International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 8, Issue 42, 2016, pp.-1859-1862. Available online at http://www.bioinfopublication.org/jouarchive.php?opt=&jouid=BPJ0000217
Research Article EVALUATION OF GENUS ROSA GERMPLASM FOR RESISTANCE TO BLACK SPOT AND POWDERY MILDEW
AMIN FAHEEM1, QAZI NISSAR AHMED1, DAR SAJAD HUSSAIN2*, GANI M.Y.1 AND TALIB SYEED3 1Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190 025 2Division of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190 025 3Division of Agronomy, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190 025 *Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Received: January 22, 2016; Revised: June 13, 2016; Accepted: June 16, 2016; Published: October 01, 2016
Abstract- Black spot and powdery mildew are the two important rose diseases worldwide and affects nearly all existing cultivars. Black spot and powdery mildew resistance in the field was visually evaluated for a total of thirty six rose cultivars at SKUAST-K. Shalimar, Srinagar. Out of 36 cultivars screened for black spot, nineteen cultivars were tolerant in reaction. Remaining cultivars were highly susceptible in reaction. While in case of powdery mildew disease nineteen cultivars were found tolerant, two cultivars as moderately tolerant namely Chrysler imperial, Christian Dior and rest of the cultivars which include First red, Golden harvest, Golden gate, Himachal red, Konfitti, and cover girl were either susceptible or highly susceptible in reaction. Keywords- Powdery mildew, Black spot, Rose germplasm, Screening.
Citation: Amin Faheem, et al., (2016) Evaluation of Genus Rosa Germplasm for Resistance to Black Spot and Powdery Mildew. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 8, Issue 42, pp.-1859-1862. Copyright: Copyright©2016 Amin Faheem, et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Academic Editor / Reviewer: Loredana Scalschi, Jingze Zhang
Introduction Same plants were assessed each year and data on disease intensity recorded at There are more than 150 species in the genus Rosa with a natural distribution peak period of disease (mid week of June). Disease sensitivity was assessed by throughout the northern hemisphere a several thousand cultivars with a ubiquitous using 0-5 rating scale and percent disease intensity was calculated by employing distribution. The rose black spot, which is the most damaging disease of rose the formula. For both the diseases, disease intensity of each cultivar thus worldwide is caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae (anamorph = Marssonina calculated was used to categorize and rank these cultivars by adopting the scale rosae Lind). The various symptoms associated with this disease include leaf and of Sahni [4] with slight modification. stem lesions followed by frequent leaf yellowing and defoliation that badly affects the plant growth and appearance. To control this disease a number of tropical and S. No. Category Per cent disease intensity (%) systemic fungicides are being used by home owners and landscapers. 1. Tolerant (T) 0-10.00 Diplocarpon rosae is classified as an ascomycete in the family Dermateaceae and 2. Moderately tolerant (MT) 10.1-20.00 is a hemibiotrophic fungus that is restricted to the genus Rosa L. [1]. This disease 3. Moderately susceptible 20.1-30.00 spreads primarily through water borne, two celled asexual spores (Conidia) that 4. Susceptible (S) 30.1-40.00 require free water to germinate. After spore germination and penetration 5. Highly susceptible (HS) >40.00 symptoms may appear in susceptible cultivars within few days. Powdery mildew is the major fungal disease of roses grown in green houses. The causal organism of Percent disease intensity = ∑(n x v) this disease is an obligate biotrophic ascomycete Podosphaera pannosa (Wallr. ------x 100 Fr.) de Bary, which had long been known as Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae N x g (Wallr: Fr.) Lev [2]. There is lot of racial diversity in P. pannosa populations [3]. Results and discussion The evaluation study of thirty six rose cultivars conducted in the year 2011 and Materials and Methods 2012 under natural epiphytotic conditions against black spot of rose revealed Thirty six cultivars of rose available in the Experimental Field of Division of FMAP, differential response to the disease [Table-1]. The disease intensity was SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar campus were maintained unsprayed throughout the significantly different from the years and maximum of 18.85 percent was recorded year 2011 and 2012 season and assessed for the occurrence and extent of black in the year 2011 and minimum of 17.82 per cent in 2012. The disease intensity spot and powdery mildew diseases under natural epiphytotic conditions. These among cultivars ranged between 1.97 and 54.44 per cent during the year 2011 as cultivars were scored for their reaction to the disease under natural epiphytotic against 1.44 to 52.40 per cent in 2012. The analysis of pooled data for two years conditions and the diseases intensity was recorded in the last week of June. From indicated that all the cultivars showed different reaction groups, but there existed a each cultivar 20 plants were selected randomly and tagged. All the leaves of significant difference in disease intensity among different cultivars, maximum twenty plants from each cultivar were counted for the assessment of the disease. disease intensity was recorded in Bulgarian rose, Golden Harvest, Himachal Red,
International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 8, Issue 42, 2016 || Bioinfo Publications || 1859 Evaluation of Genus Rosa Germplasm for Resistance to Black Spot and Powdery Mildew
Konfitti, First Red, and Pink Nobless. The least diseases intensity of 1.70 per cent diseases intensity of 7.96 per cent was statistically at par with Double delight was recorded in Europeana (Dark Red), Bulgarian rose with diseases intensity of (7.4%) Eiffel Tower (8.70%), Flammings Sunset (7.02%), General Machenter 53.42 per cent was statistically at par with Golden harvest (52.78%), First Red (6.34%), Megradis sunset (7.38%), Nigretle (4.85%) and Royal highness (8.52%). (49.25%), Naranga (43.65%), Pink Noblesse (45.84%), Chandigarh Red with
Table-1 Screening of various rose cultivars against black spot disease under natural epiphytotic conditions during the year 2011 and 2012 *Disease intensity (%) S. No. Cultivar Colour Reaction** 2011 2012 Pooled 1. Alpine Pink 23.75 (29.16) 21.18 (27.40) 22.46 (28.28) MS 2. Allexander Pink 12.81 (20.97) 10.50 (18.90) 11.65 (19.95) MT 3. Arabian Knight Bicolour 15.13 (22.89) 13.37 (21.44) 14.25 (24.54) MT 4. Bulgarian Rose Red 54.44 (47.54) 52.40 (46.37) 53.42 (46.96) HS 5. Chandigarh Red Red 8.50 (16.95) 7.43(15.81) 7.96 (6.38) T 6. Christian Dior Bicolour 38.75 (38.49) 35.50 (36.57) 37.12 (37.53) S 7. Chrysler Imperial Dark red 17.81 (24.96) 11.98 (20.25) 14.89 (12.77) MT 8. Cover Girl Light pink 30.68 (33.63) 28.63 (16.63) 29.65 (32.99) MS 9. Double Delight Bicolour 8.56 (17.01) 6.24(14.46) 7.40 (15.78) T 10. Effiel Tower Pink 9.06 (17.51 8.34(16.78) 8.70 (17.15) T 11. Europeana Dark Red 1.97 (8.06) 1.44(6.89) 1.70 (7.49) T 12. First Prize Red 4.37 (12.06) 3.76 (11.18) 4.06 (11.62) T 13. First Red Red 49.84 (44.90) 48.67 (44.23) 49.25 (44.57) HS 14. Flammings Sunset Yellow 7.87 (16.29) 6.17(14.38) 7.02 (15.36) T 15. Golden Harvest Light yellow 53.81 (47.18) 51.76 (46.00) 52.78 (46.59) HS 16. Golden Gate Red 28.18 (32.06) 25.53 (30.34) 26.85 (31.20) MS 17. Grand Gala Red 20.62 (27.00) 17.87 (25.00) 19.24 (26.01) MT 18. General Machenter Red 6.87 (15.19) 5.81 (13.94) 6.34 (14.58) T 19. Himachal Red Red 52.50 (46.43) 50.81 (45.46) 51.65 (45.94) HS 20. Hawaii Pink 3.13 (10.19) 2.92(9.83) 3.02 (10.00) T 21. Konfitti Bicolour 50.00 (45.00) 49.37 (44.63) 49.68 (44.81) HS 22. Katy Road Pink Pink 4.20 (11.82) 3.94 (11.44) 4.07 (11.63) T 23. Megradis sunset Sunset yellow 8.52 (16.97) 6.25 (14.47) 7.38 (15.76) T 24. Naranga Orange 44.87 (42.05) 42.44 (40.65) 43.65 (41.35) HS 25. Nigretle Blackish red 5.37 (13.39) 4.34 (12.05) 4.85 (12.72) T 26. New Dawn Light pink 2.81 (9.65) 2.51 (9.11) 2.66 (9.38) T 27. Pascali Pristine white 3.44 (10.68) 2.35(8.81) 2.89 (9.78) T 28. Pink Peace Pink 2.74 (9.52) 2.04(8.21) 2.39 (8.89) T 29. Pinkie Pink 3.74 (11.15) 2.70 (9.45) 3.22 (10.33) T 30. Pink Nobless Pink 46.31 (42.88) 45.37 (42.34) 45.84 (42.61) HS 31. Prelude Pink 2.84 (9.70) 17.98 (25.08) 10.41 (18.32) MT 32. Queen Elizabeth Deep pink 3.43 (10.67) 2.36(8.83) 2.89 (9.18) T 33. Red Climber Red 4.03 (2.30) 3.04 (10.04) 3.53 (10.82) T 34. Red Flush Red 4.16 (11.76) 3.44 (10.68) 3.8 (11.24) T 35. Royal Highness Bicolour 9.37 (17.82) 7.67 (16.07) 8.52 (16.97) T 36. Super Star Pink 17.83 (24.97) 15.31 (23.03) 16.57 (24.02) MT Total Mean 18.85 (23.37) 17.82 (22.29) 8.32 (22.72) CD(p<0.05) Cultivar : 3.62 Year : 2.34 Cultivar x Year : 6.48 *Mean of 3 replications. Figures within parentheses are arc sine transformed values. ** Categorised as T = Tolerant (0-10% PDI), MT = Moderately Tolerant (10.1-20% PDI), MS = Moderately Susceptible (20.1-30% PDI), S = Susceptible (30.1-40% PDI) and HS = Highly Susceptible (>40% PDI).
Of the rose cultivars screened [Table-1] six cultivars viz., Allexander, Arabian against 1.24 to 53.85 per cent in 2012. Knight, Super Star, Prelude, Grand Gala and Chrysler Imperial were moderately The analysis of data polled over for two years indicated that all the cultivars tolerant in disease susceptibility (rating between 10.1 to 20.00 PDI). And nineteen showed different reaction groups to the disease but there existed a significant cultivars as Eiffel Tower, Europeana, Flammings Sunset, Katy Round Pink, difference in disease intensity among different cultivars. Maximum disease Nigretle, Pascali, Pink Peace, Pinkie, Queen Elizabeth, Red Climber, Red Flush, intensity was recorded in cultivar Bulgarian Rose, Golden Harvest and Himachal Royal Highness, Hawaii, First Prize, General Machenter, Chandigarh Red, Double Red with disease intensity of 53.97, 52.19 and 52.81 per cent were statistically at Delight, New Dawn and Megradis Sunset as tolerant (rating between 0-10). Three par with each other. First Red with disease intensity 49.30 per cent was cultivars viz., Alpine, Golden Gate and Cover Girl a Moderately susceptible (rating statistically at par with Konfitti (48.36%). The least disease intensity of 1.55 per between 20.1-30). Remaining cultivars (seven) viz., Bulgarian Rose, Golden cent was recorded in Europeana (Dark Red), Eiffel Tower with disease intensity of Harvest, Konfitti, Naranga, Pink Noblesse, Himachal Red, and First Red (rating 7.71 per cent was statistically at par with Royal Highness (8.83%), Megradis >40.00) were highly susceptible in reaction. Sunset (6.63%), General Machenter (6.63%), Flemings Sunset (7.15%), and The evaluation study of thirty six rose cultivars conducted in the year 2011 and Hawaii (6.80%). Similarly, Queen Elizabeth with disease intensity of 3.92 per cent 2012 under natural epiphytotic conditions against powdery mildew of rose was statistically at par with New Dawn (4.11%), Double Delight (4.00%), Red revealed differential response to the disease [Table-2]. The disease intensity was Flush (3.90%), and Red Climber (3.87%). Similarly, Grand Gala with disease significantly different for two years and a maximum of 19.72 per cent was recorded intensity of 23.33 per cent was statistically at par with Allexander (21.90%), Alpine in the year 2011 and minimum of 18.65 per cent in 2012. The disease intensity (21.46%), Prelude (20.44%) and Arabian Knight (22.28%), respectively. among cultivars ranged between 1.87 to 54.09 per cent during the year 2011 as Of the rose cultivars screened [Table-2] cultivars viz., Chandigarh Red, Double
International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 8, Issue 42, 2016 || Bioinfo Publications || 1860 Amin Faheem, Qazi Nissar Ahmed, Dar Sajad Hussain, Gani M.Y. and Talib Syeed
Delight, Eiffel Tower, Europeana, First Prize, Flammings Sunset, General viz., Alpine, Allexander, Arabian Night, Chrysler Imperial, Grand Gala, Prelude, as Machenter, Hawaii, Katy Road Pink, Meqradis Sunset, Nigretle, New Dawn, moderately susceptible (rating between 20.1-30.00%). The remaining cultivars Pascali, Pink Peace, Pinkie, Queen Elizabeth, Red Climber, Red Flush, Royal (eight) were either susceptible or highly susceptible viz., Bulgarian Rose, Golden highness as tolerant (rating between 0-10.00%), two cultivars viz., Super Star, Harvest, First Red, Himachal Red, Kanfitti, Naranga, Pink Noblesse, Golden Gate, Christian Dior as moderately tolerant (rating between 10.1-20.00%). Six cultivars (rating between >40.00) in reaction.
Table-2 Screening of various rose cultivars against powdery mildew under natural epiphytotic conditions during the year 2011 and 2012 *Disease intensity (%) S. No. Cultivar Colour of genotype Reaction** 2011 2012 Pooled 1. Alpine Pink 24.09 (29.39) 18.84 (25.72) 21.46 (27.59) MS 2. Allexander Pink 23.41 (28.65) 20.40 (26.85) 21.90 (27.90) MS 3. Arabian Knight Bicolour 23.75 (29.16) 20.81 (27.14) 22.28 (28.16) MS 4. Bulgarian Rose Red 54.09 (47.34) 53.85 (47.20) 53.97 (47.27) HS 5. Chandigarh Red Red 7.19 (15.45) 5.38 (13.41) 6.28 (14.51) T 6. Christian Dior Bicolour 15.18 (22.78) 14.21 (22.14) 14.69 (22.53) MT 7. Chrysler imperial Dark red 17.23 (22.29) 16.74 (24.13) 16.98 (29.16) MT 8. Cover Girl Light pink 36.36 (37.08) 28.54 (16.58) 32.45 (34.72) S 9. Double Delight Dark red 4.96 (12.86) 3.04 (10.04) 4.00 (11.53) T 10. Effiel Tower Pink 8.06 (76.42) 7.36 (15.74) 7.71 (16.12) T 11. Europeana Dark Red 1.87 (7.85) 1.24 (6.39) 1.55 (7.15) T 12. First Prize Red 3.87 (11.24) 3.25 (10.38) 3.56 (10.87) T 13. First Red Red 49.84 (44.90) 48.77 (44.29) 49.30 (44.59) HS 14. Flammings Sunset Yellow 7.63 (60.86) 6.68 (14.97) 7.15 (15.50) T 15. Golden Harvest Light yellow 52.83 (46.62) 51.56 (45.89) 52.19 (46.25) HS 16. Golden Gate Red 44.33 (41.74) 43.00 (40.97) 43.66 (41.35) HS 17. Grand Gala Red 24.54 (29.69) 22.12 (28.05) 23.33 (28.88 MS 18. General Machenter Red 7.69 (61.27) 5.57 (13.65) 6.63 (14.92) T 19. Himachal Red Red 53.25 (46.86) 52.38 (46.36) 52.81 (46.61) HS 20. Hawaii Pink 7.50 (15.89) 6.11 (14.31) 6.80 (15.11) T 21. Konfitti Bicolour 49.02 (44.42) 47.70 (43.68) 48.36 (44.06) HS 22. Katy Road Pink Pink 3.71 (11.10) 3.10 (10.14) 3.40 (10.62) T 23. Megradis sunset Sunset yellow 7.22 (58.17) 6.75 (15.05) 6.98 (15.31) T 24. Naranga Orange 45.71 (42.13) 43.88 (41.48) 44.79 (42.00) HS 25. Nigretle Blackish red 9.94 (85.55) 9.05 (17.50) 9.49 (17.94) T 26. New Dawn Light pink 5.31 (31.32) 2.91 (9.82) 4.11 (11.69) T 27. Pascali Pristine white 4.12 (11.72) 3.09 (70.12) 3.60 (10.93) T 28. Pink Peace Pink 2.43 (8.96) 2.19 (8.51) 2.31 (8.74) T 29. Pinkie Pink 3.81 (11.25) 2.28 (8.68) 3.04 (10.04) T 30. Pink Nobless Pink 47.42 (43.28) 45.13 (42.20) 46.27 (42.86) HS 31. Prelude Pink 22.18 (28.09) 18.71 (25.62) 20.44 (26.87) MS 32. Queen Elizabeth Deep pink 4.30 (11.96) 3.24 (10.36) 3.92 (11.41) T 33. Red Climber Red 4.87 (12.74) 2.88 (9.77) 3.87 (11.34) T 34. Red Flush Red 4.37 (12.06) 3.44 (10.68) 3.90 (11.38) T 35. Royal Highness Bicolour 9.56 (77.89) 8.10 (16.53) 8.83 (17.28) T 36. Super Star Pink 11.81 (2.09) 11.08 (19.44) 11.44 (19.76) MT Total Mean 19.72 (32.11) 18.65 (21.48) 18.95 (22.95) CD(p<0.05) Cultivar : 3.02 Year : 8.05 Cultivar x Year : 10.04 *Mean of 3 replications. Figures within parentheses are arc sine transformed values. ** Categorised as T = Tolerant (0-10% PDI), MT = Moderately Tolerant (10.1-20% PDI), MS = Moderately Susceptible (20.1-30% PDI), S = Susceptible (30.1-40% PDI) and HS = Highly Susceptible (>40% PDI).
The present investigations regarding the reaction of 36 cultivars of rose to unsprayed and categorised in the various reaction groups. On the basis of mean Diplocarpon rosae revealed that test cultivars showed significantly varying per cent disease intensity mean disease intensity in test cultivars varied from 1.55 response to the pathogen under natural epiphytotic conditions. Test plants were per cent in case of cv. Europeana as high as 53.97 per cent in case of highly maintained unsprayed and categorized in to various reaction groups on the basis susceptible cultivar Bulgarian rose (Rosa demascena). On the basis of degree of of mean per cent disease intensity. Mean disease intensity in test cultivars varied variability in disease reaction, two cultivars were categorised as moderately from 1.70% in case of cv. Europeana to as high as 53.42 per cent in case of highly tolerant, seven as moderately susceptible, nineteen cultivars on tolerant and susceptible cultivar Bulgarian Rose. On the basis of the degree of variability in remaining cultivars were either susceptible or highly susceptible in reaction under disease reaction, six cultivars were categorised as moderately tolerant, three field conditions. The present findings are in agreement with the findings of cultivars were categorised as moderately susceptible seven cultivars were Thammaiah et al. [6], Pratibha and Singh [7] who evaluated 96 varieties against categorized as highly susceptible in reaction. Various workers have recorded powdery mildew, 12 showed resistance and 36 were moderately resistant. varying degree of susceptibility/tolerance in various crops against Diplocarpon rosae causing black spot under field conditions. The present findings are in line Conclusion with the findings of Rehman et al. [5] who evaluated eight hybrid rose germplasm Since black spot as well as powdery mildew both are deadly disease of rose and against D. rosae and found almost similar results. However in case of powdery cause severe problems to this shrub. It is evident from the present investigation on mildew of rose the test cultivars showed significantly varying response to the existing available germplasm that there exists a great scope for developing pathogen under natural epiphytotic conditions test plants were maintained tolerant/resistant varieties with acceptable varietal characters. There seems to be
International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 8, Issue 42, 2016 || Bioinfo Publications || 1861 Evaluation of Genus Rosa Germplasm for Resistance to Black Spot and Powdery Mildew
a good deal of scope as it is evident from foregoing studies for the source of resistance against black spot and powdery mildew of rose in the available germplasm for developing resistant varieties.
Conflict of Interest: None declared
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