Garibaldi and the Making of Italy, (June-November
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'W Of %i HH CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1 89 1 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE ''"'""' DG 552.8.G2T8l"'lTi':r 3 1924 028 276 685 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028276685 GARIBALDI AND THE MAKING OF ITALY — WORKS BY GEORGE MACAULAY TREVELYAN. GARIBALDI'S DEFENCE OF THE ROMAlV RE- PUBLIC, 1848-9. With 7 Maps and numerous Illustrations. 8vo, 6s. 6d. net. GARIBALDI AND THE THOUSAND, May, 1859. With 5 Maps and numerous Illustrations. 8vo, 7i. 6d. net. GARIBALDI AND THE MAKING OF ITALY, June-November, i860. With 4 Maps and numer- ous Illustrations. ENGLISH SONGS OF ITALIAN FREEDOM. Chosen and arranged,' with an Introduction, by G. M. Trevelvan. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. net. ENGLAND IN THE AGE OF WYCLIFFE. 8vo, 6s. net. CLIO, A MUSE AND OTHER ESSAYS, LITER- ARY AND PEDESTRIAN. With Map. 8vo, 4s. 6d. net. Contents: Clio, a Muse — Walking — George Meredith Poetry and Rebellion—Poor Muggleton and the Classics—John Woolman the Quaker—The Middle Marches— It Napoleon had won the Battle of Waterloo. THE PEASANTS' RISING AND THE LOLLARDS ; A Collection of Unpublished Documents, forming an Appendix to ' England in the Age ol Wycliffe '. Edited by Edgar Powell and G. M. Trevelyan. 8vo, 6s. net. LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., London, New York, Bombay and Calcutta. ll-^X^ "J.IREK'IV IICKS NOT KAH. THOSE WHO ARE DKTEKMINEl) TO HAVE IT.' GARIBALDI AND THE MAKING OF ITALY JUNE—NOVEMBER, i860 GEORGE MACAU LAY T;^EVELYAN LATE FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE AUTHOR OF 'ENGLAND IN THE AGE OF WYCLIFFE,' 'ENGLAND UNDER THE STUARTS ' 'THE POETRY AND PHILOSOPHY OF GEORGE MEREDITH,' ETC., ETC WITH FOUR MAPS AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS FIFTH IMPRESSION LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON NEW YORK, BOMBAY AND CALCUTTA 1914 All rights reserved ^HS" TO C. p. T. AND M. K. T. — PREFACE A PREVIOUS volume entitled 'Garibaldi and the Thou- sand ' described the landing at Marsala and the capture of Palermo by that handful of men in May, i860. The present volume traces the course of larger military, diplomatic, and political events by which the original achievement of the Thousand led in six months to the formation of the Italian Kingdom. I have once more endeavoured, in footnotes and ap- pendices connected with a full bibliography, to indicate to the curious my authority for any statement made in the text. But in this as in previous volumes, considerations of time and space have made it impossible to explain the nature, limit, and degree of the value to be attached in each case to each of the authorities cited in a given note. And if any student ever has enough enthusiasm to visit various public and private libraries, and so verify all the references which I have given for any one important event e.g. the Battle of Milazzo, or Garibaldi's entry into Naples—he will find that the authorities which I have cited contradict each other on minor points. Volumes would be required to explain in every case why I have preferred one authority on one small point, and another on another. In a few important cases I have given my reasons for preferring one authority to another vui PREFACE {e.g. Appendix G), but more often I have merely given a list of the authorities the collation of which has led me to the conclusions recorded in the text. As regards the estimates of the number of troops en- gaged or losses suffered in a campaign or battle, they are based on reports or calculations made by officers in com- mand of the troops enumerated, never on the impressions of the opposite side which are always worthless as evi- dence—except, indeed, in the case of the capture of pri- soners, for it is possible to count the enemy's forces when you have captured them, though not before. I have used the Neapolitan military sources, particu- larly the documents printed in Franci for the Volturno campaign, more than has hitherto been customary with historians. In the light of the reports by Von Mechel, Ruiz, and the Swiss officers, material modification is necessary in the accounts usually given of the operations round Maddaloni and Castel Morrone on October i. Otherwise the commonly received story of the campaign of i860 appears to me to stand the test of careful scrutiny. It has been a particular pleasure to me to unfold for the first time the most intimate workings of British diplomacy at the decisive crisis of the Italian question. I have been able to do this, partly owing to the kindness of the Foreign Office in opening to me the papers in the Record Office, and the Consular papers in Italy, and still more owing to the kindness of Lady Agatha and Mr. RoUo Russell in placing the private papers of their father Lord John at my disposal. The letters from which selections are printed in Appendix A show us ' the very pulse of the machine,' which is not always visible in the official dispatches. And it is particularly gratify- ing to have been able to establish beyond all question at PREFACE IX the mouth of two or three witnesses, the most sen- sational details of the story, told hitherto on Lacaita's authority alone, of his strange commission from Cavour to speak to Lord John Russell on the subject of Garibaldi's passage of the Straits (pp. 104-105 and p. 315 below). Again, as in the case of the former volumes, any success of mine in collecting material has been very largely due to the kindness and activity of scores of people in England and in Italy, on whom I had in the first instance no claim except as a would-be historian of Garibaldi, though many of them are now my friends. In Italy, my original debt to Mr. Nelson Gay and his risorgimento library has been again increased. Like so many other English students in Rome I have benefited in many different ways by the indefatigable kindness of Dr. Ashby of the British School, and as illustrations in this volume show, I finally lured him far afield in the tracks of Garibaldi. Sir Rennell Rodd has found time, among his many more important activities, to take an interest in my work and to find me new material. The fact is that British students at Rome are just now in clover, not only on account of their compatriots resident out there, but also on account of the kindness of the Italians. How much I have experienced this, from how many people, and in how many ways it is impossible for me to recount. But I must here record a special word of thanks to some of those who have made my work in Rome so pleasant and so profitable to me—Count Ugo Balzani, Signor Carlo Segre', Count and Countess Pasolini, Sindaco Nathan, Signor Menghini, and the authorities of the Bibhoteca Vitt. Emmanuele, Senator Cadohni, the authorities of the Ufficio Storico ol the Stato Maggiore, and various officers of the regular army. — X PREFACE The same kindness has been extended to me outside Rome, at Milan by Signer G. Gallavresi and Signer Gualtiero Castelhni, and the authorities in charge of the archives in the Castello ; at Bologna by the authorities of the Museum and by the Casa ZanicheHi ; at Genoa by Aw. Pier Giuho Breschi, by Col. Sclavo and the whole at Municipio ; at Cremona by Professor Manacorda ; the Mantua by Cav. Alessandro Luzio ; at Naples by Societk Storia Patria, and by our Consul, Mr. Churchill ; at Monteleone, Calabria, by Marchese Gagliardi and Signor E. Scalfari ; and at Staletti by my kind host the late Achille Fazzari and his whole family ; at Salb and London by the Countess Martinengo Cesaresco. Of Sicily and the kind help I received there, I wrote at length in the preface to the last volume. Both in England and Italy I have had the advantage of conversation with many of the actors in the drama of i860. Some, like Tiirr, Canzio, Missori, and Fazzari, have quite recently passed away ; others are with us still. Their names appear in the Bibliography under the heading, Notes of Conversations, but I wish here to thank them collectively for their patience under interrogation. Above all I must thank my friends Mr. Dolmage and Mr. Patterson for their continuous efforts to enrich my know- ledge by their memory. I have during the last two years been constantly in receipt of letters from Italy, America, and England, from persons who saw or did things in Italy in i860. Some of this correspondence I have utilised, noting it in the Bibliography among the il/SS. belonging to private persons. I heartily thank all those who volunteered to send me information in this way. In England those who have most assisted me by placing documents or illustrations at my disposal are PREFACE xi next after Lady Agatha and Mr. Rollo Russell— Mr. Chas. Lacaita, Hon. W. W. Vernon, Miss Peard, Lady Lockwood, Mrs. Osier and Mr. Malleson, Mr. Ingram of the Illustrated London News, and the late Dr. Nelson of Belfast. I am indebted for valuable advice and assistance to Mr. Thayer of Harvard, whose life of Cavour will be a landmark in risorgimento history. Three persons have been at the pains to read this in or in proof: Mr.