-4/PAPI-2 2-Box VASI PAPI Wing Bar 2-Bar VASI/2-Bar VASIS/3-Bar VASI/3-Bar VASIS/ Abbreviated PAPI 2-Bar Systeml3-Bar System Abbreviated Precision Approach Path Indicator (APAPI) VASI-2nd Light BarNASI 1st Light Bar APAPI 2-Bar System (VASI-2, -4, -12)/3-Bar System (VASI-6, -16) Mini-PAPI R-WVASIS* CHAPI/CHAPI System Portable PAPI 239

238 Alignment ofElements System Standard VASIS* Angle ofApproach Indicator (AAI) d) Other Final Approach Types Angle ofApproach Light/Angle-of-Approach Light 1) Glide Path Flashing Aids* Approach-Angle Lights Generic Visual Glidescope Indicator (GVGI) Glide Path Indicator Optical Projector Ground Aid GPI OpticalILS Glidepath Indicator Pulsating Systems Precision Visual Glide Path (PVG) Pulse Coded Optical Landing Aid Pulsating System SAGA (System ofAzimuth Guidance for Approach) PVG System Standard Visual Approach Guidance Aid TEE System Visual Approach Descent Indicator (Rotary Wing) Tee Visual Glidepath (Tee or TVG) Visual Angle ofApproach Indicator TVG VGSI 2) Tri-Color 4D Runway & Taxiway Lighting Tri-Color Glide Path Indicator 4D1 Runway Lighting Tri-Color Systems a) Overarching Terms Tri-Color Visual Approach Slope Indicator General Note 3) Fresnel Runway Lights Navy Fresnel System/Navy Fresnel Lens Optical Landing System! Runway Lighting Fresnel Optical Landing Systems, FLOLS/FLOLS, Runway Lighting System i Fresnel Lens Optical Landing System 'Ii Runway Visual Aids 'I Fresnel System I In-Runway Lighting 'I 11 MDLA, Mirror Deck Landing Aids Primary Airfield Lights I ! Mirror System Runway/Mos Lighting 4) PLASI b) Runway Edge Lights HAPI-PLASI Runway Edge Lights HELI-PLASI Runway-Edge Lights I:I PLASI Runway Edge Light System PLASI I, II Runway Edge Lighting/Runway Edge Lighting System Portable PLASI Runway Outline Lights Pulsating Visual Approach Slope Indicator Standard Lights/Standard Edge Lights Pulse Light Approach Slope Indicator (PLASI) Edge Lights/Edge-Lights Pulsed Light Approach Slope Indicator Edge Lighting 5) Miscellaneous Systems Edge Lighting System AAI System

240 241 Threshold Lighting Elevated Edge Lights End Light, End ofRunway Lights Low Intensity Edge Lights Lights, Runway End c) Runway Centerline Lights Runway Remaining Lighting/Runway Distance Remaining Airport Centerline Lights Lighting Center Line Lights* Exit Taxiway Lighting Centerlights Taxiway TumoffLights Centerline Lights Taxiway Lead-OffLights Centerline Lighting System Taxiway Traffic Signals Centerline Guidance Lights Stopway Light Centerline Runway Lights e) Runway Equipment Terms i Centre Line Lights General Note I I I RCLS I) General Terms Runway Centreline Lights/Runway Centre Line Lights Bidirectional Runway Centerline Lights Elevated Runway Centerline Lighting (RCLS) Omnidirectional Runway Centerline Lighting System/Runway Centerline Lighting Unidirectional System Flush d) Threshold, Touchdown Zone, Runway End & Other Lights In-PavementiInpavement ,I General Note In-Runway i "Narrow Gauge" Pattern Inset Road-Holding Position Light for Vehicles Semi-Flush Runway Touchdown Zone Lights/Runway Touchdown Zone Lights 2) Physical Apparatus (TDZ) Airport In-Runway Light Touchdown Zone Lights/Touchdown Zone Lights (TDZL)* Airport In-Runway TDZ Light Touchdown Zone Light System Bidirectional Center Line Fixtures Touchdown Zone Lighting Bidirectional High/Medium-Intensity Runway Light TDZL Bi-Directional Semiflush Inset Light Assembly TDZ Light Bar Elevated Edge Lights Airport In-Runway Touchdown Zone Light Elevated Lights Runway End Lights Elevated Runway Edge Light Runway Threshold Lights Elevated Runway Light Runway Threshold & Wing Bars/Runway Threshold & Wing Elevated Threshold Light Bar Lights Fixed Focus Bidirectional High Intensity Runway Light! Threshold/End Lights//Threshold/End Lighting Fixed Focus Undirectional High Intensity Runway Light Threshold Lights

242 243

I. I..... 500 Watt High Intensity Runway Light with Automatic Beam Control 3) Light Equipment by Intensity Flash Lights General Note Flush Centerline Light Elevated High Intensity Runway Light Fixtures Flush Light High-Intensity Bidirectional Inset Lights In-Runway Light Fixture High Intensity, Elevated Type D-l Lights In-Runway Lights High-Intensity Lights Inset Light High Intensity Lighting System Light Assembly, Airport Runway Centerline & TDZ/Light High Intensity Runway Lights Assembly, Airport Runway, Centerline & TDZ Zone/ High Intensity Runway Lighting Light Assembly, Airport Runway & Centerline HIRL Light Assembly, Airport Taxiway Centerline High Intensity Light System/High Intensity Runway Light Lights, Portable Runway System Lights, Runway Edge Low Intensity High Intensity Runway Edge LightslHigh-Intensity Runway Lights,Runway, In-Pavement Edge Lights/Runway High-Intensity Edge Lighting System Multiple-Purpose Elevated Light High Intensity Approach Runway Light Narrow Gauge Runway LightslNarrow Gauge Lighting System High Intensity Runway Edge Light High Intensity Light ,I (Runway) i Omnidirectional Lights High Intensity Runway Light Portable Edge Light HIRL/MIRL Portable Runway End Identifier Light Low Intensity Edge Lights Radio-Controlled Runway Edge Light Low Intensity Lights Rnwy/LGTS Low Intensity Runway Edge Lighting Runway In-Pavement LightlRunway Inpavement Light Low Intensity Runway, Landing Strip & Taxiway Light Semiflush Airport Light/Semiflush Airport Lighting Low Intensity Runway Lights (URL)/Medium Intensity Lights Semiflush Inset Prismatic Light (MIRL)IHigh Intensity Runway Lights (HIRL)/Low Intensity Semiflush Intersection Light Runway Edge Light/Medium Intensity Runway Edge Lights/ Semiflush Light Medium Intensity Elevated Runway Edge Light Fittings Semiflush Prismatic Airport Light/Semiflush Inset Prismatic Medium Intensity Lights Airport Light Medium Intensity Lighting System Standard High Intensity Runway Lighting Medium Intensity Type M-l Runway Edge Lights/High Intensity Unidirectional Lights Type M-l Runway Edge Lights Unidirectional Semiflush Inset Light Assembly Medium Intensity Threshold Special Lights Undirectional Threshold Light Medium/Low-Intensity Runway Light Undirectional Touchdown Zone Light Fixture Medium Intensity Runway Edge Light Runway Edge Lights: URL, MIRL, HIRL 244 245 4D2 Taxiway Lighting Button Lights a) Overarching Terms Edge Light I I Low Visibility Taxiway Lighting Systems Elevated Taxiway Lights for Holding Position Markings Systems of Taxiway Lights 45W Taxiway Edge Lamps Taxiway Lead-OffLights Fully-Flush Lighting Fixtures/Fully Flush Fixture Taxi Lights Holding Position Edge Lights Taxiway Lights In-Pavement Taxiway Lights/Lights, Taxiway, In-Pavement Taxiway Lighting Inset-Type Runway & Taxiway Lights Taxiway Lighting System Light Assembly, Airport Taxiway Center Taxiway Marker Light Low Intensity Taxiway Light (LITL), Low Intensity Taxiway Taxiway/Obstruction Lighting Edge Light Taxiway Series Lighting System Medium Intensity Light (MITL)/Medium Intensity Runway Light b) Taxiway Edge Lighting Medium-Intensity Light/High Intensity Light Taxiway Edge Lights Medium-Intensity, Omnidirectional Elevated Light Taxiway Edge Lighting Semi-Flush Fixtures Taxiway Edge Lighting System Semiflush Inset Lights c) Taxiway Centerline Lighting Taxiway Inpavement Light/Taxiway In-Pavement Lights Center-Line Lighting Unidirectional, Bidirectional, Light Assembly Airport Centerline Guidance System Taxiway Centerline Taxiway Centerline Lights 2) Other Taxiway Lights Taxiway Centerline Lightings Aircraft Arresting Marker Light Taxiway Centerline Lighting Systems Automatic Block Signal Control Taxiway Centre Lights Barrette Taxiway Centreline Lights Clearance Bars Taxiway Centre Line Lights Clearance Bar Lights Taxiway Centre Line Lights on an Exit Taxiway Entrance-Exit Lights Taxiway Center Line Lighting on Taxiway/Taxiway Center Line Runway Guard Light Lighting on Rapid Exit Taxiways/Taxiway Center Line Lighting Snow Area Lights (Elevated Lights) on Other Exit Taxiways Stop-and-Go Signals Taxiway Centreline Lighting. Stop Bars/Stop Bar System d) Physical Apparatus & Other Terms Stop Bar Light/Stop-Bar Light 1) Physical Apparatus Taxiway Guidance Lights General Note Taxi-Holding Position Lights Bidirectional Lights Taxiway Intersection Lights Blister Lights Taxiway Traffic Control System

246 247 4D3 Historic & Composite Terms AIM 2004 a) Historic Terms: Boundary, Contact & Range Lights Border Lights* Approach Light System (ALS) [new: (ALS)] Bounday Lights Military Airport Beacon Boundary Lights System Navigational Aids (Navaids) Contact Lights i Navigational System I I Contact Lights ofthe Marker Type Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) [new: PAPI] Contact-Light System/Contact Light System Touchdown Zone Lights (TDZL) [new (TDZLO] Distance-To-Go (DTG) Marker Lights/-Lighting Flush Marker Floating Seadrome Lights Clark & Gordon 1981 Land & Hold Short Lights Range Lights R-WVASIS b) Composite Terms General Note Centerline & or Touchdown Zone Lights Young IN 1994 Centerline & Touchdown Zone Lighting Systems End/Threshold Light Bar-Type Aid Lights, Runway & Taxiway Edge, Low Intensity Lights, Runway Calvert International System & Taxiway Edge, Medium Intensity Components: Runway Center & TDZ Lights/Runway Centerline & TDZ Lighting Chance Light Systems Money Flare Runway & Strip Light Descent Aid Runway & Taxiway Edge Light Descent Indicator Runway & Taxiway Edge Lighting Systems DremI Runway & Taxiway Lights Drem II Runway ThresholdlEnd Lights Drem System Threshold & Runway End Light/Threshold Runway End Lights Flare Path/Flare Path System Touchdown & Centerline Light Glim Lamp Flare Path System Glim Lamp System International Lighting System Night Landing System Notes Night Landing & Approach Aids Surface Illumination System New Terms: 249

248 Touchdown System Literary Digest 1926 VASI Approach Indicators VASI-Type Approach Aids Border Lights

FAA FTP 2000 Mola2003

Flashing Lights Aircraft Landing Aids Four Box Precision Path Indicator System Precision Approach Path Indication Lights Lamp Housing Assemblies Rotating Lights National Airspace System (NAS) Ground-to-Air (G/A) Systems [landing sub-element] New Generation Runway Visual Range System Sharp 1944 Runway-End Indicator Light Contact Lights ofthe Marker Type

ICAO AD editions Part] ALPA ATA Approach Lighting System Barrette Centreline Approach Lighting System Aero Aid Calvert Centreline & Crossbar System Aero Lights Center Line Lights Aero Safety Aids Distance Coded Centreline Approach Lighting System Aero Visual Aids Standard VASIS Beacon Aids Flashing Aids Funnel-Shaped Lihts Komons 1978 Funnel-Shaped System Landing Aids to Navigation Fixed Course Lights Visual Aero Aids Aerial Lighting Differences Between Index and Text ofDatabase:

Kroger 1948 Navaids in Index but Navaid in Text; Review Radio & Navigation Aids in Index but Aid in Text; significant? Review Airport Visual Navigation Aids System in Index but Navigational in Text. Funnel-Shaped Lights 250

I 251 Ii Approach & Runway ... System in Text; add System to Index VASIS: Types accompanied by General Note in Text; add to Index Approach, Threshold, & Runway End Elevated... in Index; no & in Text 2-Bar System/3-Bar System in Index joined by (VASI-2, -4, -12) for first entry Approach/Threshold/Runway End Inset Light in Index; Elevated in Text and (VASI-6, -16) for second in Text; now added to Index. Above terminated duplicated in Index; drop one. PVG in Index and in Text; how description in Text adds System; now added to Lighted Aids for Air Navigation for Air Navigation in Text; add to index both. Aeronautical Ground Light in Index is duplicated; delete one Tee Visual Glidepath in Index joined by (Tee or TVG) in Text; now added to Aerodrome Lighting Systems in text; singular in Index Index. Marking & LightinglLighting & Marking in Index; text has Marking and Pulse Code ... in Index is altered to Pulse Coded ... in Text; now added to Index Lighting Systems; delete second term in Index; add term from Text Runway Visual Aids in Text; add to Index Beacon not listed in Text as individual term but is in Index High Intensity Slopeline Approach Lights in Index; H.I. in Text Twenty-Four-Inch Beacon duplicated in Index; drop one High Intensity Slopeline Approach Lights duplicated in Index; one entry deleted. Alternating Green/White Beacon//Alternating Yellow/White Beacon in Index; Centerline-Crossbar Configuration Text employs Alt for both. Angled Linear System in Index and should be in Text Beacon, 300mm Hazard/300mm Beacon (Obstruction), 300 mm ... in Index but Landing & Approach Light System in Index lacks & in Text 1. between) and 300 in Text. Centerlineline Lighting in Index; second line omitted i [Arrangement ofSub-Overarching Terms very different between Index & Text]. ! I Left-Hand, Single-Row, Ladder Type, High Approach Light Lanes in Index; Capacitor Discharge Light and Condenser Discharge Light preceded by Further Light Lanes omitted in Text; now added ·1 Terms in Equipment Terms in Text Left-Row System in Text; now added to Index Approach Side Row, High Intensity in Index; no High Intensity in Text Edge Lighting System in Text; added to Index f ALSF-I1/SSALR Dual Mode ... /ALSF-I1/ SSALR Dual Mode System in Index TDZL in Text; added to Index but Lomitted in Text for ALSF SSALR Dual Mode System Runway Threshold & Wing Bar in Index joined by Runway Threshold & Approach Light System for Cat I Operations in Text; add in Index Wing Bar Lights in Text; now added to Index Cat I ALS/Cat II ALS together in Text; separate in Index . i Runway Remaining Lighting ... in Index has Lighting mispelled; now corrected. MALSR Approach-Light System in Text; add to Index General Note for Runway Equipment adjacent to General Terms in Index; now Non-Precision Approach Light System not in Text: Review moved to Runway Equipment Non-Precision Cat II & III Lighting System not in Text: Review Elevated Runway EdgeLight in Index requires space between Edge and Light I Simple Approach Lighting System in Text; Index has Light not Lighting Low Intensity Light in Text; added to Index Lead-In-Lighting duplicated in Index; delete one Low Intensity Runway Lights (URL) ... joined by Low Intensity Runway Edge I Neon Approach LightlNeon Approach-LightslNeon Light System in Text; add LightlMedium Intensity Runway Edge LightslHigh Intensity Runway Light [. to Index A review ofthe use ofthe acronyms MIRL and MITAL is needed. Neon Approach Lighting System Stop Bar Light/Stop-Bar Light in Text; added to Index I Neon LadderlNeon-Lamp-Ladder Approach System in Text; Neon Ladder Flush Marker in Text; added to Index missing from Index but now added Runway & Taxiway Edge Light Wing Bar and other terms preceded by Components ofApproach Systems: in Differences Between Classifications & Database Text; add to Index 253 252 r Note: Aero terms are often very technical. That may help to explain why a number of differences in terminology has crept into both the Classifications and 4E Radio Aids Database coverage. Complexity and lack of close attention to detail may also 4EI Overarching Terms have led to a number oferrors. A difference in focus in Database and in the a) General Terms Classification is another possible factor. Some ofthe differences tend toward Aeronautical Radio Navigation minutiae. Aeronautical Radio Navigation Services Air Navigation Aids/Air-Navigation Aids General Terms: Air Navigation Radio Aids Lighted Aero/Aeronautical Navigation Aids contrasts with Aero Lighted Air Navigation Facility (Navaids) Navaids Air Navigational Radio Aids All-Lighted Aids and Partially-Lighted Aids are terms employed in the Air Navaids Classification but not included in the Database. Air Navigation Systems Electronic Aids Approach Terms: Electronic Landing Aids Capacititor Discharge in the Classification is mispelled; it should be Capacitor. Electronic Navigation Aids Database employs Lamps in places where Lights are found in the Classifications. I; Electronic Navigational Aids Difference in terminology not clear and requires clarification. Fixing System* Final Approach Indicator in Classification contrasts with Equipment in Database. Ground Aids Difference, again, not clear. Ground-Based Radio Aids Ground-Based Navigation Aids Runway & Taxiway: Ground Aids to Instrument Flight Inpavement employed in the Database but little use is made ofInset. That Landing Area Radio Navigational Aids contrasts with Inset as well as Inpavement in the Classifications. Route Radio Navigation Aids Runway & Taxiway Elevated Lights in the Classifications lacks Elevated in IMO Worldwide Radionavigation System* the Database. Instrument Flight Aids Edge added to Holding Position in Database but not to Classifications Navaid Systems Light omitted from Clearance Bars in Database Navigation System Primary Navaids Beacons: Radio Aids Term not added to various types ofBeacons in Classification since Beacon Radio Aids to Air Navigation appears in the heading. Database includes full titles. Radio Aids to Navigation Radio Location & Approach Aids* Wind Direction Indicators: Radio-Based Navigation Service Full term in Database while Part G has only Indicator; Part H has Wind and Radio Navaids Indicator. Radio Navigation Aids 254 255 Radio Navigational AidslRadio-Navigational Aids Future Aviation Navigation Systems Radio Navigation/Radionavigation Altitude Heading Reference System (AHRS)* Radionavigation AidslRadio-Aids ATM Radio Navigation System/Radionavigation SystemslRadio-Navigation ATM/CNS/ATM Systems CNS Radio Navigation Service Communication, Navigation, Surveillance Radio-Navigational System Flight Management System/Flight Management System (FMS) b) Sub-Overarching Terms INS Long-Distance Aids Inertial Navigation SysternJInertial Navigation System (INS) Long-Distance Aids to Navigation Inertial Systems/Inertial Systems (INS) Long-Distance Navigation AidILong-Distance Navigation Aids Inertial Reference Unit (IRU)* Long-Distance Radionavigation Aids Integrated Global Surveillance & Guidance System (IGSAGS) Long-Range Navaids Transponder Landing System (TLS)* Long Range Radio Navigational Aids 4E2 Terminal Navaids/Aids to Final Approach & Landing Short & Long Distance Radio Navigational Aids a) General Terms Short Distance Aids to Air Navigation/Short-Distance Aids to Air Aids to Final Approach Navigation Aids to Final Approach & Landing Short Distance Aids/Short-Distance Aids Landing Aids Short Distance Navigation Systems* Landing Area Radio Navigational Aids Short-Distance Radio Aids/Short Distance Radio Aids Landing Area of System ofRadio Navigation Aids Short-Distance Radio Aids to Navigation/Short Distance Radio Aids to Landing Systems Navigation Precision Landing System Short Range Navaids/Short-Range Navaids* Standard Non-visual Aid c) Special Terms Standard Non-visual Aid to Final Approach & Landing General Note Terminal Navigational Aids (Navaids) Area Navigation Terminal Navaids Area Navigation (RNav)/Area Navigation (R-Nav) b) Historic Terms Area Navigation System 1) Overarching Terms Area-Based System Aircraft Approach & Landing Systems* Long Distance Rnav/Short Distance Rnav Instruments Methods ofApproach & Landing* Nonprecision Rnav Landing-Beam System Rnav Methods ofLanding by Co-operation with the Rnav/FMS Airport D.F. Control* Rnav System* Wireless Aids* FanlFans Wireless Beacon Landing System

256 257 L. 2) Systems c) Instrument Landing Systems, ILS Army Air Forces Instrument Approach System Signal Set 51 * 1) Overarching Terms Baumann & Ettinger System ofBlind Landing* General Note I, II Beacon Method ofLanding* Instrument Landing Systems, ILS Bureau ofStandar9-s System* ILS D.F. Landing* Instrument Landing System (ILS)/Instrument Landing Dunmore Ultra-Short-Wave Landing Beam* System/ILS, Instrument Landing System Equi-Signal Approach System* Instrument-Landing System Lorenz Thick Weather Landing System*/Lorenz System* I.L.S. (Instrument Landing System) Marconi Medium Wave Equi-Signal Approach Beacon* 2) Other Terms Marconi Ultra-Short Wave Approach Beacon* Instrument Low-Approach (ILS) Penetration Method ofLanding* Fixed-Beam Low-Approach System System ofApproach & Landing* ILS 381 "ZZ" Method ofLanding* Cat I Instrument Landing System u.S. Bureau ofStandards Blind Landing System* ILS* U.S. Army Air Corps Blind Landing System*/Hegenberger Cat I, -II, -III System* ILS Cat II/III Zeppelin-Telefunken System* ILS Cat II 3) Components (ILS)/DME* Boundary Beacon* [BOS=Bureau ofStandards] ILS/DME* Boundary Marker* [BOS] Category II ILS* Landing Beam Transmitter [BOS] Cat II/III ILS Lorenz Beacon* L=Lorenz Cat III, ILS Lorenz Glide & Path & Marker Beacon* L Cat III ILS Lorenz Main Beacon* L 3) ILS Components Lorenz Outer Beacon Transmitter* Course Indicator Marconi Medium Wave Equi-Signal Approach Beacon* General Note Marker "Beacon"* Glide Slope/Glideslope* Marker Signal* L/Warning Signal* Glide Slope Radio Course Outer Marker* [BOS] Glide Slope/Glide Path Runway Localizing Beacon* [BOS] Glide Slope Facility Ultra-Short Wave Approach & Landing Beacon* L Glide Slope (GS) Facility Ultra-Short Wave Marker* Glide Slope System/Glide-Slope System U.S.W. Approach Beacons* Glide Path U.S.W. Glidepath* Glide-Path

258 259 ILS Glidepath Transmitter 75 MHz ILS Markers ILS Glideslope VHF Marker Beacon Landing Beam* Back Course Markers Null-Type Glide Slope Back Course Marker Beacon Straight-Line Glide Path 4) Microwave Landing Systems, MLS ILS Glide Slope General Note ILS Glide Slope Subsystem (a) Overarching Terms Two-Frequency Glide Path System Microwave Landing System (MLS)/Microwave Landing UHF Glide Slope Transmitter System, MLS/Microwave Landing System ILS Glide Path Transmitter Microwave System* ILS Glide Path MLS Localizer Unit (LO) MLS System Localizer Type Directional Aid (LDA)* (Microwave Landing System) (MLS) I Localizer Standard MLS (LOC/DME* (b) MLS Constituents & Other Terms

I' LOC/DME* Departure System I' LDA/Glidescope* Duplex MLS Wide-aperture Localizer Tactical MLS Station ILS Localizer Interim Standard Microwave Landing System/lnterim­ Offset Localizer Standard Microwave Landing System (ISMLS)/Interim Two-Frequency Localizer System Microwave Landing System (ILSMS)/ISMLS Localizer Facility MLS/RNAV Marker Beacons MLS Precision Distance Measuring Equipment Marker Beacons DopplerMLS Outer Marker, Middle Marker, Inner Marker* Time Reference Scanning-Beam System ILS Middle Marker Beacon/ILS Inner Marker Beacon Scanning Beam MLS NDB/Compass Locator* SCAMLS Outer Marker Compass Locator/Middle Marker Compass Locator Stol/MLS Instrument Landing System Markers* ILS Markers Components ofMLS Include: ILS Marker Beacon* Azimuth Station ILS-Associated Fan Marker Elevation Station Simplified Directional Facility (SDF)* MLS AzimuthIMLS Azimuth Station Solid-State Markers MLS Azimuth Equipment Pole-Mounted Markers MLS Ground Station

261 ...... 260 MLS Elevation Equipment Aural-Type Radio Range Beacon DME/N* Loop Type Range* Cat I MLS Low Power Range* Cat II MLS MRA or MRL Range* Cat III MLS U.S. Radio Range Beacon System* Cat II Mobile MLS (MMLS) Radio Ranges by Frequency Cat IIIIJIII MLS General Note 4E3 En-Route Aids LowlMedium Frequency Radio Range (LLFR) a) Historic Terms Low or Medium Frequency Radio Beacon 1) Early Terms Low or Medium-Frequency Radio Range Equi-Signal Beacon* Low and Medium Frequency Radio Range Telefunken Compass/Telefunken Rotating Beacon Low-Frequency Four-Course Range The Course Setter/Equi-Signal Course Setter Low-Frequency Radio Range Scheller Course Setter System/Scheller's Course-Setter* Low/Medium Frequency (L/MF) Radio Range Scheller's (Lorenz) Equi-Signal Course-Setter* Low Frequency Range The Wireless Lighthouse Four-Course Radio Range Standard Beam Approach (SBA) Four-Course Radio Station Lorenz Azimuth Guidance Beacon Four-Course Range Small Loop Aerial System b) VOR/VORTAC/DME/TACAN Aids Bellini-Tosi Radiophare* General Note Bellini Tosi System 1) VOR, VHF Omnidirectional Radio Range Bellini-Tosi Closed Loop System*IBellini-Tosi Loop Aerial General Note System* VOR Marconi Eight Channel Bellini-Tosi System* VHF Omnirange (VOR) Multi-Channel Marconi Bellini-Tosi (or Adcock) System* VHF Omnidirectional Radio Range Two Course Beacon/Four Course Beacon VHF Omn-directional Radio Range (VOR) 2) Intermediate Terms VHF Omni-Directional Radio Range Radio Range/Radio-Range VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR Radio Range Equi-Signal Beacon System* VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR) Radio Range Beacon/Radio-Range BeaconlRadio Range Beacon Very High Frequency Omnirange (VOR) System* VOR (VHF Omni-Range) Radio Marker/Radio Marker BeaconlRadio-Marker Beacon VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Radio Range) Radio Range StationlRadio Station Conventional VOR Range DopplerVOR Aural Radio Range/Aural Radio Range Beacon* General Note

262 263 Doppler VHF Omni-directional Range VORIDME-Based RNAV/NORIDME RNAV Doppler VOR VORTAC Doppler VOR (DVOR) VHF Omni-Directional Range/Tactical Air Navigation (VORTAC) DVOR VHF Omni-Directional Range/Tactical Air Navigation D-VOR Associated VOR & TACAN (VORTAC) 2) Distance Measuring Equipment, DME VORIDME (TACAN General Note VORlDistance Measuring Equipment (DME) System ofAir Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Navigation* DME Backfit VOR with TACAN Rho/Theta Distance Measuring Devices TVOR* Distance-Measuring Equipment (DME) c) Hyperbolic Aids DME System General Note I, II UHF Distance Measuring-Equipment (DME) 1) Overarching Terms Hyperbolic Aids DME/W Hyperbolic Navigation Systems DME/P Hyperbolic Radio Navaids Precision Distance Measuring Equipment (P-DME)I1VILS Precisio Hyperbolic Radio Navigation* Distance Measurement Equipment (DME/P) Hyperbolic Airborne Navigation Aids DME/N Hyperbolic Systems 3) TACAN/Tactical Air Navigation 2) Loran General Note General TACAN Loran Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) Loran A/Loran-AlLoran-A System Tactical Air Navigational Aid Loran-ClLoran ClLoran-C System Tactical Air Navigation System Standard-Loran/Standard LoranILoran, Standard TACAN, Tactical Air Navigation H.F. Loran ',' I TACAN System Low-Frequency Loran/L.F. Loran 4) Composite Systems SS-Loran (Synchronized Loran)/S.S. Loran/Skywave DVORIDME Synchronized Loran (SS Loran) DVORTAC Loran-BlLoran-D HVORTAC* Differential Loran SVORlDVOR Chaika/Chaika (Seagull) System/Chayka* VORIDME/NORDME Cyc1an Doppler VORIDME Cytac LDME* Gee

:! 264 265 Gee Hyperbolic System/Gee System Navarho-H, HH, RHO QH Post Office Position Indicator (POPI)/POPI (Post Office Position 3) Decca Indicator)/P.O.P.I. General Note Raydist Decca Radio-Mailles System Decca Navigator/Decca SystemlDecca Navigation System Radio-Web/Radio-Mesh QM Radio Mesh System (Radio-Mailles) Decca Hi-Fix Radux Delrac Radux:-Omega Dectra Rana 4) Consol Toran Consol d) Satellites Navaids Consol System 1) GPS Consolan (a) Overarching Terms Sonne GPS, Global Positioning Systems Consol (Sonne) General Note I, II Sonne/Consol GPS Sonne (Sun) GPS System Sonne (Consol) Global Positioning System Mond (Moon)/Stem (Star) Global Positioning System (GPS) 5) Omega GPS, Global Positioning System Omega (b) Specialized & Composite Terms Omega/VLF//Omega/VLF Navigation System Cat II/III GPS OmegalNCS System Global Positioning Satellites Omega System/Omega Navigation System GPS/Glonass/GPS-Glonass Differential-Omega GPS (Global Positioning System) Satellite-Based Omega/Loran C Navigation System Omega Global Navigation Global Positioning System 6) Miscellaneous Hyperbolic Aids GPS* Eureka/Rebecca-Eurkea/Rebecca/EurekalRebecca-Eureka Standard Positioning Service (SPS) Distance Measuring System Precise Positioning Service (PPS) Lorac Maritime GPS* Navaglobe-Navarho Nationwide DGPS (NDGPS)* NavaglobelNavaglobe System RAIM/(RAIM)* Navarho System GPSILAAS*

266 267 r GPS/RAIM Helicopter-Borne DGPS System GPS/WAAS* Intelligent Small Area DGPS (c) Navstar GPS Augmentation to GPS* Navstar (Navigation System with Timing & Ranging) Satellite-Based Augmentation System* Navstar Special Category I Differential GPS (SCAT-I DGPS)* Navstar System Category I Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS)* Navstar Global Positioning System/Navstar Global NGPS* Positioning System (GPS) (b) WAAS & LAAS Augmentation NavstarGPS LAAS Navstar-GPS LAAS Cat 1* Navstar/GPS Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) Navstar Satellites LADGPS Global Positioning System (Navstar) SADGPS (d) Glonass Satellite Navigation Project Wide Area Augmentation Glonass/Glonass (Global Navigation Satellite System) System* Glonass, Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)/Wide-Area Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (Glonass)* Augmentation System (WAAS)* 2) Augmentation GPS WADGNSS* (a) DGPS Wide-Augmentation Differential GNSS*

WADGPS C Differential GPS DGPS WAAS Standard Positioning Service (SPS) WAAS* Precise Positioning Service (PPS) Functionalism Verification System Differential GPS (DGPS) Phase 1, Phase 2 DGPS System WAAS Geo Communication Satellite* Differential Global Positioning System/Differential Global W.A.A.S. Positioning Systems (DGPS) WAASGEO* DGPS Landing System/Special Category I DGPS Landing WAD* System/DGPS Special Category Landing System WAS DGPS Ground Reference System Wide-area Ground Reference Stations (WRS)* DGPS Ground Station Wide-area Master Station (WMS)* Aeronautical-DGPS (c) GNSS GPS Differential Correction (dGPS) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) DGPSIINS GLS (GNSS Landing System)* DLoran-C*/Differential Loran-C* GNSS 269 268 L.. GNSS, Global Navigation Satellite System Satellite Navigation GNSS (Global NavigatiOll Satellite System) Satellite Navigation System GNSS Landing System (GLS)* Satellite Positioning System GNSS-I Satellite System GNSS-2 Spaced-Based Navigation & Position System DGNSS* (2) Transit & US Navy System DGNSS, Differential Global Navigation Satellite System* General Note Differential GNSS SystemlDifferential GNSS (DGNSS)* US Navy Navigation Satellite System Cat 1I1l1I GNSS Approaches US Navy System GNSS-Based Operating System NNSS (Navy Navigation Satellite System)/Navy Global Satellite System for Navigation* Navigation Satellite System (NNSS) Loran GNSS (LOGIC)* Transit Precise GNSS*IConventional GNSS* Transit System Radiobeacon DGNSS* US Transit (d) Other Satellite Navigational Systems US Transit System (1) Satellite Navigation Terms (3) Miscellaneous Systems ARGOS System (Advance Reserch & Global Observation Cellular Communication Network* Satellite)* Cospos-Sarsat* Automatic Identification System* Datatrack* ECDIS* Defense Navigation Satellite System (DNSS) European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Digital TV Network* System*/EGNOS* Galileo* Eurofix* Geostar/Locstar EUTELTRACS* Geostat* Geostationary Overlap System* Geostationary Earth Orbit Station Navigation (GEO)* GBAS* Granas Navigation Satellite System Integrated Global Surveillance & Guidance System Navsat (IGSAGS) Precision Approach System* Starfix/Starfix Positioning System SatcomlISatcomlSatnav Timation Satellite Navigation Tsikada/Cicada* Satellite-Assisted Navigation (GNSS/GPS) TSPI System Satellite-Based Navigation System*ISatellite-Based Inmarsat Satellite System* Inmarsat-A System Satellite Landing System Inmarsat-l, -2, -3 Satellite

270 271 General Note Low-Power Radio Marker Beacon* lOR, lnmarsat III Satellites LFIMF/ NDB (Non-Directional Radio Beacon) lOR Satellites LFIMFNDB Artemis Satellites LlMF Non-Directional Radio Beacon General Note Compass Locator MSAS* Homer MSAS, Japan Multifunction Transportation Satellite Low & Medium Frequency Non-Directional Radio Beacon (MTSAT)* Aeronautical Nondirectional Beacon!Aeronautical Non-Directional MTSat Beacon MT Sat-I, -2 Aeronautical Nondirectional Beacon (Non-ILS) Mtsat System Aeronautical Radiobeacons Mtsat Satellites ILS Nondirectional Beacon (NDB)/ILS-Associated Nondirectional General Note Beacon Omnistar* b) Marks, Markers, Beacons Sar System* General Note 4E4 lntercategory Group: Beacons Beacon a) Nondirectional Beacons Beacons for Navigation* NDB Navigation Beacon Station Non-Directional Beacon Beacon Transmitters for Fixed Course & Long-Range Navigation* Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) Beacon Transmitting Station* NDB Ground-Based System Directional Radio Beacon Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB)* Directive Beacon* Non-Directional Radio Beacon En-Route VHF Marker Beacons (75 MHz) NDB Fan-Type Marker NDB (LIMF Non-Directional Radio Beacon) Fan Marker NDB, Non-Directional Radio Beacon Fan Marker Beacon NDB (Non-Directional Beacon) Fan Marker (FM) NDB, Non-Directional Beacon Fixed Non-Directive Marine Beacon* Nondirectional Beacon (NDB) Loth System ofRotating Beacons*/Loth System of Twin Rotating Non-Directional Radio Beacon(NDB) Beacons* Non-Directive Marker* Low Frequency Nondirectional Homing Beacon L-F Markers Low-Powered Fan Marker/Low-Power Version ofthe Fan Marker Low-Frequency Nondirectional Beacon "M" Marker Low Frequency Non-Directional Beacon Marconi Rotating Beam Transmitter* Low -& Medium-Frequency Nondirectional Radio Beacon Marconi Ultra-Short Wave Approach Beacon*

272 273 ,. ,

Marine Radio Beacon* Z Marker/Z-Marker Maritime Radio Beacon System* Z Marker Beacon Marker c) Miscellaneous Terms Marker Beacon Adcock System* Marker Beacon (Mkr) Aerodrome Direction Finding* Marker Beacon, 75 MHz Aicardi System* Marker Station Aircraft Ground D.F. Station* Navigational Beacon* Coastal D.F. Service* Nondirectional Radio Marker Station Closed Loop Coastal Direction-Finding* Non-Directive Marine Beacon* D.F. Stations* Radio Beacon Direction & Position Finding* Radio Beacon & Fog Signals* Direction-Finding Beacons/Direction Finding Beacon!DF Beacon! Radio Beacon Station Omnidirectional DF Beacon Radio Beacon System* Direction-Finding Station* Radiobeacon Service* Double Modulation System* Radio Marker Fixed Spaced Frames* Radio Marker BeaconlRadio-Marker Beacon Four Course Beacon* Radio-Marker-Beacon Station Four-Course Double Modulation System* R.A.F. Directive Transmitter or Fordness Experimental Rotating Ground-Based Doppler Direction Finding* Beacon* Ground DIP Station Rotating Beacon Ground Station D.F.* Rotating Beacon Transmitter* Marconi-Adcock Direction Finder Type D.F. G. 12 (Shielded "U" Rotating Beacon Wireless Transmitter* Type Aerial)* Rotating Directive Beacon* Marconi Ground Station Direction Finding Type D.F. G. 10* 75-mc Fan Marker Marconi Portable Short-Wave D.F. Type D.F. G. 15* 75-mc Marker Station QTQ Signals* Station Location Marker Rotating Loop Direction Finding* Ultra-High-Frequency Radio Fan Marker Rotating Spaced Frame Systems* Ultra-Short Wave Rotating Beacon Short D.F. Stations* Vertical Marker Beacon Short Ground Station*/Shore or Aircraft Ground Station* Very-High-Frequency Course Marker Short-Wave Direction Finding* Very-High-Frequency Marker Short-Wave Ground Direction Finding Stations* VHF Marker Beacon Spaced Frame Short-Wave Direction Finder (Eckersley-Marconi)* V-H-F Markers Standard Telephones & Cables, Ltd. Type R.S. Adcock Direction- Z-Beacons ' Finding*

274 275 Telefunken Ground Ray Short-Wave Portable D.F. Type P 57N* Coastal D.F. Service Telefunken Long- & Medium-Wave Portable D.F. Type 393N* D.F. Landing Triple Modulation 12-Course Equi-Signal Beacon* D.F. Stations UHFIVHF Doppler Direction Finders* Direction & Position Finding Wireless Directon Finding Direction-Finding Stations Wireless Beacon Landing System Directive Beacon Wireless Beacon Transmitter* Double Modulation System Wireless Position Finding* Dunmore Ultra-Short Wave Landing Beam WIT Direction Finding Station* Equi-Signal Approach System WIT Fog Signal Transmitter* Equi-Signal Beacon Fixed Course Beacon Notes Fixed Non-Directive Marine Beacons Fixed Spaced Frames New Terms: Four-Course Double Modulation Beacon Four-Course Beacon RKeen, 1938 Ground Ray D.F.lShort-Wave Ground Ray D.F. Ground Station D.F. Adcock System Hegenberger Systems Aerodrome Direction Finding Instrument Methods ofApproach & Landing Aicardi System Landing Beam Transmitter Aircraft Approach & Landing Systems Lorenz Thick Weather Landing System Aircraft Ground D.F. Station Lorenz Beacon Aural Radio Range Beacons Lorenz Glide Path & Marker Beacon Baumann & Ettinger System ofBlind Landing Lorenz Main Beacon Beacons for Navigation Lorenz Outer Beacon Transmitter Beacon Transmitting Station Lorenz System Beacon Method ofLanding Loth System ofRotating BeaconslLoth System ofTwin Rotating Beacons Marconi-Adcock Direction Finder Type D.F. G. 12 (Shielded "U" Type Aerial) Beacon Transmitters for Fixed Course & Long-Range Navigation Marconi Eight Channel Bellini-Tosi System Bellini-Tosi Closed Loop SysternlBellini-Tosi Loop Aerial System Marconi Ground Station Direction Finding Type D.F. G. 10 Bellini-Tosi Radiophare Marconi Medium Wave Equi-Signal Approach Beacon Bounday Beacon Marconi Portable Short-Wave D.F. Type D.F.G. 15 Boundary Marker Marconi Rotating Beam Transmitter Bureau ofStandards System Marconi Ultra-Short Wave Approach Beacon Closed Loop Coastal Direction Finding Marconi Ultra-Short Wave Rotating Beacon Transmitter

276 277 rI

Marine Radio Beacons Ultra-Short Wave Approach & Landing Beacon Marker "Beacons" Ultra-Short Wave Marker Marker Signals Ultra-Short Wave Rotating Beacon Multi-Channel Marconi Bellini-Tosi (or Adcock) System U.S. Army Air Corps Blind Landing System Navigational Beacon U.S. Bureau ofStandards Blind Landing System Non-Directive Marine Beacon U.S. Radio Range Beacon System Outer Marker U.S.W. Approach Beacons QTQ Signals U.S.W. Glidepath Penetration Method ofLanding Warning Signals Radiobeacon Service Wireless Beacon Transmitter Radio Beacons & Fog Signals Wireless Position Finding Radio Range Beacon System Wireless Aids Radio Range Equi-Signal Beacon System WIT Direction Finding Station R.A.F. Directive Transmitter or Fordness Experimental Rotating Beacon WIT Fog Signal Transmitter Rotating Beacon Transmitter Zeppelin-Telefunken System Rotating Beacon Wireless Transmitter "ZZ" Method ofLanding Rotating Directive Beacon Rotating Loop Direction Finding Rotating Spaced Frame Systems AIM 2004 Runway Localizing Beacon Runway Localizing Transmitter ALD Airport Signs Scheller's Course-Setter Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS) Scheller's (Lorenz) Equi-Signal Course-Setter Category I Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) Shore Ground Station/Shore or Aircraft Ground Station Category II ILS Short D.F. Stations Differential GPS Short-Wave Direction Finding Standard Positioning Service (SPS) Short-Wave Ground Direction Finding Stations Precise Positioning Service (PPS) Spaced Frame Short-Wave Direction Finder (Eckersley-Marconi) Dot Matrix Runway Distance Remaining Sign Standard Telephones & Cables, Ltd. Type R.S. Adcock Direction-Finding European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System/EGNOS Symmetrical Four-Course Equi-Signal Beacon FAA Instrument Landing System "System ofApproach & Landing" Glideslope Telefunken Ground Ray Short-Wave Portable D.F. Type P 57 N (GNSS Landing System) (GLS) Telefunken Long- & Medium-Wave Portable D.F. Type 393N GNSS Landing System (GLS) Triple Modulation 12-Course Equi-Signal Beacon GPS/LAAS Transmitter Landing Beam Transmitter GPS/WAAS I i 279 t 278 r

Holding Position for Instrument Landing System/Precision Obstacle Free Zone WAAS Geo (POFZ) Wide-Area Master Station

Holding Position Sign for ILS Critical AreaIPOFZ Boundary Wide-Area Ground Station Reference Station/WRS II HVORTAC ,'II ILS Critical Area Boundary Sign II ILS Critical AreaJPOFZ Boundary & Cat lIlIII Operations Sign Breniman 1970 ): (ILS)/DME ILS/DME Ground-Based Doppler Direction Finding Inertial Reference Unit (IRU) Loop Type Range LDA/Glidescope Low-Power Radio Marker Beacon LDME Marine Radio Beacons (LNAVNNAV) Non-Directive Marker I (Loc)/DME UHFNHF Doppler Direction Finder ;'1 Loc/DME !j Localizer Type Directional Aid (LDA) MSAS, Japan Multifunctioning Transportation Satellite (MTSAT) Satellite-Based CAA 1937 Augmentation System MRA or MRL Range National DGPS (NDGPS) One-Half Distance Remaining Signs Precision Approach System Casabona 1959 ,I (RAIM) RNAV System Null-Type Glide Slope Simplified Directional Facility (SDF) Marker Beacon 1 I, Outer Marker FAAFTP 2000

Middle Marker 1 Inner Marker Geosat Nondirectional Beacon (NDB) Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Satellite Special Category I Differential GPS (SCAT-I DGPS) W-A Marker System (WMS) Surface Painted Apron Entrance Point Signs W-A Reference System (WRS) Surface Painted Gate Identification Signs WAAS Functional Verification System (FVS) Taxiway Ending Marker Sign WAAS Geo Communication Satellite Transponder Landing System (TLS) WAAS TVOR Phase 1 VORIDistance Measuring Equipment (DME) System ofAir Navigation Phase 2

281 280 I'

LAAS Cat I Wide-Area Augmentation System (WAAS) Loran GNSS (LOGIC) Maritime GPS Maritime Radio Beacon System H-W 2003 Marker Beacon Outer Marker Area-based Systems • Middle Marker ARGOS System (Advance Research & Global Observation Satellite) Inner Marker Augmentation to GPS MSAS Automatic Identification System H-W NGPS Cellular Communication Network Omnistar Chayka Precise GNSS Cicada SARBeacon Conventional GPS SAR System COSPOS-SARSAT Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) Datatrack Satellite-Based Navigation System DGNSS Satellite-Based System Differential GNSS (DGNSS) WAD Differential GPS WADGNSS Standard Positioning Service (SPS) Wide-Area Augmentation Differential GNSS Precise Positioning Service (PPS) Differential Loran-C Digital TV Network ICAO Journal November 1997 Distance Measuring Equipment [without DME ofDatabase] DLoran-C Global Satellite System for Navigation ECDIS EGNOS Eurofix T&C 2001 Euteltracs European Telecommunication & Tracking System Galileo Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) GBAS GPS Standard Positioning Service (SPS) Mola 2003 Precise Positioning Service (PPS) Hyperbolic Radio Navigation Army Air Forces Instrument Approach System Signal Set 51 ILS Cat I, -II, -III

282 283 Course Indicator Loran A/Loran-A/Loran-C incorrect in Database; now revised. Landing Beam Loran-C/Loran A/Loran-C System See previous entry. Microwave System Consol (Sonne) and adjoining terms have different configuration in Text than in Index. Ward 1998 GPS, Global Positioning Systems followed by General Note I, II in Text; Index lacks Note but needed for Index. DGNSS Differential Global Navigation Satellite System DGPS duplicate entries in Text; one deleted. Fixing System Global Satellite System for Navigation not in Text; to be added. Geostationary Overlay System Ward Satcom/Satcom/Satnav: double II added between first two terms. IMO Worldwide Radionavigation System Sat Navigation is given as Satellite Navigation in Text; change needed in Index. Radiobeacon GNSS Satellite Navigation given twice in Text; one should be Satellite Navigator. Radiobeacon System General Notes for Inmarsat- I ...IArtemis Satellites/Mtsat require indenting for Text and Index. Young IN 1994 Differences Between Classifications & Database Radio Location & Approach Aids This coverage consists of a general note with specific examples.

Differences Between Index & Text: Overarching terms are similar though not identical. Final Approach & Landing Aids in the Part H Classification becomes Aids to Final Approach & Short-Range Navigational Aids not in Text; term deleted. Landing Aids in the Database. En Route Aids in the Database (with several major Null-Type Glide Slope not in Text but now added. subdivisions) becomes two groups in Classifications: En Route Short Distance Back Course Marker Beacon duplicated in Text; one entry deleted. Aids, and En Route Hyperbolic Aids. Satellite Navigational Aids in the Microwave Landing Systems lacks title for first segment in Index: Principal Classifications becomes Satellite Navaids for the Database. Terms; now added. Azimuth Station and adjoining terms prefaced by Components ofMLS include in . The Classification include basic and current or near-current forms while the Text; now added to Index. Database has far more entries including many historical forms. There are no Standard Beacon altered to Standard Beam which is correct. variant classifications. Low/Medium and adjoining terms prefaced by Radio Range by Frequency in Text; now added to Index. That phrase followed by General Note in Text; In most instances the classifications in the modal study and in the now added to Index. classification monograph are similar or nearly identical. However, Part G (1994) Precision Distance ... accompanied by MLS Precision Distance Measurement offers a very different form. It is based on a systems perspective. And entries Equipment (DME/P) in Text; now added to Index follow from that perspective. Part H Classification has more significance and Precision Distance ... precedes DMEIN in Text; Index now conforms to that lasting value.

arrangement. ',I 285 II 284 ] 4F Signs, Markings, Markers & Marks Air Marker/Air-Marker/Airmarker 4F1 General Notes & Overarching Terms Air Taxiway Marker General Notes I, II, III, IV Aircraft Arresting Marker Air Marking Approach Day Marker Airmarking Aproach Day Marking System Airport Marking Aids BatTier Engagement Marker/Hook Cable Markers Airport Marking Aids & Signs Bidirectional Reflective Markers Airport Pavement Markings & Signs Boundary Markers Day Markings Centerline Markers Day Marking Aids Circle Markers Day Marking Devices Cone Markers Daytime Markings Corner Marker Marking Aids Cylindrical Marker Surface Markings & Aids Cylindrical Raised Marker Uniform System ofGround Marks Day Marker Day Markers for Snow-Covered Runway Aids Distance Marker Airport Visual Aids Distance-to-Go Marker/Distance to Go Marker Ground Aids Edge Marker/Edgemarker Visual Aids Edge Markers for Snow-Covered Runways Visual Ground Aids Elevated Markers Visual-Aids System/Visual Aids System Elevated Taxiway Edge Marker FATO Edge Marker Airport Marking & Lighting 1500-Ft MarkerlRunway 1500-Ft Marker Air Navigation Lighting & Marking Aids Fixed Distance Marker LightinglMarking Flag Marker Lighting & Marking Flush-Type Marker Lighting & Marking System HalfWay Marker Marking & Lighting Helicopter Approach Marker 4F2 Marks and Markers Hold Line Markers Marks Identification Markers Markers Illuminated Day and Night Marker Above Ground Marker In Ground Corner Marker Aiming Marker for Turbojet Operations In-Ground Marker Air-Mark/Air Mark In-Ground Edge Marker/In-Ground Marker .. 286 287 ,r

Landscape Marker Snowplowable Marker Limed Marker Spherical Marker Markers and Markings for Snow-Covered Runways Standard Air Marker Marker Circle Standard Boundary Marker "Manmade" Markers Standard Marker Markers, Retroreflective Stopway Edge Marker Natural Above Ground Markers Stopway Day Marker Non-Snowplowable Markers Supplemental Reflective Markers/Supplementary Markers RBI Markers/RBI Retroreflective Markers Surface Painted Apron Entrance Point Signs Reflecting Marker Surface Painted Gate Identification Signs Reflecting Distance Marker System ofApproach Day Markers Reflective Marker Taxiway Centre Line Markes/Taxiway Centerline Markers Reflectorized Marker Taxiway Edge Markers Retroreflective Airport Marker Taxiway Ending Marker Retroreflective Markers Taxiway Holding Post/Taxiway Holding Post Marker Retroreflective Runway & Identification Markers Taxiway Route Edge Marker Runway Distance Marker Threshold Marker Vertical Runway Distance Marker Type I-VI Marker Painted Highway Marker General Note Plane Marker Bidirectional Reflective Marker Power Line Obstruction Marker Reflective Marker/Marker Raised Edge Marker Style A-D Markers RoofTown Marker Undirectional L-853 Type Iv Marker Runway Marker Unserviceability Boards Runway Touchdown Zone Marker Unserviceability Cones Safe Heading Marker Board Unserviceability Flags Segmented Circle Marker Unserviceability Markers Segmented Circle Marker System Unserviceability Marker Boards Segmented Circle Unpaved Runway Edge Markers Indicators Unpaved Taxiway Edge Markers Closed Field Signal VOR Check-Point Marker System ofAirport Marking 4F3 Other Aids Segmented Markers a) Reflective Aids Semiflush Marker/Semiflush for Centerline Marking/Semiflush General Note Retroreflective Marker Centerline Reflector

288 289 Edge Reflectors Ground Signal Panels Elevated Edge Reflectors Ground Signal Panel & Signal Areas Elevated Reflectors Guidance Sign Boards Elevated Taxiway Edge Reflectors HalfDrum Marker, Retroreflective Indicator On-Pavement Reflector Landing Direction Indicator "Passive Lighting" Signal Area Panel General Note Signal Panel Helicopter Approach Markers Taxiway Edge Reflector Helicopter Markers Unserviceability Boards Identification Markers Unserviceability Cone MarkerlUnserviceability Cone RBI Reflectors Unserviceability Flags Retroreflective Aids Unserviceability Marker Boards Retroreflective Identification Markers Vee Boards Retroreflective Markers Wind Cones Retroreflective Runway & Identification Markers Wind Direction Indicator Runway Reflectors Windsock Reflector, Taxiway, Strip & Runway Wind Tees/Lighted Wind Tee Reflector 4F4 Signs & Markings Retroreflective Pavement Marker General Note Retro-Reflective MarkingslRetro-Reflective Aerodrome Markings a) Overarching Terms Retroreflectives Airfield Markings Runway & Taxiway Reflective Markers/Runway & Taxiway Airport Markings Retroreflective Markers Airport Pavement Markings Runway Centerline Reflectors Markings Runway/Taxiway Reflectors Markings for Paved Runways & Taxiways Taxiway Centerline Reflector Markings for Surface Taxiway Edge Reflectors Paint Markings , 11 b) Signal Panel, Signal Areas, Indicators, Other Objects & Miscellaney Painted Markings I , Checkerboard Patterns Pavement Markings Checkerboard Markings Runway & Taxiway Markings Compass Callibration Pad Standard Markings Cone Surface Markings i Cones Marker Surface Markings & Markers Flag b) Runway Markings il

290 l 291 Aim Point Markings Runway Numbers Aiming Point Markings Runway Numerals & Letters/Runway Designation Numerals & Letters All-Weather Runway Markings Runway Shoulder Markings Basic Markings Runway Side Stripes Markings/Side Stripes Markings/Side Stripes Centerline Markings Runway Surface Markings Centre-Line Markings/Centre Line Markings Runway Threshold Markings/Threshold Markings Chevron/Chevron Markings Runway Threshold Stripes Conflicting Runway Markings Touchdown Zone MarkingslTouchdown-Zone Markings Day Marking ofSnow-Covered Runways Threshold Markings Instrument Runway Markings Unpaved Runway Markings Landing Zone Markings Visual & Nonprecision Markings Longitudinal Runway Markings Visual Runway Markings Markings for Unpaved Markings c) Taxiway Markings Markings ofDisplaced Thresholds/Displaced Threshold Markings Aids to Taxying Markings ofPaved Areas Day Marking-Taxying Aids Marking of Snow-Covered Runways Painted Hold Position Markings Non-Precision Instrument Runway MarkingslNonprecision Instrument Paved Taxiway Marking/Paved Taxiway Day Markings Runways Taxiway Centerline Markings/Taxiway Centre Line Markings Nonprecision Runway & Visual Runway Markings Taxiway Continuous Markings/Taxiway Dashed Markings Painted Numbers Taxiway Day Markings Painted Runway Markings Taxiway Edge Markings Paved Runway Day Markings/Paved Runway Markings Taxiway Holding Line Markings Precision Instrument Runway Markings Taxiway Holding Position Markings Relocated Threshold Markings Taxi-Holding Position Markings Runway - & Taxiway - Surface Markings Taxiway Indentification Markings Runway Central Circle Markings Taxiway Intersection Holdline Markings Runway Centerline MarkingslRunway Centre Line Marking Taxiway Intersection Markings Runway Day Markings Taxiway Markings Runway Designation Markings/Designation Markings Taxiway Route Markings Runway Direction Numbers Taxiway Side Stripe Markings Runway Edge Markings Taxiway Shoulder Markings Runway End Markings Unpaved Taxiway Markings Runway End-Zone Markings d) Markings Other Than Overarching, Runway, Taxiway, Special Runway Markings Categories Runway Mid-Point Markings Approach Day Marking System 2229292

293 1 Apron & Holding Pad Shoulder Marking Surface Movement Guidance Control System (SMGGS) i Blast Pad & Over-run or Stopway Marking Taxiway/Runway Intersection Markings III Closed Markings Temporary Markings III Ii I Closed Runway & Taxiway Markings/Closed or Temporarily Closed Transverse Markings Runway & Taxiway Markings Undershoot & Overrun Area Markings I, Centerline & Edge Markers Unserviceability Markings Continuous Markings/Dashed Markings Vehicle Roadway Markings Critical Area Hold Line Markings VOR Aerodrome Check-Point Markings Fixed Distance Marking VOR Check PointsNOR Aerodrome Check-Points Geographic Position Marking VOR Checkpoint MarkingsNOR Checkpoint Receiver Hanger RoofMarking/RoofMarking Markings/VOR Receiver Checkpoint Markings Holding Position Marking Ground Receiver Checkpoint Markings ILS Holding Position Markings Check-Point Markings Landing Direction Indicator e) Special Category Longitudinal Markings 1) Heliport & Vertiport Markings Markings & Lighting ofClosed or Hazardous Areas on Airport Aiming Point Markings Marking for Arresting Gear !Pendent Cable MarkinglDisc Warning Apron Makings Marker Boundary Markings Marking for Blast Pad or Stopway or Taxiway Preceding a Displaced Centerline Stripes Threshold Cylindrical Marker for Hover Taxi Route Edge Marker Marking Displaced Thresholds, Blast Pad & Stopways Dashed FATO Markings Markings for Large Aircraft Parking Positions Double Line Edges Stripes Markings ofHazardous Areas Equipment/Object Markings Marking ofTemporarily Relocated Thresholds FATO Markings Marking ofUnserviceability Portions ofthe Movement Area Final Approach & Take-offArea Markings or Marker Non-Movement Area Boundary Marking Final Approach & Take-OffDesignation Markings Off-Airport Marking/On-Airport Markings Helideck Obstacle-Free Sector Markings Painted Centerline/Edge Markings Heliport "H" Marking Runway Transverse Stripes/Transverse Stripes Heliport Landing Aids Seaplane Base Markings Heliport Markings Segmented Circle/Segmented Circle Marking System Heliport Marking & Lighting Striated Markings Heliport Lighting & Marking Stripes Heliport Visual Aids Roadway Edge Stripes/Zipper Markings Heliport Guidance, Position & Other Markings/Guidance or Threshold Stripes Position Markings/Guidance & Positioning Markings

294 295 Centerlines Heliport Identification Markings Taxiway Markings Heliport Name Markings Raised Markers II Helipad & Helideck Markings Symbols Hospital Markings 2) Holding Position Markings Hospital Heliport Markings Holding Position Markings Identification Markings Holding Position Markings for Instrument Landing Systems Standard Heliport Markings (ILS)/Holding Position Markings for Instrument Landing Hospital Heliport Markings Systems In-Ground FATO Comer/Edge Markings Holding Position Markings for Instrument Landing In-Ground Marking SystemlMicrowave Landing System (ILSINILS) Critical Landing Direction Arrow Areas/Holding Position Markings: ILS Critical Areas/Holding Large Marker for Air Taxing Centerline Position Markings for ILs (or MLS) Critical Area Marking ofClosed Heliport Holding Position Markings for Instrument Landing Maximum Allowable Mass Marking Systems/Precision Free Zone (POFZ)* Painted H Marking Holding Position Markings for Taxiway/Taxiway Painted Markings Intersections/Holding Position Markings: Taxiway/Taxiway Park Position Markings Holding Position Markings on Taxiway Standard Heliport Marking Symbol Holding Position Markings on Runway Heliport Markers & Markings Holding Position for Runways/Runway Intersection Heliport with Markers & Markers Holding Position Markings for Runway/Taxiway Intersections Taxi Route Edge Markers Intermediate Holding Position Markings Taxi Route & Taxiway Markings Intermediate Holding Position Markings for Taxiway/Taxiway Taxi Route Markings Intersections Taxiway Markings Road-Hold Position Touchdown & Landing Area Markings Runway Holding Position Markings Touchdown Markings Runway Holding Position Markings on Taxiway Touchdown Pad Boundary Markings Runway Holding Position Markings on Runways Weight Limit Marking Runway-Holding Position Markings Winching Area Marking Taxi-Holding Position Markings Wire Marking Taxiways Located in Runway Approach Areas (Markings) 3) Obstruction Markings Vertiport Markings Day Marking ofObstruction In-Ground Edge Markers Flags/Flag Marker Raised Markers Markers [w/i Context ofObstructions] Painted Line

296 297 Sign System [w/i Markings Context ofObstruction Markings] Airfield Sign System Navigational Boundary & Obstruction Marker Airport Sign Obstruction Identification Airport Sign System Obstruction Lighting & Marking Airside Sign System Obstruction Marking Airside Signage Obstruction Markings & Lighting Airway Signs , , Obstacle Markings Signing Aids Painted Cones for Day Markings Sign Array Patterns b) Signs Other Than Runway & Taxiway Types Solid Patterns General Note Checkerboard Patterns Aerodrome Identification Sign Alternate Bands Airfield Directional SignslRunway & Taxiway Directional Signs Teardrop Patterns ALD Airport Signs* [Lighted] Spherical Markers Cautionary Signs Visual Aids for Denoting Obstacles Convenience Signs 4) Apron Markings Direction Signs Apron Markings Direction Signs for Runway Exit Guide Lines Direction Signs for Runway ExitlDirection Sign Array for Simple Lead-Out Lines Intersections Lead-In Lines Distance to go Sign Turning Lines Dot Matrix Runway Distance Remaining Sign* [Lighted] Simple Lead-In Lines Entrance-Exit Signs Straight-Lead-In Lines Exit Sign Simple Nose-Wheel Lead-In Line ILS Critical Boundary SignlILS Critical Area Boundary Sign* Simple Nose-Wheel Lead-Out Line ILS Critical ArealPOFZ Boundary & Cat II/III Operation Sign* Wing Tip Clearance Lines Internally Lighted SignslExternally Lighted Sign Towing Lines Intersection Signs Equipment Limit Lines No Entry Signs Passenger Path Lines One-HalfDistance Remaining Signs* Reference Bars Signs Prohibiting Aircraft Entry into an Area Turn Bars Special Purpose Sign Stop Line Station Sign 4F5 Signs Stop Signs a) Overarching Terms Unlighted Signs Signs 299 298 VOR Aerodrome Check-Point Sign Holding Position Sign for ILS Critical Area/ILS Holding Position c) Runway Signs Sign/ILS Critical Area Boundary Sign Runway Approach Area Boundary Sign Holding Position Sign for ILS Critical ArealPOFZ Boundary * Runway Approach Area Holding Position Sign Holding Position Sign for TaxiwaylRunway Intersection/Holding Runway Boundary Sign Position Sign for RunwaylRunway Intersection Runway Distance Remaining SignslRunway Distance-Remaining Holdline Sign Signs Road-Holding Position Sign Runway Exit Signs Runway-Holding Position Sign Runway Holding Position Sign Cat I, II, III Holding Position Signs/Cat II Holding Position Runway Intersection Sign Sign/Cat II or III Holding Position Sign/Cat II and III Holding Runway Location Sign Position Signs Runway Marking Sign f) Signs-Others Runway Sign Destination Signs Runway Safety ArealOFZ & Runway Approach Area Boundary Outboard Destination Signs Signs Inboard Desination Signs d) Taxiway Signs Surface Painted Signs Non~Il1uminated Taxiway Guidance Signs General Note Signs, Taxiway Guidance/Signs, GuidancelRetroreflective Taxiway Surface Painted Taxiway Direction Sign Guidance Signs Surface Painted Location Sign Taxiway Direction & Location Signs Surface Painted Holding Position Sign Taxiway Direction Signs Surface Painted Sign Taxiway Ending Marker Sign* Surface Painted Gates ID Sign Taxiway Identification Signs Surface Painted Apron Entrance Point Sign Taxiway Guidance Signs Surface Painted Direction Signs Taxiway Guidance Sign Systems Guidance Sign Taxiway Location Signs Information Sign Taxiway/Runway Intersection Signs Information Sign Taxiway Sign Informative Sign Taxiway Sign System Location Sign e) Special Category: Holding Position Signs Mandatory Instruction Sign Category II Critical Areas Hold Line Sign/Category II Hold Line Mandatory Sign Sign Roadway Sign Holding Position Sign Holding Position Sign at Beginning TakeoffRunway 301 Holding Position Sign for Approach Areas

~nn I I

Notes Heliport Guidance ... Guidance & Position Markings ing Index but secon word is Positioning in Text New Terms: FAA Heliport Markers & Markings and Heliport with Markers and Markers: Different configuration in Text than in Index. Index lacked indentation; now corrected. SAM 2004 (-lH, Ch 2) Holding Position Markings segment: numerous mispellings in Index; now Holding Position Markings for Instrument Landing System (ILS)/Precision Free corrected. Zone (POFZ) Holding Position Markings: TaxiwaylRunway Holding Position .... Runway replaced by second Taxiway in Text; Index corrected. SASS 2004 (-18D) Obstruction Markings segment: mispellings in Index; now corrected. Holding Position Sign for ILS Critical ArealPOFZ Bounday Turning Lines in Text as part ofLead-In Lines; added to Index. ILS Critical Area Boundary Sign (-18C) ILS Critical Area Boundary SignlPOFZ Boundary & Cat II/III Operation Sign Differences Between Classifications and Database SRTS 2004 )-44G) ALD Airport Signs [Lighted] Overarching terms are few and basic for Signs and Markings in Dot Matrix Runway Distance Remaining Sign [Lighted] Classifications. The Database, by contrast, has extensive terms. One-Half Runway Distance Remaining Sign Taxiway Ending Marker Sign Markings in Database are arranged by location (e.g. Runway, Taxiway) and some specical topics (e.g. Heliports) while the Classifications follow forms (e.g. Differences Between Index and Text ofDatabase: longitudinal, transverse).

Marks & Markers presents a lengthly and undifferentiated appearance. Both Marks and Markers ia a vast and undifferentiated mass ofterms. The Classifi­ Index and Text require a segmenting ofentries. cations arrange these terms by types (e.g. elevated markers, low-elevations Type I-VI Markers has a different configuration in text than that ofindex. General markers. Preliminary work on differention ofterms in the Database has been Note ofText omitted in Index but need to be added. undertaken. Unidirectional L-853 Type IVMarker listed as Type Iv in Index; now corrected. Style A-D Markers in Text; add to Index Signs in Classification are relatively terse. Single forms are listed while those Unserviceability Cones/... Flags/... Marker Boards in Text but not in Index; added forms with variant forms are subsumed under basic morphological categories. The to this study. Classifications denote both signs and markings under the heading ofmarker. The Signal Panels, Signal Areas, etc. retained original formulation; proposed Database does not follow this practice. reformulation not implemented to date. Continuous Markings/Dashed Markings: Dashed is Dashing in Text; change to Variant classifications manifest an extensive expansion ofterms. Runway and Dashed. Taxiway are employed as distinguishing categories in contrast to the main Day Marking ofObstruction within Obstruction Markings rather than an entry in classifications. its own right in Text. 303 302 December 6. SUPPLEMENTAL BIBLIOGRAPHY FAA. 2004. Standards/or Airport Sign Systems. AlC 150/5340-18D. December 6. Grafton, William. 1896. Railway Signaling. Bulletin of the UDiversity of Most sources for this study are to be found in the appropriate Bibliogra­ Wisconsin Engineering Series #6. Madison: University of Wisconsin. J. phies ofthe Database (Ii, Iii, lill, Iiv). However, some sources are new to this Heap, David P. 1889. Ancient & Modern Light-Houses. Boston: Ticknor & Co. J. study, or to T-M History (part 1) 2002, or to titles of previously published studies Hoffmann-Wellenhof, B., et.a1. 2003. Navigation: Principles ofPositioning & in this Monograph Series. Titles from Part J are marked by the letter J. Guidance. New York: SpringerWein. Jones, Robert, & Hawkins, H. Gene. 1997. ITE Traffic Signing Handbook Adams, William RD. 1870. Lighthouses & Lightships: A Descriptive & Washington, D.C.: !TE. J. Historical Account o/Their Mode o/Construction & Organization. Keen, Roland. 1938. Wireless Direction Finding. London: lliffe & Sons, Ltd. London: T. Nelson & Sons. J. 3rd & Enlarged edition. J. Bathurst, Bella. 1999. The Lighthouse Slevensons. New York: HarperCollins. J. Kuemmel, David. 2000. Accessible Pedestrian Signals. ITE Journal. March. J. Blanchard, A.H., ed. 1919. The American Highway Engineers Handbook. Lay, MoOG. 1990. Handbook ofRoad Technology. 2nd ed. Volume I, Planning & New York: Wiley. J. Pavements. Volume II, Traffic & Transport. New Brunswick (NJ): Bowman, Brian L. 1995. Application ofSupplemental Warning Devices. Rutgers University Press. J. ITE Journal. August. Leffingwell, Randy, & Welty, Pamela. 2000. Lighthouses ofthe Pacific. Breniman., William. 1970. The Airway Radio Story: The First 50 Years: 1920­ Stillwater (MN): Voyageur Press. J. 1970. Santa Rosa (CA): Society of Airway Pioneers. J. Mola, Roger. 2003. History 0/Aircraft Landing A;cis. US Centennial ofFlight Brock, Paul. 1974. Foulis & His Foghorn. The Compass: A Magazine ofthe Sea. Commission. http:/www.1903to2003.gov/essay/Govemment_Role/ Winter. Vol. XLIV, No.1. landing_navlP... Clearman. Brian. 2004. International Traffic Control Devices. St Benedict (OR): National Imagery & Mapping Agency. 2002. American Practical Navigator. Mount Angel Abbey. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: NIMA. _.2004. T-Jvj General Classification. 2nd ed. St Benedict (OR): MAA. Radio Navigation Aids. 2002. Bethesda (MD): National Imagery & Mapping _.2002. T-M: A Historical Survey, 1750-2000. St Benedict (OR): MAA. Agency (NlMA). Edwards, E. Price. 1884. Our Seamarks: A Plain Account ofthe Lighthouses. Renton, Alan. 2001. Lost Sounds: The Story ofCoast Fog Signals. Caithness Lightships, Beacons, Buoys & Fog-Signals Maintained on our Coast for (Scotland): Whittles Publishing. Guidance 0/Mariners. London: Longsmans, Green. J. Road Marking & Delineation. 1975. Organisation for Economic Co-operation & FAA. 2004. Aeronautical Information Manual. http://www.faa.gov/atpubslAIMJ Development. Paris: OECD. index. htm.. Solomon, Brian. 2003. Railroad Signalling. St Paul (Mn): MBI Publishing. FAA. 2000. FAA Future Telecommunications Plan. Telecommunication Nerwork Stephens, David. 1973. Lighthouses ofNo va Scotia. Windsor (NS): Lancelot Planning & Engineering Division. April. Press. J. FAA. 2004. Specificationsfor Runway & Taxiway Signs. AlC 150/5345-44G. Tetley, Laurie, & Calcutt, David. 2001. Electronics Navigation System. Oxford July 8. (UK): Butterworth Heinemann. FAA. 2004. Standards/or Airport Markings. AlC 150/5345-111, Change 2. Traffic Light. 2005. Wikipedia--The Free Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/ 304 305 wiki/Traffic_signal. 4-10-05. UN ECAFE. 1957. Uniform System ofBuoyage & Shore Markersfor Inland Waterways in Asia & The Far East. New York: United Nations. J. US Hydrographic Office. 1914, 1928, 1938. American Practical Navigator. Washington, D.C.: GPO. Ward, N. 1998. The Status, Development, & Future Role ofRadiobeacon Differential GNSS. Journal ofNavigation. Vol. 51, #42. J. Wesler, John. 1966. A BriefHistory ofthe Development ofNavigational Buoys. Naval Engineers Journal. December. J. Young, J.R.C. 1994. Visual Approach Guidance Indicator System. Journal of Navigation. Vol. 47, #1. J.

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