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9.4. South Italic Military Equipment and Identity: 229 9.5 REFERENCE ONLY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON THESIS Degree py\D Name of Author Year 2bOfa flJdNS, N\. CO PYRIG HT This is a thesis accepted for a Higher Degree of the University of London. It is an unpublished typescript and the copyright is held by the author. All persons consulting the thesis must read and abide by the Copyright Declaration below. COPYRIGHT DECLARATION I recognise that the copyright of the above-described thesis rests with the author and that no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the priorwritten consent of the author. LOANS Theses may not be lent to individuals, but the Senate House Library may lend a copy to approved libraries within the United Kingdom, for consultation solely on the premises of those libraries. Application should be made to: Inter-Library Loans, Senate House Library, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU. 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Settings\Temporary Internet Files\OLK8\Copyright - thesis (2).doc The Cultural and Military Significance of the South Italic Warrior’s Panoply from the 5* to the 3rd Centuries BC Michael Bums Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) Thesis Institute of Archaeology, University College London June 2005 UMI Number: U592701 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U592701 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 The cultural and military significance of the south Italic panoply from the 5th to the 3rd centuries BC This thesis investigates the military equipment of the south Italic peoples known to the Romans as Samnites, Campanians, Lucanians and Apulians during the 5th to 3rd centuries BC. According to the ancient sources this period was characterised by two distinct phases of military conflict. The first phase was from the end of the 5th to the beginning of the 4th century when south Italic peoples seized control of Greek and Etruscan urban centres along the coast. The second phase was from the middle of the 4th to the early 3rd century when Roman involvement in the region resulted in a series of wars. Archaeological evidence shows that within this historical context a number of developments and innovations occurred in the south Italic panoply. Greek ideas and influences were adopted and integrated into native Italic forms of armour that suited local needs and tastes. It is also evident that south Italic arms and armour had a significant influence on the Romans. South Italic military equipment, however, has long been treated as an ancillary chapter to the better-documented Greek and Roman armies and never as a subject of investigation in its own right. This is surprising since such a large quantity of evidence exists from warrior burials, which consists of not only the arms and armour but of depictions of this equipment in tomb and vase-paintings. This thesis seeks to bring together a large corpus of material and information for the first time and investigate not only tactical and technical aspects but also less obvious meanings. These include questions of identity, cultural significance and the role of this equipment in a larger continuum of development and evolution. 3 Table of Contents Abstract: 2 Acknowledgements: 7 List of Figures: 8 Chapter 1: Military equipment in southern Italy: evidence, context and meaning 1.1. Introduction: 10 1.2. Present state of research on south Italic military equipment: 12 1.3. The identities of the south Italic peoples: 14 1.4. The Italic peoples of the 5th to 3 centuries: 16 1.5. Literary references to the Samnites, Campanians and Lucanians: 18 1.6. Later evidence for the existence of tribal territories: 21 1.7. Physical evidence for south Italic identities: 22 1.8. Critical use of the ancient sources: 25 1.9. The attribution of identity to military equipment: 28 1.10. The literary tradition of Samnite armour 30 1.11. South Italic Iconography: Image and reality of the warrior: 33 1.12. Military equipment in the archaeological record: 37 1.13. The lifecycle of military equipment in southern Italy: 40 1.14. Battlefield debris: 42 1.15. The recycling, re-use and deliberate destruction of military equipment: 44 1.16. Trophies: Sanctuaries, public places and domestic contexts: 45 1.17. Warrior burials: 47 1.18. Basic principles of weaponry and armour: 51 Chapter 2: The triple-disc cuirass 2.1. Description and characteristics of the triple-disc cuirass: 56 2.2. The development of the triple-disc cuirass: 57 2.3. Typology of the triple-disc cuirass: 60 2.4. The Paestan types: 66 2.5. Images of triple-disc cuirasses found in Paestan tomb paintings: 70 2.6. Developmental trends in triple disc-cuirasses: 72 2.7. Completeness of triple-disc cuirasses: 77 2.8. Distribution and chronology of triple-disc cuirasses: 77 2.9. General observations of the triple-disc cuirass: 79 Chapter 3: Italic anatomical and Greek-style cuirasses 3.1. Body armour in Southern Italy: 82 3.2. Description and characteristics of the Greek-style muscle cuirass: 83 3.3. Methods of fastening the Greek-style muscle cuirass: 87 3.4. Pteryges and other features of the muscle cuirass: 90 3.5. Muscle cuirasses in representational sources. 91 3.6. Distribution of the Greek-style muscle cuirass: 93 4 3.7. Description and characteristics of the Italic anatomical cuirasses: 94 3.8. Typology of the Italic anatomical cuirass: 95 3.9. Distribution and chronology of the Italic anatomical cuirass: 97 3.10. The significance of Italic and Greek cuirass design: ideology and typology: 98 3.11. Functional aspects of the Italic and Greek-style cuirasses: 101 3.12. The linen or composite cuirass: 103 3.13. The linen corselet in south Italic representational sources: 104 3.14. Functional aspects of the linen corselet: 106 Chapter 4: Greaves and other forms of leg protection 4.1. South Italic leg armour: 108 4.2. Greaves in representational sources: 108 4.3. Who used greaves in southern Italy?: 110 4.4. The protective value of greaves: 112 4.5. The typology of the greave: 114 4.6. The distribution and chronology of greaves: 119 4.7. The so-called ‘ankle guard’: 120 4.8. An interpretation of the so-called ankle guard: 123 4.9. Typology of the Italic leg guard: 126 4.10. Distribution and chronology of the Italic leg guard: 128 4.11. Foot guards: 129 Chapter 5: South Italic bronze belts 5.1. Bronze belts: 131 5.2. Characteristics of the south Italic bronze belt: 132 5.3. The population of bronze belts and clasps: 133 5.4. Typology of bronze belt clasps: 134 5.5. Decorated belt bands: 138 5.6. The significance of the bronze belt: 139 5.7. Antecedents to the south Italic bronze belt: 142 5.8. Bronze belts and the manufacture of military equipment: 144 5.9. Distribution and chronology of bronze belts: 146 Chapter 6: Shields: the aspis, scutum, pelte, ephaptis and variant type shields 6.1. Shields in Southern Italy: 147 6.2. The aspis. 149 6.3. Functional aspects of the aspis: 150 6.4. Variant type shields: 152 6.5. Typology of variant shields depicted in representational sources: 154 6.6. Summary of the variant type shield: 157 6.7. The Italic scutum: 157 6.8. Summary of the south Italic scutum. 160 6.9. Chronology of the aspis, scutum and variant shields: 161 5 6.10. The ephaptis: 161 6.11. South Italic shield devices: 163 6.12. Shields depicted in Paestan paintings: a case study: 165 6.13. The use of shields by cavalry and the pelte: 171 Chapter 7: South Italic weaponry 7.1. Weaponry in 5th to 3rd century Southern Italy: 173 7.2. South Italic javelins and spears: 174 7.3. Use of the amentum: 178 7.4. Categories of south Italic javelins and spears: 180 7.5. Summary of weapon types and their functions: 185 7.6. Iron spits and feathered flights: 186 7.7. The use of javelins and spears by cavalrymen: 187 7.8. The numbers and types of weapons carried: 189 7.9. Distribution and chronology of javelins and spears: 191 7.10. The sword in Southern Italy: 191 7.11. Swords in Paestum: 193 7.12.
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