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Internal Labour Migration in Myanmar: Building an Evidence-Base on Patterns in Migration, Human Trafficking

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Internal Labour Migration in Myanmar Building an evidence-base on patterns in migration, human trafficking and forced labour International Labour Organization ILO Liaison Officer for Myanmar Report prepared by Kimberly Rogovin Myanmar translation by Daw Thet Hnin Aye Copyright © International Labour Organization 2015 First published 2015 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Internal labour migration in Myanmar: building an evidence-base on patterns in migration, human trafficking and forced labour; International Labour Organization, ILO Liaison Officer for Myanmar. - Yangon: ILO, 2015 x, 106 p. ISBN: 9789221303916; 9789221303923 (web pdf) International Labour Organization; ILO Liaison Officer for Myanmar labour migration / internal migration / trafficking in persons / forced labour / trend / methodology / Myanmar 14.09.1 Also available in Myanmar: ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြင္း ျပည္တြင္းေရႊ႕ေျပာင္းအလုပ္သမားမ်ား ျပည္တြင္းေရႊ႕ေျပာင္းအလုပ္ လုပ္ကုိင္ျခင္း၊ လူကုန္ကူးျခင္း၊ အဓမၼအလုပ္ခုိင္းေစမွႈဆုိင္ရာ ပုံစံမ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ေသာ အေထာက္အထားအေျချပဳသက္ေသ တည္ေဆာက္ျခင္း (ISBN 9789228303919), Yangon, 2015. ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications and digital products can be obtained through major booksellers and digital distribution platforms, or ordered directly from [email protected]. For more information, visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns or contact [email protected]. Printed in Myanmar Foreword Combatting human trafficking is a priority for Myanmar. The Government of Myanmar has promulgated an Anti- Trafficking in Persons Law, established a Central Body for Suppression of Trafficking in Persons (comprised of three working committees), developed a Five-Year National Plan of Action to Combat Human Trafficking, and made a joint commitment to end all forms of human trafficking with six other countries in the Greater Mekong Sub- Region. The Government has promoted international cooperation around the issue of human trafficking and has adopted international migration policies which seek to protect undocumented migrants abroad. In addition, the Government has passed a law for the eradication of forced labour, is cooperating with the United Nations to end child recruitment and use in the armed forces, has passed laws to allow the formation of unions and has undertaken other changes. Human trafficking trends change depending on the political, social and economic context, as well as due to natural disasters or other crises that affect the overall context. The ILO’s internal labour migration and trafficking survey report is the first report within the current Government on the topic. I believe that the report will fill an information gap to assist all actors in understanding the root causes of human trafficking. This includes understanding the forms of forced labour, vulnerable groups, vulnerability factors, potential industries where trafficking may occur, labour demand and exploitation and abuse of workers depending on age, sex and other variables. Combatting human trafficking and the elimination of forced labour is our national duty. There is a gap between the real problems and the ability of current policies to deal with those problems. This survey will assist in understanding those gaps. I believe that the report will support policy-makers as well as donors to formulate more effective policies and action plans, and will encourage new forms of cooperation between the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security, the Myanmar Police Force and private sector actors. Because labour trafficking cases in Myanmar have been higher than that of other forms of human trafficking, it thus needs comprehensive planning and action. Therefore, I would like to express that it is a very appropriate time to use the information in this report to develop the plan for the remaining year of the Second Five-Year National Plan of Action to Combat Human Trafficking and the upcoming Third Five-Year National Plan of Action. Brigadier General Win Naing Tun Head, Anti-Trafficking in Persons Division The Republic of the Union of Myanmar iii Internal Labour Migration in Myanmar Contents Foreword iii Contents iv List of tables, figures, boxes and maps vi Acknowledgements viii Abbreviations, acronyms and other terms x Executive summary 1 Chapter 1: Introduction 8 Chapter 2: Relevant laws and policies 11 2.1 Internal migration management 11 2.2 Labour legislation 11 2.3 Forced labour 13 2.4 Human trafficking 13 Chapter 3: Conceptual and analysis framework 15 3.1 Legal definitions 15 3.2 Operational definitions 16 3.3 Analysis framework 21 Chapter 4: Field research methodology 23 4.1 Partnerships and consultations 23 4.2 Research sites 24 4.3 Target population 25 4.4 Quantitative questionnaire design 25 4.5 Field enumerators selection and training 25 4.6 Sampling method and data collection 26 4.7 Quality control 26 4.8 Data processing and analysis 27 4.9 Focus group discussions and key informant interviews 27 4.10 Limitations of the study 27 iv Internal Labour Migration in Myanmar Chapter 5: Research findings 30 5.1 General characteristics of all internal labour migrants surveyed 30 5.1.1 Age and sex 30 5.1.2 Geographic distribution of interviews 31 5.1.3 Socio-economic background 33 5.1.4 Possession of identification 35 5.1.5 Industry and geographic distribution of economic activity in the study 36 5.2 Patterns in internal labour migration among all respondents 38 5.2.1 Geographic patterns in migration 38 5.2.2 Recruitment conditions 41 5.2.3 Job contract or agreement 43 5.2.4 Working conditions 44 5.2.5 Occupational safety and health 46 5.2.6 Living conditions 47 5.3 Analysing human trafficking and forced labour in Myanmar 49 5.3.1 Indicators of exploitation among all respondents 49 5.3.2 Quantifying cases of forced labour and trafficking 60 5.3.3 ‘Trafficking for forced labour’ case studies 62 5.3.4 Characteristics of respondents in situations of trafficking and forced labour 65 Chapter 6: Recommended areas for future work 81 Appendix: Respondent questionnaire 88 v Internal Labour Migration in Myanmar List of tables, figures, boxes and maps Tables Table 1. Indicators of human trafficking and forced labour relevant in the Myanmar context ...............................19 Table 2. Breakdown of the Myanmar Government’s definition of trafficking.................................................................20 Table 3. Organizations comprising the Civil Society Network, by state/region.............................................................23 Table 4. Main industries of respondents by state/region (destination areas).................................................................24 Table 5. Enumerator breakdown, by state/region and sex....................................................................................................26 Table 6. Age of all respondents (n=7,295) ...................................................................................................................................30 Table 7. Sex of all respondents (n=7,295).....................................................................................................................................30 Table 8. Location of interviews (n=7,295)....................................................................................................................................31 Table 9. Ethnicity of all respondents (n=7,295)..........................................................................................................................33 Table 10. Religion of all respondents (n=7,295).........................................................................................................................33 Table 11. Education attainment of all respondents (n=7,295)..............................................................................................34 Table 12. Reason for not continuing education (n=7,295).....................................................................................................34
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    University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2018 A Phonology Of Hill (kone-Tu) Asho Daniel Tignor Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Tignor, Daniel, "A Phonology Of Hill (kone-Tu) Asho" (2018). Theses and Dissertations. 2364. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2364 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A PHONOLOGY OF HILL (KONE-TU) ASHO by Daniel Tignor Bachelor of Science, Harding University, 2005 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Grand Forks, North Dakota August 2018 i PERMISSION Title A Phonology of Hill (Kone-Tu) Asho Department Linguistics Degree Master of Arts In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the chairperson of the department or the dean of the Graduate School. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission.
  • Hotels, Experiences & Services

    Hotels, Experiences & Services

    Hotels, Experiences & Services THE FIRST MYANMAR TOURISM PLATFORM LISTED ON THE SINGAPORE EXCHANGE To be the first choice in creating warm and genuine memories of Myanmar and beyond * Developed under the supervision of Memories Group A 46-KEY LUXURY URBAN GOLF RESORT Awei Metta, The Oasis of Yangon The urban retreat in nature. An ideal destination within the city that offers not only perfect nature settings for photo shoots and a staycation for special days, but also a ballroom that can accommodate up to 200 guests for wedding ceremonies and offsite events. Trouble-free from flying or hours of driving, celebrate your special occasion at Awei Metta, right here in the oasis of Yangon. A Winning Retreat Located within the premier Pun Hlaing Estate in Yangon, this two-acre resort features 46 modern, luxurious rooms, a cigar bar, a wellness centre, gourmet restaurants, and more. Ideal for both golf pros and enthusiasts, Awei Metta is a chic and urban resort that hosts a world-class golf course designed by Gary Player. For your next offsite destination, experience productive meetings and conferences held at Awei Metta. The resort is also the perfect gateway for life’s finest celebrations such as weddings. Guests will also enjoy world-class cuisine, drinks, sports, recreational activities as well as an array of amenities and services. www.aweimetta.com A 24-KEY ECO-CHIC LUXURY BEACHFRONT RESORT A true gem in the Mergui Archipelago Awei Pila, an exclusive private island resort, is set in a fascinating and magical virgin destination, the Mergui Archipelago. This enchanting and exclusive island resort is edgy and delightfully mischievous, transforming the ordinary into the extraordinary.