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The Sound Biodiversity, Threats, and Transboundary Protection.Indd 2017 The Sound: Biodiversity, threats, and transboundary protection 2 Windmills near Copenhagen. Denmark. © OCEANA/ Carlos Minguell Credits & Acknowledgments Authors: Allison L. Perry, Hanna Paulomäki, Tore Hejl Holm Hansen, Jorge Blanco Editor: Marta Madina Editorial Assistant: Ángeles Sáez Design and layout: NEO Estudio Gráfico, S.L. Cover photo: Oceana diver under a wind generator, swimming over algae and mussels. Lillgrund, south of Øresund Bridge, Sweden. © OCEANA/ Carlos Suárez Recommended citation: Perry, A.L, Paulomäki, H., Holm-Hansen, T.H., and Blanco, J. 2017. The Sound: Biodiversity, threats, and transboundary protection. Oceana, Madrid: 72 pp. Reproduction of the information gathered in this report is permitted as long as © OCEANA is cited as the source. Acknowledgements This project was made possible thanks to the generous support of Svenska PostkodStiftelsen (the Swedish Postcode Foundation). We gratefully acknowledge the following people who advised us, provided data, participated in the research expedition, attended the October 2016 stakeholder gathering, or provided other support during the project: Lars Anker Angantyr (The Sound Water Cooperation), Kjell Andersson, Karin Bergendal (Swedish Society for Nature Conservation, Malmö/Skåne), Annelie Brand (Environment Department, Helsingborg municipality), Henrik Carl (Fiskeatlas), Magnus Danbolt, Magnus Eckeskog (Greenpeace), Søren Jacobsen (Association for Sensible Coastal Fishing), Jens Peder Jeppesen (The Sound Aquarium), Sven Bertil Johnson (The Sound Fund), Markus Lundgren (SportFiskarna), Carlos Minguell (Ocean Photos), Eva Ohlsson (County Administrative Board of Skåne), Jan Öijeberg, Michael Palmgren (SEA-U Marine Science Center Malmö), Jonas Pålsson (World Maritime University), Pär Persson (County Administrative Board of Skåne), Lilitha Pongolini (World Maritime University), Anna Särnblad (SEA-U Marine Science Center Malmö), Helena Strand (Swedish Institute for the Marine Environment/University of Gothenburg), Enrique Talledo (Mundos Oceánicos), Elin Tiselius (The Sound Fund), and Hanne Lyng Winter (Association for Sensible Coastal Fishing). Special thanks are due to the team at SEA-U, for their partnership and generosity throughout the project. The Sound: Biodiversity, threats, and transboundary protection 3 Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). © OCEANA/ Enrique Talledo Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................5 Biodiversity of the Sound .................................................................................................................. 9 Stone reefs............................................................................................................................9 Sandbanks .......................................................................................................................... 10 Blue mussel beds ............................................................................................................... 12 Horse mussel beds ............................................................................................................ 12 Haploops communities ......................................................................................................13 Seagrass beds .................................................................................................................... 14 Kelp forests ........................................................................................................................ 15 Bubbling reefs .................................................................................................................... 15 Sea pens and burrowing megafauna .............................................................................. 16 Human uses and threats ...................................................................................................................17 Fisheries ............................................................................................................................. 18 Sand dredging ....................................................................................................................24 Maritime traffic ..................................................................................................................29 Protection and management .......................................................................................................... 32 Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 38 Findings and Discussion .................................................................................................................. 40 Main habitats and communities recorded ..................................................................... 41 Stone reefs ....................................................................................................... 41 Sandbanks ........................................................................................................42 Blue mussel beds .............................................................................................44 Horse mussel beds ..........................................................................................46 Haploops communities ...................................................................................47 Seagrass beds ..................................................................................................47 Kelp forests ......................................................................................................49 Bubbling reef and surrounding area .............................................................51 Sea pens and burrowing megafauna ............................................................52 Other species of interest ..................................................................................................53 Recommendations ........................................................................................................................... 54 Specific recommendations ...............................................................................................55 Species and habitats .......................................................................................55 Fisheries ...........................................................................................................57 Sand dredging ..................................................................................................57 Maritime traffic ................................................................................................57 Achieving effective protection ........................................................................................58 References ........................................................................................................................................ 60 Appendix 1: Marine protected areas in Danish and Swedish waters of the Sound ....................65 Appendix 2: Species recorded during the 2016 Oceana Sound expedition ..................................68 4 ROV manoeuvre. Southern Sound, Sweden. © OCEANA/ Carlos Minguell Executive summary The waters of the Sound – the shared strait that lies between Denmark and Sweden – host a high level of biodiversity, and a unique mosaic of marine communities and habitats, including stone reefs, seagrass beds, horse mussel beds, and kelp forests. This diversity is due to the specific characteristics of the area, the combined influence of the North and Baltic Seas, and a longstanding prohibition on towed fishing gear (including bottom trawls) that has greatly benefitted marine life in the region, including vulnerable species and communities that have disappeared from adjacent waters. The Sound also plays a major role in the lives of the people on its shores. It provides a wide array of valuable ecosystem services to local communities and the economy, including the provisioning of food (through both commercial and recreational fisheries), water filtration, tourism, recreation, and other cultural services. Yet human pressure in the densely populated Sound region also represents a threat to marine life and the services it provides. Ongoing activities like unsustainable fishing, sand dredging, land reclamation, and heavy maritime traffic threaten species and habitats, and some key communities (like horse mussels and Haploops) have declined in recent decades. For Oceana, the Sound has been a priority area for protection since 2011. To help advance this process, we carried out a three-week expedition in 2016, aimed at documenting healthy areas with high biodiversity, and areas that have been disturbed, both historically and recently. We observed diverse “Effective marine life across the varied depths and substrates in the region, and recorded protection could nine broad types of habitats and communities and approximately 200 species. Worryingly, we observed only fragmented clusters of horse mussel beds, best be achieved and found no Haploops communities, which may have disappeared entirely by establishing from the Sound. We also found marked evidence of lasting damage to the a single seabed, particularly in sand dredging areas, some of which showed
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