DOCSLIB.ORG

Politics, Ideology, and Religions in the Middle East

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Politics, Ideology, and Religions in the Middle East POLITICS, IDEOLOGY, AND RELIGIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST a graduate class project of Fairleigh Dickinson University by Alexandra Acosta Amanuel Ajawin Anwar Al-Barout Ahmed Al-Muharraqi Waleed Al-Shahari Jaime Buenahora Eve Burnett Pilar Bustamante ‘Matankiso Chachane Ahmad Daoudzai Arnaud Huannou Johannes de Millo Naseer Ahmed Faiq Bobette Jansen Shihana Mohamed Lila Ratsifandrihamanana Editor Ahmad Kamal Published by: Fairleigh Dickinson University 1000 River Road Teaneck, NJ 07666 USA May 2010 ISBN: 978-1-4507-1726-7 The opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors alone, and should not be taken as reflecting the views of Fairleigh Dickinson University, or of any other institution or entity. © All rights reserved by the authors No part of the material in this book may be reproduced without due attribution to its specific author. The Authors Alexandra Acosta is a Graduate Student from the USA Amanuel Ajawin is a Graduate Student from Sudan Anwar Al-Barout is a Diplomat from the UAE Ahmed Al-Muharraqi is a Diplomat from Bahrain Waleed Al-Shahari is a Graduate Student from Yemen Jaime Buenahora is a University Professor from Colombia Eve Burnett is a Graduate Student from the USA Pilar Bustamante is a Communications Expert from Colombia ‘Matankiso Chachane is a Diplomatic Assistant from Lesotho Ahmad Daoudzai is a Graduate Student from Afghanistan Arnaud Huannou is an International Civil Servant from Benin Johannes de Millo is a Diplomat from Monaco Naseer Ahmad Faiq is a Graduate Student from Afghanistan Bobette Jansen is a Graduate Student from Germany Ahmad Kamal is a Senior Fellow at the United Nations Shihana Mohamed is a Graduate Student from Sri Lanka Lila Ratsifandrihamanana is an International Civil Servant from Madagascar Index of Contents Foreword Ahmad Kamal 1 The Ancient Near Eat Eve Burnett 3 The First Millennium Bobette Jansen 13 The Second Millennium Jaime Buenahora 25 The Religious Mainstreams Pilar Bustamante 37 Islamic Sciences Arnaud Huannou 51 The Contributions of Africa Amanuel Ajawin 69 The External Players Ahmad Daoudzai 75 The Impact of Oil Anwar Al-Barout 95 Women in Terrorism Alexandra Acosta 107 The Role of Turkey Shihana Mohamed 117 The Role of Iran Johannes de Millo 137 The Iran Nuclear Program Ahmed Al-Muharraqi 147 Hezbollah Waleed Al-Shahari 153 Economic/Political Integration Naseer Ahmed Faiq 163 The Role of the Media ‘Matankiso Chachane 173 The Future Scenarios Lila Ratsifandrihamanana 185 Foreword Ahmad Kamal FOREWORD This is the second volume of a trilogy of books on the Middle East, prepared on the basis of research papers by graduate students of Fairleigh Dickinson University. Whereas the first volume had focused on current issues, this volume delves deeper into the three parameters of politics, ideology, and religions, that make the Middle East as critically important as it has become for all of us in a globalized world. Despite its central importance and impact on events elsewhere, the fact remains that the Middle East is a complex patchwork of distinct ethnicities and beliefs, each with its own formative history and development. An analysis of these elements is not easy, and yet it has to be attempted in an effort to better understand current events, and their unfolding into the future. Like all other parts of our world, the Middle East is of course an evolving geographical region. It is impacting the rest of the world just as it is itself being impacted by events in other parts of the world. There is nothing static in our world of yesterday and today. Everything moves constantly, everything impacts everything else. The story of history is a continuum, and a single continuum at that. As a result, the papers in this volume should only be read as part of a dynamic and fast moving situation, and not as conclusive or distinct in their views and judgments. Nevertheless, the papers do go deeper into the details of the historical determinants which influence current events in the Middle East and beyond, and their projection into the future. The role of immediate neighbors, and that of other external players, is also analyzed in order to determine the sad history of the past, and the chances of a better contribution to peace and security in the world in future. While every effort has been made in to do so in this volume, it is quite clear that much more needs to be done to identify the reasons why the Middle East is so centrally important to all of us. That is why the effort will be continued in the third volume of this trilogy, this last one concentrating on the economic aspects of the Middle East, and its economic impact on the worlds of today and tomorrow. Hopefully, the completed three-part exercise will assist us all in a better understanding of the events as they unfold in the Middle East and of the inputs that are so necessary in this part of the world. The graduate students who have participated in this extended exercise are to be congratulated for their significant assiduity, for their passionate convictions, and for the competent results of their research. 1 2 The Ancient Middle East Eve Burnett THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST INTRODUCTION September 11, 2001 was a defining moment in history. The Western world suddenly became concerned as never before with the existence of the Middle East, and the East-West dichotomy was thrown into high relief. The then-President of the United States and self-proclaimed leader of the free world referred to the response of the US as “civilization’s fight.”1. His “fight” sent American troops to Iraq to dethrone Saddam Hussein and to install democracy. Somehow it has not seemed to solve the problems. In opening his “new history”, published in 2006, Roger Osborne suggests that “civilization” is the thin veneer humans have created to protect themselves from their inner animalistic barbaric motives, the same ones which brought about the horrors of two World Wars. Interestingly, his historic accounts begin with prehistoric Europe and moves quite suddenly to the emergence of classical Greece. No reference is made to the accomplishments of Sumer, Babylon or the Kingdoms of Egypt.2 On the other side of the world, Saddam Hussein made frequent references to Iraq as the cradle of civilization and to the accomplishments of Nebuchadnezzar II and Hammurabi. His motivation was to highlight the importance of Iraq to the Arab world and to promote his political agenda of pan-Arabism.3 The fact of the matter is that Western civilization began in Iraq. Had there never been a Sumer or a Babylon, never a Hammurabi, and never an Abraham from the Sumerian city of Ur, the course of Western history would have been quite different. To establish this, it is necessary to look at the contributions of the ancient civilizations first and also to explore when and where East and West divided. THE FERTILE CRESCENT While today the Middle East faces the challenge of growing desertification, the landscape of the ancient Near East favored the growth of settled societies. The nomadic populations who wandered through the African continent and lived off the flesh of hunted animals found the riverbeds of the valley between the Tigris and the Euphrates and the Nile valley enabled them to live off the land. It was especially in the southern part of the river valleys where the water from the upper rivers flew into the sea that the fertility of the soil allowed for the year-round cultivation of crops. The weather was unpredictable and floods were frequent, but the collective effort of irrigation and the 1 Osborne, Roger. Civilization: A New History of the Western World. New York: Pegasus Books, 2006. , p. 1 2 (Osborne), pp. 20-46 3 Unknown, "Saddam Hussein." Unkown. www.wikipedia.com. 27 November 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein>. 3 The Ancient Middle East Eve Burnett construction of platforms to save homes from flooding gave men a measure of control over nature. 4 Living off the produce of agriculture required also the collaborative effort of separating the grain from the husk of the plant before it became removed by the wind and the rain.5 Agriculture thus inherently paved the way not only for the development of year-round settlements, but also of collaborative effort, social stratification and an understanding of the necessity of fore-thought. Dependence on agriculture also put these early societies in a vulnerable position with regards to the forces of nature. The attribution of certain divine characteristics to forces of nature and the fabrication of religious rites to compel the deities to heed the will of these early societies meant in turn that high social value was placed on the men and women who seemed closest to the gods. Competition for the irrigated waterways with other settlements also led to the development of methods of warfare and military organization.6 THE BEGINNINGS OF “CIVILIZATION” Writing about the very early history of these societies is always fraught with difficulties. First-hand evidence comes in the form of discovered pottery shards and other remnants. The earlier existence of other societies might be completely overlooked as remains might not exist or might not yet have been revealed. However, what we have gathered is that the earliest societies were small agricultural villages sharing cult centres with other villages.7 One of the earliest-known of these was the city of Uruk of ancient Sumeria. Uruk developed into the first true city. The inferior quality of the pots produced in Uruk suggests that they were, in fact, mass-prooduced and so indicate the existence of a cadre of craftspeople able to produce such wares, and also implies the beginning of trade.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • European Anchovy Engraulis Encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) From
    European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Gulf of Annaba, east Algeria: age, growth, spawning period, condition factor and mortality Nadira Benchikh, Assia Diaf, Souad Ladaimia, Fatma Z. Bouhali, Amina Dahel, Abdallah B. Djebar Laboratory of Ecobiology of Marine and Littoral Environments, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, Algeria. Corresponding author: N. Benchikh, [email protected] Abstract. Age, growth, spawning period, condition factor and mortality were determined in the European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus populated the Gulf of Annaba, east Algeria. The age structure of the total population is composed of 59.1% females, 33.5% males and 7.4% undetermined. The size frequency distribution method shows the existence of 4 cohorts with lengths ranging from 8.87 to 16.56 cm with a predominance of age group 3 which represents 69.73% followed by groups 4, 2 and 1 with respectively 19.73, 9.66 and 0.88%. The VONBIT software package allowed us to estimate the growth parameters: asymptotic length L∞ = 17.89 cm, growth rate K = 0.6 year-1 and t0 = -0.008. The theoretical maximum age or tmax is 4.92 years. The height-weight relationship shows that growth for the total population is a major allometry. Spawning takes place in May, with a gonado-somatic index (GSI) of 4.28% and an annual mean condition factor (K) of 0.72. The total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) are 2.31, 0.56 and 1.75 year-1 respectively, with exploitation rate E = F/Z is 0.76 is higher than the optimal exploitation level of 0.5.
    [Show full text]
  • On Becoming a Pragmatic Researcher: the Importance of Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodologies
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 482 462 TM 035 389 AUTHOR Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J.; Leech, Nancy L. TITLE On Becoming a Pragmatic Researcher: The Importance of Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodologies. PUB DATE 2003-11-00 NOTE 25p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association (Biloxi, MS, November 5-7, 2003). PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Pragmatics; *Qualitative Research; *Research Methodology; *Researchers ABSTRACT The last 100 years have witnessed a fervent debate in the United States about quantitative and qualitative research paradigms. Unfortunately, this has led to a great divide between quantitative and qualitative researchers, who often view themselves in competition with each other. Clearly, this polarization has promoted purists, i.e., researchers who restrict themselves exclusively to either quantitative or qualitative research methods. Mono-method research is the biggest threat to the advancement of the social sciences. As long as researchers stay polarized in research they cannot expect stakeholders who rely on their research findings to take their work seriously. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the debate between quantitative and qualitative is divisive, and thus counterproductive for advancing the social and behavioral science field. This paper advocates that all graduate students learn to use and appreciate both quantitative and qualitative research. In so doing, students will develop into what is termed "pragmatic researchers." (Contains 41 references.) (Author/SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. On Becoming a Pragmatic Researcher 1 Running head: ON BECOMING A PRAGMATIC RESEARCHER U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Hadith and Its Principles in the Early Days of Islam
    HADITH AND ITS PRINCIPLES IN THE EARLY DAYS OF ISLAM A CRITICAL STUDY OF A WESTERN APPROACH FATHIDDIN BEYANOUNI DEPARTMENT OF ARABIC AND ISLAMIC STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Glasgow 1994. © Fathiddin Beyanouni, 1994. ProQuest Number: 11007846 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11007846 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 M t&e name of &Jla&, Most ©racious, Most iKlercifuI “go take to&at tfje iHessenaer aikes you, an& refrain from to&at tie pro&tfuts you. &nO fear gJtati: for aft is strict in ftunis&ment”. ©Ut. It*. 7. CONTENTS Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................4 Abbreviations................................................................................................................ 5 Key to transliteration....................................................................6 A bstract............................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Rituals of Islamic Spirituality: a Study of Majlis Dhikr Groups
    Rituals of Islamic Spirituality A STUDY OF MAJLIS DHIKR GROUPS IN EAST JAVA Rituals of Islamic Spirituality A STUDY OF MAJLIS DHIKR GROUPS IN EAST JAVA Arif Zamhari THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY E P R E S S E P R E S S Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au/islamic_citation.html National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Zamhari, Arif. Title: Rituals of Islamic spirituality: a study of Majlis Dhikr groups in East Java / Arif Zamhari. ISBN: 9781921666247 (pbk) 9781921666254 (pdf) Series: Islam in Southeast Asia. Notes: Includes bibliographical references. Subjects: Islam--Rituals. Islam Doctrines. Islamic sects--Indonesia--Jawa Timur. Sufism--Indonesia--Jawa Timur. Dewey Number: 297.359598 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU E Press Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2010 ANU E Press Islam in Southeast Asia Series Theses at The Australian National University are assessed by external examiners and students are expected to take into account the advice of their examiners before they submit to the University Library the final versions of their theses. For this series, this final version of the thesis has been used as the basis for publication, taking into account other changesthat the author may have decided to undertake.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Transnational Rebellion: The Syrian Revolt of 1925-1927 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/99q9f2k0 Author Bailony, Reem Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Transnational Rebellion: The Syrian Revolt of 1925-1927 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Reem Bailony 2015 © Copyright by Reem Bailony 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Transnational Rebellion: The Syrian Revolt of 1925-1927 by Reem Bailony Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor James L. Gelvin, Chair This dissertation explores the transnational dimensions of the Syrian Revolt of 1925-1927. By including the activities of Syrian migrants in Egypt, Europe and the Americas, this study moves away from state-centric histories of the anti-French rebellion. Though they lived far away from the battlefields of Syria and Lebanon, migrants championed, contested, debated, and imagined the rebellion from all corners of the mahjar (or diaspora). Skeptics and supporters organized petition campaigns, solicited financial aid for rebels and civilians alike, and partook in various meetings and conferences abroad. Syrians abroad also clandestinely coordinated with rebel leaders for the transfer of weapons and funds, as well as offered strategic advice based on the political climates in Paris and Geneva. Moreover, key émigré figures played a significant role in defining the revolt, determining its goals, and formulating its program. By situating the revolt in the broader internationalism of the 1920s, this study brings to life the hitherto neglected role migrants played in bridging the local and global, the national and international.
    [Show full text]
  • Israel: Growing Pains at 60
    Viewpoints Special Edition Israel: Growing Pains at 60 The Middle East Institute Washington, DC Middle East Institute The mission of the Middle East Institute is to promote knowledge of the Middle East in Amer- ica and strengthen understanding of the United States by the people and governments of the region. For more than 60 years, MEI has dealt with the momentous events in the Middle East — from the birth of the state of Israel to the invasion of Iraq. Today, MEI is a foremost authority on contemporary Middle East issues. It pro- vides a vital forum for honest and open debate that attracts politicians, scholars, government officials, and policy experts from the US, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. MEI enjoys wide access to political and business leaders in countries throughout the region. Along with information exchanges, facilities for research, objective analysis, and thoughtful commentary, MEI’s programs and publications help counter simplistic notions about the Middle East and America. We are at the forefront of private sector public diplomacy. Viewpoints are another MEI service to audiences interested in learning more about the complexities of issues affecting the Middle East and US rela- tions with the region. To learn more about the Middle East Institute, visit our website at http://www.mideasti.org The maps on pages 96-103 are copyright The Foundation for Middle East Peace. Our thanks to the Foundation for graciously allowing the inclusion of the maps in this publication. Cover photo in the top row, middle is © Tom Spender/IRIN, as is the photo in the bottom row, extreme left.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights Council Fact-Finding in S
    Marauhn: Sailing Close to the Wind: Human Rights Council Fact-Finding in S SAILING CLOSE TO THE WIND: HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL FACT-FINDING IN SITUATIONS OF ARMED CONFLICT-THE CASE OF SYRIA THILO MARAUHN* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. FROM GRAFFITI IN DARA'A TO CIVIL WAR IN SYRIA ............ 402 II. SECURITY COUNCIL INACTION AND HUMAN RIGHTS ...... ..... 408 COUNCIL ACTIVISM ........................................... 408 A. Governments' Responses to the Situation in Syria ............. 409 B. Inaction of the U.N. Security Council .............. 415 C. Actions Taken by the U.N. General Assembly and the U.N. Human Rights Council ................. ....... 421 III. THE RISK OF BEING ALL-INCLUSIVE: BLURRING THE LINES.........426 A. Does the Situation in Syria Amount to a Non-International Armed Conflict? ...................... ..... 426 B. The Application ofHuman Rights Law in a Non-International Armed Conflict........................434 C. Fact-finding in Human Rights Law vs Fact-Finding with Respect to the Law ofArmed Conflict....... ............ 444 D. Does Blurringthe Lines Weaken Compliance with the Applicable Law? ................................448 IV. THE BENEFITS OF SAILING CLOSE TO THE WIND .................. 452 V. IMPROVING COMPLIANCE WITH THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT .............................................. 455 CONCLUSION ....................................... ....... 458 * M.Phil. (Wales), Dr. jur.utr. (Heidelberg), Professor of Public Law, International and European Law, Faculty of Law, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany. The author is grateful to Charles H. B. Garraway, Colonel (ret.), United Kingdom; Nicolas Lang, Ambassador-at-Large for the Application of International Humanitarian Law, Switzerland; and Dr. Ignaz Stegmiller, Justus Liebig University, Germany for comments on earlier drafts. 401 Published by CWSL Scholarly Commons, 2013 1 California Western International Law Journal, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Archives in Medieval Islam by ERNST POSNER
    Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/american-archivist/article-pdf/35/3-4/291/2745727/aarc_35_3-4_x1546224w7621152.pdf by guest on 03 October 2021 Archives in Medieval Islam By ERNST POSNER N A CHAPTER of his Muqaddimah: An Introduction to His- tory, which deals with royalty and government, Ibn-Khaldun I (1332-1406) observes, "Royal authority requires soldiers, money, and the means to communicate with those who are absent. The ruler, therefore, needs persons to help him in the matters concerned with 'the sword,' 'the pen,' and finances; and among them the pen ranks high."1 It may have been thought to rank even higher than the sword and finances, for, according to Muslim tradition, the pen was the first object God created.2 Of its power and creativeness in Islamic culture there can be no doubt, and those who wielded the pen enjoyed great esteem. Poets and literati lent their talents to the business of government and, according to Ibn al-Sayrafl, achieved "with the pen what the sword and the lance over a long period of years had been unable to produce."3 Unfortunately, the use of the pen as an instrument of Muslim policy and the preservation of the products of the pen, namely offi- cial documents, have received too little attention so far. As a re- sult, archives-keeping in the Muslim states during the Middle Ages has not been fully recognized as a continuation of preceding prac- The author, Fellow and past president of the Society, continues with this essay his history of archives administration begun in Archives in the Ancient World [Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press; xviii, 283 p., illus.; bibliography, index; $>io] pub- lished in May 1972.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industries of Africa in 2005
    2005 Minerals Yearbook AFRICA U.S. Department of the Interior August 2007 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUSTRIES OF AFRICA By Thomas R. Yager, Omayra Bermúdez-Lugo, Philip M. Mobbs, Harold R. Newman, and David R. Wilburn The 55 independent nations and other territories of continental • Uganda—Department of Geological Survey and Mines, and Africa and adjacent islands covered in this volume encompass a • Zimbabwe—Chamber of Mines. land area of 30.4 million square kilometers, which is more than For basic economic data—the International Monetary Fund in three times the size of the United States, and were home to 896 the United States. million people in 2005. For many of these countries, mineral For minerals consumption data— exploration and production constitute significant parts of their • British Petroleum plc, economies and remain keys to future economic growth. Africa is • Department of Minerals and Energy of the Republic of richly endowed with mineral reserves and ranks first or second South Africa, in quantity of world reserves of bauxite, cobalt, industrial • MEPS (International) Ltd., and diamond, phosphate rock, platinum-group metals (PGM), • U.S. Department of Energy in the United States. vermiculite, and zirconium. For exploration and other mineral-related information—the The mineral industry was an important source of export Metals Economics Group (MEG) in Canada. earnings for many African nations in 2005. To promote exports, groups of African countries have formed numerous trade blocs, General Economic Conditions which included the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the Economic and Monetary Community of Central In 2005, the real gross domestic product (GDP) of Africa Africa, the Economic Community of Central African States, the grew by 5.4% after increasing by 5.5% in 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Lo Ndo N Soas the Umayyad Caliphate 65-86
    UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SOAS THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE 65-86/684-705 (A POLITICAL STUDY) by f Abd Al-Ameer 1 Abd Dixon Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philoso] August 1969 ProQuest Number: 10731674 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731674 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2. ABSTRACT This thesis is a political study of the Umayyad Caliphate during the reign of f Abd a I -M a lik ibn Marwan, 6 5 -8 6 /6 8 4 -7 0 5 . The first chapter deals with the po litical, social and religious background of ‘ Abd al-M alik, and relates this to his later policy on becoming caliph. Chapter II is devoted to the ‘ Alid opposition of the period, i.e . the revolt of al-Mukhtar ibn Abi ‘ Ubaid al-Thaqafi, and its nature, causes and consequences. The ‘ Asabiyya(tribal feuds), a dominant phenomenon of the Umayyad period, is examined in the third chapter. An attempt is made to throw light on its causes, and on the policies adopted by ‘ Abd al-M alik to contain it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Revenge of Geography Study Guide, 2013
    Scholars Crossing Faculty Publications and Presentations Helms School of Government 12-2013 Robert D. Kaplan: The Revenge of Geography Study Guide, 2013 Steven Alan Samson Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/gov_fac_pubs Part of the Other Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons, Political Science Commons, and the Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons Recommended Citation Samson, Steven Alan, "Robert D. Kaplan: The Revenge of Geography Study Guide, 2013" (2013). Faculty Publications and Presentations. 422. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/gov_fac_pubs/422 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Helms School of Government at Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ROBERT D. KAPLAN: THE REVENGE OF GEOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE, 2013 Steven Alan Samson PREFACE: FRONTIERS Outline A. OBJECTIVE: TO GROUND-TRUTH THE GLOBE IN THE 21C (xiii-xxii) 1. Northern Iraq a. Arabistan vs. Kurdistan b. Peshmergas [Kurdish fighters: “Those who face death”] c. Al-Anfal Campaign [Saddam Hussein was tried on charges relating to the 1986- 1989 campaign but was executed for the Dujail Massacre in the Shiite South] d. Effective Secession of Kurdistan 2. Romania a. Mountains are a conservative force 1) James C. Scott b. Nicolae Ceauşescu c. Carpathians d. Border 1) Hungarian Puszta: part of the Eurasian steppe 2) Goulash communism 3. Turkmenistan a. Krasnovodsk: beginning of Turkestan b. Kara Kum Desert c. Turkmenistan’s hopelessness 4. Afghanistan/Palestinian Border a.
    [Show full text]
  • 18 Medidas.Indd
    Número 17 - 18. Nueva época 1.er y 2.º semestre de 2018 AWRAQRevista de análisis y pensamiento sobre el mundo árabe e islámico contemporáneo AWRAQRevista de análisis y pensamiento sobre el mundo árabe e islámico contemporáneo DIRECCIÓN Pedro Martínez-Avial, director general de Casa Árabe CONSEJO DE REDACCIÓN Karim Hauser Elena González Nuria Medina Olivia Orozco Javier Rosón SECRETARÍA DE AWRAQ [email protected] WEB Y SUSCRIPCIÓN www.awraq.es EDITORES Casa Árabe. c/ Alcalá, 62. 28009 Madrid (España) www.casaarabe.es Nota: Los artículos de la parte central de este número de Awraq son resultado del encuentro multidisciplinar que tuvo lugar en la sede de Casa Árabe en Córdoba del 20 al 22 de septiembre de 2017, en colaboración con la Fundación Ramón Areces y bajo la dirección académica de Mònica Rius Piniés (Universidad de Barcelona) y Cristina de la Puente (CSIC), bajo el título «Ciencia en al- Ándalus». El presente volumen cuenta con la coordinación académica de la profesora de la sección de Estudios Árabes del Departamento de Filología Clásica, Románica y Semítica de la Universidad de Barcelona Mònica Rius-Piniés. Copyright © Casa Árabe © de los textos: sus autores. © de los anuncios: los anunciantes. Todos los derechos reservados. Gráfica: Hurra! Estudio ISSN: 0214-834X Depósito legal: M-40073-1978 Imprenta: Imprenta Tecé Número 17-18. Nueva época 1.er y 2.º semestre de 2018 CARTA DEL DIRECTOR 3 EL TEMA: CIENCIA EN AL-ÁNDALUS Introducción. Mònica Rius 5 La ciencia en al-Ándalus y su papel como puente entre la ciencia árabe y la europea. Julio Samsó 9 Los sabios de origen andalusí y su aportación a la ciencia otomana.
    [Show full text]