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TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: A STUDY IN COMMUNICATION MONOGRAPHSERIES

VOLUME I FIRST STUDIES IN TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: Parts A-D, First Edition [Foundations, A First Study in Transportation Markings: The U.S., International Transportation Markings: Floating & Fixed Marine] University Press of America, 1981 Part A, FOUNDATIONS, Second Edition, Revised & Enlarged Mount Angel Abbey 1991 Part B, A FIRST STUDY IN TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: THE U.S. Second Edition, Revised & Enlarged Mount Angel Abbey 1992 Parts C & D, INTERNATIONAL MARINE AIDS TO NAVIGATION Second Edition, Revised, Mount Angel Abbey, 1988 VOLUME II FURTHER STUDIES IN TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: Part E, INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES, First Edition Mount Angel Abbey, 1984 Part F, INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY SIGNALS, First Edition, Mount Angel Abbey, 1991 Part G, INTERNATIONAL AERONAUTICAL AIDS TO NAVIGATION In Preparation Part H, A COMPREHENSIVE CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS Projected _J"'i

=-'---, ] r ~ L 1 J TABLE OF CONTENTS

The Dedication is that of Volume I, ['I J Preface v First Edition: Acknowledgements vi To My Parents: 7 U.S. TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: PRELIMINARY [I J CONSIDERATIONS A Taxonomy & Semiotics 1 Introduction: U.S. Transportation Markings: Dad (1909-1980) Mom (1910-1973) Model for Further Studies The Role of Classification. .. 1 My step-Mother Jennie (1911-1977) [1 = 2 Communication, Semiotics & the Physical Object. .. 3 My step-Mother Mary B A Celebration of Classifications [ 1 ] 1 Forms of Classification in this Study 7 2 Messages & Phenomena 11 3 Nomenclature 17 [ ]8 CLASSIFICATION A Main Classification 1 Outline Form: Markings Within a Context of [)J Transportation Markings. 23 Copyright (c) 1992 by Mount Angel Abbey 2 Explanatory Notes . 32 B Variant Classification at Saint Benedict, Oregon 97373 1 Schematic Classification 39 [) ] 2 Pictorial Classification . 44 3 Explanatory Notes for Schematic & All Rights Reserved Pictorial Classifications 51 Library of Congress Cataloging-in.P\lblication Data 9 DESCRIPTIVE TREATMENT OF U.S. TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: (Revised for vol. I, pt. B) [l ] SEA & AIR MODES A Marine Aids to Navigation Clearman, Brian. 1 Introduction & Fixed Aids 55 First studies in transportation markings. [1 ] 2 Floating Aids. . 63 B Aeronautical Navigation Aids (Transportation markings ; v. 1) ] 1 Introduction. . 67 Includes bibliographical references and indexes. 2 Lighted Navigation Aids . 68 [-J 3 Signs & Pavement and Elevated Markings 76 Contents: pt. A. Foundations -- pt. B. A First 4 Electronic Navigation Aids 80 study in transportation markings : the U..S. J 1. Transportation markings. I. Title. II. Series: Clearman, Brian. Transportation markings v. 1. [J TA1245.C56 1981 vol. I, 1991 iii ISBN 0-918941-02-4 (pt. A) 629.04'2 s 91-46071 ·1 ' 629.04'2 [ ISBN 0,918941-05-9 {pt.:.i B J ______[ .L] l:J

10 DESCRIPTIVE TREATMENT OF U.S. TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: [1 SURFACE MODES PREFACE A Traffic Control Devices 1 Introduction & Traffic Control Signals This monograph is the second edition of A 2 Signs, Markings & Related Devices First Study in Transportation Markings: The B Railway signals, Signs and Indicators U.S., Part B of Volume I. Part B was originally 1 Introduction & Lighted/Partially Lighted one unit of a unified Volume I published by signals. Note .... University Press of America in 1981. A second 2 Signs & Unlighted Signals edition of Part A and of Parts C&D have already been published. The diverse materials APPENDIX: CLASSIFICATION EXPANSIONS & EXPLICATIONS of the original study have now all achieved i a) Multiple & Variant Classification separate existences. b) Explanatory Notes. . ii Double Transition Classification a) Markings Within Forms of Energy This edition is more than a reprinting of b) Markings Within Marking Forms the original study. It is a revision c) Explanatory Notes. characterized by limited deletions, not d) Special Note~ inconsiderable additions and substantial iii Classification of Markings: signs & Markings a) Traffic Control Devices revision of retained materials. The old Chapter b) Aero, Railway & Marine 7 contained a multifaceted introduction, c) Explanatory Notes. nomenclature, notes and a pictorial classification. The new chapter bears little BIBLIOGRAPHY resemblance to it. Chapter 7 now contains a INDEXES brief introduction, followed by extensive review of the monograph's many classifications; General Index Index of Marking Phenomena messages and nomenclature are also in that chapter. Chapter 8 originally contained three classifications and no explanatory notes. It now contains the main classification with notes augmented by two variant classifications with notes. Descriptive material originally was in one chapter, Chapter 9. That material is now iv divided into two chapters: sea and air markings in Chapter 9 and surface markings in Chapter 10. Marine aids in 9A are divided into floating and fixed segments. Materials on terminology, role of federal and non-federal agencies have been - added. Fog signals messages have been increased :­ v ..i ]

•• j -~ [I ] while electronic aids have undergone some adequately cover the topic and a substantial downsizing. Lightships receive little attention LI J expansion of the material would have been as they are now of the past. The passing of the inappropriate for this study. transition era in buoyage systems has also been [ ] noted. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Aero navigation aids in 9B includes more To Abbot Peter and the Monks of Mount Angel terminology, comments on more stability in aids, [I] Abbey and, in particular, Br Justin Hertz OSB substantially new coverage on approach aids, and Fr Philip Waibel OSB. beacons, obstructions and some electronic devices. Reductions from the first edition are TO the libraries of Humboldt State University, notable for signs and markings of all forms; LI ] Oregon State University and Portland State this is true of some forms of electronics as University; Darlene Strand and Mount Angel Abbey well. Some reduction of coverage for elevated Library. lights has also occurred. Signs and markings [I] are not less important than in the first edition To John Dorbus of the Federal Aviation but the treatment was overly long in the earlier Administration; Lieutenant Maria Simons, USCG edition. and the Aids to Navigation School; Commander [ 1 ] J.R. White USCG of Short Range Aids to Railway signals in lOA has undergone the Navigation, Coast Guard Headquarters. greatest change: the detailed rule-by-rule discussion of messages has been dropped. [I] To ADB-Alnaco, Ameriel, EG & G, Godfrey Instead a home-crafted chart joined by brief Engineering, Hughey & Philips, Hans Lindenberg notes serves for the message treatment. and Siemens, TWR Lighting. Discussion of signal types has been added. [] J To Br Pius X Harding OSB and the staff of the Traffic control devices in lOB is now marked Benedictine Press, Julie Rich and The Paper by more stability in contrast to the mOre Project, Toni Siri and Arbor Graphic Images, accelerated changes of an earlier time. There [1 ] Dennis Stovall and Media Weavers. is more treatment of special forms of signals. Sign treatment is similar but reformulated and To all those contributing to the first edition. treatment of markings is somewhat reduced. [, '] [ ] [] [] [ ] [] [ ] [ ] [ ][] Illustrations have been revised for the study and in some instances expanded. The [ :] And a very special acknowledgement to Father Glossary has been dropped since the salient Luke Eberle, OSB for his thorough reading of the manuscript. terms are adequately explained in the text. The ~, former Chapter 10, Message Producing Equipment, has been dropped as it was too cursory to L c'"'

vi vii ..-' [1 ] [I'" CHAPTER SEVEN u.S. TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: [I ~ PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS 7A Transportation Markings: [I J Taxonomy & Semiotics 7A1 Introduction: U.S. Markings as Model for [I J Further Studies: The Role of Classification This study of U.S. Transportation Markings [ ] ] has two principal dimensions: classification of markings and a descriptive treatment of markings. The classification is found in [] several parts of the study: Chapter 7b, all of Chapter 8, and the Appendix. The descriptive treatment is considered in Chapters 9 and 10. The descriptive treatment includes both types of [ markings and their messages with an emphasis on messages. Other topics of significance, though .1 more briefly examined, are the concern of [, J Chapter 7A. A preface supposedly exists to explain the I why, the scope and the purpose of a study. What [ J follows may seem to overlap or overshadow the preface; however, neither is intended. What is intended is the formulation of a foundation for [ this study, a foundation which is an integral 1 part of the entire monograph and that takes the form of a largely historical vignette. The material has a resonance with the Prolegomena of ] Part A, 2nd ed. However, those earlier comments constituted a basic core for the Series and were less immediately directed to one monograph. ,- -- 1 rI viii - l ... J f [1 ] The initial transportation marking study r .~ began many years ago as a classification of U.S. nations, or in trans-national models of transportation markings. Yes: taxonomy was the ,I.- ·'1- multiple-modal marking constructs. initial element of the Series. In time it was joined by a "anthological survey of beaconology" These brief remarks indicate the original and in time the material moved beyond an [I J cast of the study, the explosion of anthology state. And in time a semiotics classifications in this study and their value dimension was added, and the postanthological for examining markings from many perspectives. title of Transportation Markings: A Study in [ 1 ~ The classifications uncover the points of Communications was prefaced with the word commonality: the elements binding transportation American. In yet more time the manuscript markings together, and thereby illuminating a became Part B, a single element, in a much Lr ] pre-existing commonality. All of this can be larger study. transferred to different milieux whether broad l and general studies or narrow, in-depth studies For quite some time Part B seemed of limited in a restricted field. interest as globally-orientated monographs were 1[ I ~ planned and written. Yet of late this study 7A2 Communication, Semiotics & the Physical seems to have importance both in itself and as a Object model for the other studies (and further revisions and studies not connected to this [I] Classification is an important tool for monograph series). That importance has more to transportation markings but it is not the only do with taxonomy than with anything else. tool. Three other areas offering important I!I] perspectives are communications, semiotics (in The first edition of the study had several two forms) and the physical object in itself. classifications; this edition has ten Part A, (2nd ed), from which the following classifications. Chapter 7B and other parts of remarks are extracted, offers further the study will take up those topics; there is no I] information on these topics and provides need to present ever more redundant information bibliographical aids for further reading. here. However, the role of model, which resides primarily in taxonomy, belongs here. The many L I J , Semiotics is the study or science of signs; classifications offer a variegated pattern for 1t also can be defined as the study of sign viewing markings in themselves and in many systems. Sign systems, including various types different perspectives. The smaller scale of J of codes and codes, are central to transportation markings in one nation makes the transportation markings. Semiosis or sign classifications more feasible to compile and to - I_ process is an essential concept for semiotics; apply. But the taxonomical perspectives on this it includes the sign, the object it refers to, smaller scale offer a multi-linear matrix for J the interpretant, and signification. taking up transportation markings in other 1- I ' The sign (with the meaning of mental i_ J process, not a physical object) stands for 2 ~ I J 3

I

__ . -l T L ] 1 In summary, communication theory is something else, the interpretant creates a L,J important because that model is concerned with disposition to act in a given way and , physical forms while semiotics centers on the signification is the meaning of the actuallzed mental process of the sign; while that is a process. For example, a red nun buoy (color and J simplification it is essentially valid. shape more than the physical buoy) is the sign, [I it stands for the side of the channel; the One final perspective that can be offered interpretant is that disposition to keep the is that of Roland Barthes' semiotics of the edge of the channel to the right of your vessel. [I J object, even though transportation markings was The signification is: keep the buoy to your not included within it. Barthes defined the right. object "as what is fabricated or produced; it is [ ] of finite substance, standardized, formed and The aspect of codes is also important for normalized." His semiotics of the object semiotics. They constitute a major sign system I includes a set of connotations and a set of and are of many forms. According to the coordinates; the coordinates are of especial typology of Pierre Guiraud, the category of [ 1 ] interest for this study (Barthes 1988, 180-184 codes that is important for transportatlon TISRP) . markings is that of logical codes and, within that category, practical codes. Ship whistles, [I] The first coordinate, that of the symbolic, fire alarms and military signals are other forms denotes the fact that every object serves as a of practical codes (Guiraud 1975, 51-53). signifier of something signified. While the second coordinate, that of classification, Semiotics, though important, does not give [I J refers to the classification of objects that "is much attention to the physical dimension that imposed upon us or suggested by our society." creates semiotic signs. That dimension may be The focus on objects and the meaning directly supplied by communication theory. This is seen [I J emanating from the object and the social in the communication chain concept of Shannon & construction of classifications of objects Weaver. The chain contains an information within society can reasonably be applied to source, transmitter, channel, receiver and transportation markings. Neither "regular" destination. Messages are defined as "a [1= semiotics nor even communication theory places a sequence of elementary symbols" and signals "are specific focus on objects, while the semiotics only the energetic or material vehicles of of the objects offers that dimension. The signs, their physical form." Shannon and [I] classification of transportation marking Weaver's concept includes the signal (the phenomena in themselves, and outside of any physical aspect) though not the signs. However, qualifying context, is found in the Index of at least one scholar expresses the view that the [I] Transportation Marking Phenomena. sign part is present implicitly (Shannon & Weaver in Noth 1990, 174-175). 1- i Note on References -! '. 5 4 i ] I. I . [ ] ...I. The first edition of Part B, and all of Volume I for that matter, contained voluminous traditional end-notes. This writer has abandoned that form of references for Volume II 7B A Celebration of Classifications as well as for the second edition of Part A (2nd ed. for Parts C & D retained the traditional 7Bl Forms of Classification in this Study notes; that constitutes their final use in the Series). The author-date system of the Chicago Classifications are a basic tool in science Manual is employed in this edition of Part B. and much else; a tool both utilitarian and The acronym "TISRP" is sometimes employed in the theoretical. To speak of a "celebration of study: This Is the Source for the Remainder of classifications" may be unusual, even odd. Yet the Paragraph. taxonomies are found at the heart of transpor­ tation markings and constituted the core of References in this study may be overly early transportation marking studies. terse. . Since, for example, traffic control device material stems largely from one source, The initial review of Part B soon went references have been to the main parts of that beyond the existing classifications and source rather than to individual pages. To do uncovered a need for new classification forms otherwise would have resulted in a vast system and for explaining hitherto unseen nuances in of references flanking tiny snippets of text (a existing classifications. nineteenth century British historian once wrote of a work that was a "thin stream of text The end result can be termed an explosion of flowing between rich meadows of footnotes"). In classifications or, more prosaically, a plethora the first edition the writer erred on the side of classifications. The classifications, have of references and possibly the opposite error developed, in a sense, a life of their own. has been committed here. An exception to terse They constitute a positive force and play a references will be the aero navigation aids pivotal role in transportation markings. area. Since aero sources are fragmented among Perhaps a "celebration of classifications" is an many advisory circulars and other publications apt turn of phrase rather than a markedly odd it is necessary to provide more references. one. The existence of the several other The best introduction to this topic may be monographs and their sources constitutes a through a classification of the classifications: primary reference for this study and includes frequent and detailed references that would soon A Quarternary of Classifications become redundant in this study. The references are sufficient for identifying sources and I. Quadripartite Main Classification locating additional source materials and that, A. Main Form: Outline of markings hopefully, will suffice. within a context of transportation modes (8Al) B. Schematic Classification: Grid The Appendix lacks references since the pattern with numerical format (8A2) sources are those of complementary portions of Chapter 8. 7 6 L-'. J 1 C. Pictorial Classification: Schematic L j IV. Marking Phenomena in Themselves: form with grid and numerical format 1 Arranged through the medium of an index (8A3) (7B2 & Index) D. An Extrapolation and Expansion of the Main Classification: Multiple & [1 J The Quadripartite Main Classification variant Classification with an focusses on transportation markings within a alternate numbering system context of the transportation modes: marine, (Appendix i) [1 .. aeronautical, road and rail. The schematic and outline formats may appear substantially II. Double Transition Classification: different yet the transportation marking context A. Markings within forms of energy i~ present in both forms. The pictorial form (Appendix ii a) [I J follows the grid pattern of the schematic though B. Markings within forms of markings with fewer entries; sufficient entries are (Appendix ii b) retained to illustrate the salient features of [ ] J the first classification. The outline form III. Tripartite Message Classification: provides a complete listing of the entries with A. Nature of Message Classification word descriptions added to the numerical constitutes one form of designations. classification though it may also [ :1 J be seen as a key through which The idea of the Multiple and Variant essential characteristics of Classification, a new feature for Part B, marking messages can be determined [I J originated in the railway study (Volume II, Part (7B2) F). That study includes an extensive variant B. Macro-Messages Classification classification for the many rail markings that An informal review/classification [ 11 produce the same or similar messages even though of principal message forms within J the design of the signals varies considerably. transportation modes. (7B2) For example, color-light signal designs take C. Selective Message Classification of many forms even though the messages are often Signs & Markings: L J very similar. This classification is selective 1. These markings require an since not all markings have variant forms. additional classification because I I] the physical form and messages are so The Double Transition Classification centers closely united. .. I ' on a double outline classification that a) 2. The plethora of Traffic Control places markings within a framework of the energy Devices requires an exclusive TCD J forms (visual, acoustic, and electronic) segment. (Appendix iii a) -I employed to create and project messages, and b) 3. Aero/Railway/Marine share a places markings also within a construct of the second segment. (Appendix iii b) forms of markings. It is transitional in that - J markings are seen through the forms of energy of 8 - J 9 - which the messages are composed; this thereby moves the markings from the transportation mode Originally there appeared to be a second to the message dimension. And it is also subcategory of messages. That subcategory was a transitional in that the forms of markings refer chimera of the compiler who misunderstood the not only to forms but also to messages. FAA classification of obstruction lighting. It first seemed that the actual message The Tripartite Message Classification is the characteristic was contained in the title of the concern of the third category. The first various types of lights. However, the message sub-category is discussed in 7B2, while the was instead attached to the nature of a message second and third segments are reviewed here with description accompanying the titles. The amplification in 78B and the final phase of the subcategory is retained as a hypothetical Appendix respectively. The nature of messages construct suggesting a message classification classification outlines the characteristics for consisting of transportation markings whose transportation markings and is more in the guise descriptive title and message characteristics of a key for classifying marking than a complete are unified. line-by-line classification. The final category, Marking Phenomena in The second subcategory includes a macro­ Themselves, is explained in 7B2, and presented message classification which is exactly that: a in the second index. brief attempt at outlining general purposes or core message forms that markings exhibit. It is 7B2 Classifications: Messages & also included in this chapter. Marking Phenomena The third subcategory, Selective Message The topic of messages is multi-faceted. It Classifications, encompasses markings with includes semiotic and communication concepts numerous unitary messages. Most of the members (touched on briefly in Chapter 7A2) , and are from the unitary subcategory of the includes classifications of specific messages Unchanging Message and Single Message category (Appendix iii), the nature of messages with the Nature of Message classification being classification, and what may be termed macro the focus of this classification. For example, messages (or the goals or purposes of messages) traffic signs require this classification since which are both in this section. The last-named they exhibit many messages even though distinct topic provides an introduction for the monograph shapes and color patterns are limited. The main and especially the message coverage. classification includes the physical sign marking but not the plethora of message forms. The definition of Transportation Markings of The titles of these markings indicate the the Monograph Series is: "any device which aids function of the marking though they do not a mode of transportation by giving guidance, by denote the actual message. expressing regulations, or by giving warnings." The core words of guidance, regulation and warning come from traffic control devices.

10 11 ------, L J 1 terminology. The definition, concise and message of providing guidance); and give possibly simplistic, sums up the purposes of [1 J warnings of obstructions (a variety of FAA markings; it also serves as a list of the Advisory Circulars constitute the reference; see general core messages of markings. General Chapter 8A1). Signs and pavement markings messages can be made more specific by turning to [1 J augment these messages and supplement them with the individual transportation modes of marine, messages of information. aero, road and rail. The Association of American Railroads (AAR) The Coast Guard description of the purposes [1= notes that safety was the original goal for rail of aids to navigation (and this also serves as a signals, with a major goal of expediting train description of core messages) is simple: aids to movement later becoming significant. However, navigation assist mariners in determing their [I ,] safety and efficient movement of trains are so position, or course, and warn of dangers (USCG intertwined as to be one goal (AAR, ARSPAP, III, 1977, 1). All aids, lighted and unlighted, 1953, 3). Armstrong, a major writer in rail fixed and floating, acoustical and electronic, matters, speaks of the rail signal system as carry out one or more of those three purposes or [ I ,] having three accomplishments: safe movement of general messages. closely following trains, safe passage at junctions and crossings, and safe movement of The general goal of traffic control devices [I J opposing trains on single tracks (Armstrong given by MUTCD centers on the expediting of 1957, 3). Regulation, guidance and warnings are traffic movements; a drawing out of that goal closely united, even fused within the would include the words guidance, warning and [ j J double-goal and triple "accomplishments". Rail information (MUTCD 1988, 1A-1). signs add an additional message of information. Neither aero nor rail sources appear to have The following material on the nature (or a succinct over-arching description of goals/ [J forms or primary characteristics) of messages is general message patterns. However, it is reprinted from the second edition of Part A, relatively easy to determine messages patterns Volume 1. for aero and rail markings. L] Transportation marking message can be Aeronautical navigation aids have five reduced to four major forms: purposes or general messages (which can be [ ] 1. Multiple capability that permits confated into three purposes): identify Changing message/Multiple Message (C3M) airports; determine position (these first two 2. Message capability that permits only named can be conflated into one purpose of Changing Message/Single Message (CMSM) determination of position or airport -- this [ ] 3. Message capability that includes an resembles marine practice); provide guidance; Unchanging Message but with Multiple Messages delineate runways and taxiways (and, in turn, -! (U3M) I I :1 the last two named can be merged into a single L ~ :\!!lI

I 13 12 L ] L ] --, l [, J

4. Message capability that is restricted to ...J road signal at a school may only operate during unchanging Message and Single Message (UMSM) [, school hours, or a drawbridge signal may function only when the lift span is raised. The Marking messages have a dialectical ..,. signal, when inoperative, creates a different character about them: they are either unchanging pattern of traffic than when on. or changing; either they are multiple messages [1 or they are a single message. All of the A contradictory nature may also seem present possibilities are combinations of one member of ..,. in the unchanging message/multiple message form each of the two sets of that dialectical matrix. [1 (U3M). This category refers to the situation where at least two distinct messages are found The most frequent type of changing J within a single marking. For example, the message/multiple message (C3M) are those of road C] device known as a "traffic beacon" has an and rail lighted signals. In these instances unchanging message yet two messages are the message has several phases or sub-messages displayed: one a flashing yellow indication which change according to pre-programming, denoting caution, the other, a flashing red transportation mode-initiated change, or central L] indication denoting stop and then proceed only control. The basic signal for rail and road --, i when the intersection is clear. A second contains three lenses displaying red, green and [ ·'C. example is the marine light known as a yellow hues. The meaning of multiple-message directional signal. It emits two or three refers to distinctly different messages at I messages for different zones of a channel various times from a single marking. Changing [I simultaneously. refers to the situation in which the messages J alternate or change according to some Unchanging message/single message (UMSM) at established pattern. A marine light may have a [J 'I first appears to be self-explanatory. It I' complex message but nonetheless it is a single j includes the greater part of marine and I sequence or period and that means one message. aeronautical markings as well as many unlighted There are few examples of C3M outside road and and partially-lighted road and rail markings. rail signals. Other varieties of railway [ The UMSM type has one sequence which is signals (searchlight, position, color-position) ·'l. unvarying in all cases. But in the 1984 follow the C3M pattern though the manner of - monograph on traffic control devices - in this executing the message varies from one signal [~ Series - it became apparent that some very type to the next. ,~ different forms of markings were merged together in the UMSM category, that UMSM could contain The changing message/single message (CMSM) '-' I significant differences. The changes made in type suggests a contradiction since change and a [ ,J that study carried forward to the railway study, single message sequence are in one message then to the revised version of Part A and now formulation. A reasonable explanation is Part B. possible: some markings contain one message but [ that message is not continuous. For example, a "'"

14 [ J 15

I [' -J <' Ll .J transportation or to energy forms or semiotics The members of UMSM exhibit one of two L1 .J or specific messages. Seemingly any classifi­ message characteristics: they either produce one cation places the markings within a context of message at a time (though other messages could something else. How can the markings stand be programmed for the mechanism) or they produce ~ alone? Probably only by a simple alphabetical a single message and are incapable of any other L1 listing. A Victorian economist, W. Stanley message. The former sub-category can be termed Jevons, offers a form for such a listing. "Programmable Transportation Markings" and the remainder can be named "Unitary Transportation [ 1­ In his tome, The Principles of Science: a Markings" . Treatise on Logical and Scientific Method, Jevons notes that even a simple alphabetical The unitary group needs to be further [1 ] index is a true classification. An index subdivided: a) some markings have a single form follows a classifying principle - the letters of and admit no variationi these are termed the alphabet - and the objects so arranged can "Variant A"i b) an intermediate group allows for ~hereby be regarded as truly classified. The one of several predictable variations and these [ 1 ] 1ndex of marking phenomena, which would have are subsumed under "Variant B"i c) finally, been included in any case, serves a double there are markings about which few, if any, purpose by also providing a classification of predictions can be made and they are labelled the individual markings (Jevons 1958, 714). "Variant CIt. A stop sign clearly suggests the [I J "A" variant, a turn sign (displaying one of 7B3 Nomenclature several types of turns) represents "B" while a [Reprinted from Part A, 2nd ed] sign denoting the name of a town denotes the "c" [I] form. The nomenclature or rules for naming and classifying transportation markings were A programmable marking, such as a marine [] J established in 1969 and 1970. The light, cannot easily be further subdivided. The ~lassification system has been substantially relevant marine agency may publish a listing of 1nfluenced by the Dana System of Mineralogy light phase characteristics (and a range of [ .J (1944 edition edited by Charles Palache). The characteristics for specific functions) but the Dana system uses numbers (newer editions of that actual light/dark sequence is an individualized system have dropped the distinctive feature of process and one would have to examine many numbers for mineral) as well as names for individual lights to gain an appreciation of the [J mineral specimens (in contrast to many natural categories of messages. classifications that have names onlYi to be sure, other classifications, including those of This final segment of 7B2 does not refer to [ ] libraries, use numbers). messages. Instead it refers to transportation marking phenomena in themselves. Transpor­ What is the rationale behind this tation markings are often not perceived in their nomenclature and classification schema? The own uniqueness free of ties to modes of [ .J 17 16 [ ] [ ] The nature of the message number is denoted schema adopted is not a "natural" pattern since by the second digit following this arrangement: there is no natural transportation markings fully-lighted visual messages are represented by arrangement. But hopefully, the adopted "1" (for example, rail and road signals) . arrangement is not altogether arbitrary. The Partially-lighted markings are listed under "2". system has four levels (each represented by a The original classification attempted to digit): mode of transportation; nature of distinguish between over 50% lighted and those marking; classes of markings (when applicable); merely half-lighted. But that is a difficult, and the individual marking. Because of the if not impossible, distinction. Perhaps some special nature of buoys and other floating aids computer might be able to ascertain that a to navigation the marine mode of transportation lighthouse, for example, is more than 50% has been divided into two parts. lighted (since the need for that may be greater at night than in daytime) and that a railway Buoys are therefore represented by the target with switch lamp is exactly half-lighted number "1" and fixed aids by "2". Aeronautical and half-unlighted. But in this preliminary navigation aids adjoin marine and are alloted study such distinctions are not possible. "3" (there are some resemblances between marine and aero; for example, Readers' Guide to Number "3" denotes unlighted markings Periodical Literature in some older volumes (signs, pavement markings, buoys without sound referred to "Aerial Lighthouses"; Volumes VI-X, or lighted mechanisms). Acoustical signals are 1922-1937). Traffic control devices are "4" in the classification and electronic devices represented by "4" and rail signals, signs and are "5". Because of changes in the system and markings by "5". in different monographs it will be necessary to examine and alter the numbers of some transpor­ Other arrangements by mode of transportation tation markings in older classifications. are possible. Historically, road markings are probably the oldest followed by marine, rail and The third digit number is not required for aero. Yet there are other factors supporting all markings. It is needed where two or more the present arrangement: marine aids are the groups of markings are found within a message most diverse area of modern markings. Many type. For example, there are several forms, or aeronautical aids are unlighted or partially­ classes, of unlighted buoys: nuns, cans, spars, lighted which is also the case with marine, and etc. The third or class number designates the many aids are electronic in nature for both aero various groups. In this classification the and marine. One could further say that third digit "1" marks a nun buoy. A "0" will be "beacons" are a major form of marine and aero found in the third digit position when classes aid while many rail and road signals are of the do not exist. "signal" form. Therefore marine, followed in turn by aero, then by road and rail, is a The last digit denotes the specific marking reasonable and even sensible arrangement. number and this allows for up to ten members for

19 18 a specific classification sequence. For a nun buoy in the international classification the First Digit: mode of transportation­ total number is 1412: indicating it is a buoy marine (in two parts), aeronautical, road and that is unlighted (14), that it is the first rail member of a group of more than one type of Second Digit: nature of the message unlighted buoys (141, unlighted-conical) and the (visual divided in all-lighted, "2" designates that it is a U.S. nun buoy. partially-lighted, and unlighted; acoustical, electronic, combination) A classification problem developed with traffic control devices. Traffic signs merge Third Digit: classes of a given form the type of sign (in a physical other-than­ of marking when applicable semiotic sense) with the message so that instead of a single marking which can be programmed for Fourth Digit: individual marking many different specific message characteristics number (altered to group of closely united (such as a marine light) the traffic sign has a markings when numerous) fixed and very narrow message. There are many types of signs each with one message (this classification is of types not messages, but Numbers employed: with traffic signs the type and message become First Digit: numbers 1 to 5 closely united and can not be readily "broken" Second Digit: numbers 1 to 6 apart). This has meant that the last digit does Third Digit: numbers 0 to 9 not represent individual signs since, in part, Fourth Digit: numbers 0 to 9 they are more semiotic signs - in some sense and to some degree - than physical signs and therefore the fourth digit refers to groups of signs. For example under 442, Regulatory signs, there are several categories for prohibitory purposes and these in turn are divided into subcategories, so those dealing with turns are 4423. A message for a sign affects the physical appearance of the sign as a physical unit and is therefore within the nomenclature of the classification. In summary, the transportation markings classification follows this pattern:

-1 : I l 1M 20 [ J 21 l ,j CHAPTER EIGHT CLASSIFICATION 8A Main Classification 8A1 Outline Form: Markings Within a Context of Transportation Modes 1 Floating Aids to Navigation: Marine Use 12 Lighted & Lighted Sound Buoys 120 Most Exposed 1200 Lighted 1201 Lighted Whistle 1202 Lighted Horn 1203 Lighted Bell 1204 Lighted Gong 121 Exposed 1210 Lighted 1211 Lighted Whistle 1212 Lighted Horn 1213 Lighted Bell 1214 Lighted Gong 122 Semi-Exposed 1220 Lighted 1221 Lighted Horn 1222 Lighted Bell 123 Protected 1230 Lighted 124 Most Protected 1240 Lighted 125 Discrepancy Buoy 1250 Lighted 126 Major Aids 1260 Large Navigation Buoy (LNB) 13 Unlighted Buoys 130 Most Exposed 1300 Can

23 22 1301 Nun 15 Sound Buoys 131 Exposed 150 Single Types 1310 Can 1500 Bell 1311 Nun 1501 Gong 132 Semi-Exposed 1502 Whistle 1320 Can 1321 Nun 2 Fixed Aids to Navigation: Marine Use 22 Lighted Aids 133 Ice 220 Major Light Structures 1330 Can 2200 Enclosed Towers 1331 Nun 2201 Skeleton Towers 134 Western Rivers 2202 Houses/Towers on Special 1340 Can 1341 Nun Foundations 135 Swiftest Western Rivers 221 Minor Light Structures: Marine Sites 1350 Can 2210 Single Pile 1351 Nun 2211 Multiple Pile 136 Foam-Filled Buoys 2212 Standard Structures on 1360 Can, Protected Special Foundations 1361 Nun, Protected 222 Minor Light Structures: Land Sites 1362 Can, Most Protected 2220 Post 1363 Nun, Most Protected 2221 Spindle 137 Plastic Buoys 1370 Can, Protected-Temporary 2222 Skeleton Tower 1371 Nun, Protected-Temporary 2223 Cylindrical 1372 Can, Most Protected- 2224 Small House Temporary 2225 Pyramidal 1373 Nun, Most Protected­ Temporary 23 Unlighted Aids 230 Marine Sites 138 Discrepancy Buoy 2300 Single pile Most Protected-Temporary 2301 Multiple Pile (Foam-filled Plastic) 231 Land Sites 1380 Unlighted, Can daymark 2310 Post 1381 Unlighted, Nun daymark 2311 Spindle 139 Other Unlighted Buoys 2312 Stake 1390 Spar 2313 Tripod 1391 Sphere 1392 Drum 24 Electronic Aids to Navigation 1393 Barrel 240 Short Range

24 25 J l--, , .. 3230 High Intensity Runway Edge & 2400 Radiobeacon l-, Threshold/End Lights 2401 Racon 3231 Medium Intensity Runway 2402 Radar Reflector Edge, Threshold/End & 241 Long Range [, Taxiway Lights 2410 Loran 3232 Medium Intensity Threshold 2411 omega .- .... Light-:-Special 2412 GPS [~ 3233 Low Intensity Edge, Threshold/End Light 25 Fixed Sound Signals 3234 Holding Position Edge Light 250 Single Types 324 Obstruction Lighting 2500 Diaphragm [Pure tone, Bell [~ 3240 Steady-burning Light tone, Gong tone] 3241 Flashing Light 2501 Diaphone 3242 High Intensity Light 2502 Siren [~ 3243 Medium Intensity Light 2503 Air Horn 325 Lighted Signs: Taxiway Guidance & Runway 3 Aeronautical Navigation Aids 3250 Mandatory Instruction [: 3251 Location 31 All-Lighted 3252 Direction 310 Approach Lighting 0 3253 Taxiway Ending Marker 3210 Lampholder Un1t [: 3254 Destination 3211 Discharge Flashing Light 3255 Roadway 3212 Generic Visual Glideslope HOi 3256 Information Indicator I 3257 Runway Distance 3213 Precision Approach Path [: -' Remaining Indicator 326 Wind Indicators 32 Partially-Lighted 3260 Wind Cone 321 Beacons C~ 3261 Wind Tee 3210 Rotating 3211 Flashing 33 Unlighted Aero Navigation Aids 322 Runway & Taxiway i 330 Runway Markings Inpavement Lighting C: 3300 Centerline 3220 Runway Centerline & 3301 Designation Touchdown Zone Lights 3302 Threshold ~ights 3221 Edge, Threshold/End C' --! 3303 Fixed Distance 3222 Taxiway Centerline L1ght 3304 Holding Position 3223 Taxiway Intersection Lights 3305 TDZ 323 Runway & Taxiway Elevated [ 3306 Side Stripes Lighting ., I I 27 26 [ ,~

-i L: ,..J 331 Taxiway Markings 4111 Lane-Control Signals 3310 Centerline 4112 Moveable Bridge Signals 3311 Edge 4113 Railroad Crossing Signals 3312 Holding Position 4114 Ramp Control Signals 332 Runway & Taxiway 4115 Pedestrian Signals Retroreflective Markers 4116 Emergency Traffic Signals 3320 Inpavement-Centerline 4117 One-Lane/Two-Way Signals 3321 Elevated-Edge 333 Obstruction Markings 43 Signs and Markings 3330 Patterns 430 Regulatory Signs 3331 Markers 4300 Dominant Model, Rectangles 334 Single Types (vertical emphasis) 3340 Segmented Circle 4301 Secondary Model, Squares Airport Marker 431 Warning Signs System 4310 Dominant Model, Diamonds 3341 Compass Calibration 4311 Supplemental Model, Pad Rectangles (vertical emphasis) 34 Electronic Aids 4312 Supplemental Model, Squares 340 Course and Distance Signals 4313 Supplemental Model, Triangle 3400 Glide Slope (isosceles) 3401 Localizer 432 Guide Signs 3402 VOR 4320 Dominant Model, Rectangles 3403 VORTAC (horizontal emphasis) 3404 TACAN 4321 Special Shape, Shields 3405 DME 4322 Special Shape, Rectangles, 341 Location Identification Signals (elongated-vertical 3410 Non-directional Beacon emphasis) 3411 Marker Beacon 4323 Supplemental Model, 3412 Compass Locator (COMLO) Rectangle (vertical emphasis) 433 Markings 4 Traffic Control Devices 4330 Pavement 4331 Curb 41 Traffic Signals 4332 Objects-within roadway 410 Single 4333 Objects-adjacent to roadway 4100 Traffic Control Signals 4334 Objects-end of roadways 411 Specialized Use 4335 Delineators-curb 4110 Traffic Beacons 4336 Delineators-upright

28 29

- 4337 Barricades 4338 Channelizing Devices 5321 Advanced Location 45 Sound Signals 5322 Speed Control 450 Railway Crossing Signal Bells 5323 Safety 5324 Maintenance of Way 5 Railroad Signals, Signs and Markers 533 Markers 51 Lighted Signals 55 Sound Signals 510 Trackside Signals 550 Cab Signal Bells 5100 Searchlight-Color Light 5101 Color-Light 5102 Position-Light 5103 Color-Position Light 511 Dwarf Signals 5110 Searchlight-Color Light 5111 Color-Light 5112 Position-Light 5113 Color-Position Light 512 Cab Signals 5120 Color-Light 5121 Position-Light 52 Partially-Lighted Signals 520 Semaphore Signals 5200 Trackside 5201 Dwarf 521 Switch Signals 53 Unlighted Signals, Signs, Indicators, Markers 530 Targets 5300 Color 5301 Shape 5302 Position 5303 Color-shape 531 Miniature Graphic Symbols 532 Signs 5320 Location

30 31 " [1 ]

8A2 Explanatory Notes for Main Classification which there are six). The main classification [] ] includes the primary differentiation only. Separate explanatory notes have been Unlighted buoys include additional categories prepared for the various classifications or based on special conditions, location and buoy groups of classifications. The following notes [1 ] construction materials. These include ice, pertain to the main classification only. western rivers and buoy materials (foam and Schematic and Pictorial Classifications (Chapter plastic) . 8B), though clearly and closely related to this classification, require separate notes even if [1 ] Spar, Drum and Barrel were formerly standard brief. The classifications of the Appendix are buoys and perhaps they should be placed in the also accompanied by explanatory notes. multiple and variant classification and not in [I ] the main classification. However, the Aids to 12. Lighted and Lighted-Sound Buoys. The Navigation Manual-Technical mentions these first edition of Part B separated Lighted-Sound forms, if only in passing, and they are from Lighted buoys; a category entitled therefore included in 13. combination markings was created for markings [I ] encompassing two or more message forms. 22. Fixed lighted forms, unlike floating However, the U.S. Coast Guard includes lighted [ ] forms of marine aids, include many and lighted-sound forms together since buoys long-established forms. This is especially true for a given class are of the same shape and with major fixed lights (lighthouses). A size, and that approach has been adopted in this [J ] classification of fixed lights may become edition. While this integrated approach is cursory and even simplistic since it can only valid, the older method of placing suggest the physical appearance of these multi-message markings in a special category has markings. This situation is exemplified in the merit. There are seven classes within 12. Most [-: ] 220 ~ategory which contains just four broad Exposed and Exposed have a full complement of entries. The USCG Civil Engineering Manual as buoys; semi-exposed has a partial complement of well as the Aids to Navigation Manual- Technical forms. The remaining classes have lighted forms greatly influenced this segment of the only. The Large Navigational Buoy makes up the [~I ] classification. The Multiple and Variant final class and it has both light and sound classification includes greater details on fixed capabilities (Reference for all buoys: USCG lights though the individuality of many aids 1990, 2-2 and 2-3; see also individual precludes an exhaustive listing of all nuances descriptions, 2-31 to 2-99) . [] ] (minor fixed aids: USCG 1990, 4-27; major: USCG 1964) . 13. Unlighted Buoys. The apparent complexity of this category of can and nun buoys [I ] The 221 and 222, Minor Structures, segments has been greatly conflated for this coverage. of 22 contain only the standard forms of the can and nun buoys are designated both by Aids to Navigation Manual. There are many other location (Most Exposed, etc) and by class (of [1= forms extant and more detailed standard forms 33 32 [I] [J] are found in the multiple and variant classification (References for minor fixed aids: 323. Runway and Taxiway Inpavement lights USCG 1990, 4-27ff). exhibit a high degree of conflation in the main classification. This is permissible in large 24. There are only a few members in the part because of multiple uses of several basic Electronic aids to navigation segment; however light fixtures. While there are few entries the brevity of these aids does not indicate a here there are many more in the Appendix. This peripheral role. Older types and subforms are situation is true of 324, Runway and Taxiway found in Appendix i. Elevated lights as well, though to a reduced degree. 25. The diversity of past fog signals has been reduced to one form (though electronic 325. Obstruction lighting includes basic processes allow for emulation of bell and gong forms in this classification with extensions in sounds). However, USCG Light Lists include the multiple and variant classification. mention of fog signals which are not standard types (from the perspective of the Manual, which 326. Since signs are frequently lighted includes current federal aids; for example, they are listed among the partially-lighted Fauntleroy Cove Fog Signal in Seattle and markings (though they need to be included with Benicia-Martinez Railroad Bridge Fog Signals, unlighted markings as well). The older Suisan Bay; both locations have sirens) and classification nomenclature practice of these are included. The Multiple and Variant including a more than 50% lighted aids category classification contains additional forms and and a 50% lighted category had merit especially subforms (USCG 1990, 7-29ff). in the matter of lighted signs. But it is nearly impossible to say a marking is more than 31. Aero Approach Lighting constitutes a 50% lighted or exactly 50%. A carefully fully-lighted segment. thoughtout and executed methodology may be able· to resolve the issue but such a resolution has 32. Aeronautical lights are precisely not yet been achieved; the present imperfect regulated so that substantial detail is merger of largely lighted markings with available even in a classification given over to sometimes unlighted markings (which can be main forms. A further elucidation in Appendix i equipped with light apparatus) remains in use. allows for a classification that approaches a The classification attempt was made to include technical level of content and terminology. the major forms of signs without unduly invading the actual message dimension. 327, Wind 321. Beacons are encompassed within just Indicators, represents a partially-lighted two classes for this classification. 322. marking category that is more clear: the wind Approach lighting, is largely covered in this indicator has both day and night dimensions. classification though some extrapolations are The multiple and variant classification provides found in the Appendix . elaboration on taxiway guidance signs but not for runway signs, as it is unneeded. 34 35 43. Traffic Signs (430-432). Earlier 33. Markings. These are clearly unlighted comments about signs and the problem of markings. The confusion over dual use of the classification also apply to traffic signs. term "markings" (also found with road and rail) These matters have been sufficiently discussed also appears here. Most of these markings are in these Notes. Markings, 433, exhibit clearly of the pavement form though raised markings and delineated forms which have been easier to deal elevated markers are in use. The problem of with. (MUTCD 1988, Part II). distinguishing the type of marking from its message is present here as well as with signs. 45. Sound signals have a limited role for The main classification focusses on forms and TCD since many railway crossings include bells. purposes and avoids specific message In the older classification they were included configurations. The multiple and variant with the combination category since they were classification elaborates on obstruction usually combined with signs and movable barriers markings but the main classification is (MUTCD 1988, Part VIII) . sufficient for other markings; message classifications provide much information on 51. Railway signals are largely confined to markings and their messages. the main classification since the forms are standardized into a few designs. Dwarf signals 34. Electronic aids provide a special require separate classification since not challenge in that there are many aids and almost infrequently they are physically at variance too many for a single category. In addition, with full-sized versions. Cab signals can be many are part of either Instrument Landing subdivided into color-light and position-light System (ILS) or Microwave Landing System (MLS). forms (ARSPP 1949, Ch. 13). Electronic aids, in the main classification, are bifurcated into two categories based on their 52. Partially-lighted signals require brief primary purpose; the multiple and variant mention in the main classification and nothing classification follows a differentiation further in the multiple and variant principle based on the system (ILS or MLS) that classification. Switch signals present a most such aids belong to. problem that is shared with the targets (530) part of 53. Switch signals can be a stand-alone 41. Traffic Signals is a very numerous entity or they can be joined with a target. object that can be largely classified under the Targets can therefore be either an unlighted heading of traffic control signals. Specialized marking or part of a partially-lighted uses include signals at variance, to some assemblage. Only principal shapes of targets degree, with the typical configurations of are classified in 8A1 since further elucidation traffic control signals. Traffic Beacons are would invade either the variant or the message substantially expanded in the variant spheres; further shapes are given in the variant classification (MUTCD 1988, Part IV). classification though that approaches the boundaries of messages (ARSPP 1949; Camp 1903).

36 37 [~J

531. Miniature graphic symbols (known as [-.J track indicators or one of several other ct) s::0'1 designations) are a single entity here since the -.-j actual symbols are very much a matter of [I·] .!>( I-l co messages (AAR 1987, 8, 57, 59-60). ::<: s:: 532. SigDs are classified according to form 0 [I] -.-j and function and attempts to skirt actual +J o O..-lN(Y)"",L!) co o ..-l..-l..-l..-l..-l..-l message configurations. The message +J ..-l ..-l..-l..-l..-l..-l..-l I-l classification of Appendix II takes up that 0 O""'..-l""'''''''''''''''''''''''''' 0. ..-l ..-l ct) vital concern (AREA 1990, Part 7). [. J s:: ..-l"'" "'" co "'" I-l 55. Most railway sound signals are part of E-t O..-lN(Y') cab signal assemblages; railway crossing bells CI.l [. J . 0000 ..-l..-l..-l..-l are part of road signals though closely related :::> O(Y)(Y')(Y')(Y) ..-l to railway operations. 4-l ..-l (Y') 0 (Y') s:: [.J 0 -.-j +Jco u -.-j [. J 4-l H -.-j H ct) ct) co .-l [. J U U -.-j +J ~ H .c::

..-l ct) I:Q . 4-l

[.] 39 38 C-] 12 22 32 120 220 320 1200 2200 3200 1201 2201 3201 1202 2202 321 1203 221 3210 1204 2210 -3211 121 2211 3212 1210 2212 3213 1211 322 2 1212 3220

.j::> Par­ 1213 3221 o tially 1214 . 3222 Lighted 122 3223 1220 3224 1221 323 1222 3230 123 3231 1230 3232 124 3233 1240 125 1250 126 1260

~ ~ ~ ~, ~; , 1 r~ , l r-- I , 1 .----l, !\ !\ r------\ !\ -----~~~~ ...... ~ ...... ~·--~d~ ~ ~ ~ i.-J rI..-J l-J .i-J L-.J L-J L-J L-J L-J L-J L--J L-.J

325 3250 3251 3252 3253 3254 3255 3256 3257 .j::> i-' 326 3260 3261

13 23 33 43 53 130 230 330 430 530 3 1300 2300 3300 4300 5300 Un­ 1301 2301 3301 4301 5301 lighted 131 3302 431 5302 1310 3303 4310 5303 1311 3304 4311 531 132 3305 4312 5310 1320 3306 4313 532 1321 331 432 5320 133 3310 4320 5321 1330 3311 4321 5322 1331 3312 4322 5323 134 332 4323 5324 1340 3320 433 1341 3321 4330 135 333 4331 1350 3330 4332 1351 3331 4333 3 136 334 4334 -Po Un- 1360 3340 4335 N lighted 1361 3341 4336 (eont'd) 137 4337 1370 4338 1371 1372 1373 138 1380 1381 139 1390 1391 1392 1393

J"I ,---, I""l I""l r"l r"l !"l r-l !"l r-'i r\ ~ r\ !\ ~ !\ r\ --- - ..... ~ .....l l ___J L __J I J -' LJ LJ L_-J L:.J L-J --L~ -L-J --LJ LJ LJ LJ L-..I

24 34 240 340 4 2400 3400 Elee- 2401 3401 tronies 2402 3402 241 3403 2410 3404 2411 3405 2412 341 -Po VI 3410 3411 3412

15 25 45 150 250 450 5 1500 2500 4500 Sound 1501 2501 1502 2502 2503 11 8E2 Pictorial Classification [~ ] I II III IV V

Heferences for l::lli2 '"C:l Pg Pg Pg [1 ] 45 45 45 Page 45: ..c: btl 'M ColUUQ III Top, Bottom: Godfrey [ ] ~ Center Left: Rased on I Devore Pl.AS I -,-- ~ Center Right: Crouse- ~ lUnda, ~T 2.2 I . AAR source mater1o1 [ ~'"C:l & & ~ 47 47 'M ..c: Column 1 Top. Center: USCG 1990 . .;..> btl fl H 'M 60ctolll: Parta C & 0, Vol I (USCG) L eIl~ p., ColWlWl II USCG 1964

ColWllo tIl Top Left Top Right Godfrey [I] Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Center, 50ttom: 48 48 48 49 49 FAA 1991 '"C:l Page 47: ColUllln I USCC 1990 ..c: 49 Column II Top Kight: Godfrey ['II ] btl 'M Top Left: Template I] ~ influencer by ADB-ALNACO I L-802 lorn] ~ •• ::> Center Left-Upper: Godfrey Center Left-Low-ee: Crouae- ) '"C:l Hinde CT 1.3 Pg Pg Center Right/BottolD. Right: § uppermost: SEPCOi remainder [' 0 so so are altered existing draw1ng 'J U) ------Column III Tap: Western-Cullen .]' () Bottom: From Part Y 'M •• I ~ Pg Pg () 0 Page 48: COIUlIlU 1 OseG 1990 P-l Column 11 OSCC 1990 [I ]

Column 111 Upper Left & RIght: FAA Center Hiddle: FAA 191::10 Lower Left & Right: FAA ,:::t, J Page It'}: Column III ~~ ~9~;~ter Right/liottom Rig[ht: 11 'J 50ttolD. Left: FAA 1984.

Column IV MUTCD 19\H:I & liT CD 1983. • Column Y Top & Center: 5eth1ehem 1981. I 50ttoll AAR 1985. o Page 50: ColUlDn I OSCG 1990 [ 'J D Column 11 Tap: USCG 1990 ~, II . 44 Center Left: Part 1st ed. (USCG Bottom' OS Wavy Omegs [[I:~ 45 • e1 @oooo ~ ~@tL

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~ I \I~ c[} v CISJJ 00 I ~i'--::""""""• -{u /00I \ 0 ~ <:> " L-.L.....-\--..A-1-'I "" = 0 " I

48

49 8B3 Explanatory Notes for Schematic & Pictorial Classifications The schematic classification requires few explanatory notes. The contents and numerical designations of this classification are those of the main classification. The difference is exclusively one of format. The schematic classification is arranged by transportation mode (horizontal dimension) and by nature of energy wave form (vertical dimension). It thereby integrates two vital aspects of transportation markings and simultaneously illustrates relationships and interconnection between and among the individual markings. The pictorial classification refers only to principal forms of transportation markings and does not include variant forms. The classi­ fication centers on physical appearance of markings. Markings of similar form will be represented by one marking which exemplies the . core design of that grouping. Acoustic and ,", '.~J1t. . . . electronic markings illustrations are included ~ though the appearance is less important; nonetheless even in those cases the physical form gives some information about the marking and its messages. All-lighted: While traffic control signals can have variant configurations the signal pictured is an adequate representative. Traffic beacons are of several physical forms yet a shared core element is present and the illustrated intersection traffic beacon suggests the basic form. Pedestrian signals can be of several shapes and have more than one message configuration; nonetheless standard pedestrian signals bear a strong resemblance to one another

51

50 and the signal pictured is an adequate follow standard forms which are included but· representation. many minor lights have individual forms that are too numerous to be included: this is also true Railway signals include both full-size and of daybeacons. dwarf models. There are notable differences between full-size and dwarf railway signals More forms of aeronautical aids have been (for example, height, design, and the number of included than may seem necessary. But the lamps) that warrant pictures of both forms. precise nature of aeronautical messages and their configurations are such that even limited Aeronautical approach lighting is a recent differences in the lights can be significant. addition to all-lighted transportation markings. Hence "minor" differences between lamp units are This compiler formerly grouped them with major and that leads to more illustrations. partially-lighted markings (marine and aero) yet unlike nearly all other aeronautical lights they Many aero signs are lighted and therefore are in operation day and night. The illus­ included here. Sign types have a wide range of trations are representative of approach lighting messages but few physical types and the latter types. are the focus of the illustrations: the accompanying messages are only incidental. Partially-lighted: Lighted/sound buoys were Wind-cones and other partially-lighted aids formerly placed in a special combination more clearly differentiate between type and category. But in this revised classification message. they are found with lighted forms. This change better conforms with the USCG practice. Semaphores, though very much in decline, Pictures of lighted-sound buoys are therefore continue to be an important signal form. Both included with representations of light-only full-size and dwarf forms are included. Dwarfs, buoys. These comments also apply to the Large though somewhat similar to full-sized versions, Navigational Buoy and it too is included here. represent a distinct physical appearance. Track There are many forms of the lighted buoy each Indicators, though now rarely used, are included with specific physical characteristics. since they exhibit a singular form not Nonetheless, many of the larger lighted buoys represented by other railway devices. are somewhat similar in design and hence one form can represent all of them. The Protected Unlighted can and nun buoys classes differ and Most Protected types exhibit quite different in size yet the overall appearance is similar: forms and therefore buoys from those groups therefore one sample of each is an adequate represent those classes. representative. Foam and plastic buoys, within the can and nun matrix, however, are notably Major lights are very singular in design and different in appearance and representative the accompanying illustrations only suggest the samples are included. range of designs. Minor lights increasingly

53 52 Targets, a form of unlighted signal, CHAPTER 9 exhibits messages, in large part, through shape. At the same time the physical forms DESCRIPTIVE TREATMENT OF U.S. represent types of markings; therefore a representative sampling is included. TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: MARINE & AREa MODES Railway sign and marking shapes also 9A Marine Aids to Navigation constitute physical entities as well as message forms and therefore representative forms are 9Al Introduction & Fixed Aids included. Marine transportation markings has an Sound: Sound-only buoy pictures are included overarching and encompassing term: aids to but in a different category. Standard fog navigation. These include major lights (or signals are exclusively diaphone in character. lighthouses), minor lights (river, harbor, Acoustic messages cannot be pictured; channel lights), daybeacons (unlighted fixed nonetheless, the physical form has some bearing aids), buoys and other floating aids (the latter on the sound signal and is therefore now confined to large navigational buoys), fog represented. Two fog signals are included: a signals, and electronic devices (radiobeacons, fully self-contained unit, and a second that Loran, Omega, racons, radar reflectors). requires emitters separate from the energy supply unit. Marine markings, found along the coasts and in navigable inland waters, are heavily involved Electronics aids messages are not visible with guidance: providing landfalls for mariners (though they may be translated at the reception coming in from the open sea, marking channels, point into visual and/or aural forms) but the and providing for coastwise navigators so they physical structure affects the energy waves and can proceed safely and accurately. Other is therefore included with representative forms. significant functions include warning of isolated dangers, a regulatory role. More contemporary aids, allowing for long-range and even global navigation, are also with guidance aids. Marine aids to navigation date back to ancient times in the form of simple beacons and primitive lighthouses (including one which ranked as a wonder of the ancient world). The modern era began in the earlier part of the nineteenth century; that.time, marked by more modern means of transportation, was accompanied

55

54 by more sophisticated message equipment and Island, New York) may provide the tools for a construction technology. The high point of growth in non-federal aids. visual/acoustical aids to navigation was probably reached in the late nineteenth and The direct human involvement in aids has early twentieth centuries; the early post-World steadily declined, especially in recent decades, War I era saw the beginning of electronic aids. and automatic equipment increasingly dominates aids to navigation. A human presence may be a The contemporary field of marine markings is feature of some national aids to navigation a composite of visual, acoustical and electronic systems but not that of the U.S. Aids can aids. Great advances in electronics have been operate for lengthy periods of time through the made though advances in optics and sound use of sophisticated equipment including solar research have also been made. Nonetheless panels. electronics is increasingly important and many great landfall lights have been reduced in Fixed marine aids encompasses lights on power, and some shrinkage of the aids to fixed structures (major and minor), fog signals navigation system is underway (not entirely due (except those on buoys), unlighted beacons, and to electronics). Even some electronic aids (for electronic aids. Fixed lights includes lights example, radiobeacons and loran) have been on marine sites as well as on land sites. They reduced in number while longer-range electronic offer aid for determining position, warning of aids have increased their role (USCG LNM #10, 5; dangers and marking channels. They include Keeler 1987, 290-295). everything from a lofty Victorian tower to a small harbor light composed of a single pile, In the view of this compiler (admittedly lamp and daymark. All of these markings are based on limited information) the reduction of identified by the color of light and its light aids (including long-established river and phase characteristics (fixed, flashing, harbor lights in the Pacific Northwest) by the occulting, etc.). During the day the great federal Coast Guard may result in some increase seaward light stations are identified by the in non-federal aids (see for example, LNM flO & distinctive design and possibly by special color Keeler 1987, 290, 291, 293). The Uniform State schemes. Smaller lights are often a part of the Waterway Marking System (founded in 1966) whose lateral system of beacons and buoys and thereby aids are operated by states, local governments conform to the requirements of that system. and private groups and persons, may need to Small fixed aids may exhibit dayboards with increase to cover the federal withdrawal. easil¥ recognized messages of color, design and (Reference for USWMS: USCG 1977, 18-19 & USCG occas1onally alphanumeric symbols. 1991, vii). Plastic and foam buoys produced by companies such as the Rolyan (Menomonee Falls, Daybeacon is a term seemingly unique to the Wisconsin) and pier, dock and buoy lights U.S. and to Canada though other nations have produced by companies such as Perko (Miami, similar aids. Daybeacons are fixed aids and are Florida) and Julian McDermott (Ridgewood, Long found on both land and marine sites. Day

57 56 messages are similar to those of the day part of Coast Guard has established message smaller lights. The reflectorized material possibilities for signals that range from a applied to dayboards enhances the aid's value at one-second blast and nine seconds of silence (ls night when illuminated by a ship's lights. bl/9s si) to two three-second blasts separated Daybeacons are also part of the lateral systems by three seconds of silence followed by a of aids to navigation. The term daymark (the three-second blast and ending with 51 seconds of Coast Guard appears to use dayboard and daymark silence (3s/3s/3s bl/41s si). Sea-activated interchangeably) in a more precise sense is a signals are termed "random" (USCG 1979, 7-1). special board added to a structure displaying standardized messages. Daymark, in a wide Fog signal operations are of several forms. sense, is the physical structure whether or not Some signals run continuously either for the a specially designed daymark is present (USCG full year or a specific season. Some signals 1990, xii, xviii). are manually activated while others are activated by some form of automated sensing The fog signal is the sound aspect of fixed device. Increasingly the Coast Guard lists fog aids; fog signals are also found with floating signals as horns without further details. These aids though many floating signals are at horns are diaphones in most instances; the variance with land forms. Fog signal message variety of fog signal types is increasingly characteristics have two elements: the tone and narrowed as the diaphone more and more the signal characteristic. The tone of a signal dominates. Other forms may be in use notably at is set by the type of sound-producing facility non-Coast Guard locations (for examples, sirens (diaphragm horn, diaphone, bell, siren, etc.). are commonplace at bridges) (USCG 1979, 7-1; The signal part of the message is determined by USCG 1991, xiv). the number of tonal emissions in a given period of time. Electronic aids to navigation have existed in the U.S. for some sixty years. They Most fixed fog signals have had a set constitute a diverse and numerous group of characteristic for a long time. Only more increasingly safety-enhancing devices. They recently have buoy signals emitted a set have not eliminated visual and acoustical aids characteristic. Formerly all buoy signals were though they have greatly reduced their impor­ sea-activated which precluded a regular message tance for more than short-range operations (USCG pattern. But sea-activated signals are a 1977, 19-25 TISRPS; Keeler 1987, 290, 291, 293 problem since they are less active in calm and TISRPS; Olsen 1989, 329-332). foggy weather and more active in stormy weather when visibility is better. Various Radiobeacons are the oldest part of international agreements on buoys and beacons electronic aids. They continue to have have not given much attention to fog signals, importance though they are in the process of which means that a regular pattern of messages being scaled-back. Marker radiobeacons are has not been established. However, the U.S. being eliminated and some other radiobeacons are

58 59 ... fWiIoabIo _____ also being removed from service (for example, U.S. AIDS TO NAVlGATION SYSTEM Umpqua River Radiobeacon has been removed, LNM # 19, 6, 6-20-92; this is also true of James LATaW. SYSTEM AS SEEN EIITENNO fllC:lM SEAWAl\D ..-.-. ....- ._- --. .- Island). The radiobeacon is a single-unit --..".,-- ~- .... •. --- ... c'=--- station and does not provide intersecting lines -- ~g ~'A- i,-~ ?;:::: or impulses by which a mariner can determine .------_-z.lin .--.-..... ==- position; the radiobeacon is akin to the _,;r.: to -- ~T! k:.~ lighthouse in this regard, as its name suggests. ii ' • -;;':'r~.. 1."1"" I T---'";- '.lr '1!1i ~.,. - ...... t"l.T. ==:.I~'4- Ai> l~!r.& "iii _- AT The radiobeacon is a shorter range aid with I_ -_4- - . - " . " 0 __" ...a "'-...., • InTEJIlII a maximum receiving distance of 175 miles, .----..... though accuracy is lessened after about 50 ... O[J][j]Ii[j[j[j]fi[j]ii[j]ffiJ miles. U.S. radiobeacons are either sequenced , or continuous. "Distance finding stations", .!... .~ M:i~7 which synchronized radiobeacons and fog signals, ! ! ~ 1'IfDll...... -...r_ - ...... - ~ have been eliminated. .0...... r:-=... ~~[Q] .:'5'S5::-__a O~~ ~~~ ~~""D~a-=~=--:: --!f:~ _-.:...- Loran (LOng RAnge Navigation) is a pulse -----_w __...... _IlCWI ____- .. _____ ...... V...... eMuWlM...... -...... --...... _• ...-- - differential measurement aid to navigation. .t...... y...... O~...... ~ ...... _ .....,...... _ ...... A ...... c=J Loran-A, an older form, has been eliminated and ~M...... ~M...,...... _~ ... ICW. _. even Loran-C is undergoing retrenchment. The mariner, by receiving lines of position from two Loran stations can determine position. Loran-C operates on 90-110 kHz frequency which is lower U.S. AIDSonlMWTO NAVIGATION__"",-SYSTEM than that of Loran-A. Loran-C has proven to be AS SEEN EHT'EIlING FIIOlI SEAWN'D ... _=::=...- .~- a more accurate aid. A Loran-C installation is ~-~ _.-ro,'""" ~ ~a .--:.z.--- ...... - -- .. :-.::::.....- comprised of at least three stations: one master 1'1 ...... ---to "I". ------and two or more slaves. All transmit on one ~ frequency so changing channels in order to gain E3, I ! I i I 1A, ~ - M~' "''''''''_IO&oaaIL~ the incoming data is not necessary. Loran-A ...... -.rn- - required changing channels. I .....t••8MIP! .... ! I -~~

lilIIM$lII.fPCB'\'b:I~...... --- - __ 1""....· -~~~ .. - - _0__ -- D~ ...... A longer range radio-navigation system is _M_<}5~': c::._...:... 1;. that of Omega. It is comprized of just eight -- ~[Q][Q] ~. - ~ ----+ stations world-wide. It functions by sending : .:::: I ~ ~ 1 I :z:. I out signals requiring measuring phase­ -"""""--- - differences instead of time-differences as with UNIFORM STATE WATERWAY MARKING SYSTEM Loran. It is a a VLF system transmitting on the STAn WATElIS AND D£SlQHATED ITAn WATIRt fOR _nAIDI TO IlAWIATlOlI 10-14 kHz band; it is also a continuous wave -.. ~: ~- [§J=- =--:-_- ==------~==-~-=. ==~::- :..:::?:.=-:.~ Il::.:~~a 60 mm15 8. ~-..=::.. ~--=~____ Ii ""-- == '='= ::::: - .. :.=--...::-==-.. - .. ------..------.. ---_------_. (USCG 1991, Plate 1 &4) 61 CHARACTERISncs OF LIGHTS ~ system. Transmissions are one second in length ••AIghlPIlWI.__-_. F and occur every ten seconds. The nature of Omega allows a mariner to calculate hyperbolic lines of position or circular lines of position. But even Omega is marked for eventual

• •I "'--" . OC elimination. .-.• • ""-Ighl"-"-"-- More important for future long-range ... __ 0C(2) navigation is satellite navigation. One system ',.1 " I ::'r":"':""'Ighl"-'-"--" ...-.. .. - in use is that of Transit but it may be functioning for only a few more years. More

ii' i i important is GPS or Global Positioning System. It will have a high level of accuracy so that only inland navigation of a restricted character will not benefit from it. GPS is such a simple system that user can turn on the receiver and immediately begin to receive the needed data. Eventually 18 satellites will be in orbit. The system provides latitude, longitude and time ...., R information. It employs a pseudo-range and time measurement approach rather than a hyperbolic . one.

A (2) . i Racon or RAdar beaCON is a secondary form of radar and transmits when triggered by a

u CoIIlpoetIe oro...... shipboard radar unit. The activated racon emits " AIghlIimlot...__IgN_.... _groupo...... A (2+1) .... "'~-nun..-01"'" a specific signal broadcasting information of

L QUICK. bearing, range, and identification data. A more A lGt'inwlictl ...... PfOCII,ICeCI_." oleo ..... p«mInuta. passive device is the radar reflector. It is a "","""", L._...... AquIcillghl"_,_,, __ Q specially designed and geometrically shaped unit attached to many buoys. It has markedly superior radar reception enhancing qualities as compared with conventionally shaped buoys and ,""."", other objects.

9A2 Floating Aids to Navigation i .' " The first edition of this study was prepared 7. f1XEI)ANIl~ FA ~,'1".:-._1gN not long after the final U.S. lightship was -._., =-: .. __._1ghl0/N;)......

LAIghlALmlHATIHCI.__...... _. AI RW .,-., 63 (USCG 1991, x-xi) 62 removed from its station and during the time of In the U.S. the color red is assigned to the final stages leading to the I.A.L.A. buoyage aids marking the starboard hand of a channel and and beaconage system. This coverage will be green is assigned to port (for IALA this is true markedly different though some resonance with throughout Region B which is generally the the first edition remains. Western Hemisphere; Eastern Hemisphere is largely within Region A where green is to Automatic Power's (a key U.S. aids to starboard). Starboard and port are determined navigation supplier; now merged with Pharos from the seaward point of navigation; when that Marine) current catalogue (Pharos Marine ca. is not the case it "follows a clockwork 1989) offers both automatic and human-operated direction around landmasses." light vessels (lightships) but those products are found in Europe not here; the lightship is a A summary of lateral marks bears this dead issue for this nation. The Coast Guard configuration: Port hand marks are green with appears to be trying to scale back the Large buoys either can or pillar. Any topmark would Navigational'Buoys (LNBs) that replaced the be a square or cylinder. Reflectors and light Lightships (see, for example, proposal to color is green and any numbers are odd. replace Columbia River LNB with standard buoy, Starboard hand marks are red with nun or pillar LNM, 13th CG District, LNM, f08, 2-18-92, 5). buoys. A topmark would be triangular or cone This proposal has become a reality: CRLNB is to shaped. The color for both light and reflector be removed (LNM, f45, 11-03-92, 5). is red and numbers are even.

The U.S. maintains a large and complex fleet An important subdivision of the system of buoys. These range from lighted buoys for relates to preferred channel marks. These mark very exposed locations at sea to small plastic junctions or bifurcations in channels and also and foam buoys on gentle inland waters (USCG wrecks or other obstructions. Their message 1990, 2-1, 2-2). The classifications of this patterns are similar to lateral marks save for study contain many details on the forms of two key provisions: the port hand buoy is green buoys. Despite great differences in size, with a broad red band and the starboard hand materials of construction and message-producing buoys display the reverse pattern. Daymarks equipment the messages of the buoyage system are have the standard shape except that the port of a limited and relatively simple character. board has a green upper half and a red lower This study will focus on messages since details half while the starboard has the reverse on the many buoys types will not significantly arrangement. A specific light phase alter the message. Current Coast Guard characteristic is prescribed: Composite group publications offer a succinct summary of the flashing (2+1). U.S. buoyage and beaconage system of the present era (USCG 1991, vi-vii, TISRPS). Other subdivisions include safe water marks, isolated danger marks and special marks. Safe water marks are striped in red and white with a 64

65

... red spherical topmark. Lighted safe water marks display a Morse code "A" pattern. Isolated danger marks display black and red bands with a 9B Aeronautical Navigation Aids Group flashing(s) white light. Topmarks have two black spheres. Special marks are yellow in color with a light yellow. 9B1 Introduction The Coast Guard also speaks of "information Aeronautical transportation markings has an and regulatory marks." These have geometric identification problem though less than that of shapes in orange on a white background. The railway signals/signs/targets/indicators; at messages include a diamond shape for danger; a least there are possible overarching terms circular shape for operational restrictions; and available for aeronautical aids. The most a square or rectangular shape gives directions promising is that of Navigation Aids. This was or instructions which are within the bounds of offered as a general term by Airman's Infor­ the sound. While the Coast Guard does not say mation Manual (AIM) in the 1973 edition. That these marks corne from the Uniform State Waterway general term was divided into "Air Navigation Marking System they are identical to USWMS Radio Aids" and "Airport, Air Navigation markings. Lighting and Marking Aids" segments (FAA 1973, Chapter 2). Newer AIM editions have dropped the USWMS has two category of aids. The first is general term and speak only of subcategories a system of buoys and accompanying messages ("Navigation Aids" excluding visual aids, and which are apart from those of the Coast Guard. "Aeronautical Lighting & Other Airport Visual Buoys include black cylindrical buoys for port Aids" which subdivides visual aids into three with odd numbers and red cylindrical buoys for segments) (FAA 1991, Table of Contents). This starboard with even numbers. A green reflector basic subdivision of the aero safety aids or light may be added to the port buoy and red appears to be a general practice. The word reflector or light to the starboard buoy. "Aids" is a connecting link for aero aids but also for marine aids and therefore cannot be an Other buoys include a red and white striped adequate overarching general term for aero buoy indicating it is unsafe to navigate between safety devices. This study has chosen to adopt buoy and shore. The system includes a cardinal the older usage of Navigation Aids for the system as well: white buoy with black top and entire field of aero aids. band indicating pass to north or west of buoy, and a white buoy with red top and band Aero navigation aids include airport indicating pass to south or west of buoy. The lighting and beacons, electronic aids, signs and striped buoy may be lettered and the banded pavement and elevated markings, obstruction buoys may be numbered. The second category of lighting and marking. Many of the lighted aids USWMS includes buoys with regulatory markings. are partially-lighted (akin to marine aids in These are white buoys with the standard orange that sense) but approach lighting aids are message patterns. These are in use by the Coast generally a fUlly-lighted device and in some Guard as well. portions of the classifications approach lights are affiliated with road and rail signals.

66 67 The purposes of aero navigation aids are, in also be termed beacons though perhaps less general terms, those of any form of precisely. There are three versions of the transportation markings. More specifically, a beacon: the medium intensity version (with large portion of these aids serve location­ variant forms for airports, heliports, and finding and regulatory purposes. Obstruction seaplanes), an high intensity form (with the aids are exclusively focussed on the giving of same three variations), and an identification warnings. Many aero markings are gathered beacon (with airport and seaplane variations). together at airports which are contrary to Airport beacons display alternate white and spatial configurations of other forms of green flash. Seaplane beacons exhibit alternate transportation markings. The encompassing white and yellow flashes; heliport beacons flash gridwork of national airway beacons has become a message of alternating white, green and largely defunct. yellow. Identification beacons emit green messages for airports and yellow for seaplanes Aero aids are the youngest "family" with (FAA 1984-1, TISRP). transportation markings. Many of the earliest developments occurred in the era of World War I. A point of confusion exists, at least for The 1920s and especially the 1930s were an era this writer, over the identification beacon of experimentation that laid the foundations for (L-803). According to recent information more contemporary developments. There is (Dornbos 1992) the identification beacon has probably more change in aero navigation aids in been dropped though FAA sources apparently fail the last 60-70 years than in any other part of to announce that change. Yet the older code transportation markings. Virtually all aspects beacon, which served as an identification of lights and electronic devices have undergone beacon, seemingly has not been dropped. FAA change, even drastic change. Only in relatively sources may not mention the CAA-446 beacon (by recent times has some measure of stability been that title or a variant title) yet AlP and AIM achieved and then only to a degree. The aero continue to include the code beacon (FAA 1991-7, situation contrasts with that of lighthouses, 2-2-1; FAA 1990 AGA 0-5, AGA 0-6). Various railway signals and traffic signals which have manufacturers (including ADB-Alnaco, Hughey & had substantial stability over many decades. Phillips, and TWR Lighting) continue to produce Some constancy is seen in message systems but a beacon that resembles the code beacon rarely with equipment. Part G in this Series (ADB-ALNACO 1990; H& P, 1991, 1-2; TWR 1991). will present a vignette of aero aids history. This compiler has not yet gained a full understanding of the matter yet, at the very least, it can be said that the beacon exists. 9B2 Lighted Navigation Aids The old CAA-446 specification was under the heading of Code Beacon with five different forms Beacons refer to a narrow range of lights including a hazard version (CAA 1942). The FAA rather than to all lighted aids. Beacons mark in 1980 cancelled CAA-446 in favor of a new the location of airports and identify the document yet the hazard beacon was only one specific airport. Some obstruction lights can 69 68 segment of the old specification (FAA 1980-6 eighth from the threshold light bar) is joined TISRP) . by flanking bars of lamps with eight lamps in each bar. All light bars up to, and including Airport and seaplane location beacons have a the eighth row, are joined by a single flashing flash rate of 24-30 per minute; heliport beacons lamp. Between the threshold bar and the first is 30-45 per minute. Identification beacons row of white lamps are two rows of fixed red display a three or four character Morse code lamps. One consists of two side bars with five message at a rate of six to eight character sets lamps in each; the second consists of three rows per minute. of red lamps: a center row straddling the centerline with five lamps flanked by two bars Approach Lighting Systems are of two basic with three lamps each. The ALSF-II contains 30 forms though some variations are present. All rows of light bars. In addition to the white forms display a series of precisely arranged lamps of the previous system are two side bars steady burning white lamps; these are often adjoining the fifth row from the threshold light accompanied by a smaller number of flashing bar. The first nine bars from the threshold white lights. The two basic systems are light bar are accompanied by side bars of red Approach Light System with Sequenced Flashing lampsi each row contains three fixed burning red Lights (ALSF) and Medium Intensity Approach lamps. Light System (MALS). The former is divided into ALSF-I (Category I navigation) and ALSF-II Medium Intensity Approach Lighting System (Category II) with three short-forms: Simplified with RAIL is the official system for Category I Short Approach Light System (SSALS, SSALS with visibility conditions. It is made up of seven Sequenced Flashes (SSALF) and Simplified Short bars of steady burning lights with five lamps Approach Lights with Runway Alignment Indicator per bar. There are five flashing lamps below Lights (SSALR). Medium Intensity Approach Light the light-bars. MAL SF also has seven bars with System (MALS) has two variant forms: Medium flashing lights accompanying the first three Intensity Approach Lighting system with RAIL rows of fixed lights. (Runway Identification Lights) (MALRS), and MALSFi SF signifying Sequenced Flashing Lights. The equipment consists of PAR-56 lampholders A final approach system is that of ODALS: which are high intensity units (500 watt) for Omnidirectional Approach Lighting System (FAA ALSF operations and PAR-38 (300 watt)lampholders 1969 [1974-10]; FAA 1970-6, FAA 1976-3, FAA for MALS operations. The only other lamp unit 1991-8, TISRPS). is the sequenced flashing lights which is a condenser-discharge lamp. The ALS systems are adjuncts of electronic navigation aids for IFR precision and The condenser-discharge lamps have two modes non-precision approaches. During nighttime VFR of operation when conjoined with fixed lights: visibility situations they act as visual guides. as a sequenced flashing light when integrated ALSF-I has 28 rows of fixed burning lights with with steady burning lamps, and in the runway five lamps in each row. One of these (the alignment indicator lights when they are

70 71 independent though adjoining the fixed lamps VASI system labelled a L-882 is a multiple­ (FAA 1981-8 TISRPS). projector system while the PLASI, L-883, is a single-projector system. The light units in a There are two other flashing light systems: VASI system are arranged in bars which are Omnidirectional REILS and the Omnidirectional called the upwind and downwind bar. The light Approach Lighting System (ODALS). The former units in each bar are located on a line consists of two units at the corners of the perpendicular to the runway centerline. The approach end of a runway and the latter consists downwind bar is the nearest to the runway of five flashing light units on the approaches threshold and the upwind bar is the farthest. to a runway and accompanied by two units at the Each light unit projects a split beam of light, corners of the approach end of the runway. the upper segment being white and the lower red. If the approach is too high, both bars are seen The VASI (Visual Approach Slope Indicator) as white while a low approach is indicated by and SAVASI systems described in the first both bars appearing red (FAA 1988-6) . edition have been replaced as the primary system by Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI). The Pulse Light Approach Slope Indicator PAPI has light units akin to those of VASI. (PLASI) projects a single light signal. If the PAPI, however, has one row of two or four lights pilot is on the glideslope a steady white light instead of VASI's two rows. A four lamp PAPI is visible; if above the glideslope a pulsing has this message pattern: four white lamps white light is seen. But if the pilot is below indicate pilot is high (more than 3.5 degrees) the glideslope a steady red light is present; if while three white and one red indicate the pilot much below the glideslope the red light pulses. is slightly high (3.2 degrees). Two white lamps The PLASI is made exclusively by one firm, and two red lamps indicates the pilot is on the Devore Aviation (Devore 1990; see also Devore glide path (3.0 degrees). One white and three 1991, and FAA 1988-6) . red indicate the pilot is slightly low (2.8 degrees) while four red lamps indicate pilot is Airport runway and taxiway lighting definitely low (2.5 degrees). A two lamp constitutes a single though large and diverse version has three messages: two red means too field. This study divides these lights into low, one white and one red indicates the pilot elevated and inpavement (formerly semi-flush) is on the glide path while two white means high lights. Runway and taxiway lighting readily (FAA 1985-) . suggests a sensible bifurcation point and that easily leads to a four-part subdivision. But PAPI was originally intended to be the only for this monograph elevated and inpavement are glide slope path indicator. But a protest the primary dividing points with both runway and against this relatively costly system and for a taxiway within each group. Inpavement lights simpler and cheaper system has led to approval are not more than 1.25 inches above the surface of Generic Visual Glideslope Indicator (GVGI) of the pavement and elevated lights are little for general aviation airports. One of these is more than 12 inches in height. Limited usage of a VASI system and the other a PLASI system. The inpavement lights are employed with approach

72 73 -11 L ,] 1 lighting configurations (FAA 1975-5; FAA 1975-9; L J Threshold lights are found in both 1984-6; 1968-11 TISRPS). inpavement and elevated versions. These are 1 considered with elevated lights. One form of Some functions of airport lighting are the inpavement threshold lighting is associated with exclusive province of either elevated or L1J MALS; this form is unidirectional. inpavement lights; other functions can be shared between them. For example, runway edge lights Elevated lighting cover three functions with at intersections preclude elevated fixtures and [ ] ,] three intensities for each: edge and inpavement fixtures must necessarily be threshold/end lamps in high, medium and low substituted. intensity. Taxiway lights are medium intensity (MI) only (the low intensity form has been Inpavement lights consist of four groups: L 'I ] dropped). There are two special lights as well: runway centerline and touchdown zone lights, the MI threshold light-special and the holding edge and threshold/end lights, taxiway position edge light. High intensity lights are centerline lights, and taxiway intersection [ 'I ] found at airports with precision IFR operations lights. Centerline lights are white except for while medium intensity have nonprecision IFR the ending portion. The last 1000 feet of these operations. Low intensity lights are in use at lights are bidirectional with red in one airports with VFR and lacking planned approach direction and white in the other. The 3000 to LJ J procedures. 1000 foot portion alternates white with red/white lights. All inpavement lights are Runway edge lights outline the sides and end steady burning. Threshold lights provide [!,j of the landing area. There are two rows of landing assistance while centerline lights light equal distance from the centerline. These provide rollout and takeoff guidance after are fixed white lights though the final portion touching down. of the runway displays yellow lights. Yellow ['J ,J lights are also in use at the end of the runway Taxiway inpavement centerline lights are ("opposite the landing threshold"). Caution green with yellow employed as a caution signal. zone lights are yellow toward the approach end These include both unidirectional and l],: and white for the other direction. Threshold bidirectional, narrow-beam and wide-beam. lights are green toward the approach direction Taxiway intersections display omnidirectional while the runway end lights display red toward yellow lights. the runway. Taxiway edge lights are L ],J omnidirectional and in blue. Touchdown zone lights consist of two rows of unidirectional lights 3,000 feet in length. The L ] Special lights include the Elevated lights are spaced 100 feet apart; each of the Threshold Light-Special. This unit has an extra two rows contains three lamps displaying a wide beam. It helps to improve visibility of MI white, steady burning message. thresholds that lack approach lighting. The Holding Position Light displays unidirectional

74 75 yellow flashing lights. It is designed to summarized in regard to messages. Signs of an improve visibility at taxiway holding positions. informational character have a yellow background and black alphanumeric symbols. Mandatory Obstruction lighting has undergone Instruction signs have a red background and substantial change in the space of little more white symbols. Runway distance remaining signs than a decade. The high intensity strobe or have a black background and white symbols. condenser-discharge lamp has been in use for Signs for the first two groups can be 18 to 30 some time. But strobe lights are becoming inches in height with 12 to 18 inch symbols. commonplace for medium intensity white lights as The last form includes some sizes not available well. The traditional fresnel red lens with with the other forms. The first two forms can flashing mechanism continues in use though it have unlighted forms but not the runway distance may be entering into decline. The fixed red remaining sign (FAA 1984-12; FAA 1969-5; FAA light continues in use for lower priority uses. 1989-9, Ap. 4). Many obstruction lighting situations require dual systems: white strobe lights at night and Wind cones and wind tees are both partially red lights during the day. Strobe lights are lighted aids. Wind cones are illuminated by too powerful at night and may annoy the white lights and accompanied by a fixed red neighbors. High intensity units are obstruction light. The wind tee is equipped unidirectional and employ linear flash tubes, with green lights outlining the shape of the while MI have employed lenses and helical wind tee. The wind tee is painted yellow for (spiral) tubes and are omnidirectional. A day use. The wind tee is no longer an recent development (EG &G) creates a MI unit officially-sanctioned aid though one major with linear tubes and in both red and white. supplier (ADB-Alnaco specification A.Oa.410e in This unit is a flashing unit and has red and Aviation Lighting Systems) continues to market white in one housing; that development may wind tees and to refer to the defunct FAA threaten the long-established fresnel lens (FAA advisory circular (FAA 1969-5) . 1991-8) . Runway markings are a complex issue when the 9B3 Signs & Pavement and Elevated Markings level of aviation operations are considered; nonetheless, general comments can be outlined This segment deals with various forms of here. The essential element in all runway non-sign markings and with signs, both lighted marking is the centerline stripe and runway and unlighted. Lighted signs are a directional number. The centerline stripe is at partially-lighted aid and thereby akin to least one foot in width and made up of 120 foot airport and obstruction lights. Yet the nature long "dashes" separated by aO-foot long blank of the message and the existence of unlighted spaces. NUmbers for runways can be augmented by forms places them here. letters (L for left, R for right, C for center) when needed. All runway markings are white (FAA Taxiway and runway signs, though they carry 1987 TIRSPS). out a variety of functions, can be briefly 77 76 .,.. [, =

Threshold markings consist of an area 130 by landing strip indicators and a closed field 150 feet containing eight stripes measuring 12 [,- signal. The compass calibration pad aids pilots by 150 feet with three-foot intervening spaces. in determining and correcting magnetic compass Side stripes are continuous markings at least errors or deviations; this is especially three feet wide. Landing zone markings are made ['1 J important for pilots of small planes. The pad up of four sets of stripes with four stripes in consists of 12 radials painted on the pad the set nearest the centerline and one stripe surface. Each radial represents 30 degrees less in each succeeding set. [ 1J beginning with magnetic north (FAA 1984). The compass calibration pad is no longer the subject Longitudinal stripes and taxiway holding of its own advisory circular; however it is line markings are the principal taxiway listed in the book-length circular, Airport markings. The longitudinal stripe is a [I J Design (FAA 1989, Appendix 4). centerline marking at least six inches in width. There are various qualifying norms for curved [ 1 Obstruction markings constitutes the final taxiways, intersections and other special 'I .~ area of markings. That can be a complex topic situations. Holding lines are 100-200 feet since the basic patterns can be applied not only "from the nearest edge of the runway or taxiway to towers but to obstructions of many different which the taxiway intersects." It has the shape designs. Obstruction marking is somewhat less of a double line running the width of the [I J significant than in former times because taxiway paralled by a double row of dashes three flashlamp technology provides daytime lighting feet wide and three feet apart. All taxiway that eliminates painted markings requiring markings are yellow in color. [] ,.. periodic renewal. Two colors are employed for obstruction marking: aviation surface orange and There are two forms of retroreflective aviation white; in many instances the colors are markers for airport usage. One form is used conjointly. Orange is frequently utilized low-profile and very similar to TCD markers. [J] when a single color is required. Obstruction The other is elevated. The elevated markers markings are divided into patterns and markers; display either cylindrical shape or a flat the latter consist of flags and sphericals FAA surface. Centerline markers emulate centerline [J] 1991-8, Ch. 3 TISRPS). light colors. The markers are either bidirectional or unidirectional. Elevated Solid orange hue is applied to smaller markers include white, red, green and yellow [J' obstructions. Bands of orange and white are colors (FAA 1980-12). _ _ used on communication transmission towers, power --1 -, transmission structures, poles, smokestacks, Two special markings are the segmented L : skeleton frameworks for storage tanks, and other circle airport marker system, and the compass -I 1- structures projecting a narrow appearance. calibration pad. The segmented circle in itself _ Checkerboard patterns are employed on storage attracts attention to obscure airfields. tanks (water, grain, gas, etc.) and buildings Accompanying aids always include a wind cone and L-I ,- and structures manifesting a wide appearance. can include landing directional indicator, _ Teardrop patterns are used on spherical shaped 78 -~~-~--- 79 ......

storage tanks. Not all obstructions can be it is a three-letter transmission beginning with painted. Sphericals have proven to have the letter "I". Some localizers cannot be considerable value in these instances. Spheres, placed in the preferred location. These units at least 20 inches in diameter, are dotted along are termed off-set localizers or localizer-type power lines every 150 feet near airports and directional aid. They are not acceptable for every 600 feet away from airports. Flags are more sophisticated levels of aviation substituted when both paint and sphericals are operations. not feasible. Flags can be rectangular and, if small, are solid orange. A triangular pattern The Glide Slope "provides vertical guidance" is also permissable and can display both orange which allows the pilot to determine and hold the and white. Checkerboard patterns are acceptable rate of descent until visual contact is for large flags. established. The Glide Slope is a UHF transmissions whose path beam flares out above 9B4 Electronic Navigation Aids the runway. The first edition of this study was prepared Marker beacons "radiate a cone or fan shaped at about the same time that a basic restructur­ signal vertically to activate both aural and ing of aero electronic aids was underway. That visual indicators in the cockpit." Marker edition therefore reflected both established beacons indicate specific locations in the norms and the changes. Prior to 1980 electronic approach path. There can be as many as four aids were divided into non-precision instrument beacons. The outer beacon (4-7 nautical miles approaches and precision instrument approaches. from runway threshold) denotes the point where The non-precision form offered "course guidance the glide slope signal should be encountered and and position location only," while precision where the descent for landing begins. The form added "electronic descent guidance" to the signal consists of continuous dashes (two per non-precision processes. The changes brought second). A middle beacon indicates where the both approaches into one system. Instrument glide slope for decision height (DH) for Landing Systems (ILS) has been the standard category I operations should be encountered. It system for aviators though Microwave Landing transmits dots and dashes at a rate of 95 per Systems (MLS) has been introduced and may minute. The inner beacon performs the above eventually replace ILS. ILS continues to have function for Category II and III level of substantially more units in place of the MLS operations. It broadcasts continuous dots with (FAA 1990-8; FAA 1973; FAA 1991-7, Ch. 1 six per second. Some non-precision airports TISRPS) . have a fourth beacon termed a backcourse beacon. The first facet of ILS is the localizer which offers course guidance. It is used by the. aviator to determine and maintain "horizontal 81 direction until visual contact is made with the runway." The message is a signal in Morse code;

80 It has messages that approximate those of the Approach Lighting Configurations outer beacon. It transmits a two dot sequence 72-95 times per minute. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) emits ..~.. messages of "paired pulses." These messages ..... I _ • ....~..... indicate to pilots a continuing flow of distance I" ~ measurements to the airport being approached. I ~ .. .. It is comparable to the military TACAN (Tactical 1= "0 ~ ~ I g "0 "0 Air Navigation Systems). DME are located at 'I ~ localizer sites and can be "colocated" with the ~ localizer. Terminal Very High Frequence Omnirange (TVOR) emits azimuth data and can be used for non-precision instrument approaches to complement IFR services at an airport. Signals are in Morse code "or by the recorded voice I identification" mechanism. Nondirectional Beacons (NOBs) are under two "flags": as a nondirectional beacon or under a compass locator (Cornlo) unit. Cornlo transmissions are of short range. NOBs can o HIGH INTENSITY STEADY BURNING WHITE UGKTS. reach a distance of 25-75 miles. NDB has a u IIEDIUIiINTENSlTY STEADY BURNING WHITE U6HTS. continuous carrier transmission while " ... Cornlo • STEADY BURNIIfG RED U6HTS. transmits two-letter identification groups. The .... SEQUENOED fLASHINIi U6HTS. outer locator transmits the first two letters SSALR • ALS THRESHOLD U6HT BAR• ... and the middle locator transmits the last , two letters" (FAA 1991-7, 1-1-8). Both systems LAHOlNG SSA~SF TH'''HO'O "if LAH","O provide directional information to the THAUHOLO _I::l transmitting site. Cornlo was a precision flight "i" •I aid while NOB was a non-precision aid in the +. U.S~ I older bifurcation of electronic aids. ..,I .. ..[.. I MLS is supposedly the replacement system for i ILS but delays have occurred and its utilization t· I t has proceeded at a slower pace. ILS units are ..... :1: ..... , ..... :j.':: ..... continuing to be added. MLS does not require .... utilization of the ground for its transmissions I, (as does ILS) and there are fewer potential t. interference difficulties. MLS employs a localizer and a glide slope. Course and descent .I guidance is also provided in the MLS system. i r "Co-located" DME or standard marker beacons will I provided position information. ! ~I VORTAC combines civilian VOR system with the military's TACAN. TACAN was developed to meet (clear squares in lower pictures denote ALS Threshold Light Bar) special situation such as the rolling deck of an aircraft carrier. The integrated VOR and TAGAN system provides azimuth information from both VOR and TACAN, and TACAN distance (DME) at one 83 location. 82 CHAPTER 10 LIGHTING AND MARKING CONFIGURATIONS DESCRIPTIVE TREATMENT OF U.S. TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: SURFACE MODES OF TRANSPORTATION 1 I ,/: I' II I !l ~l lOA Traffic Control Devices 10A1 Introduction & Traffic Control Signals

Transportation markings for roads and streets have - contrary to railway markings - an " overarching term: Traffic Control Devices (TCD). I ~ , These devices include traffic signals, signs, pavement and curb markings, delineators, , barricades and channelizing devices. TCDs are a i ubiquitous form of marking and are found in some ! form throughout both urban and rural America...... eee8 ,,088 ....a'" Ultimately the general purposes of any • • J Ii grouping of transportation markings are similar x i en ~ though specific purposes manifest differences. ::> E • • ...J "- ~ The aims of TCDs are to warn, to give guidance, :iii.... • • en ~ to regulate. Traffic signals exhibit, though 0z ~ not simultaneously, all of these aims. Traffic • .. l!; "0 signs normally express a single purpose; this • ..8. allows the classification of signs to be arranged according to their function of warning, I q. guiding or regulating. Pavement and allied I ,I,, markings, like their sign counterparts, have I specialized functions; though marking functions I,,, , may be less precise than those of signs (MUTCD

• "- /"1 1988, 1A-1). '. 0 ~",:, ..... I I 0 • • 0_ Z I ...... Z.. .."I I Traffic Control Devices are probably the 2 ~ I • • ...J lL oldest facet of transportation markings and lL ~ .e•••• 0"' '0000 .. originated in prehistory; TCDs are mentioned in ·1(FAA 1975-9, Ap. 2) ancient written records including that of the 84 85 Bible. Early forms included milestones, road markers and simple signs. Actual traffic The colors and messages of signals, put signals originated in Victorian England; the succinctly, are green for proceed, yellow for earliest U.S. mechanical signals occurred in the caution, red for stop. However, there are many early pre-World War I era. Many of the explications of those basic messages. Green foundations of modern signals, signs and traffic (circular lens) indicates proceed: either control standards were established in the 1920s straight through or to right or left (excluding and current equipment and practices reflect that prohibitions); green (arrow) permits movement as period. signified by the arrow (straight through, turn to right, left). This also pertains to The U.S. has substantially reduced word pedestrians when special pedestrian signals are symbol messages for warning and other signs in absent. Yellow (circular or arrow) indicates favor of graphic images. That significant the immediate actualization of the red change has been greatly influenced by the 1968 indication. Red (whether in a circular, fixed UN Conference on traffic control devices which or flashing), or arrow pattern denotes stop. was the first truly global meeting on the topic. Right turns (or left in a one-way traffic Volume lIE in this Series provides coverage of pattern) are permitted after stopping when the development of TCDs and especially the UN prohibitions are not present. Flashing red Conference (see IIE in this Series). allows entrance into the intersection after stopping and when safe. Flashing yellow permits The first edition of this work spoke of the cautious entering of the intersection (MUTCD term of traffic signals as having two meanings: 1988, Part IV, TIRSPS). Traffic Signals in "caps" referring to full traffic control signals at intersections, and Colors for signals include green, yellow and traffic signals without caps encompassing all red. Colors for pedestrian signals include forms of traffic signals. TCDH (Traffic Control Portland orange and lunar white. Lenses for Devices Handbook) explains it more clearly by signals are circular and either eight or twelve noting that "The MUTCD [Manual on Uniform inches in diameter; pedestrian signals are of Traffic Control Devices] describes a highway different shapes. Traffic control signals lamps traffic signal as any power-operated traffic are usually arranged vertically with red in the control device, other than a barricade warning top position, yellow in the middle and green at light or steady burning electric lamp, by which the bottom. Horizontal arrangements have red at traffic is warned or directed to take some the left, yellow in the middle and green on the specific action". TCDH further notes that "[a] right. MUTCD does not specify dimensions for large percentage of highway traffic signals are pedestrian signals though standards exist for traffic control signals which are defined as a the word or graphic symbols employed: crossings type of highway traffic signal by which traffic of under 60 feet require 3 inch high word or 6 is alternately directed to stop and then inch high graphic symbols. Crossings of over 60 permitted to proceed." (TCDH 1983, 4-2). feet require 4.5 or 9 inch symbols respectively.

86 87 There are many variations within the basic versions of this beacon: either yellow for the matrix of the traffic control signal. Not only major direction of traffi~ with r~d f07 all the size of the lens but the number of signal other directions, or red 1n all d1rect10ns; the units and the positioning of those units can latter is known as an all-way stop indication. vary considerably according to traffic patterns. A final form of the traffic beacon is the stop Traffic control signals are frequently divided sign beacon. Lamps are red and circular. Two into two forms: pre-timed and traffic-activated; lamps are deployed when smaller lenses are that division is employed in the Multiple and utilized and a single lamp is employed with a Variant Classification of this study. larger lens. The beacon, when arranged horizontally, displays synchronized flashes but Older pedestrian signals often displayed alternating flashes if vertical. messages of Wait and Walk. The similarity of the messages - especially in limited visibility Other signals include lane-control signals, or for persons of limited vision - caused a movable bridge signals and gates, one-way/two change to Walk and Do Not Walk. Increasingly lane signals, railway crossing signals, school word messages have been replaced by graphic signals and freeway ramp control signals. messages: a raised hand to signify halt and a human representation signifying motion. Lane-control signals, frequently employed with reversible-lane operations, are of three The term "beacon" covers a variety of interconnected forms: a downward pointing green flashing signals. Traffic beacons are usually arrow indicating use of lane permitted; a one or more segments of a standard traffic yellow-x in a fixed pattern indicating lane to signal. Though older beacons (and this was also be vacated; a yellow-x in a flashing mode true of traffic control signals) were of a indicating left-turns allowed; and a red-x in a unitary construction. Traffic beacons include a fixed pattern indicating lane not to be used. hazard identification beacon that exhibits a circular lens in yellow. It is found at or near Moveable bridge signals are similar to obstructions, at selected warning and regulatory standard traffic control signals if bridge signs, and at mid-block crosswalks. A second movements are frequent, or two flashing red lamps for less-used spans. Railway crossing form of the beacon is the speed limit beacon. in~lude This displays two smaller or one larger circular type gates can be added and these may , lens in yellow; it is employed at selected speed flashing red lights. The freeway ramp slgnal 1S limit signs and at school speed limit signs. a somewhat newer form. The device admits autos onto the freeway at metered intervals. The The more common and familiar of the traffic signal can be similar to a standard traffic signal or it can exhibit green and red lights beacons is the intersection control type. These only. One-way signals are an adaption of display circular red lamps for one or more standard signals used for single lanes shared by directions and circular yellow lamps for the remaining directions of traffic. There are two 89 88 two-way traffic. These situations include the classification. (MUTeD 1988, Part II narrow bridges, tunnels and sections of roadway. TISRPS) . Railway grade crossings can be equipped with Shape constitutes a key ingredient for road a variety of signals and allied devices. Signal signs. Shapes include: octagon-shaped signs lights are two horizontally mounted flashing red (stop signs only), downward pointing equilateral circular signals and can be either post-mounted triangle (yield signs only), and round signs or cantilever-mounted. Gates, which, in turn, (railway crossing advance signs and civil may include flashing red lights and bells, may defense route signs). Other sign shapes include also be a feature of crossing protection. the isosceles triangle with long axis horizontal School signals are standard traffic control [also known as the pennant sign] (no passing signals at school crossings. Signals and zones), diamond-shaped signs (warning), meanings are adapted to the specific situation rectangular-shaped signs with emphasis on but this does not result in markedly different vertical dimension (many regulatory signs), equipment or messages. rectangular-shaped signs with emphasis on horizontal dimensions (many guide signs) . 10A2 Signs, Markings & Related Devices Yet other shapes include the trapezoid­ The first edition of this work noted the shaped sign (recreational use), pentagons increase in pictographic (or graphic) symbols (school advance and school crossing signs), but focussed more on traditional word forms shields (route markers), crossbuck (railway since the changes were far from complete. Many crossings), and square-shaped signs (some route of the changes have been made and this edition markers). Variant forms of the trapezoid and includes more graphic forms. The issue of word pentagon are employed for forest and county versus graphic of course pertains more to route markers respectively. warning signs than to other types. Sign colors offers a wide range of colors Signs are of three major types: regulatory, and accompanying means. Red is employed as a which provide information on traffic background color for stop, wrong-way, and do-not regulations; warning signs, which alert enter signs. It is used as a graphic and word motorists to hazardous or potentially hazardous . symbol color on yield and parking prohibitions situations; and guide signs, which provide signs; it is further used for the diagonal bar various items of information (including routes, prohibition symbols and accompanying circle. destinations, directions, services, scenic Black is utilized as a background color for features). Guide signs follow a tripartite one-way, weigh station and nighttime speed limit division of conventional roads, expressways, and signs. It is used for messages for signs with freeways. Some forms of these signs overlap background of white, yellow or orange. White which permits exclusion of replicated forms from backgrounds are associated with many guide, and regulatory signs and for sign messages on 90 91 backgrounds of brown, green, blue, black and result that signs float among classification red. categories, confusing the reader and blurring distinctions. Other color usage includes orange for backgrounds of construction and maintenance Markings (pavement and curb markings, signs. Yellow is employed with backgrounds of delineators, object markings, colored pavements, warning and school signs; it is the message barricades and channelizing devices) constitute color of the county route marker which has a the third component of the TCD triad. The blue background. Brown backgrounds are found on-going problem of what is a marking and how with recreational and cultural interest signs. does that differ from a transportation marking Green is a frequently used background color for has been exercised in other places (See Volume guide signs and mileposts. "Permissive parking II, Part F for an exposition of that matter and regulations" with a white background use green also Chapter 8 of this study). It may be enough for messages. Blue backgrounds are found with to say that marking minus transportation or motorist service signs and evacuation route marking in the lower case refer to largely markers. Four other colors are viewed as horizontal entities that by and large lack possible future traffic sign use: purple, light, alphanumeric symbols and lighting dimension. coral and a "strong" yellow-green. MUTCD includes allied objects (delineators, barricades, etc.) within the material on Lettering for U.S. signs is normally in markings. In a narrower sense markings refer to upper-case letters though destination signs are pavement and curb markings (MUTCD 1988, Part III in lower-case with the first letter upper-case. TISRP) . The size of letters varies with size of sign which in turn is determined by location; freeway The most extensive part of markings are and similar applications exhibit the largest pavement markings (there are two forms: longi­ signs and letters. tudinal lines and transverse lines). These include centerline markings, lane lines, edge of Many signs in critical areas are illumi­ pavement limits, crosswalk lines, stop lines and nated. This can be accomplished through a light some graphic and word symbols. Curb markings behind a translucent sign panel, through special are largely concerned with parking regulations. light fixture(s) focussed on the sign, or other Object markings includes both in roadway means including neon tubing. Many other signs, objects, and objects adjacent to the roadway: though lacking lighting, utilize some form of bridge and exit abutments, signals and sign retroreflective material which improves night supports, bridge piers, railings, trees and effectiveness. Illuminated signs are an anything else that may be dangerous to the flow on-going bane of the classifications of this of traffic. Delineators mark roadway edges and Series. They become both lighted and unlighted denote roadway alignment. Barricades mark ends transportation markings and simultaneously of roadways, closed ramps and areas closed for a neither. No solution has been found, with the period of time. Channelizing devices, traffic

92 93 ,--, Lf) I N ., <::t I N ., l'l") cones and tubular markers are found primarily in I construction and maintenance situations. N ., l'l") co Pavement markings are frequently in a paint 0> medium but delineators are increasingly rl employed; colors include white, yellow and red. :r:: Ci White denotes centerlines, lane lines, turn and u E- stop lines, and a variety of word symbols. '--' Yellow is to be found with no passing lines, double center lines, approaches to railway crossings and curb markings. Yellow projects the meaning of caution, warning and prohibition. Red indicates areas not to be entered. Colored pavements follow the same color and meaning pattern: red for stop lines, yellow for medians, and white for delineation. The color black is employed where contrast for the markings of ffi 1; other colors is required. Object markings consist of painted symbols or reflectors or a combination of both. They ~!~ mark obstructions in or near roadways. There are three basic types: a diamond-shaped panel with nine yellow reflectors (Type 1), three reflectors in a rectangular arrangement with either a horizontal or a vertical emphasis (Type 2), or a rectangular panel with vertical emphasis displaying diagonal stripes (Type 3). Type 1 and Type 2 have yellow reflectors; Type 3 displays black and yellow or white stripes. ~ "ii Delineators are guidance rather than warning !~~- . ., ~ devices. Most are mounted on vertical supports > though some are affixed to curbs. White and I yellow are the principal colors though red is sometimes employed on the back of standard delineators to indicate wrong direction for I motorists. E3~ 94 Ii I~

95 r ~ @ ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ J @ @ ! ! 1 @(3@

.. ~ ~ color pattern of the pavement markings they are replacing or supplementing. ~ ~ ~

r.f)z o H ~ U H ....J 0.. 0..

97 lOB Railway Signals, Signs & Indicators direct descendants of nineteenth century models; not infrequently they are unchanged from that 10B1 Introduction & Lighted/Partially-Lighted era. Signals Widespread use of electronics has not taken There is no central and overarching term for place in any direct sense though microprocessors railway transportation markings in contrast to and other aspects of computer technology have a most other modes of markings. The lack of such major role in the operation and management of a term may possibly be due to the dominance of signals. The use of the semaphore has greatly one form of device in railways: the signal declined though considerable numbers are still whether partially (semaphore) or fully-lighted. in use. The forms of all-lighted signals are The Association of American Railroads (AAR) dominant and have changed little over many focusses almost exclusively on signals; the years. The color-light signals, either American Railway Engineering Association offers mUltiple-lens or some form of searchlight some guidelines for signs - including grade signal, are the primary forms in use. crossings ~ and targets but little on signals. The choice is to use the term signal in a loose The first edition of this study described sense that includes the full range of devices or signal messages in inordinate detail and barely to use a bulky phrasing of words that eventually considered the forms of signals and their envelops everything (AAR Foley 1975, AREA 1983, specific means of portraying messages. This Part 2, AREA 1979 in AREA 1990, Part 7) . edition will instead focus on the second topic and present the first topic in a more summary The purpose of signals (and allied devices) form. A simpler version of a signal message is that of regulation; this regulation pertains chart of AAR (altered and simplified with the to economic train management and movement as aid of Canadian sources) and a brief review of well as safety regulation. In some sense the those two systems prepared for Volume II, Part F warning function is subsumed into regulation. is reprinted in a Note at the end of this subsection (CNR 1975; AAR 1956, ARSPAP II SA I Guidance is more a function of railway signs. 41ff). ', The semaphore signal was the major form of The semaphore has two primary versions: the signal in the nineteenth century. The gradual upper quadrant and the lower quadrant. The development of the signal did not reach its upper quadrant is the far more common of the zenith until the early years of this century. two. The spectacle and the arm form one unit in By that time various forms of all-lighted contrast to many European semaphores. The signals were appearing which eroded the position essentia~ messages are green for proceed, yellow of the semaphore in its most advanced form. for caut~on and red for stop. In traffic Many present-day signals were introduced in the signals,the arrangement has red at the top, first three decades of the twentieth century. yellow ~n the UQ semaphore: on the arm in the Many targets, and probably signs as well, are

98 99 arm positions) and the standard colors. Neither signal has enjoyed widespread use though both horizontal position the red indication is are significant within restricted systems. displayed; in the intermediate position (at 45 Position signals employ yellow though some degrees), the yellow is illuminated. The sources state that amber is used. Amber is a vertical indicate of the arm displays green. form of more saturated yellow in use for railway This pattern is followed throughout North signal operations. American railway practice. In fact, the positions of semaphore arms undergird the entire Dwarf signals for color-light signals have field of signal messages. The cornmon form of two lamps: for green and red though searchlight the LQ requires two arms in order to gain three indicates can produce three indications. Dwarfs messages, and the pattern of messages is then for position and color-position are physically reversed since the arm in the horizontal at variance with full-size forms and produce position is at the top and as the arms descend fewer messages (AAR 1949, 18, 20). the other messages come into view (Train Shed, 14-17) . While individual railways exhibit considerable variation in target designs and The color-light signal (multiple-lens) has colors there is much less in switch signals. three lamps in the basic form though two signal Switch signals exhibit red and green colors and housings with three lamps in each housing are corresponding messages. Other colors associated required for more complex messages. The with railway practices, including lunar white, searchlight signal contains three movable lenses purple, yellow and blue, are on occasion within one compact unit; each lens moves into employed with switch signals. Switch signal position in front of the lamp as commanded by messages are predicated on simple proceed or signal indications. A newer form of the stop indications.. Switch signals are frequently searchlight employs fiber optic cable and integrated with targets. Many of these targets computer technology to supply the correct color are of the stand alone type though some are without physical movement of lenses (Safetrans smaller circular units that fit around the 1991) . signal lamps (Western-Cullen; Adlake 1952). The era of experimentation early in the Track indicators (also known by other names century produced many kinds of signals. Two of including block indicators, switch indicators these are the position signal and the and track car indicators) are a device that color-position signal. The former produced often employs miniature semaphore arms or semaphore type indications through multiple graphic symbols to indicate whether or not a lights. For example, a row of three vertical train is approaching. They are primarily for lamps denoted a proceed message and a row of the benefit of train crews working on the tracks horizontal lamps indicated stop. Marker lamps or maintaining switches for divergent lines. added to the basic signal expanded the range of They are a largely obsolete device though of messages. Color-position displayed messages significance because of the variety of forms and through a double means: position (from semaphore messages (Clearman 1991, 182).

101 100 Note > .... 88S: "CNN 0000 Canadian & U.S. Railway Signal Messages N.- r-o>te .... 1 1 l~ xnc: t"'8>S: g, 8> S: t"' t"' ;:) ° .... V> The following two-page chart is preceded by 8S: 0·.; :-t > .. these explanatory notes: S:8> g,S:2> S:?, 0 N 00 > ): 1. There are substantial overlaps in the ."C I X c: numbering of the two systems. While railways of m V> both nations belong to the AAR the pattern of l=' > .. S:S: g,s:s: >-<>-< ~ N indications is published separately: the ° ° 00 N > > Canadian form from the Board of Transport "C I "C c: Commissioners and the U.S. from the AAR. F V> 2. The arrangement employed here does not I~ .. N 00 follow the numerical scheme. Instead an ?,~ ~BS: N 8>S: ffi alternative approach in use on the Canadian ~ National Railway (CN) ("Rule Signal Instruction 8~S: > .. Aid") was adopted for this coverage. Since some N :" 00 A numbers and contents for several rules are not V> included in the CN format, this compiler has 5 S:S: g,S:S: S:S:O:S: :IE supplemented that format with the necessary U.S. IV> .. indications. This approach arranges signals by f<:n~ "CI colors and color combinations. ~n 0 3. CN includes only searchlight signals so 6'g, ~ that each signal representation contains three ~~ lenses (G, Y, R). AAR includes both searchlight ~~ and multiple-lenses so that a multiple unit I ...... ::ll0 ...... 0 n would have three lamp units where Canada has 3 O ::ll 3::t1 one, and nine where Canada has three. ~~ 4. CN include some signals that are staggered ~~ so that one lamp is to the left of the signal lcn"'Ul6'~ Ul."Ul:n mast and one is to the right. The enclosed ° ~ V> .. -i N chart places these units in an off-center 0 ~~ ~~g, "C ""N pattern though signal masts are not included. ::ll° °::ll::ll ° 5. In each block the U.S. version - if >~ >~ different from that of Canada - is on the left side; if Canada has a variant form it is to the right. When signals are in common they are placed in the middle third. 6. Abbreviations: A= Automatic; L= Limited; G= Grade; SPS= Station Protection Signal.

102 103

- -_. L ------,

>VI >VlO >-10 >-1 >-1 III ,.. II' ..... C III a: a: Ill:>" III a: '001'1 'Ol'1'I og;: ID '&~ ID OQ ... ID ... '" ° n ...... n .... n ID n n ... .. ID • . .. .. ID .. III .. III III !?'8B BB ,..n ... 10B2 . Signs & Unlighted Signals ~ '"00.... 00 0 ;» BB !?'!?'8 ::00 :;) ::00 The use of· "unlighted signal" may be a 00 >8, misnomer since those "signals" denote targets 000 s;: .... and track indicators. But if the term signal 00::0 "''''00 00 ,..,n>toVI ...., pertains to some transportation markings that t"'OOQ ~n5i can vary its message then they qualify even if ::00::0 ;» that be an atypical use of the term. ~ .. B!?, 0 '"00 !?,Bg, ,..n VI Signs are considered at some length in the ~ !b8 Appendix through classification and outline '"VI forms. American Railway Engineering Association g,8 ,.. .. (AREA) provides some general guidelines though ,..n '"00 B -.J this does not constitute a sign code; the B!b!b ~ >B B!b Bg,8!b individual railways are the final arbiter in .. their safety regulations. It is recommended ?; N .., co In that backgrounds of white or yellow be used with ~g,s: g,s: S: ~ black symbols. Symbols should be brief, large 5'S: >S: Q and with a restricted number of word; this 5: .. applies to all forms of signs. ~~ ..,0- ",> AREA employs the term "marker" with some ~ t"'g,S: t"'g,s:g, IQ safety devices; they appear to be a sign with IS .. few if any words, often emphasizing the vertical N ~.., co and possibly displaying numbers. A marker can g,s:g, 0- ~ be considered to be a marker more than a sign. > g,S: Q If that is true it may be closely aligned with ~s:~ I!§ .. some forms of TeO markings. Railway markers N co VI include alignment and elevation markers; it can - > >, ? c: plausibly include mileposts and whistleposts as ..,> VI.. well (AREA 1990, Part 7). g,S: BS:g, I~ N ..,> VI'"to, Targets are yet another anomalous situation: en c: it qualifies as a signal yet very often it is ~O 0 ~S:0O ~S:0>< >>< ~s:g, I ::0::0 I ::00 i ~S: IfJ .. ?; N .., '" '~O 0 0 '"0 ~S:>8: ~S:g, )><::0::0 ~8:g,o:g, 1f5 If;:; .. en N -I .., 0 S:~ ~l ~'" 105 S: 8: g, 8:g,g, Q 104 -. ~ not so classified it can be a stand-alone [1 unlighted device, yet with a switch lamp it becomes an integral unit of a partially-lighted ! APPENDIX signal. Switch lamps are contained with [_, ..J partially-lighted coverage and targets are CLASSIFICATION EXPANSIONS & EXPLICATIONS considered here but they belong together as well. [, = i While a full source of information on i) Multiple & variant Classification targets (AREA offers illustration though seemingly not a full treatment) is not extant .1 Floating Aids to Navigation there is at least one substantial source [1 ] available: W.M. Camp's massive tome, Notes on .10 Most Exposed and Exposed Track published in 1903. It remains an .100 Standard 1987 Pillar Buoy, Most important source as many current targets are Exposed Locations represented in Camp. Further validation is seen [. = 9x35 LWR in Merriam-Webster's use of Camp (see especially 9x35 LR WNID 1934). AREA was made available through ] 9x35 LHR publications of Bethlehem Steel Company (1955, [. .101 Non-Standard, Exposed Locations 1981) . 1983 9x35 LHR (ELB= Exposed Location Buoy) Targets are of three basic types: color, [. ] 1962 9x32 LWR position, or shape. A position target is 1952 9x32 LWR frequently a single vane and often of a circular 1942 9x38 LW shape. The blind edge indicates proceed and is 1942 10x39 LW parallel with the tracks that are open for use. [I ] .102 Standard 1989 (1962) Buoy, Most A shape target denotes its message via a shape Exposed Locations more than the color or position of the target. 9x32 LR Color targets rely on color over shape or ] [, 9x32 LBR position. Targets are frequently a combination 9x32 LGR of shape and color as Camp has noted; many 9x32 LHR combine all three features. Most targets have .103 Non-Standard double vanes which differ- entiate shape, l position, color for intersecting tracks. -I ] 1952 9x32LR 1942 9x32L [ 1928 9x32L Targets are also differentiated by size. Low ] .104 Standard 1989 (1962) Buoy, targets, for example, require much smaller Exposed targets than middle or high forms. An 8x26LR alphanumeric dimension may be added to the 8x26LBR targets of some railways. 8x26LGR There are few guidelines for the meanings of 8x26LHR shapes, position, colors; _no doubt meanings have .105 Non-Standard been worked out by individual rail systems. Meanings from other mediums can probably suggest 107 the meaning in use on railways. -I ]

106 lJ __lL~ ~ II ] ,- ' .~

I~ I .117 Non-Standard 1952 8x26LR I- ] 1942 8x26L ~ 1962 5x11LR 1928 8x20L 1952 5x11LR 1928 8x23L ] 1942 5x10L .106 Standard 1989 (1962) Buoy, Exposed .118 Standard 1965 Buoy, Most Protected 3.5x8LCR Location .- 1 8x26LWR 3.5x8LNR .107 Non-Standard J .119 Non-Standard 1952 8x26LWR ~ 1962 3.5x8L 1942 8x26LW 1952 3.5x8L 1928 8x23LW ] 1942 3.5x8L .11 Semi-Exposed, Protected & 1928 3.5x10L .13 1st & 2nd Class Unlighted Buoys Most Protected - II .110 Standard 1962 Buoy, Semi-Exposed ] .130 Standard 1988 Can, Most Exposed Location 1CR ' : .131 Non-Standard : 7x20LI 11 I: .111 Non-Standard , 1952 1CR 1980 6x16LI l ] 1942 1CT 1952 6x24LI 1928 1C .112 Standard 1989 (1962) Buoy, 11 .132 Standard 1988 Nun, Most Exposed Semi-Exposed Location [ ] 1NR 7xl7LR .133 Non-Standard 7xl7LBR 1952 1NR 7xl7LHR I -'J 1942 1NT .113 Non-Standard L ] 1928 1N 1952 7xl7LR .134 Standard 1988 Can, Exposed 1942 7x15L ~ 2CR 1928 7x18L ] .135 Non-Standard .114 Standard 1962 Buoy, Semi-Exposed [ "[I 1952 2CR Location 1942 2CT 6x20LR 1928 2C 6x20LBR .136 Standard 1988 Nun, Exposed 6x20LHR [II ] 2NR .115 Non-Standard .137 Non-Standard 1952 6x20LR ~ 1952 2NR 1942 6x20L [ ] 1942 2NT .116 Standard 1965 Buoy, Protected 1928 2N 5x11LCR .14 3rd Class Unlighted Buoys 5x11LNR ['J ~ .140 Standard 1988 Can, Semi-Exposed I I 109 [ ~ 108 - [ ] 11. 3CR 6NT .141 Non-Standard .16 Foam Buoys 1952 3CR .160 Standard Can, Foam, Semi- 1942 3CT Exposed 1928 3C 1CFR (Under Development) .142 Standard 1988 Nun, Semi-Exposed 2CFR 3NR 3CFR .143 Non-Standard 4CFR 1952 3NR .161 Standard Nun, Foam, Semi- 1942 3NT Exposed 1928 3N 1NFR (Under Development) .144 Standard 1988 Can, Ice 2NFR 3CI 3NFR .145 Non-Standard 4NFR 1942 1CS .162 Standard 1989 Can, Foam, Protected 1942 2CS 5CFR .146 Standard 1988 Nun, Ice .163 Standard 1989 Nun, Foam, Protected 3NI 5NFR .147 Non-Standard .164 Standard 1989 Can, Foam, Most 1942 1NS Protected 1942 2NS 6CFR .15 4th, 5th, 6th Class Unlighted Buoys .165 Standard 1989 Nun, Foam, Most .150 Standard 1952 Can, Western Rivers Protected 4CR 6NFR .151 Standard 1952 Nun, Western Rivers .17 Plastic Buoys 4NR .170 Standard 1972 Can, Temporary, .152 Standard 1981 Can, Ice Protected, Plastic (Rolyan) 5C1 5CPR .153 Standard 1981 Nun, Ice Alternate Design (Automatic Power) 5N1 5CPR .154 Standard 1952 Can, Western Rivers .171 Standard 1972 Nun, Temporary, 6CR Protected, Plastic (Rolyan) .155 Standard 1952 Nun, Western Rivers 5NPR 6NR Alternate Design (Automatic Power) .156 Standard 1952 Can, Swiftest Western 5NPR Rivers .172 Standard 1972 Can, Temporary, Most 6CT Protected, Plastic (Rolyan) .157 Standard 1952 Nun, Swiftest Western 6CPR Rivers Alternate Design (Automatic Power) 110 111 6CPR Granite Towers .173 Standard 1972 Nun, Temporary, Most Brick Towers Protected, Plastic (Rolyan) Iron Plate Towers 6NPR Concrete Towers Alternate Design (Automatic Power) .21 Minor Light Structures: Land 6NPR .210 Skeleton Towers .174 Standard 1978 Can, Fast Water, Free-standing Plastic Guyed FCPR Semi-guyed .175 Standard 1978 Nun, Fast Water, .22 Unlighted Structures (Daybeacons) Plastic FNPR .3 Marine Acoustical Signals .176 Discrepancy Buoy, Temporary, Most .30 Standard Protected, Foam-filled Plastic .300 Diaphragm 1977, Can or Nun Daymark, Radar FA-232 Reflector SA-850 CG-1000/ELG-300 .18 Sound Buoys CG-1000/ELG-500 .180 Standard 1962 Buoy, Exposed SA-3C 9x20BR AB-860 9x20GR .31 Non-Standard .181 Non-Standard .310 Diaphragm, Two-tone 1952 9x20BR .311 Diaphone, Chime 1942 9x13B 1942 8x13B .4 Electronic Aids 1952 9x20GR .40 Long-Range 1942 9x13G .400 Loran 1942 8x13G "A" "C" .2 Fixed Marine Structures .41 Short-Range .20 Major Light Structures .410 Radiobeacons .200 Marine Sites Marker Monolithic Stone Towers Continuous Skeleton Wrought Iron Towers Sequenced Offshore Light Platforms .201 Low Elevation Sites .5 Aeronautical Navigation Aids Skeleton Wood Towers .50 Beacons, Airport and Heliport Iron Enclosed Towers .500 Medium Intensity (L-801A, H, S) .202 High Elevation Sites Airport; Heliport; Seaplane

113 112 ,

.501 High Intensity (L-802A, H, S) Straight Sections; Caution Bar Airport; Heliport; Seaplane (L852C) Bidirectional & Unidirectional (Category III) .502 Code (Identification) Curved Sections (L-8520) .503 Airway Beacon Bidirectional & Unidirectional .504 Course Lights (Category III) .51 Approach Lighting .531 Taxiway Intersections .510 Oischarge Flashing Light Omnidirectional (L-852E) REIL (L-849), Unidirectional, (No Category III) Omnidirectional Omnidirectional (L-852F) OOALS (L-859) (Category III) ALS, I & II, Elevated, Inpavement .54 Runway & Taxiway Elevated Lights .511 Lampholders .540 Runway Edge Lights PAR 38 Runway Edge (L-860) Omnidirectional PAR 56 & Bidirectional (VFR Runways) PAR 56-Inpavement .512 Generic Visual Guideslope Indicator Runway Edge (L-861) Omnidirectional & Single Projector Bidirectional (Non-precision IFR Multiple Projector Runways) .513 Precision Approach Path Indicator Runway Edge (L-862) Bidirectional (Precision IFR Runways) Two Light Units .541 Runway Threshold/End Lights Four Light Units Runway Threshold/End (L-860E) .52 Runway Inpavement Lights Bidirectional & Unidirectional .520 Runway Centerline (L-850A) (VFR Runways) Bidirectional & Unidirectional Runway Threshold/End (L-861E) .521 Runway Touchdown Zone; Medium Intensity Approach Lighting System Bidirectional & Unidirectional (Non-precision IFR Runways) (L-850B) Undirectional Runway Threshold/End (L-861SE) .522 Runway Edge (L-850C) Bidirectional Bidirectional & Undidirectional .523 Runway Threshold/End (L-8500) (Non-precision IFR Runways) Bidirectional & Unidirectional Taxiway Edge (L-861T) Omnidirectional .53 Taxiway Inpavement Lights Runway Threshold/End (L-862E) .530 Taxiway Centerline Bidirectional & Unidirectional Straight Sections; Caution Bar (Precision IFR Runways) (L-852A) Bidirectional & .542 Taxiway Edge (L-861T) Omnidirectional Unidirectional .543 (Holding Position Edge (L-804) (No Category III) Unidirectional has one form only; Curved Sections (L-852B) also given in Main Classification) Bidirectional & Unidirectional (No .55 Obstruction Lighting Category III) 115 114 .550 Steady-burning (L-810) Teardrops Class 1, Low Intensity .571 Markers Class 2, High Intensity Spherical .551 High Intensity Flags (L-856) [40 FPM] (L-857) [60 FPM] .6 Electronic Aeronautical Aids .552 Flashing Red Obstruction Light .60 Instrument Landing System (L-864) .600 Localizer .553 Medium Intensity Offset Localizer (L-865, 40 FPM) Localizer-type Directional Aid (L-866, 60 FPM) .601 Marker Beacon .56 Taxiway Guidance Signs Inner .560 Mandatory Instruction Middle Holding Position: Taxiway/Runway Outer Intersections .602 VOR/DME Holding Position: Runway/Runway .61 Microwave Landing System Intersections .610 Localizer Facility Holding Position: ILS Critical .611 Glide Slope Facility Areas .612 Marker Beacon Holding Position: Runway Approach Areas .7 Traffic Control Devices No Entry .70 Traffic Control Signals .561 Location, Direction & .700 Traffic Control Signals Destination Pre-timed Signals Taxiway Location Traffic-actuated Signals Runway Location .71 Traffic Beacons Runway Safety Area/ .710 Hazard Identification Beacon OFZ & Runway Approach .711 Speed Limit Beacon Boundary .712 Intersection Control Beacon ILS Critical Area Boundary .713 Stop Sign Beacon Taxiway Direction .72 Railroad Crossing Signals Runway Exit .720 Lighted Signals, Post-mounted Outbound Destination .721 Lighted Signals, Cantilever­ Inbound Destination mounted .57 Obstruction Markings .722 Lighted Signals with Gates and .570 Patterns Fixed Lights Solids (Bell may accompany any of the above) Bands Checkerboards 117 116 rI

(All Traffic Signs, outside of 8A3, are included· Obround and Mask in the Message Classification rather than in Obround, single vane this Multiple and Variant Classification; .823 Rectangle Category reserved: .72) Rectangle and Obround Rectangle and Circle (A case can be made for including at least some .824 Diamond portion of Pavement and Curb markings in this Diamond, single vane classification. However, all elucidations of .825 Square those categories are to be found in the Message Square and Square Classification; Category reserved: .73) .9 Sound Signals TCD & Rail .8 Railway Signals, Signs, & Targets .90 TCD .80 All-Lighted Signals .900 Grade Crossing Bell .800 Color Light Signals .91 Rail Vertical arrangement (standard) .901 Cab Signal Bell Triangular arrangement Horizontal arrangement b) Explanatory Notes .801 Cab Signals Color-light The multiple and variant classification Position-light follows an alternative number/letter system somewhat patterned after that of the variant (Signs, outside of the main classification, are classification of Volume II, Part F. Markings included in the message classification since are divided into ten primary categories: signs, beyond general categories, are closely .1 All floating marine transportation markings bound up with the message dimensions; .2 All fixed marine subcategory reserved for signs: .810) .3 All sound marine .4 All electronic marine .82 Targets, shape .5 All fixed aero .820 Mask .6 All electronic aero Mask and Obround .7 All visual tcd Mask and Mask .8 All visual railway " " Mask and Prism . 9 All sound tcd & rail" " .821 Arrow Arrow and Mask The subcategory of .100-.109, Most Exposed Arrow and Circle and Exposed buoys, expands the material of 12. Arrow and Obround It follows, to a substantial degree, the USCG Arrow and Diamond treatment of buoys. The subcategory is in two Arrow, single vane segments: Most Exposed and Exposed. Most .822 Obround Exposed is divided into two segments, each

118 119 """"T r [1 ] segment containing a standard and a nonstandard with. The 42 groups are divided into six component. The buoys are classified by location [I = subcategories: 1st and 2nd class buoys which is determined by size of the buoy. Buoys (.130-.137), 3rd class (.140-.147), 4th, 5th and with a sound dimension signify that state by ~ 6th class buoys (.150-.157), Foam buoys inclusion of the sound type in the title. The [, (.160-.167), and Plastic buoys (.170-.179). USCG includes the date of the buoy type and that is also listed. In the former classification All 1st class buoys are in the Most Exposed light and sound combined buoys were in a ~ designation. There are two standard components: separate category termed Combination Buoys but [I one can and one nun with an accompanying light buoys with a sound dimension are now non-standard group for each. Exposed buoys included in this subcategory along with include all 2nd class buoys and these follow the light-only buoys. Exposed buoys are divided [I .J format of the 1st class buoys. into three segments each with a standard and non-standard element. The other comments about Semi-exposed (SE) and a portion of ice buoys Most Exposed buoys apply to Exposed as well. are members of the 3rd class. SE and Ice groups [I l each contain can and nun buoys which are divided Semi-exposed, Protected and Most Protected into standard and non-standard forms. This constitute a second subcategory: .110-.119. sub-category includes .140 to .147. Semi-exposed is divided into three standard and [I - three non-standard segments. Protected and Most The more limited forms of 4th, 5th, and 6th Protected are equipped with can or nun daymarks class buoys form one subcategory: .150-.157. and thereby have lateral significance contrary [ This category includes ice, western rivers and to other lighted buoys (and to historic swiftest western rivers buoys. The non-standard practice). None of these buoys has a sound [J ~ forms are no longer in use and the USCG has signal. dropped them from the Manual; this classification follows suit. Unlighted buoys constitutes a large and 1 diverse crowd of buoys including metal, foam and The information of the introductory summary plastic versions. Buoys are also classified by of buoy types should suffice for foam and location (as is the case with lighted and [I " plastic buoys. It can be noted that some lighted sound buoys) and some by special plastic buoys (.170-.173) have alternative forms circumstances (ice conditions, and western made of fibre glass. rivers). Buoys are classified by size which are [I <0 represented by class rather than by diameter and The Manual does not give details on spar, length. Buoys are divided into classes; classes sphere, barrel and drum buoys and for that are determined by the size of the buoy. [I U reason these forms are restricted to the terse entries in the main classification. There are 42 groupings of unlighted buoys and this proves to be an unwieldly mass to deal [ J ... 121

120 [ 1 U - [L' Fixed aids, lighted and unlighted, official designation material are added in this constitute the .2 category. Fixed-major entries classification. are brief since major aids (lighthouses) do not have standard forms, are very much Beacons are found within .500-.502 individualized and hence can be described only designations. Subforms are listed but within in general terms. These aids are listed under the bounds of the principal forms. There is the .20 designation with subdivisions according uncertainty over the status of the identifi­ to major shapes and locations. Minor aids, when cation beacon as some current publications lighted, offer some standard forms though include while others omit it. A partial considerable individuality and singularity are explanation is found in Chapter 9B, page 69. present here though declining. These aids are The airway beacon and course lights are also within the .21 category. Fixed unlighted aids included since AlP and AIM both mention the (daybeacons) are also marked by standard forms continued existence of a few members of those yet also have many individual forms. The once abundant forms of aero aids. category of .22 has been reserved for daybeacons though non-standard forms are not listed in the The brevity of approach lighting in the main Manual. classification belies its complexity and diverse elements. Each of the four subdivisions of this Sound signals, a small group, are designated classification has two or more subunits or .3. There is only one standard form at present variant forms. The entire category is found though there are several variations. Many older within .510 and .513. and non-USCG forms are in use at bridges, piers and other locations. Standard forms are grouped Runway and Taxiway Inpavement Lights form a under .30 and non-standard under .31. unit but require separate subcategories: .520-.523 for runways and .530-.531 for Electronic aids (.4), are small numerically taxiways. The runway forms are of a unitary though highly significant. They are divided pattern and sometimes exhibiting two types: into two categories (.40 and .41) with further bi~irectional or unidirectional. The taxiway subdivisions where required. Loran A is un1ts prove to be very complex since they are included though largely obsolete. Radio­ tied to different levels of aviation activity. beacons, though declining, continue as a common aid. Runway and Taxiway Elevated Lights (.520-.523) manifests considerable complexity Aeronautical navigation aids afford a in the main classification and even more considerable degree of precision including complexity here. A variety of light units have official designation numbers. The main multiple purposes which allows some conflation classification provides principal forms with a in the main classification. Light units with minimum of detail. Additional forms and multiple purposes are considered separately in this classification. 122 123 f -, I [1 J

Obstruction lights (.55) are somewhat [I J truncated in the main classification but the possible future use: .72. This is also true for full panoply is to be found in this markings for which .73 has been reserved. classification. Types and subtypes, FAA [I ,] designations and flash rates are all included All-lighted railway signals are found within and divided between .550 and .553. the category of .80; they can be further divided into several nuanced segments (.800-.801); cab Signs constitute an extension, and an [1 J signals are also bifurcated. Railway signs are extrapolation, of the main classification with treated in the manner of traffic signs. virtually all entries referring to taxiway Targets, a form of unlighted signal, are matters. ' The subcategory designation of .56 is [J .J assigned to the .82 segment (.820-.825). further divided into .560 and .561. Obstruction markings consist of patterns and [ ] .J markers for the main classification. Each of those groups is broken down into its constituent elements for this classification. The designation is .57 and further sUbdivided into [I .J .570 and . 571. Electronic devices are listed by individual [I ,J units in the main classification but in this classification they are grouped according to system: ILS (.60) and MLS (.61); few devices of an electronic nature are outside of those [j J systems. ILS devices are grouped under .600 and .601; MLS under .611, .612, and .613. [ . -1 1 ~ .. Traffic Control Devices and Railway Signals and allied devices are numerous though not requiring lengthy classifications. Traffic [ .'. Control Signals (.70) are frequently bifurcated into Pre-timed Signals and Traffic-actuated Signals; that designation is employed in this [- ] classification under .700. Traffic Beacons can

be divided into four subsections (.710 to .713). I ~ Traffic signs are found in the message [- J classification but a category is reserved for i 125 124 [- J I I L [; J F • [, J ] [. ii Double Transition Classification l a) Markings Within Forms of Energy [] All-Lighted

] 322 Approach Lighting [] 3220 Lampholder Unit 3221 Discharge Flashing Light 3222 Generic Visual Glideslope [ l Indicator 'I 3223 Precision Approach Path Indicator l 410 Traffic Signals, Single [I 4100 Traffic Control Signals I 411 Specialized Use 4110 Traffic Beacons [ ILl 4111 Lane-Control Signals J 4112 Moveable Bridge Signals 4113 Railroad Crossing Signals • I 4114 Ramp Control Signals [ l 4115 Pedestrian Signals 4116 Emergency Traffic Signals 4117 One-Lane/Two-Way Signals [ • 1 510 Trackside Signals ~ 5100 Searchlight-Color Light 5101 Color-Light ." 5102 Position-Light [1 5103 Color-Position Light 511 Dwarf Signals

E:I 5110 Searchlight-Color Light [ ] 5111 Color-Light 5112 Position-Light 5113 Color-Position Light [I ""'" 512 Cab Signals - Partially-Lighted [j - - 127 126 [I -

[I ~ r • [TJ 120 Lighted & Lighted Sound Buoys, J Most Exposed [r 2223 Cylindrical 1200 Lighted 2224 Small House 1201 Lighted Whistle 2225 Pyramidal 1202 Lighted Horn [I ] 321 Beacons, Airport 1203 Lighted Bell 3210 Rotating/Flashing 1204 Lighted Gong 3211 Code 121 Exposed 323 Runway & Taxiway Inpavement 1210 Lighted LI] Lighting 1211 Lighted Whistle 3230 Runway Centerline & 1212 Lighted Horn Touchdown Zone Lights 1213 Lighted Bell [I] 3231 Edge, Threshold/End Lights 1214 Lighted Gong 3232 Taxiway Centerline Light 122 Semi-Exposed 3233 Taxiway Intersection Lights 1220 Lighted [I] 324 Runway & Taxiway Elevated 1221 Lighted Horn Lighting 1222 Lighted Bell 3240 High Intensity Runway Edge & 123 Protected Threshold/End Lights 1230 Lighted [ I] 3241 Medium Intensity Runway Edge, 124 Most Protected Threshold/End & Taxiway Lights 1240 Lighted 3242 Medium Intensity Threshold 125 Discrepancy Buoy J Light-Special 1250 Lighted [I 3243 Low Intensity Edge, 126 Major Aids Threshold/End Light 1260 Large Navigation Buoy (LNB) J 3244 Holding Position Edge Light 220 Major Lighted Structures [I 325 Obstruction Lighting 2200 Enclosed Towers 3250 Steady-burning Light 2201 Skeleton Towers 3251 Flashing Light 2202 Houses/Towers on Special [r~ 3252 High Intensity Light Foundations .3253 Medium Intensity Light 221 Minor Structures: Marine Sites 326 Lighted Signs: Taxiway Guidance & 2210 Single pile Runway 2211 Multiple Pile II ] 3260 Mandatory Instructipn 2212 Standard Structures on 3261 Location Special Foundations 3262 Direction 222 Minor Structures: Land Sites llJ 3263 Taxiway Ending Marker 2220 Post 3264 Destination 2221 Spindle 3265 Roadway 2222 Skeleton Tower [] 3266 Information 3267 Runway Distance Remaining 128 [ 129 [ l .. LTJ-

327 Wind Indicators f.J Temporary 3270 Wind Cone 138 Discrepancy Buoy, Most Protected­ 3271 Wind Tee Temporary (Foam-filled Plastic) 520 Semaphore Signals 1380 Unlighted, Can daymark 5200 Trackside L.J 1381 Unlighted, Nun daymark 5201 Dwarf 139 Other Unlighted Buoys 521 Switch Signals [~J 1390 Spar 1391 Sphere Unlighted 1392 Drum 1393 Barrel 130 Unlighted Buoys Most Exposed 230 Unlighted Aids, Marine Sites 1300 Can L. J 2300 Single pile 1301 Nun 2301 Multiple pile 131 Exposed 231 Land Sites 1310 Can L. ] 2310 Post 1311 Nun 2311 Spindle 132 Semi-Exposed 2312 Stake 1320 Can [. J 2313 Tripod 1321 Nun 330 Unlighted Runway Markings 133 Ice 3300 Centerline 1330 Can [ ] 3301 Designation 1331 Nun 3302 Threshold 134 Western Rivers _I 3303 Fixed Distance 1340 Can 3304 Holding Position 1341 Nun [I] 3305 TDZ 135 Swiftest Western Rivers 3306 Side Stripes 1350 Can 331 Taxiway Markings 1351 Nun [ ] 3310 Centerline 136 Foam-Filled Buoys 3311 Edge 1360 Can, Protected 3312 Holding Position 1361 Nun, Protected [I] 332 Runway & Taxiway 1362 Can, Most Protected Retroreflective Markers 1363 Nun, Most Protected 3320 Inpavement-Centerline 137 Plastic Buoys [I ] 3321 Elevated-Edge 1370 Can, Protected-Temporary 333 Obstruction Markings 1371 Nun, Protected-Temporary 3330 Patterns 1372 Can, Most Protected- [I ] 3331 Markers Temporary 334 Single Types 1373 Nun, Most Protected- ~ 3340 Segmented Circle Airport 130 [__ J 131 [J ------_.._'------Marker System 5320 Location 3341 Compass Calibration Pad 5321 Advanced Location 430 Regulatory Signs 5322 Speed Control 4300 Dominant Model, Rectangles 5323 Safety (vertical emphasis) 5324 Maintenance of Way 4301 Secondary Model, Squares 431 Warning Signs Electronic 4310 Dominant Model, Diamonds 4311 Supplemental Model, 240 Marine Electronic Short Range Rectangles (vertical emphasis) 2400 Radiobeacon 4312 Supplemental Model, Squares 2401 Racon 4313 Supplemental Model, Triangle 2402 Radar Reflector (isosceles) 241 Long Range 432 Guide Signs 2410 Loran 4320 Dominant Model, Rectangles 2411 Omega (horizontal emphasis) 2412 Global Positioning System (GPS). 4321 Special Shape, Shields 340 Aero Electronic Course and 4322 Special Shape, Rectangles Distance (elongated-vertical emphasis) 3400 Glide Slope 4323 Supplemental.Model, 3401 Localizer Rectangle (vertical 3402 VOR emphasis) 3403 VORTAC 433 Markings 3404 TACAN 4330 Pavement 3405 DME 4331 Curb 341 Location Identification 4332 Objects-within roadway 3410 Non-directional Beacon 4333 Objects-adjacent to roadway 3411 Marker Beacon 4334 Objects-end of roadways 3412 Compass Locator (COMLO) 4335 Delineators-curb 4336 Delineators-upright Sound 4337 Barricades 4338 Channelizing Devices 150 Sound Buoys Single Types 530 Targets 1500 Bell 5300 Color 1501 Gong 5301 Shape 1502 Whistle 5302 Position 250 Marine Sound Single Types 5303 Color-shape 2500 Diaphragm [Pure tone, Bell 531 Miniature Graphic Symbols tone, Gong tone] 532 Signs 2501 Diaphone

132 133 "1f [, J r .~ 2502 Siren 5301 Shape 2503 Air Horn 1 - 5302 Position 5303 Color-Shape b) Markings Within Marking Forms [, J 531 Miniature Graphic Symbols Signals Beacons 41 Traffic Signals [1 J 12 Lighted & Lighted Sound Buoys 410 Standard 120 Most Exposed 4100 Traffic Control Signals 1200 Lighted 411 Specialized Use [-1 ,] 1201-4 Lighted Whistle/Horn/Belli 4110 Traffic Beacons Gong 4111 Lane-Control Signals 121 Exposed 4112 Moveable Bridge Signals 1210 Lighted 4113 Railroad Crossing Signals [-I " 1211-4 Lighted Whistle/Horn/Belli 4114 Ramp Control Signals Gong 4115 Pedestrian Signals 122 Semi-Exposed 51 Railway Signals, All-Lighted [I 1220 Lighted 510 Trackside Signals 1221-2 Lighted Horn/Bell 5100 Searchlight-Color Light 123 Protected 5101 Color-Light ~. 1230 Lighted 5102 Position-Light [J 124 Most Protected 5103 Color-Position 1240 Lighted 511 Dwarf Signals 125 Discrepancy Buoy 5110 Searchlight-Color Light [I " 126 Major Aids 5111 Color-Light 1260 Large Navigation Buoy (LNB) 5112 Position-Light 5113 Color-Position Light 13 Unlighted Buoys [1 oro 512 Cab Signals 130 Most Exposed 1300 Can 52 Partially-Lighted Railway Signals [ 1301 Nun 520 Semaphore Signals 131 Exposed 5200 Trackside [] " 1310 Can 5201 Dwarf 1311 Nun 521 Switch Signals 132 Semi-Exposed 1320 Can 53 Unlighted Signals [1 " 1321 Nun 530 Targets 133 Ice 5300 Color [J " 1330 Can 134 135 'J II [ ______'j I' 2212 Standard Structures on 1331" Nun Special Foundations 134 Western Rivers 222 Minor Structures: Land Sites 1340 Can 2220 Post 1341 Nun 2221 Spindle 135 Swiftest Western Rivers 2222 Skeleton Tower 1350 Can 2223 Cylindrical 1351 Nun 2224 Small House 136 Foam-Filled Buoys 2225 Pyramidal 1360 Can, Protected 1361 Nun, Protected 23 Unlighted Aids 1362 Can, Most Protected 230 Marine Sites 1363 Nun, Most Protected 2300 Single Pile 137 Plastic Buoys 2301 Multiple pile 1370 Can, Protected-Temporary 231 Land Sites 1371 Nun, Protected-Temporary 2310 Post 1372 Can, Most Protected- 2311 Spindle Temporary 2312 Stake 1373 Nun, Most Protected­ 2313 Tripod Temporary 138 Discrepancy Buoy 32 Lights Most Protected-Temporary 321 Beacons (Foam-filled Plastic) 3210 Rotating/Flashing 1380 unlighted, Can daymark 3211 Code 1381 Unlighted, Nun daymark 323 Runway & Taxiway Inpavement 139 Other Unlighted Buoys Lighting 1390 Spar 3230 Runway Centerline & 1391 Sphere Touchdown Zone Lights 1392 Drum 3231 Edge, Threshold/End Lights 1393 Barrel 3232 Taxiway Centerline Lights 3233 Taxiway Intersection Lights 22 Lighted Aids 324 Runway & Taxiway Elevated Lighted 220 Major Structures 3240 High Intensity Runway Edge & 2200 Enclosed Towers Threshold/End Lights 2201 Skeleton Towers 3241 Medium Intensity Runway 2202 Houses/Towers on Special Edge, Threshold/End & Foundations Taxiway Lights 221 Minor Structures: Marine Sites 3242 Medium Intensity Threshold 2210 Single pile Light-Special 2211 Multiple pile 137 136 --. [I ]

3243 Low Intensity Edge, 2223 Cylindrical Threshold/End Light [ 1] 2224 Small House 3244 Holding position Edge Light 2225 Pyramidal 325 Obstruction Lighting 321 Beacons, Airport 3250 Steady-burning Light [I ] 3210 Rotating/Flashing 3251 Flashing Light 3211 Code 3252 High Intensity Light 323 Runway & Taxiway Inpavement 3253 Medium Intensity Light Lighting 326 Wind Indicators [ 1J 3230 Runway Centerline & 3260 Wind Cone Touchdown Zone Lights 3261 Wind Tee 3231 Edge, Threshold/End Lights [ 1J 3232 Taxiway Centerline Light Beacons in a Different Modulation: 3233 Taxiway Intersection Lights Acoustical and Electronic Forms 324 Runway & Taxiway Elevated Lighting 24 Electronic Aids to Navigation [ 1J 3240 High Intensity Runway Edge & 240 Short Range Threshold/End Lights 2400 Radiobeacon 3241 Medium Intensity Runway Edge, 2401 Racon [I] Threshold/End & Taxiway Lights 2402 Radar Reflector 3242 Medium Intensity Threshold 241 Long Range Light-Special 2410 Loran J 3243 Low Intensity Edge, 2411 Omega [I Threshold/End Light 2412 Global Positioning System (GPS) 3244 Holding Position Edge Light 325 Obstruction Lighting 34 Electronic Aids [ ,I J 3250 Steady-burning Light 340 Course and Distance 3251 Flashing Light 3400 Glide Slope 3252 High Intensity Light 3401 Localizer [ 'I J 3253 Medium Intensity Light 3402 VOR 326 Lighted Signs: Taxiway Guidance & 3403 VORTAC Runway 3404 TACAN J 3260 Mandatory Instruction 3405 DME [I 3261 Location 341 Location Identification 3262 Direction 3410 Non-directional Beacon [ -J 3263 Taxiway Ending Marker 3411 Marker Beacon 3264 Destination 3412 Compass Locator (COMLO) 3265 Roadway .1 ~J 3266 Information 25 Fixed Sound Signals [ 3267 Runway Distance Remaining 'I 1 138 [I .J 129 [ 1 .J , [ -I J

250 Single Types 1331 Nun [ 1J 2500 Diaphragm (Pure tone, Bell 134 Western Rivers tone, Gong tone) 1340 Can 2501 Diaphone 1341 Nun 2502 Siren 135 Swiftest Western Rivers [ 1J 2503 Air Horn 1350 Can 1351 Nun 15 Sound Buoys 136 Foam-Filled Buoys [ 1J 150 Single Types 1360 Can, Protected 1500 Bell 1361 Nun, Protected 1501 Gong 1362 Can, Most Protected 1502 Whistle 1363 Nun, Most Protected [ 1J 137 Plastic Buoys 1370 Can, Protected-Temporary Signs 1371 Nun, Protected-Temporary [ I J 1372 Can, Most Protected- 430 Regulatory Signs Temporary 4300 Dominant Model, Rectangles 1373 Nun, Most Protected­ J (vertical emphasis) Temporary [I 4301 Secondary Model, Squares 138 Discrepancy Buoy 431 Warning Signs Most Protected-Temporary 4310 Dominant Model, Diamonds (Foam-filled Plastic) [ 1 ] 4311 Supplemental Model, 1380 Unlighted, Can daymark Rectangles (vertical 1381 Unlighted, Nun daymark emphasis) 139 Other Unlighted Buoys [ 1 J 4312 Supplemental Model, Squares 1390 Spar 4313 Supplemental Model, Triangle 1391 Sphere (isosceles) 1392 Drum 432 Guide Signs 1393 Barrel [I] 4320 Dominant Model, Rectangles (horizontal emphasis) 22 Lighted Aids 4321 Special Shape, Shields 220 Major Structures [J 4322 Special Shape, Rectangles 2200 Enclosed Towers (elongated-vertical emphasis) 2201 Skeleton Towers [I 4323 Supplemental Model, 2202 Houses/Towers on Special J Rectangle (vertical emphasis) Foundations 532 Signs 221 Minor Structures: Marine Sites 5320 Location 2210 Single Pile [I J 5321 Advanced Location 2211 Multiple pile 136 [ 1 J 139 [I I J ~ l ! [1 -J --. The first portion of this classification, 5322 Speed Control J energy forms, is probably self-explanatory: the 5323 Safety [1 ...., markings are divided up according to the form of 5324 Maintenance of Way energy waves through which a given marking's J message is emitted and received. One point that Markings [ -1 can be noted are differences in visual markings. I Some of these generate and emit light waves 33 Unlighted Aero Navigation Aids which contain the messages. But other markings 330 Runway Markings [] do not emit waves of energy but depend on 3300 Centerline natural light or indirect light to illuminate 3301 Designation the messages. The message systems of these 3302 Threshold [ ] latter markings can be in the form of shape, 3303 Fixed Distance color, alphanumeric and/or graphic symbols. 3304 Holding Position 1 3305 TDZ [ Despite this key difference visual markings 3306 Side Stripes "'" are considered together; they are not divided 331 Taxiway Markings j into those relying on their own powers and those 3310 Centerline relying on outside energy forces. Electronic 3311 Edge [ markings employ "invisible" energy which has to 3312 Holding Position be translated into visual/and or acoustic energy 332 Runway & Taxiway :1 in order to be perceived but the central form of Retroreflective Markers [ energy, waves neither seen nor heard, dictates 3320 Inpavement-Centerline this part of this classification schema. Of 3321 Elevated-Edge J course electromagnetic waves are a different 333 Obstruction Markings I, I energy form than that of acoustic. Further, I 3330 Patterns ~ l .... waves are also particles but that need not be 3331 Markers [ gone into here. 334 Single Types 3340 Segmented Circle Airport The second phase of this classification has Marker System l: ] an unusual, or perhaps controversial, format: a 3341 Compass Calibration Pad division that is based on the forms of markings, 433 Markings whether signals, beacons, signs or markings. 4330 Pavement ' :WI There is apparently no source that has divided 4331 Curb l:1 up the various kinds of transportation markings 4332 Objects-within roadway [ . into these categories. Yet over and over again 4333 Objects-adjacent to roadway these terms (signals, beacons, signs, markings) 4334 Objects-end of roadways are applied to markings and consistently so. 4335 Delineators-curb -- ~ Even if exceptions can be found there are many 4336 Delineators-upright more instances in which those categories are in 4337 Barricades use. While it is relatively easy to divide 4338 Channelizing Devices L1 markings into these four categories, it is important to offer an explanation of what the c) Explanatory Notes L 141 140 I L1 • terms mean, and to consider various The term "Beacon" has less precision subcategories, nuanced differences, and attached to it. Beacon can be applied to all interpretations. The explanatory notes will visual marine aids to navigation; it is also take up this second task. applied to traffic beacons (where the message is unchanging) and it is applied to aeronautical There is no universal definition of the term airway, airport and some obstruction lights. "Signal" yet an examination of markings can Characteristics of beacons include a substantial quickly uncover where that term is employed: structure (a marine aid whether or not lighted markings with changing messages (the nature of can be a beacon; it also includes buoys); it is message classification in Ch 7B explains the often lighted and oftentimes the light is various types of messages). The term "Signal" flashing. Beacons can be easily distinguished is applied to traffic control signals, to from signals which have changing messages. A railway signals without regard to whether they problem arises with aeronautical runway and are fully-lighted, partially-lighted, or taxiway, approach, and some obstruction lights unlighted. Flashing messages are not unknown which are not regarded as beacons. These can be though most are of a fixed character. Much more considered as beacons if the marine perspective central to the meaning of signal is the changing is employed, though the lack of structure, and character of the message: lights, mechanical the lack of a flashing mechanism - often a part arms, color, position, or some combination of a marine beacon - seemingly disqualifies them thereof, all bring about different messages. from the beacon category. There is a subdivision of the signal known Perhaps one can speak of two types of as an "Indicator". This term appears to be beacons: those that can be easily agreed upon as exclusively applied to small, now largely having the character of a beacon, and those, obsolete, signals displaying graphic symbols and that, while having some of the characteristics other small message configurations. They were of beacons, are not fully so, or are not directed to train crews and indicated the recognized as being beacons, or - at the very conditions of tracks. Seemingly they were not least - are not signals. Runway, taxiway, and termed signals yet they easily conform to the approach lights are examples of the second form idea of signal in this study. Indicator also of beacon. forms a part of the titles of several aero approach lighting systems: VASI, PAPI, PLASI and "Beacons in a different modulation" with its RAILS. Some of these are fixed lights while reference to acoustic and electronic devices may others are flashing or pulsing. All have the constitute an atypical usage of the term beacon. characteristic of providing a narrowly focussed However, the unvarying nature of messages for beam of light for incoming aircraft. They are both forms of markings suggests a beacon form of not designated as beacons even though some are message; the oldest electronic marking, the flashing. The key characteristic of narrowly radio beacon, includes that word in its title. focussed as opposed to the omni-directional and Fog signals, not fog beacons, is a standard nonfocussed characteristics of aero beacons may designation for that aid to navigation, yet the be the point of differentiation. nature of its messages reflects the beacon form rather than the signal form. 142 143 II I,

tions of lines with occasional employment of alphanumeric and graphic symbols. A second form The word "Sign" may appear to be self­ of marking, more specifically termed "Object explanatory though closer examination can Markers", have a vertical dimension. Object uncover problems. Signs have a physical form markers - and this is perhaps paradoxical - have that requires a separate supporting structure. a vertical dimension as much as or more than a Signs display a flat surface with both horizontal dimension. The word markers then can significant vertical and horizontal dimensions. suggest non-pavement markings and objects The message does not encompass the totality of lacking signage characteristics. Another form the surface of the physical sign. The messages of marking is termed a delineator, and even may include numbers and almost always include though it is associated with pavement markings either words or graphic symbols. The messages it remains a separate unit and lacks the usually do not refer to the sign itself or the specific name of either marking or marker. location of the sign (this last characteristic can perhaps be debated). These characteristics A point of confusion is generated by route not only define what signs are, but also what markers and junction markers. They bear more of they are not; they further define what non-signs the characteristics of signs than of markings are (non-signs: that is, "markings" when not and are included under the heading of signs. capitalized). The following discussion of Route markers de-emphasize word messages and non-signs/markings can, in turn, also illuminate that may have a bearing on their name. Perhaps the character of signs. further study of that object would create a nuanced understanding of a sign bearing the dual Markings (more precisely, Transportation character of sign and marking. Aeronautical Markings) is employed as an overarching term for aids contain pavement markings as well and the all markings of whatever description. Since term is also extended to obstruction markings. "Markings" or "Transportation Markings" lacked a built-in title, and because the word marking/ The variant term of marker can refer to mark/marker appears in all modes of transpor­ raised objects (reflective markers attached to tation, it seemed reasonable - in the the pavement and to elevated forms) and also to beginnings of this Monograph Series - to use it spheres serving as obstruction markings on as the general term. Admittedly, that has electric cables. Railways employ the term created confusion since there are as well marker for certain non-sign safety aids. Both specific markings designated by that term. The road and rail usage includes objects known as term marking, when coupled with the word mileposts and they too constitute a form of transportation, will be the general term while marker even though not so designated. the term markings by itself (especially in lower case) will designate a specific form of Marine aids to navigation present a more transportation marking. complex situation: the term beacon may appear to include objects that can be regarded as The word marking is especially associated markings/markers though not so labelled. with traffic control devices and in particular Possibly the key element of structure moves pavement markings. Pavement markings (and also those objects from a category of marking to one curb markings) generally lack a vertical dimension, and consist of various configura- 145 144 of beacon or perhaps such objects can fit either total installation that makes up a marking. or both categories. The term mark does appear Light, in the sense of an installation, is in marine circles in the variant form of commonplace in marine and aero modes of daymark. The daymark can qualify as a marking transportation. It is less important for rail though the existence of a sign-like physical and road modes. dimension may blur the distinction. The presence of an identifying number on the daymark The term light is probably the most elusive may suggest a milepost or other numbered of any of the terms that have application to locational object and bolster the contention transportation markings. It could not be that daymarks are more mark than sign. employed in the classification since it would have generated confusion and not increased It may be noted that the word mark clarity: light is an independent category for designates any aid in the lateral system of aero, within the category of beacon for marine, beaconage and buoyage (aids to navigation mark a a qualifying term for rail, and a peripheral navigable body of water but that use of mark term for road. This statement requires becomes too general). The additional marine amplification. Aero usage restricts beacons to term of dayboard .is very much a marking. specific flashing and rotating aids of an Dayboards are attached to range lights and independent nature and regards light as separate display vertical stripes; they can also be from beacons. Marine usage of beacon termed "range daymarks". Buoys are numbered as encompasses all visual aids whether lighted or well and can be regarded as a marking of a unlighted. floating nature. Some marine aids display letters instead of numbers. The rail use of the word light is especially complex. Not infrequently railway or railroad In summary, the term marking designates a signal is a term that stands alone unembellished non-sign/non-beacon/non-signal object which is and unencumbered. However, the term signal can frequently a largely horizontal object. The be qualified with the term light: signal light term marker can be a separate category or a meaning a signal that transmits a message subcategory of marking with a vertical dimension through light, or light signal which (and often little horizontal dimension) . distinguishes all lighted signals from semaphore Markings, both in broader and in narrower partially-lighted signals. The word light is senses, display stripes, bands, numbers or also an integral part of the title of specific letters, but only rarely word or graphic symbols forms of signals: color-light, searchlight, beyond simple geometric forms. color-position light and position-light signals.

Special Note Traffic control devices employ the term light in a less complex manner. The term is There are two other terms that need to be most often associated with construction safety noted even though they are not part of the aids: Warning Lights (portable lights either classification: Light and Lamp. The term light flashing or fixed), Hazard Identification is curious since it can mean a message, or the beacons with a secondary title of Flashing equipment that produces the message, or the Electric Lights, and Steady Burning Lamps; the 147 I 146 latter moves the discussion toward the second term of this note. The term light is not used iii Classification of Messages: with traffic signals or beacons in regular Signs and Markings traffic control situations. a) Traffic Control Devices The term lamp often refers to an artificial means of illumination. But it occasionally refers to a form of transportation marking. The This classification encompasses most, if not most common usage is that of railway Switch all, signs and markings (pavement and object) . Lamps. Aero Lampholder units in approach Few, if any, other transportation markings lighting is a variation on the unadorned term require this form of classification. Therefore lamp. The unit holds a lamp and the complete Appendix iii can be regarded as a general , unit, including a lamp, constitutes a navigation classification of messages for those categor~es. aid. I. Traffic Signs A. Traffic Signs: Regulatory 1. Symbol Code (Shapes in Main Classification) a) Black letters on white ground in most cases. b) White letters on red ground for stop and wrong-way signs. c) Red letters and border on white ground for yield signs. d) Green letters on white ground for parking limits; red letters for prohibitions. 2. Right of Way Series a) Stop Sign (Supplemental plate: 4-Way and All Way) b) Yield 3. Speed Series a) Speed Limit Sign b) Night Speed Sign c) Minimum Speed Sign d) Reduced Speed Ahead Sign (Reduced Speed Ahead, Reduced Speed __

149 148 M.P.H., Speed Zone Ahead) motorized Traffic Prohibited, 4. Movement Series: Turning Motor-Driven Cycles Prohibited, a) Turn Prohibition Signs Pedestrians, Bicycles, Motor-Driven 1) No Right Turn Sign Cycles Prohibited, Pedestrians and 2) No Left Turn Sign Bicycles Prohibited, Commercial 3) No Turns Sign Vehicles Prohibited, Vehicles with b) U-Turn Prohibition Sign Lugs Prohibited] c) Lane-Use Control Signs 7. Movemeht Series: One Way 1) Mandatory Movement Sign a) One Way Sign 2) Optional Movement Sign b) Divided Highway Crossing Sign 3) Mandatory Turn Sign (Right Lane 8. Parking Series: Turn Right, Left Lane Must Turn a) Message format: Restriction Left) Prohibition; Time (when applicable); 4) Double Turn Sign (Double Right, Days (when applicable) Double Left) b) Examples: No Parking Any Time; No 5) Two Way Left Turn Only Signs Parking to ; No Parking [Additional Begin, End Signs Except Sundays~ Holidays; No permitted] Standing Any Time; Parking 5. Movement Series: Alignment ; No Parking Loading Zone; a) Preferential Lane Signing No Parking Bus Stop 1) Format for basic sign: c) Rural Parking: top lines: lane(s) applicable; 1) Examples: No Parking middle lines - if applicable; on Pavement; No Stopping on applicable vehicles - bottom lines; Pavement; No Parking Except on applicable time and day. Shoulder; No Stopping Except on 2) Restricted Lane (Begins, Ends) Shoulder; No Parking b) Do Not Pass Sign 2) Supplemental plates and graphic c) Pass With Care Sign symbols d) Slower Traffic Keep Right Sign d) Emergency Parking e) Uphill Traffic Lanes Signs (5 can 1) Emergency Parking Only be employed) 2) Emergency Stopping Only A) Trucks Use Right Lane Sign 9. Pedestrian Series B) Truck Lane 500 Feet Sign a) Walk on Left Facing Traffic f) Keep Right (Left) Sign b) No Hitchhiking 6. Movement Series: Exclusion c) Pedestrian Crossing Signs a) Do Not Enter Sign 1) Cross Only at Cross Walks b) Wrong way Sign 2) Supplemental plate: Use c) Selective Exclusion Signs Crosswalk [No Trucks, No Bicycles, Non- 10. Miscellaneous Series: Traffic Signal

150 151 r

Signs b) Symbols can be graphic or alpha- a) Pedestrian signs: Cross on Green numeric Light Only; Cross on Walk Signal 2. Turn, Left or Right Only; Push Button for Green Light; 3. Curve, Left or Right Push Button for Walk Signal 4. Reverse Turn, L or R b) Pedestrian alternates: To Cross 5. Reverse Curve, L or R Street ([with arrow) Push Button 6. Winding Road, L or R Wait for Green (Walk) Signal 7. Large Arrow, Single or Double c) Signal Instruction Signs: Left on 8. Chevron Alignment, L or R Arrow Only; Left (Right) Turn Signal 9. Cross Road Sign Stop Here on Red; Do Not Block 10. Side Road Sign Intersections; Use Lanes with Green a) 90 degrees, L or R Arrows; No Turn on Red b) 45 degrees, L or R 11. Miscellaneous Series: Other Forms 11. T Symbol a) Keep Off Median Sign 12. Y Symbol b) Road Closed Sign 13. Stop Ahead c) Local Traffic Only: Road Closed 14. Yield Ahead Miles Ahead--Local Traffic Only;-­ 15. Signal Ahead Road Closed to Thru Traffic [urban]; 16. Merge Bridge Out 17. Pavement Width Transition Signs d) Weight Limit Signs: Weight Limit a) Pavement Width Transition Sign Tons; No Trucks Over Lbs Empty b) Lane Ends Merge Left (Right) Wt; Weight Limit Tons Per Axle (supplement to a)) __ Tons Gross; Bridge Weight Limits c) Right (Left) Lane Ends (Advance Sign [accompanied by three weight limits]. to a) or b)) e) Weigh Station Signs: All Trucks/ 18. Road Narrows Commercial Vehicles/Next Right 19. Narrow Bridge f) Truck Route Sign 20. One Lane Bridge g) Hazardous Cargo Signs 21. Divided Highway (Road) h) National Network Signs 22. Divided Highway (Road) Ends 12. Other Regulatory Signs Outside MUTCD 23. Two-Way Traffic Examples: Keep Off Wet Paint, No Dumping 24. Hill Signs Allowed, Do Not Throw Litter, No Fishing a) Hill From Bridge, Emergency and Authorized b) Supplemental plaques Vehicles Only 1) Trucks Use Lower Gear 2) %Grade B. Warning Signs 3) Next Miles 4) % Grade Miles 1. Symbol Code c) Runaway Truck~amps a) Black symbols on yellow ground 152 153 ~.~ rI, [1 ]

1) Runway Truck Ramp __ Mile' not on regular interchange signing, 2) Runway Truck Ramp [I] park and ride) 3) Supplemental plaques: Sand, 4. Exit Direction Signs Gravel, Paved 5. Gore Signs 25. Bump and Dip Signs [I ] 6. Distance Signs a) Bump 7. Community Interchanges Identification b) Dip Signs 26. Pavement Ends Sign '[ ] 8. Next (X) Exits Area Sign 27. Soft Shoulder 9. General Motorist Services Signs 28. Slippery When Wet I (See C. 22) 29. Advance Crossing Signs J 10. Rest and Scenic Area Signs (See C. 19 a) Examples: Bicycles, Pedestrians, [I & 20) Deer, Cattle, Tractors 11. Mileposts (See Also E. 8 and C. 23) b) Supplemental signs: Crossing Signs: 12. Wrong-Way Traffic Control (Wrong Way, One Pedestrians, Bicyclists, Cattle [I· Way, Do Not Enter) 30. Double Arrow J 13. Miscellaneous Guide Signs (See C. 25) 31. Low Clearance 14. Weigh Station Signs (See C. 21) 32. Advisory Speed Plate 33. Advisory Exit Speed [I J E. Traffic Signs: Guide-Freeways a) Exit Speed 1. Symbol Code: See Guide-Conventional Roads. b) Ramp Speed 2. Interchange Guide signs (See C. & D.) 34. Dead End Signs [I ,J 3. Distance Signs (See Also D. 5) a) Dead End Sign 4. Diagrammatic Signs b) No Outlet 5. General Motorist Services (Gas, Food, 35. No Passing Zone Lodging, Telephone, Hospital, Camping) 36. Limited Sight Distance [ 1 J 6. Rest and Scenic Area Signs 37. Playground 1 a) Rest Area Next Right 1£~ b) Rest Area C. Traffic Signs: Guide-Conventional Roads [, c) Scenic Area 1. Symbol Code d) Scenic View a) General norm calls for white symbols 7. Tourist Information and Welcome Centers on green ground. [ 1 ,J a) Tourist Info Center b) Route markers employ black symbols b) Welcome Center on white ground; interstate types 8. Weigh Station Sign (Also C. 21) add partial red ground. [ 1 9. Milepost Markers (Also C. 23) 2. Route Markers " ,~ a) Interstate F. Traffic Signs: Guide Signs - Other Forms b) Off-Interstate I 1. Symbol Code c) U.S. [ . , L- a) Recreational & Cultural shapes are

154 157 [ j = [~_L' .._i _ r

rectangular and trapezoidal with 17. Length of Construction Sign white symbols on brown background 18. End of Construction Sign though rectangular shapes may have 19. Detour Signs/Markers white on green 20. pilot Car Sign b) Specific Services displays white 21. Bicycle Prohibition Sign symbols on blue background 22. Motor Vehicle Prohibition Sign 2. Recreational & Cultural Interest Signs 23. Bicycle Restrictions (Use Pedestrian 3. Specific Services ("Business Signal, Yield to Pedestrians) Signs identification and directional 24. Designated Lane Signs (Bike Lane Ahead, information for essential motorist Right Lane Bikes Only)

! , services") 25. Travelpath Restrictions I' 4. Tourist Orientated Directional Signs 26. No Parking Bike Lane (similar to 2. but for tourists) 27. Lane-use Control (Begin Right Turn Lane Yield to Bikes) G. Traffic Signs: Special Situations ­ 28. Bike Route Construction and Maintenance, School, Bike'Route Marker Bicycle and Railroad Crossings 29. Bike Crossing 1. Symbol Code 30. Hazardous Condition Signs (Slippery When a) Construction displays black Wet, Steel Deck, Rough Pavement, Bridge symbols on an orange background. Joint, Ford, Bikeway Narrows, Steep b) Other special situations follow Descent) standard symbol codes 31. School Advance Sign 2. Construction Approach Warning Signs 32. School Crossing Sign 3. Advance Road Construction Signs 33. School Bus Stop Ahead Sign 4. Advance Detour Signs 34. Speed Limit Signs (Periods of time, 5. Advance Road Closed Signs day; When Children Are Present; School 6. Advance One Lane Road Sign - attached to speed sign; When Flashing ­ 7. Advance Flagger Signs attached to flashing beacon) 8. Two-Way Traffic Signs 35. Parking and Stopping Signs (Hours, days, 9. Worker Sign loading limits) , 10. Fresh Oil Sign 36. Railroad Crossbuck Sign Ii. 11. Road Machinery Sign 37. Advance Warning Si9n 12. Road Work Sign 13. Shoulder Work Sign II. Markings 14. Survey Crew Sign 15. Blasting Area Signs (Blasting Zone, A. Markings: Pavement and Curb - Center Lines Turn Off 2-Way Radio, End Blasting 1. Two-lane, two-way highways Zone Signs) a) Broken yellow line: passing permitted 16. Advisory Plate Sign b) Double line (one broken, one solid):

158 159 [I r, ~r -

passing permitted in one direction 5. Solid white lines: separate through lanes c) Double solid yellow line: no passing from special lanes (trucks, buses, turns) 2. Four-lane, undivided highway: double solid I 6. Double white lines: no lane changing line 3. Three-lane rural highway: double solid D. Markings: Pavement and Curb - Other Forms line (dividing highway into one lane/two 1. Pavement Edge Lines configuration) [I -, a) white solid lines 4. Centers are found: b) except for divided highways where they a) Rural two-lane highways with speeds are yellow over 35 mph 2. Channelizing Line b) Through highways in residential and r1j a) Double or wide solid white line business districts 3. Median Islands c) Undivided highways four or more lanes a) Two double solid yellow lines d) Other roads requiring center lines [ 1 ] 4. Obstruction Avoidance Lines a) Between opposite directions of traffic: B. Markings: Pavement and Curb - Center Lines solid yellow and solid diagonal lines 1. Two-lane, two-way highways -tapered a) Broken yellow line: passing permitted rlJ b) Within one direction of traffic: solid b) Double line (one broken, one solid): white line and tapered chevron pattern 5. Stop Lines passing permitted in one direction I c) Double solid yellow line: no passing ~ a) Wide solid white lines 2. Four-lane, undivided highway: double solid [ J 6. Crosswalks and Crosswalk Lines line a) Standard: double white solid lines 3. Three-lane rural highway: double solid across all lanes of traffic line (dividing highway into one lane/two [ ] b) Alternatives: configuration) 1) Diagonal lines within solid lines 4. Centers are found: 2) Longitudinal lines 3) Solid lines and added lines a) Rural two-lane highways with speeds [ l,...J over 35 mph outlining pedestrian corridors b) Through highways in residential and ...., 4) Single line outlining perimeter of business districts area traversed by pedestrians c) Undivided highways four or more lanes [ J 7. Parking Space Markings d) Other roads requiring center lines a) White lines b) Patterns: solid and delineating [ - C. Markings: Pavement and Curb - Lane Lines ] outline of car; plus-shaped corner 1. Lane lines: white, broken lines markings, single lines delineating 2. Interstate highways length of car 3. "All other multi-lane highways" [ ] 8. Word and Graphic Symbol Markings 4. Congested areas a) Purpose: guide, warn, regulate

160 [' ] 161 [ 'J --, ~l fI J

b) White striped and downward sloping stripes c) Maximum of three lines of information J that are alternating black and either d) Messages '"I yellow or white. The downward slope 1) Regulatory: Stop/R or L Turn is towards the side of the Only/25MPH/ Symbol Arrow J obstruction to be passed. "Right" 2) Warning: Stop Ahead/Signal Ahead/ markers have stripes that commence at School/School X-ing/Ped X-Ing/ I upper right side while "Left" object RXR ~I markers have the reverse pattern. 3) Guide: US 40/Route 40/State 135 J 2. Objects in the Roadway 9. Curb Markings for Parking Restrictions a) Employs Type I or Type 3 markers. a) Special colors (other than white, b) Large objects can be marked by painted yellow) supplemental signs 'I J stripes in the aforementioned permissable pattern. b) Curb stencils can replace signs c) Signs can replace the markings. 10. Preferential Lane Markings ~ 3. Objects Adjacent to the Roadway a) Preferential Lanes refers to use of 'I ] a) Objects can include Underpass Piers, I lane by class(es) of vehicles part or Bridge Abutments, Handrails, Culvert I full time Headwalls; also narrow shoulder b) Marking consists of white elongated L:1 J with abrupt drop-off, small diamonds islands, abrupt alignment changes. 11. Speed Measurement Markings b) Type 2 or Type 3 markers employed. a) White markings paralleling center­ [I J 4. End of Roadway line or edge of pavement for one mile a) Consists of 18" diamond to which at 1/4 mile intervals are affixed 9 red reflectors (3" across). The diamond itself is to E. Object Markings ['1 ] be red or black. 1. Design b) A single 18" diamond shaped panel that a) Type 1 consists of nine yellow is reflectorized can be substituted. reflectors. Each is 3" across and [ :] ] arranged in a symmetrical pattern on a F. Delineation 1. Described: yellow or black diamond 18" across. I] [ a) Delineators are retroreflecting Can be substituted by a diamond that ,! is completely yellow and reflective. devices found at the sides of b) Type 2 consists of three yellow roadway in groups. reflectors each 3" across horizontal b) They indicate the alignment of road [: ] and are guidance rather than warning vertical or a reflective panel in yellow that is 6 by 12 inches. devices. c) Type 3 consists of striped markers I Ii] 2. Dimensions: 3" across; elongated units can be substituted. that are 1 by 3 feet displaying L 1 '

,j l 162 [ - 163

------1 [I] 1'1 r,I I i 'I 3. Curb Markings for Delineation: (two bars) or Type III (three bars) a) These are reflectorized solid yellow [,J and display orange and white marks denoting island curbing in diagonal stripes. traffic flow when traffic should go f) Construction barricades can also to right. [I J employ drums, vertical panels, b) Reflectorized solid yellow markings cones and tubular markers. if passage on either side of curbing e) Channelizing Devices is permitted. [,J 1) Consist of traffic cones and 4. Applications: tubular markers. i a) Colors for edgemarking use colors 2) Colors are those of pavement I found with painted edge lines. J markings. b) Single delineators employed at edges [I 3) Reflectors are in bands with of expressway roadways and a minimum of two bands that interchange ramps. are 3" in width. c) Double rows of yellow delineators J can be employed at crossovers on [I I. Markings: Special Situations divided highways. Bike Lane (Word and Graphic symbol) d) Red delineators can be used on back J School (Word symbol) side of delineators where wrong-way [I Transverse Lines (Approaches to Railroad motorists can see it. Crossing) No Passing G. Colored Pavements [I J Railroad Crossing (Word and Graphic symbols) a) They constitute a TCD when serving [See Barricades and Channelizing Devices for a guidance or regulatory role. Construction] b) Code color includes these provisions: 1) Red indicates approaches to stop [I J b) Signs and Markings: sign. Aeronautical, Railway & Marine 2) Yellow denotes separating of medians. I. Aeronautical Signs and Markings: 3) White marks shoulder delineations, [] = Taxiway Guidance Signs channelizing islands, crosswalks. A. Mandatory Instruction Signs (2. through 5. [,= are Holding Position Signs) H. Barricades and Channelizing Devices a) Barricades are red and white. 1. Color Code (if not general then a) color; b) Mark dead-end roads or cul-de-sacs. b) message description for each one) . c) Closure or termination of roadway. [\J 2. Taxiway/Runway Intersection Signs display d) Design follows Type III barricade. the runway number (for example, 10-15) e) Construction barricades can be Type I with the number to the left of the (one horizontal bar) or Type II [I J hyphen indicating the threshold for that

164 [I ] 165 [ 1 J ,

runway is to the left while the second yellow background with black edge. one is to the right. 3. Runway/Runway Intersection signs have C. Direction Signs denote other taxiways which identical messages. lead out from an intersection. 4. ILS Critical Areas sign consists of the 1. Taxiway Direction Signs are indicated by letters "ILS" in the established the appropriate letter accompanied by color code. an arrow. Both are in black on a 5. Runway Approach Area sign is made up of yellow background with black edge. the runway numerical designation, a dash 2. Runway Exits Signs are very similar. and the abbreviation "APCH". 6. The No Entry Sign is similar to the TCD D. Taxiway Ending Marker is not a sign. It graphic form: a circle containing a broad consists of a retroreflective barrier in the white bar. form of a rectangular shape with horizontal emphasis and diagonal black and yellow B. Location signs identify runway or taxiway stripes. where the aircraft is located. They also identify runway safety area/OFZ boundary or E. Destination Signs contain black symbols on a ILS critical areas. yellow background. "These signs indicate the 1. Taxiway Location signs display the letter general direction to a remote location." designating the taxiwaYithis is in yellow (FAA 1991-7, 11). upon a black background with yellow edge. Taxiway direction signs usually eliminate the 2. Runway Location signs are installed when need for destination signs. two runway ends are close together and may 1. Outbound Destination Signs denote cause confusion. The signs have yellow direction to takeoff runways. Symbols numbers on a black background with yellow include runway number and a directional edge. arrow. 3. Runway Safe Area/OFZ (Obstacle Free Zone) 2. Inbound Destination indicate principal and Runway Approach Boundary Signs destination areas. These destinations can indicate the boundary of either situation include: apron (and subcategories such as for pilots leaving those areas. The sign passenger, cargo, military, geographical follows a graphic pattern of two black subdivisions such as north or east horizontal lines above two lines of apron), fuel, terminal, civil, military, black dashes on a yellow background with passenger, cargo, international, fixed­ a black edge. The graphic design displays based operator. the holdline marking. 4. ILS Critical Area Boundary Sign indicates F. Information signs follow the pattern of black the boundary in question. The design is symbols on yellow backgrounds. Lighting is of two horizontal black lines connected by not required for these signs. They provide three sets of vertical black lines on a specialized information (for example,

166 167 -, [I J

6. Runway Side Stripe Markings display solid announcing noise abatement procedures) . [I J continuous stripes on both sides of the G. Runway Distance Remaining Signs runway. They delineate pavement that is of full strength or establish contrast 1. The purpose of these signs is to indicate [J with the terrain; side stripes may perform distance remaining for takeoffs and both functions at some locations. landings. l 7. Displaced Threshold Markings consist of 2. Signs are located on runway side. Symbols four arrows which include arrow shafts. are composed of white numbers on black [I J These markings are white except for the background. Distances are denoted in 1000 bar which is white. foot increments. 8. Relocated Threshold Markings for an 3. The numbers represent 1000 and are [[J abandoned runway not used as taxiway cumulative so that 1 equals 1000 feet, and displays bar only; when used for taxiway 5 equals 5000 feet. arrow heads are added. ~ 9. Markings for blast pad and stopway display H. Runway Markings: [I runway wide chevrons in yellow. 1. Runway Markings are white in color. An alternative can be applied for light­ I. Taxiway Markings colored pavement consisting of white [J markings enclosed in a black outline. 1. Taxiway Centerline Markings display yellow 2. Runway Designation Markings are double lines, which are 6" in width, designated by numbers based on "the [I J separated by spaces of 6". All taxiway nearest la-degree increments of the markings are in yellow. azimuth of the runway centerline." 2. Taxiway Edge Marking emulate the design of (FAA 1987-10, 3). [I ] centerline markings. They are employed Supplemental letters are added to parallel where full strength pavement is not runways. clearly seen or is part of a larger paved 3. Runway Threshold Markings display eight area. longitudinal stripes; they are parallel to [I J 3. Holding Position Markings consist of a the centerline. painted hold line accompanied by the 4. Runway Centerline Markings are, obviously, appropriate sign. Solid lines denote the centered on the centerline with evenly hold side with other lines in a spaced spaced intermittent stripes. The stripes [ ~ pattern. are 12 by 150 feet with the gaps 3 feet in : length. 4. Retroreflective Markers are of two forms: 5. Runway Touchdown Zone Marking consist of a) Semiflush (or Inpavement) Marker for a series of bars: two pairs of a three bar [I J centerline marking and set; four pairs of a two bar set; four b) Elevated marking for edge marking. pairs of a single bar set. Narrower and c) Color is determined by usage and shorter runways may require fewer bars. [ J

~ 169 168 [I __[: J r ] l 'T

flanger signs indicate that flanges conforms to non-retroreflective [ J ought to be lifted while wing markers markings previously discussed. indicate that wings should be closed. I l One sign can indicate both if II. Railway Signs applicable. A. Color code [ 1 - 4. Alignment Signs or Markers indicate "the 1. American Railway Engineering Association exact location and limits of easement (AREA) recommends black symbols on spirals and curves." (AREA 1990, Ch. 1, white or yellow reflectorized back­ Part 7 TISRP). i: ground. [I J Ii 5. Elevation Markers "define top of rail 2. AREA recommendations do not elevatio~s at special locations." Also I constitute a standardized code and [, J define top of rail elevation above which individual railways may have their own tracks under grade separations cannot be codes. All of the signs and messages raised." listed herein are from AREA. 3. Legends are to be short with easily read [ I] D. Transportation Signs characters that are bold and amply spaced. 1. Speed control signs indicate slow order A minimum of words should be employed. limits and places where trains are to B. Location [I] stop. Signs can be permanent or 1. Mile Posts denote the location of a temporary. physical object along the right of way. 2. Whistle Posts have several functions all 2. Political Subdivision signs denote the of which define or indicate advance point where the railway crosses over any [I ] locations: highway grade crossings, political boundary line. stations, railway grade crossings, and 3. Standard right of way & monument markers other places where the sounding of define limits of the right of way. locomotive whistles is required. 4. No Trespassing signs indicate areas [ ] = 3. Location signs indicate advance where trespassing is notably undesired locations: railway grade crossings, or unsafe. drawbridges, tunnels, junctions, [I ] frequent rock, snow slides, stations. C. Maintenance of Way They are also found at yard limits, 1. Maintenance Limit Signs indicate track switch limits, signal territory limits, ownership/maintenance boundaries between [ I ] station limits, derail limits and railways, and between railways and capacities of tracks. industrial operations. 2. Roadway Structures Signs indicate the E. Safety Signs location of bridges, trestles, tunnels [I ] 1. Restricted Clearance Signs indicate and culverts. horizontal or vertical clearances (or 3. Snow Signs indicate obstructions to snow both) at "clear points of turnouts, plows. These can be of two forms: [ J ] ~ 171 170 l

[ ~ buildings, platforms or other structures. 2. Fire Hazard Signs, Electrical Hazard Signs, Highway Grade Crossing Signs, c) Explanatory Notes for Classification of Barricade Signs, Highway and Barricade Messages Signs, while important to railways are not actual transportation markings and These Notes are briefer and more general messages and are therefore not included. than most Explanatory Notes of this Series since 3. Power Operated Switch signs. It may messages often require less specific, and less seem contradictory to leave out the lengthly observations, than do the types of signs of the previous section and then markings. The pattern follows the general include this device. It is included categories of Appendix iii a) and b); the because of the possible harm the switch classification numbering system follows a can inflict on a pedestrian. The traditional outline pattern found in the Chicago transportation marking itself is a Manual and many other sources. hazard and the sign a warning of that hazard. The principal categories for TCD signs and markings begin with Regulatory Signs, continue III. Marine Aids to Navigation Signs with Warning Signs, and end with Guide Signs. Guide Signs are more complex and include four 1. "Rough Bar" is the only standardized subcategories. Because of the many forms of sign in use in federal service. The Pavement and Curb Markings it has been necessary words "Rough Bar" are displayed in to subdivide them into nearly a dozen segments. black letters on a yellow background. Object Markings, Delineations, Colored Flashing yellow lights accompany the Pavements, and Barricades and Channelizing sign. Devices add another four segments. 2. Mile Boards are provided on Western Rivers. They display black numbers on The second section on messages includes a white background with a black edge. aeronautical, railway, and marine aids to Some markers may contain the word navigation. The aero portion is in five "Danger" in black letters on a white principal segments: taxiway signs, runway signs, background. taxiway markings, runway markings, and 3. Many buoys and beacons (lighted and obstruction markings. The railway portion is unlighted) display numbers and confusing and requires more extensive notes. sometimes letters. This is part of the The marine aspect contains brief numbers of standard buoyage and beaconage system several forms of signs. and is discussed in Chapter 9. Words are not included. Regulatory signs are both complex and 4. Uniform States Waterways Marking System simple. MUTCD provides an extensive classifi­ (USWMS, 1966) includes words with some cation and that is followed here. Signs are a aids. These are black on a white ground difficult area of transportation markings to with orange graphics. describe since the physical marking and the

172 173 . r [I] message dimension are closely united: to speak Other Forms" since all were formerly part of of one is virtually to speak of the other. The [I J Guide Signs. Main classification considers only major physical forms gathered into groups based on Pavement and Curb Markings lack a "formal primary function (regulatory, warning, guide). [ I J classification" in MUTCD. Instead MUTCD lists All of the remainder of the coverage is in the the types of markings under the heading of multipart Appendix. But taking up the message "Applications of Pavement and Curb Markings". also trespasses on physical forms. This is a [jJ The classification of this study is based on problem that is not fully resolved. The focus that listing. Several limited types have been of Appendix iii is the message, not the physical grouped under the heading of "Other Forms". sign even though the physical sign may intrude [ ] on the proceedings. The outline numbers and Object Markings form a separate category letters of MUTCD classification are somewhat at both for MUTCD and this study. The blurred line variance with that of this monograph though the between types and messages is very blurred here word content is very similar. It should be ['J and probably part of the treatment could be noted that the Miscellaneous series constitutes moved to the Main Classification; yet the a unitary category for MUTCD but it is divided material is very much concerned with messages into three subcategories for this study. and therefore retained here. The final three [J segments of markings in MUTCD are separately Warning signs prove to be a complex and treated here as well: Delineation, Colored fragmented entity. MUTCD lists functions for Pavements, and Barricades and Channelizing warning signs without a classification. [ ] Devices. Classifying warning signs is a perennial problem. For example, turns, curves, reverse Aeronautical signs present a lopsided turns and reverse curves, winding road, and even [I J appearance since taxiway guidance signs large arrows and chevron alignment signs are represent 80% of the message types while runway overlapping categories, yet to classify them as signs are a fifth of the message types and a a single cohesive unit can blur their role. ell slender 20% at that. In addition, taxiway signs Since there are no more than a few dozen primary are of numerous forms while runway forms afford forms this study follows MUTCD patterns which only a restricted range of purposes. place adjoining forms side by side in most ~ instances. [I Aeronautical markings offers a nearly reverse situation: markings for runways are Guide signs included three major abundant while taxiway markings are limited in subcategories in pre-1988 editions of MUTCD. scope. Runway markings cover eight major The 1988 edition alone added three special [: : functions; the range of functions depends on the subdivisions. This compiler has grouped them level of aviation at a given airport: small together under the heading of "Guide Signs: fields may display only a basic range of [: markings while large international airports have 1 174 [I : 175

I[ 1 -1 l= [i J a full complement of pavement markings. BIBLIOGRAPHY Markings coverage concludes with retroreflective [r J markers with both semiflush (inpavement) and i elevated forms. J All Sources Except Government Agencies & Railway signs is a more uncertain business [I Manufacturers' Trade Literature than other forms of signs. Both AAR and AREA provide information but it is often more a [ ] American Railway Engineering Association. 1990. matter of recommendations than mandatory Manual for Railway Engineering. injunctions. Railway signs suggest color, Washington, D.C.: AREA. shapes and alphanumeric and graphic messages but l ----;-;;--.-~-.------~~----..------;;;:----o.------=--. [ .j 1929 . no more than that. AREA provides a I Manual of the AREA for Railway Engineering classification of signs but this compiler has Association. found it to be at times confusing. For that --, Association of American Railroads, American reason a reconstruction of the elements of the [ J Railway Signaling: Principles & classification has been undertaken for the Practices. Chicago and New York: AAR. railway monograph and for this study in the main l classification. However, the message [ AAR 1949. Chapter 13, Light Signals & classification faithfully .follows the AREA .. Lighted Signal Lamps. classification; no reconstruction has been AAR 1953. Chapter I, History & Development attempted in this classification. It seems of Railway Signaling. important at some point to pres:nt the AREA view [ , AAR 1956. Chapter 2, Symbols, Aspects & .. Indications. of signs and to refrain from ta;npering with the j official view. I Foley 1975. P.H. Foley letter of 3-12 and [ ..J enclosures . Signs are a small part of marine aids to Association of American Railroads, 1987. navigation: only one regular sign is extant in Signal Manual. Recommended Coast Guard usage. Possible or .lear signs can Definitions for Technical Terms Used in [ Railway Signaling. Revised, January be found with the USWMS. Markings, if one uses 1 ... the term generically and outside of a TCD 1963. Part 1.1.1. context, are commonplace in marine usage. Buoys Barthes, Roland. 1988. The Semiotic [ Challenge. New York: Hill & Wang. as well as fixed daymarks can be viewed as , lIIIIIIi markings. Markings are here described as an Camp, Walter Mason. 1903. Notes on Track. Chicago (Auburn Park): Self-published. unlighted object denoted by color and possibly i graphic symbols and letters or nUlwers affixed [ Clearman, Brian. 1981. Transportation to the object for purposes of indicating the 1 .- Markings: A Study in Communication. 1st location of the object and/or the location of ed. Vol I. Parts A-D. Lanham (MO): the observer. Mile boards are sinular to TCD [' University Press of America. and railway mileposts. - 1984. Transportation - , 176 '[ - 177 - ,J

Markings: A Study in Communication. Palache, Charles (ed.). 1944. The System of Part F, Vol II. International Traffic Mineralogy of J.D. & E.S. Dana. 7th ~: ~ ~ ed. Volume I. New York: Wiley & Sons. Control Devices. St. Benedict, (OR): Mount Angel Abbey. Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature 1922­ 1988. Transportation 1937. Volumes 6-10. New York: H.W. Wilson. Markings: A Study in Communication. 2nd Train Shed Cyclopedia: Signals & Signal ed. Vol I. Parts C & D. International t ' Symbols From the 1911 Railway Signal I Dictionary. ud. Novato (CA): Newton K. Marine Aids to Navigation. St. Bendict, L (OR): Mount Angel Abbey. Gregg/Publisher. ~~~~ 1991. Transportation WNID 1934. Webster's New International Markings: A Study in Communication. 2nd Dictionary. Springfied (MA): ed. Vol I. Part A. Foundations. St. L ..J G & C Merriam Company. Benedict, (OR): Mount Angel Abbey. 1991. Transportation ii Markings: A Study in Communications. Vol. L ] II. Part F. International Railway Government Agencies Publications Signals. St. Benedict, (OR): Mount Angel Abbey. Canada 1961. Uniform Code of Operating Dornbos, John. 1992. Letter to compiler. [ I] Rules. Ottawa: Board of Transport ! ' September 22. Commissioners for Canada. Guiraud, Pierre 1975. Semiology. Boston: Canada 1975a. Rule Signal Instruction Aid. Routledge and Kegan Paul. Montreal: Canadian National Railway. Jevons, William Stanley [1877] 1958. The ['I ] Canada 1975. Ministry of Transport, Aids to Principles of Science: A Treatise on Navigation Directorate. The Canadian Logical & Scientific Method. New York: Aids to Navigation System. Ottawa: Dover. L ] Information Canada. Keeler, Nelson, Captain, USCG 1987. Maritime Canada 1976. Uniform TCD for Canada. 3rd Future Navigation Needs & Plans. II ed. Ottawa: Roads & Transport Association Navigation: Journal of The Institute of [ I J of Canada. Navigation (Vol. 34, # 4, Winter 1987­ CAA 1942. Civil Aeronautics Administration. 1988), 290-295. -: Specification for Code Beacons. July 1. FAA (FAA = Federal Aviation Administration) Noth, Winfried. 1990. Handbook of Semiotics. [ , .J Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Press. 1973. Airmen's Information Manual. Part 1, Basic Flight Manual & ATC Procedures. Olsen David L. 1990. The Federal Radio­ ,j navigation Plan & Its Impact on Inter­ FAA 1991. Airmen's Information Manual: national Radionavigation Planning. ] Official Guide to Basic Flight Information Navigation: Journal of the Institute of & ATC Procedures. Navigation. Winter 1989-1990. Vol. 36, r ,I 'I FAA 1989-9, Airport Design Standards. I': AC 150/5300-13. September 29. #4. ,- " - 178 r II - 179 L , , - - II - L , 1 - r

FAA 1980-7. Airport Design Standards: Site: System. AC 150/5340-24. September 3. Requirements for Terminal Navigational FAA 1984-12. Segmented Circle Airport Marker Facilities AC 150/5300-2D. March 10. System. AC 150/5340-5B. December 21. FAA 1971-3. Airport Miscellaneous Lighting (With Ch-1) . Visual Aids. AC 150/5340-21. March 25. FAA 1984-1. Specification for Airport and FAA 1989-2. Approved Airport Equipment. Heliport Beacons. AC 150/5345-12C. February 20. January 9. FAA 1969-5. Compass Calibration Pad. AC 150/ FAA 1981-8; Specification for Discharge­ 5345. May 8. Type Flashing Light Equipment. AC FAA 1970-6. Economy Approach Lighting Aids. 150/5345-51. August 14. AC 150/5340-14B. June 19. (With Change 1 & FAA 1980-6. Specification for Obstruction 2) • Lighting Equipment. AC 150/5345-43C. FAA 1991-7. Facility Operations & June 6. . Administration. * 7210. 3J. July 25. FAA 1988-7. Specification for Obstruction FAA 1971. Flight: The Story of Electronic Lighting Equipment. AC 150/5345-43D. Navigation. Oklahoma City (OK): FAA July 15. Academy. FAA 1978-10. Specification for Portable FAA 1988-6. Generic Visual Glideslope Runway Lights. AC 150/5345-50. October Indicators (GVGI). AC 150/5345-52. 16. (With Ch 1). June 21. FAA 1984-6. Specification for Runway & FAA 1975-5. Installation Details for Runway Taxiway Light Fixtures. AC 150/5345-46A. centerline & Touchdown Lighting Systems. June 7. FAA 1980-12. SpecificationL-853, Runway and ,i AC 150/5340-4C. May 6. (With Ch-1 & Ch-2) . FAA 1987-5. Lightweight Approach Light Taxiway Retroreflective Markers. AC I 150/5345-39B. December 9. r Structure. AC 150/5345-45A. May 10. FAA 1987-10. Marking of Paved Areas on FAA 1985-7. Specification for Wind Cone Airports. AC 150/5340-1F. October 22. Assemblies. AC 150/5345-27C. July 19. (With Ch-1) . FAA 1977-3. Specification for L-851, Visual FAA 1976-3. Medium Intensity Approach Lighting Approach Slope Indicator. March 23. With Runway Alignment Indicator Lights. FAA 1984-4. Specification for Taxiway & FAA-E.2325b. March 24. (WithAmd 1). Runway Signs. AC 150/5345-44D. April 30. FAA 1992-7. Memorandum, Airport Lighting FAA 1991-7. Standards for Airport Sign Equipment. July 14. Systems. AC 150/5340-18C. July 31. FAA 1991-8. Obstruction Marking & Lighting. (With Ch-1) . AC 70/7460-1H. August 1 (With Ch-1) . FAA 1968-11. Taxiway Centerline Lighting FAA 1985-5. Precision Approach Path Indicator System. AC 150/5340-19. November 14. (PAPI). AC 150/5345-28D. May 23. FAA 1990-8. U.S. Aeronautical Information (With Ch 1). Publication (AlP). 12th ed. August. FAA 1975-9. Runway & Taxiway Edge Lighting FAA 1976-9. Visual Approach Slope Indicator

181 180 ... I l I [I nI iii r' l Manufacturers' Trade Literature Systems (VASI). AC150/5340-25. Sept. 24. L. nJ FAA 1969. Visual Guidance Lighting Systems. ADB ca. 1988-1990. ADB Aviation Lighting 6850.2. (Reprint with Changes 1-7, ~ Systems. Zaventem, Belgium: n.v. ADB s.a. 10-16-74) . ! l & Columbus, Ohio: ADB-Alnaco, Inc. FHA (FHA = Federal Highway Administration) 1978. "-r .. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. Adlake 1952. No. 1112 and 1112 1/2 Switch Lamp. Elkhart (IN): Adams & Westlake Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of [ l Company. Transportation, FHA. (& next two items). Bethlehem 1955, 1981. Switch Stands. 1988. Manual Bethlehem (PA): Bethlehem Steel Co. on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. ~ l 1983. Traffic [ Crouse-Hinds 1991. Crouse-Hinds Airport --C=-o-n--;t-r-o·l------;;;D--:-e-v'i-:::ce-=-s:::--;H:;::a=-=n:-.::dbn:-=o-=o'-k . ~ , J Lighting Products. Windsor (CT). Eagle. Eagle Traffic Beacons & Flashers. USCG (USCG = U.S. Coast Guard) 1977. Coast Guard Aids to Navigation. Rev. ed. Moline (IL): Eagle Signal Corporation. [I ] General Railway Signal 1913. Electric Inter­ Washington, D.C.: GPO. locking Handbook. Rochester, NY. 1964. Aids to Navigation Godfrey. Airport Lighting. ud. Tampa (FL): Manual. Washington, D.C.: GPO 1 Godfrey Engineering. 1979. Aids to Navigation­ [ -~T=-e-c~hni-.·-c-a·l-. Washington, D.C.: GPO. •• Hughey & Phillips 1991. Tower &Obstruction Lighting. Simi Valley (CA): H & F. 1981. Aids to Navigation­ Pharos Marine c.1989 (& Automatic Power). Administration. Washington, D.C. GPO. Aids to Navigation. Brentford (Mdsx) UK & Technical Manual. Washington, D.C.: GPO. [ ! •• Houston (TX), US. 1981. Automation Technical Rolyan 1992, Smith & Nephew Rolyan Inc. Guidelines. Washington, D.C.: GPO. ' J i Rolyan for Water Safety. Menomonee Falls 1989. Civil Engineering [ '1 ~ (WI) . -~Ma~n-u-a~l-.-~(accompaniedby Change-1, 5 June Safetrans 1991. (Safetrans Systems Corp. 1992). Washington, D.C.: GPO. Minneapolis, MN). You're Looking at a 1990. Aids to Navigation­ Single-lens Colorlight Signal Without Technical Manual. Washington, D.C.: GPO. a Single Moving Part. Railway Age, 1991. Light List, Volume VI, January 1991, p. 37. Pacific Coast & Pacific Islands. Western-Cullen. Western RRS Electric Switch 1992. Local Notice to --~Ma~r~i-ne-r-s-.--# 8 (May 5), # 10 (March 3) and [, ­ Lamps. Chicago: Western-Cullen Division of Federal Sign and Signal Corporation. # 19 (May 19). Seattle: USCG, 13th . -, Western Railroad Supply Company 1960 . District. [ Flashing Light Highway Crossing Signals. , ""'" Chicago.

[ , ... 183 182 '[ ... i[ - INDEX I GENERAL

Acoustical Transportation Markings: Marine, 9, 12, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 32, 34, 43, 50, 54-59, 107, 108, 112, 113, 119, 120, 122, 128, 133-134, 139, 141, 143-144; Railway, 19, 20,31, 38, 119, 139, 141; TCD, 19, 20, 30, 36, 37, 90, 119, 139, 14l. Aeronautical Navigation Aids: Terminology, 67; Types, 67; Purposes, 68; History, 68; Lighted Navigation Aids, 68-76; Signs & Markings (Pavement and Elevated), 76-80; Electronic Aids, 80-82. Classification (Taxonomy): Introduction, Introduction, v, 1-2, 3, 5; Forms, 7; Classification of Classifications, 7-9; Explanation, 9-11; Classification of • r J Messages, 11-17 (Aero 12-13, Marine 12, Railway 12-13, TCD, 12); Marking Phenomena, 16-17; Message Forms, 13-16; Nomenclature, 17-21. Classification: Main, ] Marine, 23-26 (Floating, 23-25, Fixed, 25-26); Aero, 26-28; .. ! TCD, 28-30; Rail, 30-31; Explanatory Notes, 32-38 (Marine, 32-34; Aero, 34-36; TCD, 36-37; Rail, 37-38); Schematic Classification, 39-43; Pictorial Classification, 44-50; Explanatory Notes, 51-54. J Classification: Messages, TCD, Signs, 149-158 (Regulatory, 149-152, Warning, 152-154, Guide, 154-158, Construction & Maintenance, 158-159, Bike, 159, School, 159, Railway Crossings, 159); Markings, 159-165 (Pavement & Curb Markings, 159-162, J Object Markings, 162-163, Colored Pavement, 164, Delineators, 163-164, Barricade~ & Channelizing Devices, 164-165) . [, ] Classification: Messages; Aero, Rail, and Marine Aero Signs, 165-168, Aero Markings 165-170; Marine, 172; Railway Signs, 170-172. Classification: Messages, Explanatory Notes TCD, 173-175; Aero, 175-176; Marine, 176; Rail, 176. [ ] Classification: Multiple & Variant Floating, 107-112 (Lighted & Lighted-Sound, 107-109, Unlighted (Metal), 109-110, Foam & Plastic, 111-112); Fixed, 112-113 (Lights, Daybeacons, Fog Signals, Electronic [ Aids). Aero Navigation Aids, 113-117 (Lights, 113-116, Signs & Markings, 116-117, Electronic, 117). TCD, 117-118. Rail, 118-119. Classification: Multiple & Variant & Explanatory Notes [ Number/letter system, 119; Buoys, 119-121; Fixed Aids, J 122; Aero Aids, 122-124; TCD, 124, 125; Rail, 125. Classification: Transition Classification I, Markings -, Within Forms of Energy ! i I All-lighted, 127; Partially-lighted, 127-130; Unlighted, j. ..j 130-133; Electronic, 133; Sound, 133-134. Classification: Transition Classification II, Markings Within Marking Forms '[ 184 185 I[ - -~

r Signals, 134-135; Beacons, 135-138; Beacons Within a [,' ] Different Modulation: Acoustical & Electronic Forms . 138-139; Signs, 139-140; Markings, 140. ' INDEX II Classification: Transition Classifications I & II, Explanatory Notes r J TRANSPORTATION MARKING PHENOMENA Energy Forms, 141; Marking Forms, 142-147 (Signal, defined, 142; Indicator, 142-143; Beacon, 143-144;-. .,... Acoust~c Aids,to Navigation, 56, 59, 67, 143, 145. Sign, 144, Mark/Marker/Marking, 144-146. Acoust~c Mark~ngs, 51, 143. Special Note: Lamp and Light, 147-148. [] Advance Crossing Signs (diverse forms), 154. Electronic Transportation Markings, General, _' I' Advance Guide Signs, 156. 9, 19, 20,54; Aero, 18, 28, 36, 43, 50, 67-68, Advanced Location Sign, 31, 133, 140. 70, 80-82, 117, 124, 133, 138, 141, 143; Adv~nced Exit Speed Signs (two forms), 154. Marine, 12, 18, 25-26, 33-34, 43, 50, 55-56, [ Adv~sory Speed Plate, 154. 59-60, 63, 113, 122, 133, 138-139, 141, 143. ] Aerial Lighthouse, 18. Marine Aids to Navigation: Terms, 55; Purpose of, 55; - Aeronautical Aids, 18, 39, 53, 68, 123, 145. History, 55-56; Composite Nature, 56; Reduction of I SEE ALSO Aeronautical Navigation Aids. federal role/possible increased role USWM, 56-57; Automa- ... Aeronautical Approach Lighting, 34, 39 52. tion, .57; Fixed Aids, 57; Lights, 57; Daybeacons, 57-58; [. ] Aeronautical Lighting & Other Airport Visual Aids, 67. Fog S~gnals, 58-59; Electronic, 59-60, 63; Floating Aids Aeronautical Lights, 34, 52, 84. Aeronaut~cal 63-66; Illustrations, 61-62. ' . I Markings, 15, 49, 68, 118 175. Messages: General, 1, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, 20, 36; Aero, Aeronaut cal Elevated Markings, 48, 67, 76. Aeronaut~cal7 12-13, 34, 53-54, 68-84, 165-170, 173, 175, 176; Marine, [] Electronic Aids, 50, 80. 12,14-15,32,54-66,172; Railway, 9, 12-15, 35, 37,54, Aeronaut~cal Electronic Course & Distance Aids, 133. 98-106,170-172,176; TCD, 12, 13, 14, 15, 35, 37, 85-97 Aeronaut cal Electronic Locational Indicators, 133. ·1 'I Aeronaut7cal Pavement Markings, 67, 76. 1 149-165, 173-175. ' 7 Railway Signals, Signs, Indicators: Terminology, 98; Aeronaut~cal Retroreflective Markings (Inpavement & Elevated), 169-170. Purpose, 98; History, 98-99; Place of Electronics, 99; [] s~gns, 5~, 99, 102-104; 99-100; Aeronautical 48, 67, 124, 165, 166, 167, 168, 175. Messages, Semaphores, Color-light ana Aeronaut~cal S~gns Mark~ngs, Searchlight, 100; Position-light and Color-position, & 165. Aeronaut~cal Transportation Markings 67 68. 100-101; Dwarfs, 101; Targets & Switch Signals, 101; Tract Aeronautical Navigation Aids, vi 26' 27' 52 6 Indicator, 101; Unlighted Signals, 105; Signs, 105; Targe 'd 3 ',,, 7, 68, 113, 122. A~ s, 3, 55, 56, 57, 67, 146, 147. 105-106. ] Semiotics, 3-5. Aids to Navigation, SEE: Marine Aids to Navigation. Air Horn, 26, 134, 139. Traffic Control Devices: Term, 85; Purpose, 85; History, 85- Air Navigation Radio Aids, 67. 86; Word-Graphic Symbols, 86; Signals, Terms, 86, [,J A~rport, Messages, 87-88, 94-95; Signals-variant forms Air Navigation LIghting & Marking Aids, 67. ] A rport B acons, 67, 69, 70, 113, 114, 129. (Pedestrian, Beacons-various forms, Lane-control, Movable ' A~rport7 L~ghting7 Bridge, One-way/Two-lane, Railway Crossing, School, Ramp), Aids, 67. Airport Lighting, 67, 73, 76, 84, 143 88-90; Signs: Symbols, 90, Types, 90-91, Shapes, 91, A~rport Runway & Taxiway Lighting, 73: Colors, 91-92, Letters, 92, Illumination, 92-93; Markings:[ A~rway Beacons, 68, 114, 123, 143. Types, 93-94, Terminology Problem, 93, Pavement Markings, . ] Alignment Markers/Signs, 105, 171. 93-94, Delineators, 94, Barricades & Channelizing All-L~ghted Devices, 93-95; Illustrations, 96-97, Object Markings, 94. Signals, 98, 99, 118, 124, 125, 127, 134, 147. I AIl-L~ghted Transportation Markings, 39, 52. Transportation Markings, Introduction, 1-2; Defined, r All-Way Stop Beacon, 89. 11-12. SEE ALSO: Classifications, Modes of Transportationt j Approach Lighting, 26, 34, 45, 52, 67, 70, 71, 75 ',,83 114 123,127, Messages. • 139,,,140 142 143, 148. Visual Transportation Markings: Aero, 11, 12-13, 18, 26-28, Approach Lighting System with Sequenced Flashing Lights 70 34-36, 39, 40, 41-42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 67-80, 83-84, { I 14~ Arrow Signs, 155 (several forms). '. 113-117,122-124,127,129-130,131-132,137-138, 140, Arrow Targets, 118. 143,147,148,165-170,173,175-176; Marine, 3-4, 12, 14,> ] Assemblies, 155-156 (several forms). 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23-25, 32-34, 40, 41-42, 46, 47, 48, Backcourse Beacon, 81. 50, 53, 55-58, 61-62, 63-66, 107-113, 119-122, 128-129, ['.' Barr 1 Buoy, 24, 33, 121, 131, 136. 130-131, 135-137, 143, 144 172, 173, 176; 9, 13, 14, 7 Rail, Barr~cade Warning Light, 86. 18, 19, 30-31, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 47, 49, 52, 53, 54,>-, _ Barricades, 30, 49, 85, 93, 95, 132, 140, 164, 165, 173, 175. 98-104, 105-106, 118-119, 125, 127, 132-133, 134-135, 139-140, 142, 145, 147, 170-172, 173, 17 6; TCD, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 28-30, 36, 37, 39, 41-42, 45, 49, [ 187 51, 52, 85-97, 117-118, 119, 124, 125, 127, 132, 134, 139, , 140,142,143,145,147,148,149-165,173-175,176. - 186 [ .1 - Beaconage, 64, 146, 172...... Beacons, 18, 26, 34, 46, 55, 57, 58, 67, 68, 69, 88, 89, 113, 123, 129, 135, 137, 138, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 172. Daybeacon, 48, 53, 55, 57, 58, 113, 122. Bell, 58. Dead End Signs (two forms), 154. Bell Buoy, 25, 112, 133. 135. Delineation/Delineators, 29, 85, 93, 94, 132, 141, 145, 163, 164, 173, Bicycle Signs, 158-159 (diverse forms), 165. 175. Bike Lane Markings, 165. Designation Markings, 27, 131, 140. Blast Pad & Stopway Marking, 168. Destination Signs, 27, 116, 129, 156, 167. Block Indicator, 101. Detour Marker, Sign, 155., Diagrammatic Signs, 157. Bump & Dip Signs, 154. Diamond Target, 119. Buoyage, 64, 146, 172. Diaphone Fog Signal, 26, 58, 59, 113, 133, 139. Buoys, 4, 18, 19, 20, 32, 33, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66,- Diaphragm Fog Signal, 26, 58, 113, 133, 139. 107, 108, 109, 119, 120, 121, 146, 172, 175. Direction Markers, 155. Cab Signal, 30, 37, 38, 118, 125, 127, 134. Direction Signs, 27, 116, 129, 167. Cab Signal Bell, 31, 119. Directional Light, 15. Can Buoy, 19, 23, 24, 32, 48, 53, 61, 65, 109, 110, 111, 112, 121, 13~ Discharge Flashing Light, 26, 114. 135, 136. Discharge Light, 127. Centerline Marking, 28, 77, 93, 94, 131, 140, 158, 159, 168. ,-- .:J Discrepancy Buoy, 23, 24, 46, 112, 128, 131, 135, 136. Centerline Markers, 78. J Displaced Threshold Markings, 169. Centerline Stripe, 77. Distance Finding Station, 60. Centerlines, 74, 159, 160. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME), 28, 81, 82, 133, 138. Channel Lights, 55. Distance Signs, 156, 157. 1:-'=- ] Channel Marks, 65. J ! Divided Highway Signs (two forms), 153. Channelizing Devices, 30, 85, 93, 97, 132, 140, 157, 158, 164, 165, Dock Light, 56. 173, 175. I Do Not Enter Sign, 91, 150. Chevron Alignment Sign, 153. Do Not Pass Sign, 150. Civil Defense Route Marker, 91. l J J Drawbridge Signal, 14. Closed Field Signal, 78. Drum Buoys, 24, 33, 121, 131, 136. Code Beacon, 26, 69, 114, 129, 137. Drums (Barricades), 97. Color-Light Signal, 9, 30, 37, 45, 99, 100, 101, 118, 127, 134, 147. Dwarf Signals, 30, 37, 45, 52, 53, 101, 127, 130, 134. Colored Pavement, 5, 93, 94, 164, 172. [ l Edge Lights, 26, 74, 129, 137. Color-Position Light Signal, 14, 30, 45, 100, 101" 127, 134, 147. Electronic Aero Aids, 28, 36, 50, 54, 69, 80, 117, 122, 138. Color-Shape Targets, 129, 131. Electronic Aids, 28, 34, 36, 54, 56, 57, 59, 67, 113, 117, 122, 138. Color Targets, 106, 132, 135. '. Electronic Aids to Navigation, 25, 33, 59, 138. Combined Buoys, 120. [ Electronic Devices, 55, 68, 124, 143. Community Interchanges Identification Signs, 157. .. Electronic Markings, 51, 141. Compass Calibration Pad, 28, 78, 79, 132, 140. Electronic Navigational Aids, 50, 70, 80. Compass Locator (COMLO), 28, 82, 133, 138. Electronic Transportation Markings, 43. Condenser-Discharge Light, 71, 75. Elevated Lights, 73, 74, 75. Cones, 95. [- Elevated Markers, 35, 78, 145. Construction & Maintenance Signs, 92, 158-159 (Diverse forms). Elevated Markings, 67, 76, 131. Construction Safety Aids, 148. - Elevated Threshold Light-Special, 75. County Route Marker, 91, 92. Elevation Markers, 105, 171. Course & Distance Signals, 28. [ Emergency Traffic Signals, 29, 127. Course Lights, 114, 123. Evacuation Route Markers, 92. Cross Road Signs, 153. - Exit Direction Signs, 157. Crosswalk Lines, 93. 1 Fixed Aero Transportation Markings, 119. Cultural Interest Sign, 92. I I Fixed Aids to Navigation, 25, 58, 122. Curb Markings, 29, 85, 93, 94, 118, 132, 140, 145, 159, 160, 161, [ Fixed Burning Lights, 70. 162, 173, 175. Fixed Distance Markings, 27, 131, 140. Curb Markings for Delineation, 162. - Fog Signals, 26, 58, 135. Fixed Curb Markings for Parking Restrictions, 162. Fixed Lights, 33, 57, 142. Curve Signs, 153. [ Fixed Major Aids, 172. Cylindricals, 25, 129, 137. Fixed Marine Aids, 57. - Fixed Marine Structures, 112. 188 [ - 189 L [-I: •

Isolated Danger Marks, 65. Junction Markers, 145, 155. Fixed Marine Transportation Markings, 119. Keep Off Medium, 152. Fixed Sound Signals, 26, 139. Lamp, 147-148. Fixed Unlighted Aids to Navigation, 122. Landing Directional Indicator, 78. Flags, 79. [" Lamp.holders, 26, 71, 114, 123, 148. Flashing Beacons, 26, 129, 137, 147. Landing Strip Indicator, 78. Flashing Electric Lights, 148. Flashing Lights, 27, 71, 129, 138. Lane-Control Signals, 29, 45, 89, 127, 134. Flashing Red Obstruction Lights, 116. Landfall Light, 56. Floating Aids to Navigation, 18, 23, 33, 55, 58, 63, 107. Landing Zone Markings, 78. Floating Marine Transportation Markings, 119. I~ Lane Lines, 93, 94. Lane-Use Control Signs, 150. Foam-Filled Buoys, 24, 53, 56, 64, Ill, 112, 120,,,,121 130 131 136 '1J Large Navigational Buoy (LNB) , 23, 32, 46, 52, 55, 64, 128, 135. Fog Beacon, 14 3. " Fog Signals, 26, 34, 50, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 143. Lateral Marks, 65. Lightship, 63, 64. Freeway Ramp Signal, 89. r Light Vessel, 64. General Information Signs, 156. Lighted Aids, 25, 67, 68, 136. General Motorist Services Signs, 157. Lighted Bell Buoys, 23, 50, 107, 108, 128, 135. General Service Signs (many forms), 156. Lighted Buoys, 23, 32, 52, 64, 107, 108, 109, 120, 121, 128, 135. Generic Visual Glideslope Indicator (GVGI), 26, 72, 114, 127. r Lighted Can, 108, 109. Glide Slope, 28, 81, 82, 117, 133, 138. . I Lighted Gong Buoys, 23, 107,108, 124, 131. Glide Slope position Indicator (Visual), 80. SEE ALSO: PAPI, PLASI. ~, Lighted Horn Buoys, 23, 107, 108, 124, 131. I Lighted Navigation Aids, 63, 68. Global Positioning System, 26, 63, 133, 138. Lighted Nun Buoy, 108, 109. Gong Buoys, 25, 112, 133, 139. Lighted Signals, 3D, 147. Gore Signs, 157. Lighted Signs, 27, 35, 76, 129. Grade Crossing Bell, 119. Lighted Sound Buoys, 23, 32, 52, 120, 128, 135. Guide Signs, 29, 90, 91, 92, 95, 132, 139, 154, ISS, 156, 157, 158, Lighted Transportation Markings, 92. 174. II Lighted Whistle Buoys, 23, 46, 107, 108, 128, 135. Graphic Symbol Signs, 153. Lighthouses, 19, 33, 46, 55, 60, 68, 122. Harbor Lights, 55, 56, 57. Lights, 16, 57, 69, 137, 147, 148. Hazard Indication Beacon, 69, 88, 117, 148. l'l Lights, Aero, 26, 34. Hazardous cargo Signs, 152. Limited Sight Distance Signs, 154. Heliport Beacons, 69, 70, 113, 114. Local Traffic Only Signs, 152. High Intensity Edge Light, 26, 47. Localizer, 28, 50, 80, 81, 117, 133, 138. High Intensity Light, 74, 75. ['I Localizer Facility, 117. High Intensity Obstruction Lighting, 27, 46, 114, 116, 129, 138. Localizer Type Directional Aid, 80, 117. High Intensity Runway Edge Lighting, 27, 125, 129, 137. Location lndentification Signals, 28. High Intensity Threshold/End Lights, 27, 125, 129, 137. Location Signs, Rail, 30, 133, 140, 169, 170. Highway Traffic Signal, 86. Location Signs, Aero, 27, 116, 129, 165. Hill Signs (several forms), 153-154. Longitudinal Stripes, 77. Holding Lines, 78. ~I Loran, 26, 60, 133, 138. Holding Position Lights, 45, 75, 115, 129. Loran-A, 60, 113, 122. Holding Position Markings, 28, 131, 140, 169. Loran-C, 60, 113. Holding Position Signs, 27, 116, 165. Low Clearance Signs, 154. Horn, 59. Low Intensity Edge, Threshold/End Lights, 27, 129, 138. Ice Buoy, 46, 110, 120, 121, 135. Low Intensity Lights, 74. Identification Beacons, 69, 114, 123. [ Maintenance Limit Signs, 163. Inbound Destination Sign, 166. Maintenance of Way Signs, 31, 133, 140, 170-171. Indicator, 30, 101, 142. Major Aids, 23, 121, 128, 135. I. Information & Regulatory Marks, 66. Major Fixed Lights, 33. Information Signs, 27, 129, 167-168. - I Major Light Structures, 110, 112, 124, 128. Inner Beacon, 80, 117. [ ... Major Lights, 46, 52, 55, 57, 112, 125, 133. Inpavement Centerline Markings, 131. Major Structures, 25, 136. Instrument Landing System (ILS), 36, 79, 80, 81, 82, 117, 124. Intersection Control Beacon, 117. - [ 191 190 L. "'~r -.------. - -- -

,[ ] Navigation Aids, 12, 18, 67, 148. Mandatory Instruction Marking, 116. Next (X) Exits Area Signs, 157. Man~atory Ins~ruction Signs, 27, 76, 129, 165-166. Night Speed Limit Sign, 149. Mar7ne A~oust~cal Aids/Signals, 56, 59, 113. Night Time Speed Limit Sign, 91, 149. Manne A~ds, 18, 67, 143, 146. No Entry Signs, 116, 166. Marine Aids: Fixed, 39. Ir] No Hitchhiking Signs, 151. Marine Aids: Floating, 39. r Non-Directional Beacon (NOB), 28, 82, 133, 138. Marine Aids to Navigation, 52 55 57 58, 64, 143, 146, 172, 176. Mar~ne Sig~s, Non-sign Markings, 76, 144, 146. Aids to Navigation 172.' I I No Passing Lines, 94. Mar~ne Electronic Aids, 133. No Passing Markings, 165. Marine Lights, 14, 15, 16, 20. ;[ J ,- No passing Zone Signs, 91, 154. Marine Markings, 15, 55, 56. No Trespassing Signs, 170. Marine Transportation Markings, 55. Nun Buoys, 3, 19, 20, 24, 32, 48, 53, 61, 65, 109, 110, 111, 112, " __ 1 Mark, 65, 66, 144, 146. ~ 121, 130, 131, 135, 136. Marker Beacons, 28, 50, 81, 82, 117, 133, 138. 'I Object Markers, 145, 162. Marker Lamp, 100. Object Markings (three types; three basic locations: in/adjacent/end of Marker Radiobeacons, 59, 113. roadway), 29, 93, 94, 132, 140, 145, 162, 163, 173, 175. Markers, 28, 30, 31, 65, 77, 78, 105, 117, 124 131 140 144 I- I 145,146,147,170. ',,. J Obround Target, 118, 119. Obstruction Aids, 68. M:~kin9gs, 1-3, 7-21, 23, 29, 32-33, 35-37, 51, 54, 56, 57, 66, 78, I Obstruction High Intensity Lighting, 116. ,, 93, 98, 119, 127, 132, 134, 140-146 149 159-165, 169, Obstruction Lights/Lighting, 11, 27, 35, 46, 67, 68, 76, 115, 116, 173, 175, 176. ', 124 129, 138, 139, 143. Mask Target, 118. - I' J Obstruction Markers, 28, 78, 117, 124, 131, 140. Medium Intensity Approach Lighting System (MALS), 70, 71, 114. l Obstruction Markings, 28, 36, 48, 67, 79, 116, 121, 124 131, 140. Medi~ Intensity Approach Lighting System with Runway Alignment 145, 173. Ind~cator Lights (MALSR), 70, 71. Obstruction Medium Intensity Lighting, 116. Medium Intensity Approach Lighting System with Sequenced Flashers ~ I' J Obstruction Patterns, 28, 78, 116, 124, 131, 140. (MAL SF) , 70, 71. I Off-set Localizer, 80-81, 117. Med~um Intens~ty Obstruction Lighting, 27, 46, 76, 116, 129, 138. - I Off-Shore Light Platform, 112. Med7um Intens7ty Runway Edge Lights, 27, 129, 137. Omni-Directional Approach Lighting System (ODALS), 70, 72, 112, 114. Me~um Intens~ty Taxiway Lights, 27, 129, 137. ] Omnidirectional REILS, 72. Med um Intens~ty Threshold/End Lights, 27, 129, 137. OMEGA, 26, 50, 55, 60, 63, 133, 138. Med~um7 7ntens~ty Threshold Light-Special, 27, 75, 129 137-138. I-- I I One-Lane/Two-Way Signals, 29, 89, 127. Merge S~gns, 153. ' I One-Way Bridge Signs, 153. Metal Buoys, 120. ~ ] One-Way Signs, 91, 151. Microwave Landing System (MLS) 36 80, 82, 117 124. 1-' Outboard Destination Signs, 167. Middle Beacon, 81, 82, 117. ', Outer Beacon, 80, 117. 1- Mile boards, 172, 176. ,I Panels, 97. I J Mileposts, 92, 105, 146, 156, 157, 170, 176. Park & Ride Signs, 156. Milestones, 86. Parking Area Signs, 156. Miniature Graphic Symbols, 30, 38 132, 135. Parking Prohibition Signs, 91, 151. Minimum Speed Sign, 149. ' l' I Parking Space Markings, 160. Minor Aids, 33, 47, 122. i Partially-Lighted Aids, 53, 67, 76, 127 . Minor Light Structures, 25, 113. partially-Lighted Markings 18, 35. M~nor Lights, 47, 52, 53, 55, 61. I' • partially-Lighted Rail Markings, 15. M nor Structures, 25, 33, 128, 136, 137. I, Partially-Lighted Road Markings, 15. M~scellaneous7 Service Signs, 151-152. - Partially-Lighted Railway Signals, 134. Motorist Services Signs, 92. Partially-Lighted Signals, 30, 37, 98, 105, 142, 147. Monument Markers, 169. . I' J Partially-Lighted Transportation Markings, 40. Moveable Barriers, 37. I Pass with Care Signs, 150. Moveable Bridge Signals/Gates, 29 89 127, 134. - I Pattern Markings, 28, 78, 116, 117, 124, 131, 140. Movement Series Signs, 150-151. ', Pavement Edge Markings, 93. Multiple-lens Signal, 98, 100, 102. J Pavement Ends Signs, 154. Narrow Bridge Signs, 153. Pavement Markings, 13, 19, 29, 67, 76, 85, 93, 94, 96, 118, 132, 140, National Network Signs, 152.

I• 193 192 _ l r,-- r_ Mandatory Instruction Marking, 116. Navigation Aids, 12, 18, 67, 148. Mandatory Instruction Signs, 27, 76, 129, 165-166. Next (X) Exits Area Signs, 157. Marine Acoustical Aids/Signals, 56, 59, 113. Night Speed Limit Sign, 149. Marine Aids, 18, 67, 143, 146. Night Time Speed Limit Sign, 91, 149. Marine Aids: Fixed, 39. .. No Entry Signs, 116, 166. Marine Aids: Floating, 39. No Hitchhiking Signs, 151. Non-Directional Beacon (NOB), 28, 82, 133, 138. Marine Aids to Navigation, 52, 55, 57, 58, 64, 143, 146, 172, 176. " Marine Aids to Navigation Signs, 172. Non-sign Markings, 76, 144, 146. Marine Electronic Aids, 133. l No Passing Lines, 94. Marine Lights, 14, 15, 16, 20. "I No Passing Markings, 165. Marine Markings, 15, 55, 56. No Passing Zone Signs, 91, 154. Marine Transportation Markings, 55. r No Trespassing Signs, 170. 11 112 Mark, 65, 66, 144, 146. Nun Buoys, 3, 19, 20, 24, 32, 48, 53, 61, 65, 109, 110, 1, , Marker Beacons, 28, 50, 81, 82, 117, 133, 138. l 121, 130, 131, 135, 136. Marker Lamp, 100. Object Markers, 145, 162. . in/adjacent/end of Marker Radiobeacons, 59, 113. Object Markings (three types; three basic locat~ons: Markers, 28, 30, 31, 65, 77, 78, 105, 117, 124, 131, 140, 144. - roadway), 29, 93, 94, 132, 140, 145, 162, 163, 173, 175. 145, 146, 147, 170. r Obround Target, 118, 119. Markings, 1-3, 7-21, 23, 29, 32-33, 35-37, 51, 54, 56, 57, 66, 78, Obstruction Aids, 68. 84, 90, 93, 98, 119, 127, 132, 134, 140-146, 149, 159-165, 169, Obstruction High Intensity Lighting, 116. 116 173, 175, 176. Obstruction Lights/Lighting, 11, 27, 35, 46, 67, 68, 76, 115, , Mask Target, 118. 124 129, 138, 139, 143. r Obstruction Markers, 28, 78, 117, 124, 131, 140. 0 Medium Intensity Approach Lighting System (MALS), 70, 71, 114. Medium Intensity Approach Lighting System with Runway Alignment Obstruction Markings, 28, 36, 48, 67, 79, 116, 121, 124 131, 14 . Indicator Lights (MALSR), 70, 71. "'i 145, 173. , 116 Light~ng, Medium Intensity Approach Lighting System with Sequenced Flashers --! Obstruction Medium Intensity . (MALSF), 70, 71. r Obstruction Patterns, 28, 78, 116, 124, 131, 140. Medium Intensity Obstruction Lighting, 27, 46, 76, 116, 129, 138. Off-set Localizer, 80-81, 117. Medium Intensity Runway Edge Lights, 27, 129, 137...... Off-Shore Light Platform, 112. 114 Medium Intensity Taxiway Lights, 27, 129, 137. Omni-Directional Approach Lighting System (ODALS), 70, 72, 112, . Medium Intensity Threshold/End Lights, 27, 129, 137. r Omnidirectional REILS, 72. Medium Intensity Threshold Light-Special, 27, 75, 129, 137-138. OMEGA, 26, 50, 55, 60, 63, 133, 138. Merge Signs, 153. One-Lane/Two-Way Signals, 29, 89, 127. Metal Buoys, 120. l One-Way Bridge Signs, 153. Microwave Landing System (MLS), 36, 80, 82, 117 124. [ -l One-Way Signs, 91, 151. Middle Beacon, 81, 82, 117. " Outboard Destination Signs, 167. Mile boards, 172, 176. Outer Beacon, 80, 117. I Mileposts, 92, 105, 146, 156, 157, 170, 176. '...., Panels, 97. Milestones, 86. , Park & Ride Signs, 156. Miniature Graphic Symbols, 30, 38, 132, 135. r ,- Parking Area Signs, 156. Minimum Speed Sign, 149. Parking Prohibition Signs, 91, 151. Minor Aids, 33, 47, 122. L '-, Parking Space Markings, 160. Minor Light Structures, 25, 113. Partially-Lighted Aids, 53, 67, 76, 127. Minor Lights, 47, 52, 53, 55, 61. r Partially-Lighted Markings 18, 35. Minor Structures, 25, 33, 128, 136, 137. Partially-Lighted Rail Markings, 15. Miscellaneous Service Signs, 151-152. ., ,- Partially-Lighted Road Markings, 15. Motorist Services Signs, 92. Partially-Lighted Railway Signals, 134. Monument Markers, 169. [ Partially-Lighted Signals, 30~ 37, 98~ 105, 142, 147. Moveable Barriers, 37. Partially-Lighted Transportat~on Mark~ngs, 40. Moveable Bridge Signals/Gates, 29, 89, 127, 134. Pass With Care Signs, 150. Movement Series Signs, 150-151. Pattern Markings, 28 ,,,78 116 117, 124, 131, 140. Multiple-lens Signal, 98, 100, 102. [ Pavement Edge Markings, 93. Narrow Bridge Signs, 153. " ,- Pavement Ends Signs, 154. 8 132 140 National Network Signs, 152. Pavement Markings, 13, 19, 29 , 67, 76, 85, 93, 94, 96, 11, ,,

192 r 193 I ,- [ I l---.-- h 145, 159-161 (A plethora of forms: center lines, lane lines, edge 7] Rest and Scenic Area Signs (multiple forms), 157. lines, etc ), 173, 175. ~_ Restricted Clearance Signs, 171-172. r Pavement Width Transition Signs, 153. I.. RetroreflectiveMarkers, 78, 169, 175-176. Pedestrian Crossing Signs, 151. Right of Way Signs, 170. Pedestrian Signals, 29, 45, 51, 87, 88, 127, 134. River Lights, 55, 56. Pedestrian Signs, 151, 152. Road Closed Signs (3 forms), 152. Permissive Parking Regulation Signs, 92. r­ Road Markers, 86. Pier Light, 56. Road Markings, 15, 18, 49. Pile, 25, 128, 131, 133, 136-137. I Road Narrows Signs, 153. Piller Buoy, 65, 107. Road Signals, 14, 18, 38, 67. Plastic Buoys, 53, 56, 64, 111, 112, 121, 130, 131, 136. Road Signs, 49, 91. Playground Signs, 154. :__ r: Roadway Signs, 27, 129. Political Subdivision Signs, 170. Roadway Structures Signs, 170. Portable Lights, 148. l r­ Rotating Beacons, 26, 129, 137, 147. Position-Light Signal, 14, 30, 37, 45, 101, 118, 127, 134, 147. Rough Bar Sign, 172. Post, 25, 128, 131, 137. I Route Markers, 91, 145, 154-155 (including diverse forms). position Target, 106, 132. 1- Route Marker Assemblies, 155. Power Operated Switch Signs, 172. J Runway & Taxiway Lights/Lighting, 73, 143. Precision Approach Position Indicator (PAPI), 26, 45, 72, 114, 127. I Runway & Taxiway Elevated Lights, 26, 35, 47, 115, 123, 129, 137. Preferential Lane Markings, 162. Runway & Taxiway Inpavement Lights, 26, 35, 47, 123, 129, 137. Preferential Lane Signs, 150. Runway & Taxiway Markings, 131, 140. Programmable Transportation Markings, 16. lJ Runway & Taxiway Retroreflective Markers, 28, 131, 140. Pulse Light Approach Slope Indicator (PLASI), 26, 45, 72, 73, 142. I Runway Approach Boundary Sign, 116, 166. Pyramidals, 25, 129, 137. Runway Approach Identifier Lights (RAIL), 70, 142. Racons, 26, 50, 55, 63, 133, 138. Runway Approach Area Signs, 166. Radar Reflectors, 26, 55, 63, 133, 138. Runway Centerline Lights, 26, 73, 114, 117, 129, 137, 143. Radiobeacons, 26, 55, 56, 59, 60, 113, 133, 138, 143. l 'Jr Runway Centerline Marking, 168. Rail Markings, 15, 18, 54. Runway Directional Numbers, 77. Rail/Railway Signals, 13, 14, 18, 30, 37, 39, 45, 52, 67, 68, 98, 101, i~ Runway Designation Markings, 168. 102, 112, 118, 124, 125, 142, 147, 175. I LJ Runway Distance Remaining Signs, 27, 77, 129, 168. Rail/Railway Signs, 13, 18, 30, 49, 54, 67, 98, 105, 118, 128, 170, 17L r Runway Edge Lights 26, 73, 75, 114, 115, 129, 137. 172, 176. Runway Elevated Lights, 26. Railway Crossing Advance Sign, 91. Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL), 71, 114. Railway Crossing Markings, 165. lJ Runway Exit Signs, 116, 167. Railway Crossing Signal Bells, 30, 36, 38. i Runway Inpavement Lights, 114, 123. Railway Crossing Signals, 29, 45, 89, 90, 117, 127, 134. .. r Runway Lights, 143. Railway Crossing Signs, 91, 159, 165. Runway Location Signs, 116, 166. Railway Gates, 89, 90, 117. Runway Markings, 27, 77, 140, 168, 173, 175. Railway Grade Crossing Signs, 98. Runway/Runway Intersection Signs, 166. Railway Indicators, 67, 98. [- :, J Runway Safe Area/OFZ, 116, 166. Railway Markers, 30, 31, 105. Runway Side Stripe Markings, 169. Railway Sound Signals, 38. 1.""'"1 Runway Signs, 27, 35, 76, 129, 173. Railway Targets, 19, 67, 118. I~ ! Runway Threshold/End Lights, 26, 114, 115, 129, 137, 138. Railway Transportation Markings, 85, 98. r-- Runway Threshold Markings, 168. Raised Markers, 35. i Runway Touchdown Zone Lights, 26, 73, 114, 129, 137. Ramp Signals, vi, 29, 89, 127, 134. Runway Touchdown Zone Markings, 168. ,-- L., Range Lights, 146. Rural Parking Signs, 151. I Recreational &Cultural Interest Signs, 158. I Safe Water Marks, 65, 66. Recreational Use Signs, 91, 92. r~ Safety Signs, 31, 133, 140, 171-172. Rectangle Target, 119. Satellite Navigation, 63. Reduced Speed Ahead Sign, 149, 150. 1,- Scenic Areas Signs (several forms), 156. Regulatory Signs, 20, 29, 90, 91, 95, 132, 139, 149, 173. School Advance Signs, 91. Relocated Threshold Markings, 169. School Crossing Signs, 91. Rest Area Signs (various forms), 156. ~ :[ School Markings, 165. - I- 194 i 1,- 195 I , , i i :'~] School Signals, 14, 89, 90. School Signs, 92, 158-159 (diverse forms), 165. School Speed Limit Signs, 88. Seaplane Beacons, 69, 70, 113, 114. Searchlight Signals, 14, 30, 45, 100, 101, 102, 127, 134, 147. Seaward Lights, 57. Segmented Circle Airport Marker System, 28, 78, 131-132, 140. COLOPHON Select Exclusion Signs, 150-151. Semaphore, 30, 53, 98, 99, 100, 130. Sequenced Flashing Lights, 70, 71, 83. This book was prepared on an Apple III computer Shape Target, 106, 132, 135. Side Road Signs, 153. using Three Easy Pieces software. Drafts and Side Stripes, 27, 77, 131, 140. other materials were printed on an Apple daisy Signage, 145. wheel printer with Prestige Elite 12 type. Signal Ahead Signs, 153. r] Signal Instruction Signs, 152. Signals, 9, 14, 15, 18, 45, 58, 59, 87, 89, 90, 97, 98, 100, 102, 10~ Manuscript preparation was augmented by an IBM 118, 125, 134 142, 143, 147. Seletric II typewriter with Adjutant 12 type. Signs, 13, 16, 19, 20, 29, 30, 35, 38, 67, 77, 86, 90, 91, 92, 93, 98', , r] 105, 118, 124, 132-133, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 146, 149, 165, 171, The "printing masters" were prepared on an Apple 173, 174, 176. Simplified Abbreviated VASI (SAVASI), 71. Laserwriter II printer with Courier 12 type. Simplified Short Approach Light System with RAILS (SSALR), 70. ] This required the assistance of a MacIntosh LC Simplified Short Approach Light System with SF (SSALS), 70. computer which incorporated the "brains" of an Siren, 26, 58, 59, 134, 139. Apple lIe computer and an updated version of Skeleton Tower, 25, 113, 128, 137. I] Slower Traffic Keep Right Signs, 150. Appleworks software (which is closely related to Small House, 137. Three Easy pieces). Br Justin Hertz, computer Snow Signs, 170-171. director for Mount Angel Seminary, and an Soft Shoulders, 154. Sound Buoys, 25, 54, 133, 139. I] Appletalk network completed the preparations. Sound Signals, 30, 31, 37, 119, 122. Portions of the printing masters were composed Sound Signals TCD & Rail, 119. on an IBM Selectric II typewriter. Sound Marine Transportation Markings, 43, 50, 119. Sound TCD & Rail Transportation Markings, 119. I] Spar, 19, 24, 33, 131, 136. The pages were printed on a Canon NP 6650 copier Special Marks, 66. augmented by a Canon NP 7050 copier. Specific Services Signs, 158. Speed Control Signs, 31, 133, 140, 171. Cover and text stock was supplied by The Paper Speed Limit Beacon, 88, 117, 149. lo IJ Speed Limit Sign, 149. Project in Arcata, California. Covers were Speed Measurement Markings, 162. typeset and printed by the Benedictine Press. Sphere Buoy, 24, 33, 121, 131, 136. I The monograph was bound at Arbor Graphic Images Spheres, 79, 145. Sphericals, 78. 79. J in Portland. Spindle, 25, 128, 131, 137. Square Target, 119. Stake, 25, 131, 137. IJ Station Protection Signal, 102. ~ Steady Burning Light, 27, 69, 70, 71, 83, 86, 116, 129, 138, 148. Stop Lines, 93, 94. Stop Sign Beacon, 89, 117. Stop Signs, 16, 91, 149. . IJ ~ Street Name Signs, 156. 9 quality recyc\eo ~ 196 [ :. I I i 1 I ____...... _i·-~ iIiiil.. •