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A Thesi S Submitted Ta the Facul Ty of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts

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A Thesi S Submitted Ta the Facul Ty of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts FARM LEASES AND AGRICULTURE ON THE ISLAND OF MONTREAL, 1780-1820 A thesi s submitted ta the Facul ty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by ( JENNIFER L. WAYWELL OEPARTMENT OF HISTORY MCGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL SEPTEMBER 1989 o Jenni fer L. Waywell 1989 r ( ABSTRACT Based primarily on notari zed farm l eases, th i s thes i s exami nes approaches to agriculture on the island of Montreal from 1780 to 1820. Thi s source permits us to establ ish the crucial rel ationship between people and farms and to then link them to differences in capital invest­ ment, production and farming techniques. By understanding the common, day-to-day farming operations, we can address ourselves to the larger questions of what contributed to the state of Lower Canadian agricul­ ture, a subject of contentious debate in Quebec historiography. The island of Montreal, already favoured by the geographic cir­ cumstances of c1imate, soi1 and location, was also a crucible for two profound changes which were occurring in Quebec society during this period -- the beginning of a wave of Eng1 ish-speaking immigrants who wou1d permanently alter the ethnie composition of the province's population, and the deve10pment of a significant urban market. In the 564 notarized farm leases passed in this forty-year period, half of the lessors were merchants and professionals, most of whom I~sided in the city and suburbs of Montreal. The farms of the urban bourgeoisie were on average larger and better-stocked than the farms of habitants, art i­ sans and other proprietors. Most attempts at agri cul tura l i nnovat ion and more intensive cultivation occurred on the farms of this élite, not on the 1ands owned by those wi th l ess capital resources : capital, not ethnicity, directed the approach taken to farming. ( i i - RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse examine les differentes types d'exploitation agricoles pratiqués sur l'île de Montréal entre 1780 et 1820, employant surtout les baux à ferme notariés comme source de données. Par l'analyse de cette source, on peut établ ir l'importante relation entre les proprié­ taires et leurs fermes aHn de mieux évaluer les différences qui exis­ tent au niveau des capitaux investis, de la production et des techniques agricoles. La connaissance des activités agricoles quotidiennes, nous permet d'aborder de plus grandes questions, soient celles des facteurs qui ont contribués à l'état de l'agriculture au Bas-Canada, un sujet fort controversé dans l'historiographie du Québec. A cet époque, l'île de Montréal, déjà choyé par sa situation géo­ graphique -- climat, sol t!t emplacement -- était également le lieu prin­ cipal de deux changements majeurs qui ont transformés le Bas-Canada: les débuts d'une vague d'immigrants d'origine britannique, qui modifie la compos i t ion ethni que de sa popul at i on de façon permanente, et 1e déve l oppement d'un important marché urbain. Sur 1es 564 baux à fermes notariés pendant cette péri ode de quarante ans, l a moi t i é des bailleurs étaient des marchands et des professionels, dont la plupart habitaient la ville ou la banlieue de Montréal. En général, les fermes de la bourgeoisie urbaine étaient plus grandes et mieux équipées que les fermes des habitants, des artisans ou des autres propri éta ires. Les tentat ives d' i nnovat ion agri cole et de cul ture pl us intensive avaient surtout 1 ieu sur les fermes de cette él ite, et non pas sur les terres appartenant à ceux qui di sposaient de moi ns de ressources financ ières: le capital, et non l'ethnie, a déterminé le mode d'exploitation agri- cole. i i i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 would 1 ike ta thank both the fonds FCAR and the Max Bell Founda- tion for the funding which 1 received during the preparation of this thesi s. My debts to my advisar, Professor Louise Dechêne, are numerous. When 1 was an undergraduate, she ki ndl ed my i nterest in hi story, and since that time she has stimulated me by her model scholarship. 1 thank her for her support, patience, and historical insight. The encouragement and ass i stance of famil y and fri ends has made this task easier. In particular, 1 wou1d 1ike ta express myapprecia­ .". l t i on to my parents, El i zabeth and Charles Waywe 11; my si sters; and Bettina Bradbury, Margaret Fu1ford, and David Schu1ze. Finally, 1 owe my greatest debt ta Alan. Without his support, encouragement, and enthusiasm for history, 1 probab1y would have re­ treated ta my log cabin long before the completion of this thesis. iv - TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT · · · · · · · · · · · · . i RÉSUMÉ. · · · · · · · · · · · · · i i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS · · · · • i i i TABLE OF CONTENTS. · · · · · · · · • iv LIST OF TABLES · . · · · · · · · · · vi FIGURES. · · · · · · · · • vii CURRENCV AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT. • vii i ABBREVIAT IONS. · i x INTRODUCTION. • · . .1 C: lAPTER 1: LESSORS AND TENANTS. · . .9 1. 1 The Lessors. • • • • . • • 12 Occupational Profile. • 15 Residence. • • • . • • • • • • 21 Place of Origin and Ethnicity • 22 Motivations ••..••••• • 30 1.2 The Tenants. • • • • . • . • • • • 38 Occupational Profile •••••••••.•• • 41 Ethnicity, Place of Origin and Residence •• • 42 Motivat ions • • . • • • • • • . • . • • 47 CHAPTER 2: THE LEASE: FORM AND BASIC TERMS OF THE AGREEMENT · · 51 2.1 The Lease: Form and Content. · · · · . · 52 2.2 The Length of the Lease. · . · · · · · · · · · 58 2.3 Rent: Form and Method of Payment · · · · · · · 63 2.4 Securi ty • · . · · · · · · . · · · · · · · · · 72 CHAPTER 3: THE FARMS: IMMOVEABLE PROPERTY -- LAND AND BUILDINGS . · 75 3.1 The Land • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 77 Locat ion. · · · · · · · · · · 79 Area. · · · · · · · · 81 land Use. · · · · · · · . · 86 Fences and Ditches. · 89 3.2 Buildings. · · · · · · · · · · · · · 95 CHAPTER 4: THE FARMS: MOVEABlE PROPERTV -- FARM IMPLEMENTS AND LIVESTOCK. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 99 4.1 Farm Impl ements. · · · · · · · · .100 .... Ploughs and Harrows · · · · · .102 ...... Hand Too1s. · · · · · · · · · · · .109 v ( Spec i al i zed Imp 1ements. • • . • • • • • . • • • • .111 Carts and Other Means of Transport. • • • • • • • .113 4.2 l ivestock •.••..••••••.••.••.••••• 114 Draught Animals: Oxen and Horses ••.••.•••• 120 Other Livestock: Cows, Sheep, Pigs and Poultry ••. 121 CHAPTfR 5: PRODUCTION AND TECHNIQUES. · · .129 5.1 Field Crops. · · · · · · · · · .133 Product ion. · · · · · · · · .133 Crop Yields · · · · · · · · .145 Methods of Cultivation. · .149 5.2 Animal Husbandry · · · · · · · · · · · · · .156 Producti on. · .156 Care of Animals · · · · · . · .158 5.3 Orchards and Gardens · · · · · · · · · · · .160 Producti on. · · · · · · · · · .160 Methods . · · · · · · · · · · · · · .161 CONCLUS ION . • · .165 BIBLIOGRAPHY • · .170 vi ... ,. LIST OF TABLES 1.1 Settlement on the Island of Montreal, 1781 and 1825 ..... 10 1.2 Frequency of Appearance of Lessors in Notarized Farm Leases on the Island of Montreal, 1780-1820 .. 14 1.3 Occupational Classification of Lessors in Notarized Farm Leases on the Island of Montreal, 1780-1820. 16 1.4 Occupational Classification of Lessors for Notarized Farm Leases on the Isla~d of Montreal, by Decade, 1780-1820 . .. .... .. 19 1.5 Oeclared Residence of Lessors in Notarized Farm Leases on the Island of Montreal, 1780-1820 . 22 1.6 Ethnieity of Lessors and Tenants in Notarized Farm Leases on the Island of Montreal, 1780-1820 " 25 1.7 Ethnie Composition of the Population on the Island of Mûntreal, 1825 . .. ..... .. 27 1.8 Occupations of Canadien and Non-Canadien lessors for Notarized Farm Leases on the Island of Montreal, 1780-1820 . .. .. ... .... 29 1.9 Reserves Placed on Property as Specified by Lessors in Notarized Farm leases on the Island of Montreal, 1780-1820 . .. ..... .. .. 37 1.10 Frequency of Appearance of Tenants in Notarized Farm leases in the Island of Montreal, 1780-1820. 40 1.11 Occupational Classification of Tenants for Notarized Farm Leases on the Island of Montreal, 1780-1820. 41 1.12 Occupations of Canadien and Non-Canadien Tenants for Notarized Farm Leases on the Island of Montreal, 1780-1820 . .. ..... .... 44 1.13 Oeclared Residence and Proximity to Leased Land of Canadien and Non-Canadien Tenants in Notarized Farm Leases on the Island of Montreal, 1780-1820. ... 46 2.1 Length of Notarized Farm Leases on the Is1 and of Montreal, 1780-1820 . .. .. .. .. 60 vii ( 2.2 Form of Rent Payable in Notarized Farm Leases on t!1e Is1 and of Montreal, 1780-1820 . .. 65 2.3 Methods of Rent Payment for Notariled Farm Leases on the Island of Montreal, 1780-1820 ............. 69 3.1 Location of Leased lands In Notarized Farm leases on the Island of Montreal, 1780-1820 ............. 80 3.2 Area of Land leased in Notari zed Farm Leases on the Is1 and of Montreal, 1780-1820 .•............ 82 4.1 Distribution of Ploughs anl Harrows by Decade in Notarized Farm Leases for the Island of Montreal, 1780-1820 .............•.........•.. 106 4.2 Distribution of Ploughs ûnd Harrows by Occupational Classification of Lessors in Notarized Farm leases for the Island of Montreal, 1780-1820 ............106 4.3 Distribution of Ploughs and Harrows by Ethnicity of Lessors and Tenants in Notarized Farm Leases for the 1s land of Montreal, 1780-1820 . • . .107 4.4 Distribution of livestock by Decade in Not3rized ( Farm Leases for the Island of Montreal, 1780-1820 . .116 4.5 Distribution of livestock by Occupational Classification of Lessors in Notarized Farm leases for the 1s l and of Montreal, 1780-1820 . • .117 4.6 Distribution of livestock by Ethnicity of Lessors and Tenants in Notari zed Farm Leases for the Island of Montreal, 1780-1820 ...•............118 FIGURES 3.1 Map of the Island of Montreal, 1834 ............. 78 ( viii CURRENCY AND UN ITS OF MEASUREMENT Between 1780 and 1820, severa 1 currenc:.: i es were used concurrent l yin Quebec. For the purposes of thi s thesi s, monetary values are expressed in livres ancien: cours or, more simply, livres (1 livre., 20 sols, 1 sol = 12 deniers), and r Halifax (Cl ". 20 shillings, 1 shill ing :z 12 pence).
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