Technical Conditions for School Ahead Warning Signs: SIGN ROAD
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TECHNICAL CONDITIONS APPLICATION FOR VARIOUS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT REQUESTS – ONE WAY, PEDESTRIANISATION, NO ENTRY FOR HEAVY VEHICLES, ACCESS RESTRICTIONS, JUNCTION UPGRADING, SCHOOL AHEAD WARNING SIGNS, ROAD MIRROR, CYCLE LANE, OTHER TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT REQUESTS Technical Conditions for School Ahead Warning Signs: SIGN ROAD MARKINGS Technical Conditions for One way: The signs used for signing one-ways are as follows: NO ENTRY TURN LEFT TURN RIGHT AHEAD ONLY TURN LEFT AHEAD TURN RIGHT AHEAD PASS EITHER SIDE NO RIGHT TURN NO LEFT TURN CONTRAFLOW BUS LANE TWO-WAY TRAFFIC TWO-WAY TRAFFIC ACROSS The NO ENTRY sign is used to indicate the prohibition and should be placed on each side of a one- way road at the point where entry is prohibited. Where the prohibition excepts a class of vehicles, the supplementary plate is to be used. Where there are advance direction signs at a junction and entry is not permitted into one of the roads, a NO ENTRY roundel should be used on the advance direction signs. The TURN LEFT, TURN RIGHT and AHEAD ONLY signs may only be used where vehicles are required to move into and along a one-way traffic system or to proceed in a single direction. At T- junctions not controlled by signals (traffic lights), the appropriate sign should be sited on the far side of the head of the T, directly opposite and facing the traffic to which it refers. The TURN LEFT AHEAD and TURN RIGHT AHEAD signs may be used in advance of junctions at which TURN LEFT or TURN RIGHT signs are set. They should be sited 50m in advance except where there is an intervening turn between the junction and the 50m distance of the sign. In the case of one-way roads, the sign is to be placed on both sides of the road. The PASS EITHER SIDE sign is used on traffic islands situated in one-way roads where vehicles may pass on either side without commitment to different directions. The NO RIGHT TURN and NO LEFT TURN signs are prohibitory signs and should be used where a road crosses or joins a one-way road where traffic may proceed in more than one direction. Where, at a junction, traffic is in a single direction, the appropriate AHEAD ONLY, TURN LEFT or TURN RIGHT sign should be used. Such are to be sited on the left-hand side of the road at the junction. The TWO-WAY TRAFFIC sign is used to indicate the resumption of two-way working on a length of road after a section of one-way and should be sited on both sides of the road as near as possible to the beginning of the two-way section. The TWO-WAY TRAFFIC AHEAD ACROSS a one-way carriageway sign is used on a one-way road to indicate that a road it crosses carries two-way traffic. It should be erected on both sides of the road as near as possible to the road carrying two-way traffic. The ROAD MARKINGS FOR ONE-WAY ROADS consist of worded road markings and arrows on the road surface to supplement (not replace) the upright signs. Technical Conditions Junction Upgrading: The STOP sign at a junction is a mandatory sign intended to ensure a controlled and safe movement of traffic at a junction. The implementation of a STOP sign is subject to: Traffic volumes on the major and minor roads Gradients on the minor road Accident record Road alignment If the visibility at the junction cannot be improved in other ways The standard visibility distances required along the kerb of the major road from the minor road above which a STOP sign will not normally be justified are as follows: 85th Percentile Approach Speed of Major Road Visibility Distance based on 85th Private Cars on Major Roads (kph) Percentile Dry Weather Speed (m) 112 120 96 90 80 70 64 45 48 30 32 15 The visibility distances on the minor road are measured as follows: If minor road has no through-traffic value: measured at 3 m back from the edge of the major road carriageway along the centre line of the minor road If minor road has some through-traffic value: measured at 4.5 m back from the edge of the major road carriageway along the centre line of the minor road Visibility distances are to be measured in both directions, the distance to the right being the most important. Sizes of the STOP sign to be as follows: 85th Percentile Typical Roads Size of Size of STOP Approach Speed of STOP Sign Carriageway Private Cars (mm) Marking (mm) Up to 32 kph Very narrow urban roads 750 1600 32 kph to 48 kph Urban and rural roads 750 1600 48 kph to 64 kph Urban and rural single carriageway 2-land 750-900 1600-2800 roads 64 kph to 80 kph Urban motorways and high standard 2 or 3- 900-1200 2800 lane urban/rural roads The STOP sign is located on the left-hand-side at 1.5m before the STOP line (but not further than 6m away from it) provided that it does not impair visibility along the major or minor road and it can be seen clearly. Typical Stop Junction and Give Way Junction When the STOP sign is not clearly visible on the minor arm approaching the junction, ADVANCE warning signs are to be placed as follows: 85th Percentile Visibility below Size of Size of SLOW Distance of Visibility Approach which an Advance Avdance Carriageway Warning Sign distance of Speed of Sign is necessary Warning Sign Marking from STOP line Warning Sign Private Cars (m) (height in mm) (mm x mm) (m) (m) Up to 32 kph 45 600 2280x1600 45 60 32 kph to 48 45 600 2280x1600 45 60 kph 48 kph to 64 kph 60 750 2280x2800 45-100 60 64 kph to 80 kph 90-150 750-900 2280x2800 100-180 75 The ADVANCE warning sign is as follows: STOP 100m Types of Roundabout junctions and directional signs at junctions Technical Conditions Cycle Lanes: (a) There are four different types of cycle lanes, hence: i. Bicycle path: section of road, within or independent of the right-of-way, which is separated from vehicular traffic by an open space or physical barrier(RECOMMENDED); ii. Bicycle lane: section of the road which is designated by markings and signage for the use by cyclists(RECOMMENDED); iii. Wide Outside Lane: right-most through traffic lane is a minimum of 4200mm to allow the cyclist and the vehicular traffic to share the same lane(NOT DESIRABLE); and iv. Shared Roadway: right-of-way designated by signage and markings as a cycle route but which is shared with pedestrians and vehicular traffic (NOT RECOMMENDED). (b) Criteria for route selection and planning i. The selection of a cycling route depends on various factors and it requires the following analysis, thus: Identification of bicycle trip generation within a 5 –10km circuit; The linking of scenic, recreational and functional potential of the route to promote its use in the broadest sense; Identification of routes that are free from heavy traffic and are well surfaced; Identification of parking areas, both for passenger vehicles and for bicycles, along the route; Identification of areas with climate extremes, such as wing traps; Mapping and investigating the route conditions, including: Uphill gradients/distance ratios; Potential for uninterrupted cycle routes; Available width to accommodate the cycle route and all necessary signage, lighting and resting areas; Identification of nodes of vehicular conflict and physical barriers. (c) Recommended widths for cycle routes The following table outlines the recommended width for various classification and usage of cycle routes, hence: WIDTH ROUTE (metres) Cycle Lanes One Way 2.00 Two Way 3.60 Cycle Designated Routes Two Way 4.00 Width Between Bollards 1.50 Width Between Bollards Allowing for Tricycles 1.53 Cycle Track and Trails One Way (heavy traffic) 2.75 One Way (light traffic) 2.00 Two Way (heavy traffic) 3.60 Two Way (light traffic) 3.00 Source: The Bicycle Planning Book, Mike Hudson, T.&A. Constable Ltd, Edinburgh, 1978. (d) Design elements i. The main points of design are as follows, thus: Surface materials are to be durable and easy to maintain; The pavement and bikeway is to have positive drainage with a minimum of 2% cross-slope. All drainage structures are to be located off the cycle path; Traffic control/ information systems facilitate the use of the cycle path. These include signage and pavement markings and are to be as follows, thus: Sign posts are to be set-back a minimum of 900mm from the edge of the path and any bottom sign edge should be set at 1.5 – 2.1metres above the finished level of the path to allow for adequate visibility; Signage is to be kept at a minimum; Signs are to be used to mark out and delineate routes, to regulate the path usage, and provide all necessary safety/approach warnings. Adequate lighting and street furniture is to be installed along the paths and at intersections. The criteria are as follows, thus: Lighting is to be from 6 – 10 lux; The location of lighting and street furniture is to be according to a fixed design to act as embellishment; All street furniture is to be set-back from the cycle path so as to prevent points of conflict. The facilities and the usage are delineated by means of barriers, fences, soft landscaping and line markings. Criteria are as follows, thus: Raised or textured surface barriers may pose a safety hazard at high speeds and at left-hand turns.