DOCSLIB.ORG

Literature and Politics in the Age of Nationalism: the Progressive

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Literature and Politics in the Age of Nationalism: the Progressive Literature and Politics in the Age of Nationalism: The Progressive Writers’ Movement in South Asia, 1932-1956. Talat Ahmed Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Oriental and African Studies University of London July 2006 ProQuest Number: 11010508 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010508 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract ABSTRACT This thesis provides an account of the development of the Progressive Writers’ Association (PWA) in South Asia. This body set itself the ambitious goal of mobilising South Asian writers and advancing the movement for independence by infusing it with social content. As such it was inspired by movements in Europe but was also inextricably linked to social and literary traditions that had already been developing in India. In this sense the PWA was embarking on a project for cultural hegemony that was as much a political and social movement as a literary one. Consequently, the movement was not solely concerned with questions of literature in a narrow sense but also with the public and political role of writers in society, with which language the nationalist movement should foster and the popularisation of its cultural and political aims through theatre and film. Previous studies of the movement have treated it far too narrowly as a simple front for communist aims. This was an important dimension of the movement that I account for but I see it as an attempt by some of the foremost intellectuals in the India of my period to shape the freedom movement and to project its vision for a wider society post-independence. This thesis argues that the PWA embarked upon a project for cultural and political hegemony whose aim was to transform the literary and wider cultural landscape of South Asia. It aims to demonstrate that the trajectory of this literary project can only be understood as part of a wider process of the global politics that were impacting on the intelligentsia. This thesis is an effort to understand the specific motivations and factors that influenced writers in one of the most turbulent periods of South Asian history. In investigating the interplay between literature and politics there is an assessment of the success and limitations of a cultural movement that aspired to hegemony. A cknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For a project that has taken less than four years the debt I have accumulated is quite astonishing. The first and most obvious is to my supervisor, Avril Powell who has combined the most judicious level of support and patience with constructive feedback and critical comments. This has proved invaluable in enabling me to focus my thoughts and construct my arguments. I am grateful to Daud Ali for his consistent support and in particular his suggestion for a title. Ralph Russell has proved to be a mentor and friend. His willingness to read and correct draft chapters has provided coherency to my own thoughts on this topic. I am grateful to his generosity in sharing sources and recollections of the period and I have benefited enormously from our frank but fraternal discussions. I am grateful to the Central Research Fund, the Society for South Asian Studies and the SO AS scholarship committee for providing funding for my fieldwork in India and Pakistan. I thank the staff at the India Office Library, SOAS library, the National Archives of India, Nehru Memorial Museum Library, the Pakistan Studies Centre, National Film Archives of India and Ajay Bhavan for their patience and willingness to help locate obscure sources. I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to many individuals in India and Pakistan, (far too numerous to list) for their time, guidance, hospitality and friendship. Without them this thesis would not have been possible. Finally to Chris, I am as ever grateful for his super-human patience, advice, understanding, and affection throughout. 3 Table o f Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS T IT L E P A G E .....................................................................................................................................................................1 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................................................2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................... 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................................................................................4 ABBREVIATIONS ..........................................................................................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................................6 W hat is progressive ? ............................................................................................................................................9 M iddle class intellectuals playing at politics? .................................................................................12 L iterature vs visual a r t s ................................................................................................................................ 16 H istoricising the P W A ....................................................................................................................................... 18 A NOTE ON CHAPTERS..............................................................................................................................................25 So u rces ......................................................................................................................................................................29 CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE AND POLITICS ................................................................................................ 33 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................33 T he Intellectual and So c iety ....................................................................................................................... 36 Intellectuals w ithin the PW A ...................................................................................................................... 44 T he European In flu en c e ................................................................................................................................... 60 Co n c l u sio n ..............................................................................................................................................................74 CHAPTER 2 THE PWA IN INDIA ....................................................................................................................... 76 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 76 B irth of the P W A ..................................................................................................................................................77 Organisational structures of the M o v e m e n t ....................................................................................101 Co n c l u sio n ............................................................................................................................................................112 CHAPTER 3 THE POLITICS OF INDEPENDENCE ................................................................................ 114 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 114 W riters and the Freedom Str u g g le ..........................................................................................................116 N ationalism T urns Ra d ic a l .........................................................................................................................124 U nity fractured in the freedom stru g g le ............................................................................................ 139 N ationalism and the W a r ..............................................................................................................................145 Co n c l u sio n ............................................................................................................................................................156 CHAPTER 4 THE PWA DURING THE WAR .............................................................................................. 159 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Complete List of Books in Library Acc No Author Title of Book Subject Publisher Year R.No
    Complete List of Books in Library Acc No Author Title of book Subject Publisher Year R.No. 1 Satkari Mookerjee The Jaina Philosophy of PHIL Bharat Jaina Parisat 8/A1 Non-Absolutism 3 Swami Nikilananda Ramakrishna PER/BIO Rider & Co. 17/B2 4 Selwyn Gurney Champion Readings From World ECO `Watts & Co., London 14/B2 & Dorothy Short Religion 6 Bhupendra Datta Swami Vivekananda PER/BIO Nababharat Pub., 17/A3 Calcutta 7 H.D. Lewis The Principal Upanisads PHIL George Allen & Unwin 8/A1 14 Jawaherlal Nehru Buddhist Texts PHIL Bruno Cassirer 8/A1 15 Bhagwat Saran Women In Rgveda PHIL Nada Kishore & Bros., 8/A1 Benares. 15 Bhagwat Saran Upadhya Women in Rgveda LIT 9/B1 16 A.P. Karmarkar The Religions of India PHIL Mira Publishing Lonavla 8/A1 House 17 Shri Krishna Menon Atma-Darshan PHIL Sri Vidya Samiti 8/A1 Atmananda 20 Henri de Lubac S.J. Aspects of Budhism PHIL sheed & ward 8/A1 21 J.M. Sanyal The Shrimad Bhagabatam PHIL Dhirendra Nath Bose 8/A2 22 J.M. Sanyal The Shrimad PHIL Oriental Pub. 8/A2 Bhagabatam VolI 23 J.M. Sanyal The Shrimad PHIL Oriental Pub. 8/A2 Bhagabatam Vo.l III 24 J.M. Sanyal The Shrimad Bhagabatam PHIL Oriental Pub. 8/A2 25 J.M. Sanyal The Shrimad PHIL Oriental Pub. 8/A2 Bhagabatam Vol.V 26 Mahadev Desai The Gospel of Selfless G/REL Navijvan Press 14/B2 Action 28 Shankar Shankar's Children Art FIC/NOV Yamuna Shankar 2/A2 Number Volume 28 29 Nil The Adyar Library Bulletin LIT The Adyar Library and 9/B2 Research Centre 30 Fraser & Edwards Life And Teaching of PER/BIO Christian Literature 17/A3 Tukaram Society for India 40 Monier Williams Hinduism PHIL Susil Gupta (India) Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Ideas of Freedom in the Indian Postcolonial Context
    IDEALISM, ENCHANTMENT AND DISENCHANTMENT: CHANGING IDEAS OF FREEDOM IN THE INDIAN POSTCOLONIAL CONTEXT Yamini Worldwide, Colonial and Postcolonial Literature has represented processes of nation-formation and concepts of nationalism through experiments with forms of representation. Such experiments were quite predominant in the novel form, with its ability to incorporate vast spatial and temporal realities. Homi Bhabha’s Nation and Narration (2008) is a seminal volume discussing the innovations in the Twentieth Century Novel through a Postcolonial perspective and understanding these changes through the idea of National Literatures. The Cambridge Companion to Postcolonial Literary Studies (Neil Lazarus) and The Post-Colonial Studies Reader (Bill Ashcroft et al) present extensive discussions on the relationship between the politics of nation-formation and forms of fiction. In this article I offer a brief introduction to the evolution of the Hindi novel (1940s-1980s) with reference to the freedom movement and nationalist struggle in India. Benedict Anderson’s formulation regarding the significance of the genre of the novel in the process of nation-formation and Timothy Brennan’s concept of ‘The National Longing for Form’ published in Nation and Narration also establishes the novel as a genre representing, as well as creating, the Nation. Brennan writes It was the novel that historically accompanied the rise of the nations by objectifying the ‘one, yet many’ of the national life, and by mimicking the structure of the nation, a clearly bordered jumble of languages and styles… Its manner of presentation allowed people to imagine the special community that was the nation (Brennan, 2008: 49). Postcolonial theories have focussed on the relationship between realism and nationalism within the genre of the novel.
    [Show full text]
  • Falscher Tauroggen- Mythos an Moskaus Strippen
    Heute auf Seite 3: Bundeswehr ohne Geschichte? ®$w £ffptroHmWatt UNABHÄNGIGE WOCHENZEITUNG FÜR DEUTSCHLAND Jahrgang 39 — Folge 29 Erscheint wöchentlich Landsmannschaft Ostpreußen e. V. Postvertrlebsstück.Gebühr bezahlt 16. Juli 1988 Parkallee 84/86. 2000 Hamburg 13 C5524C Widerstand?: Falscher Tauroggen- Mythos An Moskaus Strippen Am 12. Juli 1943 hatten sich etwa 300 bis 400 Männer — mit und ohne Uniform der deut• schen Wehrmacht — in dem mit schwarz• weiß-roten Fahnen drapierten Saal des Orts- Sowjets von Krasnogorsk versammelt. Unter seinem Präsidenten, dem kommunistischen Schriftsteller Erich Weinert, verabschiedete das „Nationalkomitee Freies Deutschland" einstimmig einen „Aufruf an die Wehrmacht und an das deutsche Volk", in dem zum Wider• stand gegen Hitler aufgerufen wurde. Während Jesco von Putkamer, aktives Mit• glied des Nationalkomitees, diese Veranstal-' Von den Sowjets vereinnahmt: Generalleutnant Walter von Seydlitz-Kurzbach, der kommunistische Schriftsteller Erich Weinert und Oberst tung als .eine Mischform von patriotischer Luitpold Steidel, einige der Initiatoren an der Strippe Moskaus Foto Ullstein Bürgerversammlung und marxistischer Par• teidebatte" bezeichnete, sah Graf von Einsie• del Sinn und Ziel in der Anstrebung einer poli• tischen Zusammenarbeit zwischen Rußland die er über der deutschen Front habe abwerfen und Deutschland, wobei er allerdings vergaß, lassen, seien nichts anderes als Mord an Deut• daß man nicht mehr in den Zeiten Bismarcks, schen gewesen". „Die Minister sollten Mäuse fangen" sondern in denen
    [Show full text]
  • Of Contemporary India
    OF CONTEMPORARY INDIA Catalogue Of The Papers of Prabhakar Machwe Plot # 2, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, P.O. Rai, Sonepat – 131029, Haryana (India) Dr. Prabhakar Machwe (1917-1991) Prolific writer, linguist and an authority on Indian literature, Dr. Prabhakar Machwe was born on 26 December 1917 at Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India. He graduated from Vikram University, Ujjain and obtained Masters in Philosophy, 1937, and English Literature, 1945, Agra University; Sahitya Ratna and Ph.D, Agra University, 1957. Dr. Machwe started his career as a lecturer in Madhav College, Ujjain, 1938-48. He worked as Literary Producer, All India Radio, Nagpur, Allahabad and New Delhi, 1948-54. He was closely associated with Sahitya Akademi from its inception in 1954 and served as Assistant Secretary, 1954-70, and Secretary, 1970-75. Dr. Machwe was Visiting Professor in Indian Studies Departments at the University of Wisconsin and the University of California on a Fulbright and Rockefeller grant (1959-1961); and later Officer on Special Duty (Language) in Union Public Service Commission, 1964-66. After retiring from Sahitya Akademi in 1975, Dr. Machwe was a visiting fellow at the Institute of Advanced Studies, Simla, 1976-77, and Director of Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad, Calcutta, 1979-85. He spent the last years of his life in Indore as Chief Editor of a Hindi daily, Choutha Sansar, 1988-91. Dr. Prabhakar Machwe travelled widely for lecture tours to Germany, Russia, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Japan and Thailand. He organised national and international seminars on the occasion of the birth centenaries of Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, and Sri Aurobindo between 1961 and 1972.
    [Show full text]
  • Modernism and the Progressive Movement in Urdu Literature
    American International Journal of Contemporary Research Vol. 2 No. 3; March 2012 Modernism and the Progressive Movement in Urdu Literature Sobia Kiran Asst. Professor English Department LCWU, Lahore, Pakistan Abstract The paper aims at exploring salient features of Progressive Movement in Urdu literature and taking into account points of comparison with Modernism in Europe. The paper explores evolution of Progressive Movement over the years and traces influence of European Modernism on it. Thesis statement: The Progressive Movement in Urdu literature was tremendously influenced by European Modernism. 1. Modernism The term Modernism is used to distinguish the literature that developed out of the First World War. Modernism deliberately broke with Western traditions of certainty. It came into being as they were collapsing. It challenged all the old modes. Important precursors of Modernism were Nietzsche, Freud and Marx who in different degrees rejected certainties in religion, philosophy, psychology and politics. They came to distrust the stability and order offered in earlier literary works. It broke with literary conventions. Like any new movement it rebelled against the old. It was nihilistic and tended to believe in its own self sufficiency. “Readers were now asked to look into themselves, to establish their real connections with the world and to ignore the rules of religion and society. Modernism wants therefore to break the old connections, because it believes that these are artificial and exploitative…” (Smith, P.xxi) The people are provoked to think and decide for themselves. They are expected to reconstruct their moralities. The concern for social welfare continued. “Every period has its dominant religion and hope…and “socialism” in a vague and undefined sense was the hope of the early twentieth century.”(Smith xiii) Marxism suffered an eclipse after the Second World War.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Urdu Literature, 1850-1975 by Shamsur Rahman Faruqi
    Conflict, Transition, and Hesitant Resolution: A Survey Of Urdu Literature, 1850-1975 by Shamsur Rahman Faruqi [Note: the definitive version of this article was published in K. M. George, ed., Modern Indian Literature--An Anthology; Volume One: Surveys and Poems (New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 1992), pp. 420-442.] For much of North India, the world changed twice in 1857. It first changed in May, when columns of Company soldiers marched into Delhi and proclaimed the end of Company Bahadur's rule. The world changed again in September, by which time it was clear that the brief Indian summer of Indian rule was decisively over. If the first change was violent and disorderly, it was also fired by a desperate hope, and a burning anger. Anger had generated hope--hope that the supercilious and brutal foreigner, who understood so little of Indian values and Indian culture, could still be driven out, that he was not a supernatural force, or an irrevocable curse on the land of Hindustan. The events of 1857-1858 drove the anger underground, and destroyed the hope. The defeat, dispersal, and death of the rebels signalled the end of an age, and the ushering in of a new order. It was an order which was essentially established by force, but which sought to legitimate itself on the grounds of moral superiority. It claimed that its physical supremacy resulted from its superior intellectual apparatus and ethical code, rather than merely from an advantage in numbers or resources. It was thus quite natural for the English to try to change Indian society from both the inside and outside.
    [Show full text]
  • Stream of Consciousness in Buddhadeva Bose's Rat Bhore
    Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: A Arts & Humanities - Psychology Volume 19 Issue 1 Version 1.0 Year 2019 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X Stream of Consciousness in Buddhadeva Bose’s Rat Bhore Brishti: Influences of Virginia Woolf and James Joyce By Tusar Talukder Central Women’s University Abstract- Stream of Consciousness is a narrative mode which brings forward numerous thoughts and feelings of a character without maintaining a coherent structure. The term, ‘Stream of consciousness’ is first found in the book, The Principles of Psychology (1890), penned by philosopher and psychologist William James. However, May Sinclair, in a literary article, published in The Egoist on April 1918, first applied the term stream of consciousness while discussing the novels of Dorothy Richardson. Since then many authors have used this literary device to discover the inner thoughts of the human mind. Amid them, Dorothy Richardson, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf have used it more prominently than others. In Bengali literature, Buddhadeva Bose, according to many critics, for the first time, adeptly manipulated stream of consciousness technique in Rat Bhore Brishti. The way Bose applied it to his novel is very similar to the way James Joyce and Virginia Woolf did so in their novels. The article examines how Buddhadeva Bose, directly being influenced by Virginia Woolf and James Joyce, wrote his stream of consciousness novel, Rat Bhore Brishti. It will encapsulate that though Bose followed Woolf and Joyce in using the technique in the novel, he brought some remarkable changes in applying so.
    [Show full text]
  • The East German Writers Union and the Role of Literary Intellectuals In
    Writing in Red: The East German Writers Union and the Role of Literary Intellectuals in the German Democratic Republic, 1971-90 Thomas William Goldstein A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2010 Approved by: Konrad H. Jarausch Christopher Browning Chad Bryant Karen Hagemann Lloyd Kramer ©2010 Thomas William Goldstein ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii Abstract Thomas William Goldstein Writing in Red The East German Writers Union and the Role of Literary Intellectuals in the German Democratic Republic, 1971-90 (Under the direction of Konrad H. Jarausch) Since its creation in 1950 as a subsidiary of the Cultural League, the East German Writers Union embodied a fundamental tension, one that was never resolved during the course of its forty-year existence. The union served two masters – the state and its members – and as such, often found it difficult fulfilling the expectations of both. In this way, the union was an expression of a basic contradiction in the relationship between writers and the state: the ruling Socialist Unity Party (SED) demanded ideological compliance, yet these writers also claimed to be critical, engaged intellectuals. This dissertation examines how literary intellectuals and SED cultural officials contested and debated the differing and sometimes contradictory functions of the Writers Union and how each utilized it to shape relationships and identities within the literary community and beyond it. The union was a crucial site for constructing a group image for writers, both in terms of external characteristics (values and goals for participation in wider society) and internal characteristics (norms and acceptable behavioral patterns guiding interactions with other union members).
    [Show full text]
  • A Hermeneutic Study of Bengali Modernism
    Modern Intellectual History http://journals.cambridge.org/MIH Additional services for Modern Intellectual History: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here FROM IMPERIAL TO INTERNATIONAL HORIZONS: A HERMENEUTIC STUDY OF BENGALI MODERNISM KRIS MANJAPRA Modern Intellectual History / Volume 8 / Issue 02 / August 2011, pp 327 ­ 359 DOI: 10.1017/S1479244311000217, Published online: 28 July 2011 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1479244311000217 How to cite this article: KRIS MANJAPRA (2011). FROM IMPERIAL TO INTERNATIONAL HORIZONS: A HERMENEUTIC STUDY OF BENGALI MODERNISM. Modern Intellectual History, 8, pp 327­359 doi:10.1017/S1479244311000217 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/MIH, IP address: 130.64.2.235 on 25 Oct 2012 Modern Intellectual History, 8, 2 (2011), pp. 327–359 C Cambridge University Press 2011 doi:10.1017/S1479244311000217 from imperial to international horizons: a hermeneutic study of bengali modernism∗ kris manjapra Department of History, Tufts University Email: [email protected] This essay provides a close study of the international horizons of Kallol, a Bengali literary journal, published in post-World War I Calcutta. It uncovers a historical pattern of Bengali intellectual life that marked the period from the 1870stothe1920s, whereby an imperial imagination was transformed into an international one, as a generation of intellectuals born between 1885 and 1905 reinvented the political category of “youth”. Hermeneutics, as a philosophically informed study of how meaning is created through conversation, and grounded in this essay in the thought of Hans Georg Gadamer, helps to reveal this pattern.
    [Show full text]
  • India Progressive Writers Association; *7:Arxicm
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 124 936 CS 202 742 ccpp-.1a, CsIrlo. Ed. Marxist Influences and South Asaan li-oerazure.South ;:sia Series OcasioLal raper No. 23,Vol. I. Michijar East Lansing. As:,an Studies Center. PUB rAIE -74 NCIE 414. 7ESF ME-$C.8' HC-$11.37 Pius ?cstage. 22SCrIP:0:", *Asian Stud,es; 3engali; *Conference reports; ,,Fiction; Hindi; *Literary Analysis;Literary Genres; = L_tera-y Tnfluences;*Literature; Poetry; Feal,_sm; *Socialism; Urlu All India Progressive Writers Association; *7:arxicm 'ALZT:AL: Ti.'__ locument prasen-ls papers sealing *viithvarious aspects of !',arxi=it 2--= racyinfluence, and more specifically socialisr al sr, ir inlia, Pakistan, "nd Bangladesh.'Included are articles that deal with _Aich subjects a:.the All-India Progressive Associa-lion, creative writers in Urdu,Bengali poets today Inclian poetry iT and socialist realism, socialist real.Lsm anu the Inlion nov-,-1 in English, the novelistMulk raj Anand, the poet Jhaverchan'l Meyhani, aspects of the socialistrealist verse of Sandaram and mash:: }tar Yoshi, *socialistrealism and Hindi novels, socialist realism i: modern pos=y, Mohan Bakesh andsocialist realism, lashpol from tealist to hcmanisc. (72) y..1,**,,A4-1.--*****=*,,,,k**-.4-**--4.*x..******************.=%.****** acg.u.re:1 by 7..-IC include many informalunpublished :Dt ,Ivillable from othr source r.LrIC make::3-4(.--._y effort 'c obtain 1,( ,t c-;;,y ava:lable.fev,?r-rfeless, items of marginal * are oft =.ncolntered and this affects the quality * * -n- a%I rt-irodu::tior:; i:";IC makes availahl 1: not quali-y o: th< original document.reproductiour, ba, made from the original.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cambridge History Of
    © 2008 AGI-Information Management Consultants May be used for personal purporses only or by THE CAMBRIDGE libraries associated to dandelon.com network. HISTORY OF ISLAM Volume 2 THE FURTHER ISLAMIC LANDS, ISLAMIC SOCIETY AND CIVILIZATION edited by P. M. HOLT Professor of Arab History in the University of London ANN K. S. LAApTON Professor of Persian in the University of London BERNARD LEWIS Professor of the History of the Near and Middle East in the University of London CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1970 CONTENTS List of Plates page xi List of Maps xv Preface xvii Introduction xix PART V. THE INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT I 1 MUSLIM INDIA BEFORE THE MUGHALS 3 by i. H. QURESHI, University of Karachi 2 INDIA UNDER THE MUGHALS 35 byi. H. QURESHI APPENDIX. THE SULTANATES OF THE DECCAN, SIXTEENTH 63 TO EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES by J. BURTON-PAGE, University of London 3 THE BREAKDOWN OF TRADITIONAL SOCIETY 67 by s. A. A. RIZVI, The Australian National University, Canberra 4 INDIA AND PAKISTAN 97 by AZIZ AHMAD, University of Toronto \ PART VI. SOUTH-EAST ASIA 121 1 SOUTH-EAST ASIAN ISLAM TO THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY I23 by H. j. DE GRAAP, de Steeg 2 SOUTH-EAST ASIAN ISLAM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY I55 by WILLIAM R. ROFF, Columbia University, New York 3 SOUTH-EAST ASIAN ISLAM IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 182 by HARRY j. BENDA, Yale University •" , PART VII. AFRICA AND THE MUSLIM WEST 209 1 NORTH AFRICA TO THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 211 by ROGER LE TOURNEAU, University of Aix-en-Proveme 2 NORTH AFRICA IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVEN- TEENTH CENTURIES 238 by R.
    [Show full text]
  • The Women of the PWA: the Politics and Writings of Rashid Jahan and Qurratulain Hyder
    W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 5-2018 The Women of the PWA: The Politics and Writings of Rashid Jahan and Qurratulain Hyder Mehr Ali College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the Asian History Commons, Cultural History Commons, Intellectual History Commons, South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies Commons, Women's History Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Ali, Mehr, "The Women of the PWA: The Politics and Writings of Rashid Jahan and Qurratulain Hyder" (2018). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 1234. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/1234 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Table of Contents Introduction: Review of Scholarship 1 Chapter 1: The Progressive Writers’ Movement 10 Chapter 2: Rashid Jahan 25 Chapter 3: Qurratulain Hyder 41 Conclusion 54 Bibliography 57 ii Introduction: Review of Scholarship The publication of Angarey in 1932 sent ripples through the Urdu literary scene as well as Indian society at large. 1 This collection of 9 short stories and a play by a group of young progressive writers, which consisted of Sajjad Zahir, Mahmudduzafar, Rashid Jahan, and Ahmed Ali, offered a scathing critique of conservative Indian society, social ills such as poverty and misogyny, as well as conservative religiosity that restricted critical and freethinking.
    [Show full text]