DOCSLIB.ORG

A WICKED PROBLEM | HOW to COOPERATE with COLLUSIVE STATES? European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A WICKED PROBLEM | HOW to COOPERATE with COLLUSIVE STATES? European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) CHAILLOT PAPER / PAPER CHAILLOT 165 A WICKED PROBLEM A WICKED PROBLEM WICKED PROBLEM A How to cooperate with | HOW TO COOPERATE WITH COLLUSIVE STATES? WITH COLLUSIVE COOPERATE TO HOW collusive states? By Roderick Parkes and Mark McQuay CHAILLOT PAPER / 165 March 2021 European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) 100, avenue de Suffren 75015 Paris http://www.iss.europa.eu Director: Gustav Lindstrom © EU Institute for Security Studies, 2021. Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated. The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union. print ISBN 978-92-9198-962-1 online ISBN 978-92-9198-963-8 CATALOGUE NUMBER QN-AA-20-002-EN-C CATALOGUE NUMBER QN-AA-20-002-EN-N ISSN 1017-7566 ISSN 1683-4917 DOI 10.2815/712662 DOI 10.2815/355434 Published by the EU Institute for Security Studies and printed in Belgium by Bietlot. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2021. Cover image credit: Meghan Schiereck/unsplash A WICKED PROBLEM How to cooperate with collusive states? By Roderick Parkes and Mark McQuay CHAILLOT PAPER / 165 March 2021 The editors Roderick Parkes is the Head of the Alfred von Oppenheim Center for European Policy Stud- ies at the German Council on Foreign Rela- tions (DGAP). His research focuses on issues of international home affairs cooperation. He was educated at the Universities of Edinburgh and Cambridge, as well as the Institut d’études politiques in Grenoble, and received a PhD from the University of Bonn. Mark McQuay is an independent researcher based in Warsaw. He previously worked as a trainee at the EUISS, working on topics related to EU justice and home affairs. He holds a Mas- ter’s degree in International Relations from Collegium Civitas in Warsaw (2014). The EUISS Chaillot Paper series The Chaillot Paper series, launched in 1991, takes its name from the Chaillot hill in the Trocadéro area of Paris, where the Institute’s first premises were located in the building oc- cupied by the Western European Union (WEU). The hill is particularly known for the Palais de Chaillot which was the site of the signing of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, and housed NATO’s provisional head- quarters from 1952 until 1959. 1 CONTENTS Executive summary 2 Introduction 5 Thinking outside Pandora’s box Scenario 2025 9 Development by crime in the Gulf of Guinea CHAPTER 1 Where does the EU stand on collusion? 13 CHAPTER 2 Can crime contribute to liberal development? 18 CHAPTER 3 Can the EU engage with collusive states? 32 CHAPTER 4 Can the EU define its futures? 42 Scenario 1 47 A licence to hack in West Africa Scenario 2 56 Post-modern slavery in the Arctic Scenario 3 62 Organ counterfeiting in the Western Balkans Scenario 4 68 A narco-state by choice in the South Pacific Scenario 5 74 The Olympics of Crime in the Middle East Conclusions 79 Abbreviations 81 2 A wicked problem | How to cooperate with collusive states? EXECUTIVE SUMMARY On almost every major foreign policy issue, the was hardly exemplary, and that the EU is the EU faces a path-defining choice. It finds itself prime beneficiary of these past misdemean- split between loyalty to longstanding policy ours. They look back to colonial times, and cite principles and a new pressure to pursue its in- dubious European precedents to push the EU terests through value-free realpolitik. Crucial- to abandon its principles and to validate ques- ly, policymakers lack the evidence to weigh up tionable behaviour. the implications of either course - continuity or compromise - and so risk being gripped by Collusion is one such example – and the au- inaction. thors take it as their test case. In increasing numbers, developing economies are turning to Such situations, where policymakers face a criminals to master the challenges of globali- dilemma and lack the evidence to guide their sation, using collusion as “an instrument of choices, are called ‘wicked problems.’1 And a national strategy”.2 They point to past Western failure to solve its wicked problems could leave behaviour as justification. As the 2020s unfold, the EU paralysed on the world stage at a time of and as economic modernisation becomes even huge global change. more strenuous, it is plausible that a majority of states worldwide will actively collude with This Chaillot Paper proposes that the EU tack- criminals, seeing crime and collusion as legit- le such problems by means of a thought exer- imate means to catch up with Europe. cise/experiment. This means posing a series of hypothetical questions in order to explore the The EU’s reading of its history presents suc- potential consequences of policy continuity or cessful development as contingent upon the change and thereby to help the EU realign its expulsion of criminal elements from the body principles and its interests. politic, and at the earliest possible stage. The EU has thereby presented itself with a stark choice: cut ties to collusive states, and push the Facing up to history EU towards splendid isolation; or accommodate them and suffer a loss of self-respect and iden- tity. Few in Brussels, it seems, have thought Somewhat unexpectedly, the greatest contri- to pose the obvious question: can collusion be bution of this paper may be to help policymak- conducive to liberal development? ers in Brussels face up to Europe’s past. The EU has always viewed its own 70-year de- velopment as setting a path for others to follow Making use of history – based on the assumption that what worked best in the EU, will work best abroad. But rivals, The authors’ method is designed to produce partners and even its own strategists increas- counter-intuitive findings to reconcile the ingly point out that Europe’s past behaviour EU’s interests and principles. It operates on the 1 ‘Wicked problems’ are policy issues which present decision-makers with contradictory political pressures, and where they lack the evidence to evaluate the available options. 2 Philip Zelikow et al., “The Rise of Strategic Corruption: How States Weaponize Graft,” Foreign Affairs, July/August, 2020, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ united-states/2020-06-09/rise-strategic-corruption. Executive summary 3 assumption that Europe’s sometimes murky unspoken and reflexive. Collusion is a case in history can be turned into a treasure trove for point: as far as the authors can ascertain, there practical policy evidence generating ways for are no explicit EU guidelines for dealing with today’s Europeans to engage with the world collusion (unlike the related field of corrup- without betraying their idealistic goals – a way tion). Rather, the EU’s distaste for collusion is out of their ‘wicked problems’. implied from a set of abstract principles drawn from its reading of history about the damage A review of the historical record confirms that inflicted by collusion upon economic and po- European states did indeed rely on criminals litical development. The first step, then, is to and criminal methods on their path to liberal- articulate these hidden assumptions. ism. But this finding – far from paralysing the EU or undermining its values – shows that col- 2. Is there overlooked evidence to contradict lusion is (under specific conditions) a potential the EU’s assumptions? basis for better governance, including when it comes to enforcing laws and redressing the Because the EU has never articulated its as- marginalisation of socio-economic groups and sumption that collusion is uniformly harmful of whole countries. and presents an obstacle to all liberal devel- opment outcomes, it has not actively sought evidence to the contrary. This leaves the EU A three-step thought exercise without evidence to assess the option of condi- tional engagement. As a corrective, the second step is to actively seek out evidence from the But this process is about more than past and present that shows that collusion can re-examining the past. Until lately, the EU’s in fact promote positive outcomes. development promotion represented a perfect melding of the EU’s interests and values. It com- 3. Does this new evidence generate practical bined the EU’s dual character as an interest-led alternatives? ‘market power’. The EU has a strong interest in accessing poorer economies: it needs to expand New evidence is of little use unless translat- its markets and to source raw materials. and a ed into clear policy guidelines. The third step, principled ‘normative power’ requires interna- therefore, is to explore the implications of poli- tional stability and cooperation, and this means cy change – does the scattered evidence gleaned spreading liberal norms. from cases of collusion generate a set of rules coherent enough to challenge the settled as- EU development policy long achieved both sumptions of liberal development theory? The ends. However, a decade of crises has hit the EU outcome should be a set of clear, cohesive and economy hard. Its raw interest in accessing new practical policy recommendations that demon- markets has grown, but its ability to influence strate how the EU can respond to new evidence other nations’ norms and values has shrunk. while staying true to its principles. Economic development no longer guarantees a peaceful, inclusive and democratic global order based on the rule of law. Future scenarios The authors have assembled a process for the EU to face up to uncomfortable truths. It in- Policymakers are understandably reluctant to volves asking three questions: experiment with fields like collusion – in the real world, at least. For this reason, the authors’ 1. What are the EU’s current assumptions method is structured as a counter-intuitive about the effective pursuit of its goals? thought exercise which culminates in the con- struction of a virtual alternative world - a safe Wicked problems tend to emerge when as- space in which to experiment.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • World War II at Sea This Page Intentionally Left Blank World War II at Sea
    World War II at Sea This page intentionally left blank World War II at Sea AN ENCYCLOPEDIA Volume I: A–K Dr. Spencer C. Tucker Editor Dr. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr. Associate Editor Dr. Eric W. Osborne Assistant Editor Vincent P. O’Hara Assistant Editor Copyright 2012 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World War II at sea : an encyclopedia / Spencer C. Tucker. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59884-457-3 (hardcopy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-59884-458-0 (ebook) 1. World War, 1939–1945—Naval operations— Encyclopedias. I. Tucker, Spencer, 1937– II. Title: World War Two at sea. D770.W66 2011 940.54'503—dc23 2011042142 ISBN: 978-1-59884-457-3 EISBN: 978-1-59884-458-0 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America To Malcolm “Kip” Muir Jr., scholar, gifted teacher, and friend. This page intentionally left blank Contents About the Editor ix Editorial Advisory Board xi List of Entries xiii Preface xxiii Overview xxv Entries A–Z 1 Chronology of Principal Events of World War II at Sea 823 Glossary of World War II Naval Terms 831 Bibliography 839 List of Editors and Contributors 865 Categorical Index 877 Index 889 vii This page intentionally left blank About the Editor Spencer C.
    [Show full text]
  • 77 Years On: Understanding the Significance of the Santa Marija
    6 The Malta Independent I Thursday 15 August 2019 The Malta Independent I Thursday 15 August 2019 7 ~ - -- - I SANTA MARIJA CONVOY , , I • Albert Galea & Giulia Magri some time been in great danger. keep in mind that I am writing It is imperative that she should be this narrative of the war as seen The strategic importance of Malta kept supplied. These are her crit­ through the eyes of a boy; we is an intrinsic part of the coun­ ical months, and we cannot fail could with relative ease evade the try's history. Napoleon Bona­ her. She has stood up to the most bombing by going into the shel­ parte, while on his travels in the violent attack from the air that ters but there was no way of run- Mediterranean, had one said that has ever been made and now she . ning away from hunger," he he would prefer to see the British needs our help in continuing the writes in his book Wartime Diary in one of the suburbs of Paris battle. Her courage is worthy of of a Maltese Boy. than in Malta. Given the context yours," Alexander told the ship Mizzi goes on to recall that food in the Mediterranean during captains. shortages were at their worst in World War Two - Malta was The message coincided with the August 1942: "You could see seen as being just as significant to time that German reconnaissance emaciated people wherever you the British as it was to Napoleon. aircraft detected the convoy. In­ looked, with bones showing British Prime Minister Winston deed the Axis side also knew full through their skins; men tighten­ Churchill summed this up per­ well of the importance of the con­ ing belts and women did the fectly, saying that the loss of voy, and were bent on having it same to dresses.
    [Show full text]
  • SUPPLEMENT -TO the of TUESDAY, the Loth of AUGUST, 1948
    ffhimb, 38377 4469 SUPPLEMENT -TO The Of TUESDAY, the loth of AUGUST, 1948 Registered as a newspaper WEDNESDAY, n AUGUST, 1948 MEDITERRANEAN CONVOY OPERATIONS. OPERATION " EXCESS " 4. With regard to the dawn action reported in Enclosures Nos. 6 and 9,* it is thought that The following Despatch was submitted to the this must have been a chance encounter, as Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty on so small an Italian force would hardly have the igth March, 1941 by Admiral Sir Andrew been sent unsupported to attack a heavily B. Cunningham, G.C.B., D.S.O., Comman- defended convoy. The heavy expenditure of der-in-Chi'ef, Mediterranean Station. ammunition by BON A VENTURE, largely in- Mediterranean, curred in an effort to sink a crippled ship, serves to emphasise the importance of using iqth March, 1941. the torpedo at close range on such occasions. 5. I fully concur with the remarks of the OPERATIONS M.C.4 AND M.C.6 Vice-Admiral, Light Forcesf concerning the towing of GALLANT by MOHAWK (Enclo- Be pleased to lay before Their Lordships the sure No. i if), and consider that this was a enclosed reports on Operation M.C 4 (which in- most ably conducted operation. cluded Operation " Excess ") and Operation It cannot be satisfactorily determined M.C.6,* carried out between 6th and i8th whether GALLANT was mined or torpedoed, January, 1941. but the absence of tracks and failure by the 2. These operations marked the advent of enemy to claim her sinking lend probability the German Air Force in strength in the Medi- to the supposition that it was a mine.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Support of the U.S. War on Terrorism
    Order Code RL31152 Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Foreign Support of the U.S. War on Terrorism Updated July 11, 2002 Pierre Bernasconi, Tracey Bonita, Ryun Jun, James Pasternak, & Anjula Sandhu Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Steven A. Hildreth Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress Foreign Support of the U.S. War on Terrorism Summary In response to the terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001, a number of countries and organizations pledged various forms of support to the United States in its campaign against the Al Qaeda network and the Taliban in Afghanistan. This report summarizes support for the U.S. war against terrorism from open source material. It will be updated as necessary. For additional information on the U.S. response to terrorism, as well as further country and regional information, see the CRS Terrorism Electronic Briefing Book at: [http://www.congress.gov/brbk/html/ebter1.html]. Contents Overview........................................................1 Response ........................................................2 International Organizations ......................................2 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) ....................2 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)................2 Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM).........3 European Union (EU) ......................................3 Organization for Security and Cooperation in
    [Show full text]
  • Greenbank Naa Newsletter Grey Funnel Dits
    GREENBANK NAA NEWSLETTER GREY FUNNEL DITS Disclaimer: The material contained in this publication is in the nature of entertainment for the members. Contributions are acknowledged, with thanks, from service organisations. The editor expressly Disclaims all and any liability to any person, whether an association member or not. Views expressed may not necessary be those held by the Executive or the members. Editor: Tony Holliday [email protected] 0403026916 Series No.2 Date: June 2019 Issue No. 6 GREENBANK NAVAL ASSOCIATION SUB SECTION EVENTS JUNE / JULY 2019: June: Sunday 02 June 1030-1200 Normal Meeting RSL Rooms Wednesday 29 June 1000-1030 Executive Meeting RSL Rooms July: Sunday 14 July 1030-1400 Informal Meeting RSL Rooms (sausage Sizzle) Wednesday 31 July 1000-1030 Executive Meeting RSL Rooms Editors Request: Articles for the newsletter can be handed in at meetings, or by email: articles may be edited to fit the newsletter. The contents of this edition of the newsletter have been obtained from information provided from Len Kingston-Kerr whom I thank greatly, various publication publications and NAA information emailed in. 1 NAVAL PERSONALITY CPO Arthur Cooper Arthur William Cooper was born on 15 February 1909 in Fremantle, Western Australia. He joined the Royal Australian Navy on 15 February 1927, undertaking his basic training at HMAS Cerberus (Flinders Naval Depot), Victoria.Rated an ordinary seaman, Cooper served variously in HMA Ships Melbourne, Sydney and Adelaide between June 1927 and March 1928 during which time he was promoted Able Seaman. He again served at Cerberus between 1928 and 1930 successfully passing the RAN Educational Test before returning to sea in the heavy cruiser HMAS Canberra.
    [Show full text]
  • Order of Battle 2.Indd
    205.200.206.202 Order of Battle Credits Contents Introduction 2 Lead Developer Erik Nicely New Rules 3 Motor Torpedo Boats 8 Developers Richard L. Bax, Agis Neugebauer, Erik Nicely Admirals 11 Wulf Corbett, David Manley Advanced Aircraft Operations 15 Editor Scenarios 22 Nick Robinson Hunting the Beast 27 Contents Cover Expanded Fleet List 34 Chris Quilliams Royal Navy 35 Kriegsmarine 58 Interior Illustrations Sherard Jackson, Danilo Moretti, Mike Mumah United States Navy 64 Japan 74 Miniatures Gaming Manager Ian Barstow Italian 88 French 95 Print Manager Ed Russell Soviet Union 100 Civilian Ships 110 Special Thanks Counters 112 Adam Gulwell, Peter Swarbrick of www.shipspictures.co.uk and David Page of www.navyphotos.co.uk Order of Battle (C) 2007 Mongoose Publishing. All rights reserved. Reproduction of this work by any means without the written permission of the publisher is expressly forbidden. All signifi cant art and text herein are copyrighted by Mongoose Publishing. No portion of this work may be reproduced in any form without written permission. This material is copyrighted under the copyright laws of the UK. Printed in the UK. 1 205.200.206.202 Introduction Victory at Sea had a humble beginning as a bare-bones set of free rules in Mongoose Publishing’s Signs and Portents online magazine. That initial free rules set proved to be popular and led to the development of the core rulebook, which was an immediate success. A loyal international fan base developed as Victory at Sea quickly earned itself a place as one of the ‘standards’ of World War II naval wargaming.
    [Show full text]
  • WORLD WAR II ™ Flags and Artifacts of the Second World War a NATIONAL TREASURE
    WORLD WAR II ™ Flags and Artifacts of the Second World War A NATIONAL TREASURE ZFC1072 48 Star US Flag - This flag was the ensign of one of the ZFC1090 48 Star US – Battle of the Atlantic, 1942 – This large and major warships that participated in the bombardment of the well used wool 48 star US ensign was worn by a US vessel during the beaches during Operation Overlord the D-Day invasion of France Battle of the Atlantic. In America’s early participation in WWII, 1942 beginning the morning of June 6th, 1944. To maintain secrecy, the was a critical year. The war against German submarines in the North name of the ship that flew this flag was not revealed when it was Atlantic was not going well. This ensign was provided to Mr. Calvin subsequently donated to the collection of Calvin Bullock of New Bullock by Capt. R.C. Sanders, the Head of the Supplies Department York City. The rips and tears are typical of the damage inflicted at Navy Yard New York, from “an undisclosed vessel,” which reflects on a ships flag due to weather and/or battle conditions. the tight secrecy on the movement of military and merchant vessels supplying Great Britain through the North Atlantic route. ZFC1082 48 Star US Ensign - This ensign was formerly part of the collection of Wall Street financier Calvin Bullock; a successful busi - nessman and promoter of Anglo-American goodwill during WWII. His 1 Wall street offices in New York City contained one of the world’s leading collections of memorabilia pertaining to Napoleon & Lord Nelson.
    [Show full text]
  • A 21St CENTURY SECURITY ARCHITECTURE for the AMERICAS: MULTILATERAL COOPERATION, LIBERAL PEACE, and SOFT POWER
    A 21st CENTURY SECURITY ARCHITECTURE FOR THE AMERICAS: MULTILATERAL COOPERATION, LIBERAL PEACE, AND SOFT POWER Joseph R. Núñez August 2002 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** The author would like to thank the Institute of National Security Studies (USAF), the Latin American Institute (University of New Mexico), and the U.S. Army War College Foundation for their support of the research for this monograph. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications Office by calling (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or via the Internet at Rita.Rummel@carlisle. army.mil ***** Most 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http://www.carlisle.army. mil/usassi/welcome.htm ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Naval Operations
    U.S. Naval War College U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons Newport Papers Special Collections 9-2008 Major Naval Operations Milan Vego Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/usnwc-newport-papers Recommended Citation Vego, Milan, "Major Naval Operations" (2008). Newport Papers. 31. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/usnwc-newport-papers/31 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Collections at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Newport Papers by an authorized administrator of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NAVAL WAR COLLEGE NEWPORT PAPERS 32 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE WAR NAVAL Major Naval Operations NEWPORT PAPERS NEWPORT N ES AV T A A L T W S A D R E C T I O L N L U E E G H E T I VIRIBU OR A S CT MARI VI 32 Milan Vego Cover The Naval War College complex on Coasters Harbor Island, in a photograph taken about 2000, looking roughly north- east. In the center foreground is Luce Hall, with Pringle Hall to its left and Mahan Hall hidden behind it; behind them, to the left, are Spruance, Conolly, and Hewitt halls. In the center, partly ob- scured by Conolly Hall, is McCarty Little Hall. On the extreme right in the fore- ground is Founders Hall, in which the College was established. In recent years the College has expanded into parts of several buildings of the Surface Warfare Officers School Command, on the north- ern part of the island.
    [Show full text]
  • Malta| a Study of German Strategy in the Mediterranean, June 1940 to August 1942
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1969 Malta| A study of German strategy in the Mediterranean, June 1940 to August 1942 Robert Francis Le Blanc The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Le Blanc, Robert Francis, "Malta| A study of German strategy in the Mediterranean, June 1940 to August 1942" (1969). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 2909. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/2909 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MALTA; A STUDY OF GEEMA1Î STRATEGY IN THE MEDITEEEANEAN JUÏÏE 1940 TO AUGUST 1942 By Eotert F. Le Blano B.A., Ifiiiversity of Montana^ I968 Presented in partial fulfiUment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVEESITY OF MONTANA 1969 Approved lay; Chairman, Board of Examiners lan, Graduate School ( MaJL ^ Ml') UMI Number: EP34261 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent on the quality of the copy submitted. in the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction 1 the Royal Navy and the Home Fleet: Men, Material
    Notes Introduction 1. P. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery (London: Ashfield Press, 1995 revised paper back ed.), p. 306. 2. For a modern account informed by Italian language sources, see J. Greene and A. Massignani, The Naval War in the Mediterranean 1940–1943 (Rochester, Kent: Chatham Publishing, 1998), pp. 63–81. 3. L. Kennedy, The Death of the Tirpitz (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), p. 56 uses the term ‘much worry’; ‘bogeyman’ is from P. Kemp, Convoy! Drama in Arctic Waters (London: Arms Armour Press, 1993), p. 191; Rear Admiral W. H. Langenberg, USNR, in ‘The German Battleship Tirpitz: A Strategic Warship?’, Naval War College Review, 34 (4), p. 82, uses the term ‘concern’. See also T. Gallagher, The X-Craft Raid (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1969), chapter 2. 4. Langenberg, ‘The German Battleship Tirpitz’, p. 82. 1 The Royal Navy and the Home Fleet: Men, Material, Strategy 1919–39 1. This process is described in detail by P. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, pp. 205–37. However, the conventional view of naval policy ca 1900–14 has recently come under critical review; see, for example, J. T. Sumida, In Defence of Naval Supremacy (London: Routledge, 1993), N. Lambert, Sir John Fisher’s Naval Revolution (Columbia, SC: South Carolina University Press, 1999). Certainly, it was a cost-saving measure. But whether Britain employed a Dreadnought fleet or ‘flotilla defence’, it became clear between 1906 and 1912 that most of the Fleet would be needed in Home Waters if war with Germany erupted.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ongoing Lessons of Afghanistan: Warfighting, Intelligence, Force Transformation, and Nation Building
    CSIS_______________________________ Center for Strategic and International Studies 1800 K Street N.W. Washington, DC 20006 (202) 775-3270 [email protected] The Ongoing Lessons of Afghanistan: Warfighting, Intelligence, Force Transformation, and Nation Building Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy with Patrick Baetjer May 6, 2004 Cordesman: The Ongoing Lessons of the Afghan Conflict 6/3/04 Page 2 Acknowledgments The author would like to thank Jason Wenner for his work in helping to research and update this report. Cordesman: The Ongoing Lessons of the Afghan Conflict 6/3/04 Page 3 Author’s Note This is a working draft and will be subjected to several revisions before it is published. The author welcomes criticisms, comments, and suggestions. The author would be particularly interested in any additional data related to the Afghan conflict. The author can be contacted via email at [email protected]. The assistant who helped on this project may be contacted at [email protected]. Cordesman: The Ongoing Lessons of the Afghan Conflict 6/3/04 Page 4 Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................8 II. THE PRELUDE TO THE CONFLICT: THE US, AFGHANISTAN, PAKISTAN, AL QAIDA, AND THE TALIBAN.................................................................................................................................................................10 THE RISE IN THE TERRORIST THREAT BEFORE “9/11”
    [Show full text]