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Home , Frederiksstaden, Nyboder, Sluseholmen, University of Copenhagen

History of : Structure, Plan, Design A study of the city in over time, using Copenhagen as a case – and a resource

Section B • Spring 2017

The question underlying this course is a simple one: Why does Copenhagen, or any other city, look the way it does? The answer is less simple, though. Cities are human artifacts. Their structure, plan and design are the cumulative results of countless human acts rooted in reason, ideology, aesthetics, ostentation, and concerns for efficiency, security, mobility, or quality of life. Hence the relatively simple study of the physical – the development of the urban plan, the design of its built environment, and the changing use of space – involves an exciting journey into European intellectual, artistic, religious, political, economic, social, technological and military history. Expect an unusual, but inspiring course!

Instructor: Carsten Pape Cand. mag. (History and Russian Philology, of Copenhagen and , 1977). of Aarhus Gold Medal, 1975. Research Associate, , Slavic Department, 1977‐83. Research in Russian history at the Soviet Academy of Sciences, 1974‐75, 1980, 1981. Visiting Adjunct Professor, American University, Washington, D.C., Fall 1986. Foundation Research Scholarship, 2000. Books and articles in Danish and international peer‐reviewed journals. Shortlisted, Best European Learning Materials Award 2015, for e‐textbook on Copenhagen (kbh.systime.dk). With DIS since 1983.

Office and Office Hours You are welcome to see me after class or set up an appointment at DIS.

DIS Contacts • Karen Søilen, EH Assistant Program Director • Matt Kelley, EH Program Assistant

Class Meetings Tuesdays and Fridays, 11:40‐01:00, Room F24‐206.

History of Copenhagen: Structure, Plan, Design | DIS – Danish Institute for Study Abroad | Disciplines: History and Urban Studies

Objectives Please be aware that this course is a full‐fledged urban history course, not an extended tourist introduction to Copenhagen. This comes as a surprise (and regret) to some students. At the end of the course, you will  Be able to intelligently ‘read’ a European city, i.e. decode and make judgments about its history through map analysis and informed observations of the urban fabric. This includes the ability to distinguish and reference the main styles of European architecture over time;  Know the main stages of the evolution of the city in Europe in general and of Copenhagen in particular, with a focus on its physical aspect, or morphology (see ‘Content’ below);  Understand major causes and determinants of the development of cities in general and Copenhagen in particular, as well as the impact of general European urban history trends on Copenhagen;  Know the main morphological elements and historic design features of cities (e.g. fortifications, street patterns, ports, railways, building styles, and suburbs) and understand their rationale, main functional features, and design;  Understand the most recent discourse concerning urban development in the medium‐term future;  Know the urban geography of contemporary Copenhagen, including relevant place‐names;  Possess a general sense of the chronology of the topic, both absolute and relative.

Content The focal point of the course is the city’s evolving morphology, i.e. the historical development of town plan, land use patterns, and building fabric – or, to put it differently, the history of the city itself, seen as physical reality. The approach is not ‘What happened in Copenhagen?’ but ‘What happened to Copenhagen?’ However, to understand how Copenhagen changed over time, we need to also focus on the agents of change, be they larger historical trends (‘industrialization’), foreign models (‘Dutch urban planning’), technological change (‘development of siege artillery’), building styles (‘Neoclassicism’), concrete Danish historical events (‘the Swedish siege of 1658‐59’), social and political forces (‘the labor movement’), state and municipal government (‘traffic planning’), and individual kings, merchants, politicians, planners, and other actors. Political, social and economic aspects of the history of Copenhagen will be treated in this sense, i.e. as agents of change, but not as independent topics within the city’s history.

The approach is chronological and interdisciplinary. We will employ historical disciplines such as political and economic history, military, naval and fortifications history, architectural and urban planning history, and social history, and fuse them into a coherent urban morphological history. The impact of European models on Copenhagen developments will be emphasized throughout.

In addition, the approach is highly visual, with a focus on analytical interpretation of historical maps, city prospects, existing buildings and urban spaces. These should be perceived as ‘texts’ in their own right on a par with the ‘real’ course texts. Observation, analysis and interpretation are key to this course.

Readings Except for the final, contemporary section of the course, quality literature on Copenhagen in English is scarce. Therefore, readings often deal with general European urban developments, while lectures, field studies and some English‐language texts will present specific Copenhagen features and developments.

History of Copenhagen: Structure, Plan, Design | DIS – Danish Institute for Study Abroad | Disciplines: History and Urban Studies

Field Studies

1. Wednesday, February 22, 1:00‐4:15 pm The early modern city, ca. 1600‐1800. On this guided walking tour we will study important features of early‐modern Copenhagen previously gone over in class. These include the historically unique naval housing complex (New Booths) from the 1630s, the Citadel from the 1660s, the naval and commercial port from 1700s, and today’s royal palace, , and the surrounding district from the 1750s. Additionally, the tour includes a visit to Rosenborg Palace (1606‐36), featuring historic royal rooms and the Danish jewels. On foot.

2. Wednesday, April 26, 10:00‐12:00 noon Contemporary urban design and planning: The Århusgade District of the larger North Harbor Project. The objective of this guided tour of the most recent urban development in Copenhagen – work will be in progress as we walk by – is to look into the objectives, processes, issues and results of Copenhagen's within‐city expansion in the 21st century, including the transition from industrial to residential land use, the significance of public transportation, and the wager on livability and sustainability. On foot. Guided by a DIS Architecture & Design member.

Assignments

Assignment 1: Teach‐Yourself‐Copenhagen‐History Exercise This exercise will acquaint you with the core area of the city, usually referred to as ‘Medieval Copenhagen.’ Guided by an Autoguide booklet, you will visit 15 different sites, observe historical and contemporary urban features, and answer specific questions at each point. Assigned Class 1, due Class 5, and relevant for Test 1.

Assignment 2: Architectural Styles Analysis This exercise is particularly important to one of the objectives of the course, the ability to ‘read’ a European city. Based on an introductory lecture, readings, and an ‘Encyclopedia of Architectural Decorative Features,’ you will, in groups of four, document the styles of real Copenhagen buildings from the Renaissance, Baroque, and Neoclassical periods in text and power point images. Assigned Class 5, due Class 9. (Don’t be nervous – you need no previous knowledge of styles).

Assignment 3: Vesterbro Exercise. On‐Site Analysis of the Industrial and Post‐Industrial City In this exercise you will study on‐site (1) the urban fabric of the working‐class districts that sprang up around the inner core of Copenhagen (and most European cities) during the industrial revolution of the 19th century, (2) the methods and results of recent processes of urban renewal of these decaying slums, and (3) a variety of historically important urban functions in their Copenhagen embodiment, e.g. main station, meat‐packing district, schools, churches, etc. The exercise, carried out in groups of two or three, is directed by an Autoguide booklet and will result in a written and photo‐documented report. Assigned class 16, due class 22.

Tests There are three tests, one in Class 5, one in Class 11 (midterm), and one in the finals week after the end of class. Test 1 is an integral part of Assignment 1.

History of Copenhagen: Structure, Plan, Design | DIS – Danish Institute for Study Abroad | Disciplines: History and Urban Studies

Course Requirements and Evaluation Assignment 1: 10% Assignment 2: 15% Assignment 3: 20% Test 1 (early): 5% Test 2 (midterm): 20% Test 3 (final): 20% Class participation: 10%

Class Participation Covers • Level of preparation and willingness to answer questions in class. • Involvement in class and group discussions.

Participation Grade Policy Active class participation throughout the semester: A=96 / Occasional participation: B=86 / Little or no participation: C=76. Fine‐tuning of percentage points may occur, reflecting student performance. Note that attendance at all classes and field studies is required and expected and is not credited as participation. Failure to attend will have a negative influence on the participation grade, however.

Course Website on Canvas The most important tab is “Files”. Here you will find all lectures, assignment and field study instructions, test materials, handouts, and maps of Copenhagen used in class.

Reading Guides Further, the “Files” tab contains Reading Guides for each class. It is important that you consult the reading guides when preparing for class, as they put the individual readings in perspective and indicate where you should place your focus of attention while studying the texts. The guides are also an excellent tool for preparing for the tests.

How to Get a Good Grade  Involve yourself! Allow yourself the luxury of taking a genuine interest in the course, i.e. in ‘cities’. It may not be your core field or interest, but why not join the many students who have been surprised at how interesting it actually is to suddenly understand the urban and historic environment you live in.  Get organized! Enter all due dates in a semester calendar and set aside time to work on assignments and prepare for tests. Get a binder or folder to collect and organize course handouts (there are many!) and other materials.  Prepare for class! Every class! Start your preparation by acquainting yourself with the Reading Guide for the particular class (see paragraph above), it makes your preparation so much more meaningful.  Take good notes! The course is information‐intensive, and you will get most of the information only once. All information given in class and on field studies, factual as well as analytical, is relevant for the tests.  Take the tests seriously and prepare well for them! This is , and tests will reflect this fact. There are no free A’s, although they are certainly possible to get.  Participate! Sharing your thoughts and ideas in class is not just important for the participation grade, it is also one of the best tools for developing your analytical skills.

History of Copenhagen: Structure, Plan, Design | DIS – Danish Institute for Study Abroad | Disciplines: History and Urban Studies

DAY‐TO‐DAY SCHEDULE NOTE: # refers to the number of the reading in the compendium. Page numbers refer to those of the original text, NOT those of the compendium. “Handout” followed by a number refers to a reading in pdf format uploaded to the Handouts folder on the course website (click Files, then Handouts).

1: Friday, Friday, January 20 Approaches to urban history: Introduction to the course. *Introduction to Assignment 1: Teach‐Yourself‐Copenhagen‐History Exercise (due Class 5). *Introduction to Test 1 (Class 5). Readings: #1 / Course syllabus, pp. 1‐4.

PART 1: MEDIEVAL COPENHAGEN, 11TH‐16TH CENTURIES

2: Tuesday, January 24 Origins of cities in Northern Europe. The emergence of Copenhagen. Readings: #2 / Encyclopedia Britannica: ‘Absalon’ / Outline History of , pp. 16‐45 (optional, but pp. 20‐25 required).

3: Friday, January 27 Chief medieval urban features. The Gothic style in the Baltic area. Readings: #3, pp. 221‐23 (to “Ramsing’s terrain map”), 224‐29 (to “The Harbour”) and 233 (from “The Shipyard”)‐235 / Instructor handout: Baltic Brick Gothic.

PART 2: EARLY MODERN COPENHAGEN, c. 1550‐1850

4: Tuesday, January 31 Introduction to the early modern period. Absolute monarchy and capital cities. Before Absolutism: King Christian IV and the expansion of Copenhagen. *Organize groups for Assignment 2 (introduced in Class 5). Readings: Encyclopedia Britannica: ‘Absolutism’ / #8, pp. 33‐34 (top) / #5, pp. 463‐64 / Encyclopedia Britannica: ‘Christian IV’ / Handout 15, pp. 101‐102, 105 (‘’)‐111 / Outline History of Denmark, pp. 54‐92 (optional, but useful).

5: Friday, February 3 Design of the building stock: Architectural styles of early modern Europe. *Assignment 1 due. *Test 1. *Introduction to Assignment 2 (due class 9). Readings: “Small Encyclopedia of Architectural Decorative Elements,” entries on Temple, Arch, Columns, Entablature, and Pediment.

6: Tuesday, February 14 Royal Copenhagen, 1660‐1848. Baroque urban planning. Cases: Palace and Garden, , Amalienborg Palace and the Frederiksstaden District. Readings: #7 (skip ‘Antiquity’) / #8, pp. 34‐41.

History of Copenhagen: Structure, Plan, Design | DIS – Danish Institute for Study Abroad | Disciplines: History and Urban Studies

7: Friday, February 17 Fortress Copenhagen: From stone wall to bastioned rampart. Map exercise: Fortifications and urban development in Europe. Readings: Handout 3 / #6 / Prepare map exercise.

8: Tuesday, February 21 Maritime Copenhagen: The early‐modern naval base and commercial port. *Introduction to Field Study 1. Readings: Handout 14 / Handout 10 / Handout 12.

Wednesday, February 22, 1:00‐4:15pm Field Study 1: Visit to Rosenborg Palace (1606‐36), Nyboder (New Booths, 1630s), the Citadel (1660s), the outer port (1700s), and the Frederiksstaden area with Amalienborg Palace (1750s). On foot. Reading: #9.

9: Friday, February 24 Ordinary Copenhagen: Folk, faeces and fires. Assembling the pieces: Chronology of early‐modern Copenhagen. *Assignment 2 due. *Introduction to Test 2 (midterm). Readings: Industrial Copenhagen (booklet), section A‐C / Handouts 2a and 2b.

PART 3: INDUSTRIALIZATION, c. 1850‐1920

10: Tuesday, March 7 Industrialization and the city in Europe. The industrialization of Copenhagen. Readings: Text The Industrial Revolution at the end of the Reading Guide for this class (uploaded) / #10, pp. 179‐206 (you may skip pp. 180[bottom]‐184) / Booklet: Industrial Copenhagen, sections A, B / Outline History of Denmark, pp. 99‐105 (optional).

11: Friday, March 10 *Test 2, covering classes 2‐9.

12: Tuesday, March 14 Urban expansion and social segregation. The classical working‐class district. Readings: #10, pp. 293‐315(top) / Booklet: Industrial Copenhagen, sections D, E, I.

13: Friday, March 17 Working‐class housing (cont’d). Underground networks of the industrial city. Readings: #14 / Booklet: Industrial Copenhagen, section G.

14: Tuesday, March 28 The transport revolution: Trains, ships and trams. *Introduction to map exercise. Readings: #11 / #12 / Booklet: Industrial Copenhagen, section H.

History of Copenhagen: Structure, Plan, Design | DIS – Danish Institute for Study Abroad | Disciplines: History and Urban Studies

15: Friday, March 31 Planning and building a modern metropolis. Map exercise. Historicism in architecture. Readings: #13 / Instructor handout: Haussmannization / Booklet: Industrial Copenhagen, F / Prepare map exercise.

16: Tuesday, April 4 Meeting the needs of modernity: Institutional construction. *Introduction to Assignment 3. Readings: None. Enjoy!

PART 4: CONTEMPORARY COPENHAGEN

17: Friday, April 7 Into the 21st century: From industrial to post‐industrial city. Readings: Handout 13 / #15.

18: Tuesday, April 11 Changing strategies of urban renewal: From Nørrebro to Vesterbro. Readings: #16, pp. 7‐10, 13‐14, 54‐57 / Handout 9.

19: Friday, April 18 Redeveloping the city: Major approaches and development projects. Cases: Ørestad, , Holmen and the North Harbor project. Readings: Handout 4 / nordhavnen.dk/english/uk‐nh‐vision/uk‐strukturen.aspx (official website for the initial Århusgade District project, to be visited on Field Study 2).

20: Friday, April 21 The wager on livability. Reurbanization. Readings: #19 / Bicycle Strategy of Copenhagen: policytransfer.metropolis.org/case‐studies/cycling‐in‐ copenhagen (open all the links under the image in sequence) / #18.

21: Tuesday, April 25 Suburban Copenhagen: Genesis and structure. *Introduction to Field Study 2. Readings: Handout 6 / #20.

Wednesday, April 26, 10:00‐12:00 noon Field Study 2: Copenhagen futures: Guided tour of the North Harbor Project, stage 1: the Århusgade District, by DIS Architecture & Design faculty member. On foot.

22: Friday, April 28 Suburban Copenhagen: Cases *Assignment 3 due Readings: None.

History of Copenhagen: Structure, Plan, Design | DIS – Danish Institute for Study Abroad | Disciplines: History and Urban Studies

23: Tuesday, May 2 Suburban Copenhagen: Managing growth. Summing up the course. *Introduction to Test 3 (final). Readings: Handout 7 / Handout 8.

READING MATERIALS

Textbooks and other hard‐copy materials (handed out): • Jacobsen, Helge Seidelin: An Outline History of Denmark, Copenhagen 2000. • Pape, Carsten (comp.): Small Encyclopedia of Architectural Decorative Elements, DIS 2009. • Pape, Carsten (comp.): Industrial Copenhagen, c. 1840‐1910, DIS 2010.

Handouts (uploaded to the course website under Links/Handouts)

Articles and other materials in course compendium (handed out):

1. Kostof, Spiro: The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History, London 1991, pp. 9‐16.

2. Pounds, Norman: The Medieval City, Westport, Conn. and London 2005, pp. 8 (“The third urban revolution…”)‐18.

3. Fabricius, Hanne: “Development of Town and Harbor in Medieval Copenhagen,” in Jan Bill & Birthe L. Clausen (eds.): Maritime Topography and the Medieval Town, Copenhagen 1999, pp. 221‐35.

4. Void.

5. Heiberg, Steffen (Ed.), Christian IV and Europe, Copenhagen 1988, pp. 463‐64, 221‐22, 224‐25, 486‐89.

6. The Fortifications of Copenhagen. A Guide to 900 Years of Fortifications History, Copenhagen 1998, pp. 41‐50.

7. Kostof, Spiro: The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History, London 1991, pp. 209‐ 232 (skip “Antiquity”).

8. Erichsen, John (ed.): Gud–Konge–By / King and City: Frederiksstaden 250 år, Copenhagen, Danish Museum of Decorative Art, 1999, Vol. I, pp. 34‐41.

9. Barfod, Jørgen H.: “Copenhagen as a Naval Base,” in: Thomas Riis (ed.): Garrison Towns and Society in Early Modern Europe, 1993, pp. 79‐91.

10. Hohenberg, Paul M. and Lynn Hollen Lees, The Making of Urban Europe 1000‐1994, Cambridge, MA and London 1995, pp. 179‐206, 293‐315.

History of Copenhagen: Structure, Plan, Design | DIS – Danish Institute for Study Abroad | Disciplines: History and Urban Studies

11. Roth, Ralf and Marie‐Noëlle Polino (Eds.): The City and the Railway in Europe, Aldershot 2003, pp. xvii‐ xxx.

12. Authority: Port of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1949, pp. 20‐26.

13. Benevolo, Leonardo: The European City, Oxford 1993, pp. 160‐188.

14. Hallström, Jonas: Constructing a Pipe‐Bound City: A History of Water Supply, Sewerage, and Excreta Removal in Norrköping and Linköping, Sweden, 1860‐1910, Linköping 2002, "Introduction," pp. 11‐24.

15. Andersen, Hans Thor: “Copenhagen, Denmark: Urban Regeneration at Economic and Social Sustainability,” in Kidokoro, T. et al. (eds.): Sustainable City Regions: Space, Place and Governance, n.p. 2008, pp. 203‐225.

16. Urban Renewal in Denmark, Copenhagen, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, 2001, pp. 7‐10, 13‐ 14, 54‐57.

17. Void.

18. Haase, Annegret et al., “Emergent Spaces of Reurbanization: Exploring the Demographic Dimension of Inner‐city Residential Change in a European Setting,” Population, Space and Place 16, 2010, pp. 443‐ 48.

19. Gehl, Jan: Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space. Third ed., Copenhagen 1996, pp. 11‐31.

20. Clapson, Mark: Suburban Century: Social Change and Urban Growth in England and the United States, Oxford and New York 2003, pp. 1‐5 and 21‐39.

History of Copenhagen: Structure, Plan, Design | DIS – Danish Institute for Study Abroad | Disciplines: History and Urban Studies