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18 Medidas.Indd Número 17 - 18. Nueva época 1.er y 2.º semestre de 2018 AWRAQRevista de análisis y pensamiento sobre el mundo árabe e islámico contemporáneo AWRAQRevista de análisis y pensamiento sobre el mundo árabe e islámico contemporáneo DIRECCIÓN Pedro Martínez-Avial, director general de Casa Árabe CONSEJO DE REDACCIÓN Karim Hauser Elena González Nuria Medina Olivia Orozco Javier Rosón SECRETARÍA DE AWRAQ [email protected] WEB Y SUSCRIPCIÓN www.awraq.es EDITORES Casa Árabe. c/ Alcalá, 62. 28009 Madrid (España) www.casaarabe.es Nota: Los artículos de la parte central de este número de Awraq son resultado del encuentro multidisciplinar que tuvo lugar en la sede de Casa Árabe en Córdoba del 20 al 22 de septiembre de 2017, en colaboración con la Fundación Ramón Areces y bajo la dirección académica de Mònica Rius Piniés (Universidad de Barcelona) y Cristina de la Puente (CSIC), bajo el título «Ciencia en al- Ándalus». El presente volumen cuenta con la coordinación académica de la profesora de la sección de Estudios Árabes del Departamento de Filología Clásica, Románica y Semítica de la Universidad de Barcelona Mònica Rius-Piniés. Copyright © Casa Árabe © de los textos: sus autores. © de los anuncios: los anunciantes. Todos los derechos reservados. Gráfica: Hurra! Estudio ISSN: 0214-834X Depósito legal: M-40073-1978 Imprenta: Imprenta Tecé Número 17-18. Nueva época 1.er y 2.º semestre de 2018 CARTA DEL DIRECTOR 3 EL TEMA: CIENCIA EN AL-ÁNDALUS Introducción. Mònica Rius 5 La ciencia en al-Ándalus y su papel como puente entre la ciencia árabe y la europea. Julio Samsó 9 Los sabios de origen andalusí y su aportación a la ciencia otomana. Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu 23 Apuntes sobre la transmisión andalusí: de astrología arabo-islamicada a la Europa cristianada. Theo Loinaz 57 Las matemáticas en al-Ándalus y su influencia en el Magreb (siglos VIII-XV). Ahmed Djebbar 79 Las tablas astronómicas islámicas en al-Ándalus: el Sindhind Ziy de al-Juarizmi. Benno van Dalen 95 Instrumentos astronómicos andalusíes. Emilia Calvo 117 Perspectivas magrebíes de la astrología andalusí. Montse Díaz-Fajardo 139 Ciencia, religión y cultura en al-Ándalus. Mònica Rius-Piniés 155 Botánica en al-Ándalus: un estudio comparativo de trabajos ilustrados de botánica en el Magreb y Máshreq. Mustafá Yavuz y Özlem Korkmaz 169 La alquibla en la Córdoba medieval y la orientación de la Gran Mezquita. David A. King 187 MISCELÁNEA Una posible transformación del acceso a la maqsura de al-Hakam II en la mezquita de Córdoba durante el gobierno de al-Mansur. Concepción Abad Castro e Ignacio González Cavero 229 LIBROS Luz Gómez (2019). Diccionario de islam e islamismo. Madrid: Trotta, 490 págs. 251 3 CARTA DEL DIRECTOR El presente volumen, «Ciencia en al-Ándalus», culmina uno de los ejercicios de análisis y reflexión sobre diversas cuestiones relacionadas con el mundo árabe lle- vadas a cabo por Casa Árabe con motivo de su décimo aniversario. Esta revista, la número 17-18, viene a completar una serie de tres con «Una década de transfor- maciones en el mundo árabe» (Awraq no 15) y «Los estudios sobre mundo árabe contemporáneo en España: presente y futuro» (Awraq no 16), elaborada con moti- vo de dicha efeméride. Se da cuenta así de diez años de trabajo y de una de las prin- cipales líneas de actividad de Casa Árabe en su sede de Córdoba: la puesta en valor del importantísimo legado histórico arabo-islámico del periodo de al-Ándalus y la promoción del conocimiento en torno al mismo. Del 20 al 22 de septiembre de 2017, en colaboración con la Fundación Ramón Areces y bajo la dirección académica de Mònica Rius-Piniés (Universidad de Barcelona) y Cristina de la Puente (CSIC), Casa Árabe organizó un encuentro de carácter multidisciplinar cuyo objetivo fue poner de manifiesto los muy rele- vantes saberes y conocimientos científicos de los sabios andalusíes y su desarrollo y continuidad hasta nuestros días. Como se podrá ver en las páginas que siguen, al-Ándalus en general, y Córdoba en particular, jugaron un papel muy destacado en la transmisión y en el desarrollo de la ciencia. Durante siglos se llevó a cabo en tierras de al-Ándalus una síntesis de los conocimientos adquiridos por civiliza- ciones anteriores y de patrocinio de la investigación científica. Esta promoción, estrechamente relacionada y/o fomentada por los distintos factores económicos, religiosos y políticos de la época, resultó en un desarrollo científico sin igual en materias como las matemáticas y la astronomía, la astrología y la medida del tiem- po, la medicina y la agronomía, el desarrollo de los instrumentos científicos, así como en los conocimientos en materia de filosofía y religión. Como resultado, distintos libros y manuscritos de la época –como los escritos por Ibn Hayyan, Ibn Sa‘id, Mugrib, Sa‘id de Toledo, Ibn Yulyul, Ibn al- Abbar, Ibn ‘Abd al-Malik al-Marrakusi, Ibn Abi ‘Usaybi‘a, al-Humaydi, Ibn al- Faradi y al-Hasimi– han trascendido hasta nuestros días para documentarnos a más de un centenar de científicos, de los cuales la mitad llegó a trabajar, aunque fuese temporalmente, en Qurtuba. En este sentido, la capitalidad de Córdoba (716) confirió a la ciudad y a la región un papel central no solo en el ámbito político, sino también en la vida científica y cultural andalusí, llegando a convertirse en una de las ciudades más populosas, avanzadas y brillantes de la Edad Media, hasta el punto de competir con Bagdad y Bizancio. Este apogeo civilizatorio es un claro testimonio de la colabora- ción científica entre distintas culturas, así como de la capacidad integradora de los distintos saberes de la época y de su transmisión y desarrollo. AWRAQ n.º17 - 18. 2018 5 INTRODUCCIÓN Mònica Rius-Piniés Este monográfico es especial por diversos motivos. En primer lugar, porque está dedicado a la historia de la ciencia, una disciplina pionera en su interdisciplinariedad. Y aunque, precisamente, este ejercer de rompehielos en un mundo –el académico– con fuertes resistencias al cambio haya sido un valor añadido, la ha situado en algunas ocasiones en un territorio de frontera, liminal, lo que sin duda ha comportado grandes dificultades. En este sentido y desde el punto de vista de las disciplinas científicas, la historia de la ciencia se sitúa demasiado en el campo de las ciencias sociales o las humanidades; desde el punto de vista de las letras, se ocupa en exceso de temas científicos. Una muestra de la desconfianza con la que suele ser tratada es perceptible en la situación actual de esta área de estudios en España, puesto que son pocas las universidades que han apostado por tener departamentos de historia de la ciencia, de modo que la mayor parte de los académicos deben inscribir su docencia y su investigación en otras áreas.1 En este contexto, hay que aplaudir que Casa Árabe no solamente organizara el congreso internacional «Ciencia en al- Ándalus» en su sede de Córdoba entre el 20 y el 22 de septiembre de 2017, sino que se comprometiera con la publicación de los resultados, texto que constituye el contenido principal de este volumen. El agradecimiento hacia esta institución es total, pero quisiera visibilizar también a las personas que en ella trabajan. Cualquier agradecimiento es injusto y la lista aquí debería ser larga y, aun así, acabaría por no mencionar algunos nombres esenciales. Es por ello que me limitaré a citar la relevante participación de Javier Rosón y el equipo de Córdoba, sin cuyo trabajo tanto el seminario como el monográfico no habrían sido posibles. En segundo lugar, estas páginas también son especiales por contar con una selección de autores de relevancia excepcional. Las aportaciones surgen de la pluma de las figuras más consolidadas en el ámbito de los estudios de historia de la ciencia en al-Ándalus aunque, naturalmente, por distintas razones ha sido impo- sible incluir a todas la voces –siempre necesarias– que centran su quehacer inves- tigador en la ciencia andalusí. Varios de los artículos se centran en la transmisión de los saberes, sea hacia o desde al-Ándalus. En este sentido, se cuestiona qué tipo de ciencia se importó y exportó desde al-Ándalus, así como cuál fue su importancia en el contexto social y cultural. También se reflexiona sobre la influencia de esta ciencia en el Magreb y el Máshreq y, finalmente, se incluyen diversos estudios de caso centrados, por ejemplo, en las tablas o los instrumentos astronómicos. En primer lugar, Julio Samsó dibuja un amplio panorama de la historia de la ciencia andalusí, que clasifica en diversas etapas cronológicas con caracterís- ticas diferenciadas. Además, incluye un apartado sobre traducciones y bibliotecas en la que se aporta luz sobre los procesos y mecanismos de transmisión de la ciencia 1 La Agencia Española de Evaluación y Prospectiva (ANEP) la incluye en el ámbito de la historia, al ser consi- derada una de sus especialidades. Véase, por ejemplo, el documento «Criterios de evaluación» incluido en el programa ACADEMIA de evaluación del profesorado, <http://www.aneca.es/Programas-de-evaluacion/ Evaluacion-de-profesorado/ACADEMIA> [consultado el 9 de julio de 2019]. AWRAQ n.º17 - 18. 2018 6 Mònica Rius-Piniés árabe a la Europa latina y en los que se destaca la importancia de las bibliotecas y el mecenazgo. Pocas son las figuras, además de Samsó, capaces de sintetizar el papel de la ciencia andalusí tanto y tan bien. El artículo de Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu es excepcionalmente importante puesto que pone de relieve –por primera vez en español– un material hasta hace poco desconocido –o ignorado–, el de las aportaciones de la ciencia andalusí a la otomana, que incluye también tres ejemplos precursores de época preotomana. Theo Loinaz aporta una visión general sobre la transmisión de la astrolo- gía arabo-islamicada a la Europa cristianada.
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