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Forced Migration and Land Rights in Burma

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Main author: Ashley South Editor: Maria Katsabanis, www.textmatters.com.au Other Contributors: Natalie Bugalski, Deborah January, Dr Nancy Hudson-Rodd, Kat Diaz and Tang Lay Lee. Graphic Design: RaynerBrown, www.raynerbrown.com Printed in Australia by BPA Print Group, www.bpabooks.com Photos: Free Burma Rangers Front Cover photo: IDPs Crossing the car road [a dangerous passage, due to Burma Army patrols] (Free Burma Rangers) Forced Migration and Land Rights in Burma C o n te n t s Executive Summary 7 Introduction 10 1.1 Methodology 13 1.2 Appreciative enquiry 13 1.3 Thanks and acknowledgements 14 Burma: demographics, underdevelopment and geography 15 2.1 Demographics 15 2.1.1 Migrant populations 16 2.2 Development indicators 16 2.3 Access to land 18 2.4 Physical geography 19 2.4.1 The Uplands 19 2.4.2 Central Burma 20 Forced migration, and Housing, Land and Property (HLP) rights 22 3.1 HLP rights violations, forced migration and international law 22 3.2 Refugees and IDPs 26 3.3 Migration beyond borders 28 3.4 Typology of displacement 29 3.5 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 31 3.5.1 Figures for 2007 31 3.6 Refugees 35 3.6.1 Western border 35 3.6.2 Eastern border 35 Burmese political history: an overview 37 4.1 Pre-colonial and colonial history: a very, very brief overview 37 4.1.1 Traditional concepts of territory and identity 38 4.1.2 The Colonial period 39 4.2 From Independence to military rule 39 4.3 The rise of the SLORC: 1988 and since 40 4.4 The Ceasefire Movement 40 4.5 ‘Hard-line’ regime consolidation 41 4.5.1 The National Convention 42 4.5.2 The move to Nay Pyi Daw 43 4.5.3 The 2007 ‘Saffron Revolution’ 44 Forced Migration and Land Rights in Burma History of land use and laws 46 5.1 Historical development of land and property law 46 5.1.1 Colonial period 47 5.1.2 Independence and since 47 5.2 Status of land and property law 47 5.2.1 Land transfers 48 5.2.2 Land tax and registration 50 5.2.3 State registration of houses 50 5.2.4 Landlessness 51 5.3 The National Convention and Draft Constitution 51 5.3.1 Draft Constitution for Future Federal Union of Burma 51 5.4 Customary practices 52 5.4.1 Official status of customary land ownership 54 5.5 The Community Forestry Instructions (CFI) 55 Causes and types of HLP Violations 56 6.1 ‘Type 1’ Forced Migration: HLP violations as a result of armed conflict 57 6.1.1 The ‘Four Cuts’ Pya Ley Pya 57 6.1.2 Mechanics of ‘The Four Cuts’ 57 6.1.3 Western Burma 58 6.1.4 Eastern Burma 58 6.1.5 Northern Burma 60 6.1.6 Landmine pollution 61 6.2 ‘Type 2’ Forced migration- militarisation and land confiscation 63 6.2.1 Central Burma 63 6.2.2 Population transfer 70 6.2.3 Model villages in Arakan 71 6.3 Natural resource exploitation 72 6.3.1 The political economy of conflict and natural resource extraction 73 6.3.2 Logging 74 6.3.3 Mining 77 6.3.4 Jade mining 78 6.3.5 Shan State 79 6.3.6 Gold mining 80 6.3.7 Oil and Gas 80 6.4 Forced labour 80 6.5 Development, displacement and dispossession 82 6.5.1 Development and armed groups: the SPDC and NMSP 83 6.6 Mega-projects: natural gas and hydro-power 84 6.6.1 Gas pipelines 84 6.6.2 Dams 87 6.7 Transport infrastructure development and forced evictions 91 6.7.1 Roads 91 6.7.2 The Ye-Tavoy railway (Mon State) 92 6.7.3 Bridge construction (Kachin State) 92 6.7.4 Airport extension (Kachin State) 92 6.8 Extortion and extraction by the Government and Tatmadaw 92 6.8.1 Rice/paddy tax 93 6.8.2 Impacts on traditional farming systems 94 Forced Migration and Land Rights in Burma 6.9 Urban displacement 95 6.9.1 Evictions before 1988 96 6.9.2 Evictions since 1988 96 6.9.3 ‘Urban Renewal’ 96 6.9.4 Forced evictions around Pyinmana 98 6.9.5 ‘Development’-induced and urban displacement in Mon State 98 6.9.6 Tourism, conservation and displacement 99 6.9.7 Hukawng Valley Tiger Reserve 100 6.10 The business of border development 101 6.11 ‘Type 3’ forced migration - state agriculture policies 103 6.11.1 Imposed and traditional farming systems 104 6.11.2 Other large-scale agriculture projects 106 6.11.3 Livelihoods and food security 107 6.11.4 Opium eradication and forced migration 108 6.11.5 Natural disaster-induced displacement 109 Local responses to forced migration and HLP violations 110 7.1 Community coping mechanisms 111 7.1.1 IDPs in hiding (zones of on-going armed conflict) 112 7.2 Relocation sites 114 7.3 Relocation Centres 116 7.4 Relocation Villages 118 7.5 Urban and peri-urban relocation sites 119 7.5.1 Relatively more secure villages and peri-urban areas 119 7.5.2 Conditions in satellite villages 120 7.6 Refuge across the border 121 Institutional responses to forced migration and HLP violations 122 8.1 Rights-based approaches 122 8.2 Local and international interventions 123 8.2.1 Civil society - Burmese CBOs and NGOs 123 8.3 Historical overview:
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    EBO ANALYSIS The Situation in Karen State after the Elections PAPER No. 1 2011 THE SITUATION IN KAREN STATE AFTER THE ELECTIONS EBO Analysis Paper No. 1/2011 For over sixty years the Karens have been fighting the longest civil war in recent history. The struggle, which has seen demands for an autonomous state changed to equal recognition within a federal union, has been bloody and characterized by a number of splits within the movement. While all splinter groups ostensibly split to further ethnic Karen aspirations; recent decisions by some to join the Burmese government’s Border Guard Force (BGF) is seen as an end to such aspirations. Although a number of Karen political parties were formed to contest the November elections, the likelihood of such parties seriously securing appropriate ethnic representation without regime capitulation is doubtful. While some have argued, perhaps correctly, that the only legitimate option was to contest the elections, the closeness of some Karen representatives to the current regime can only prolong the status quo. This papers examines the problems currently affecting Karen State after the 7 November elections. THE BORDER GUARD FORCE Despite original promises of being allowed to recruit a total of 9,000 troops, the actual number of the DKBA (Democratic Karen Buddhist Army) or Karen Border Guard Force has been reduced considerably. In fact, a number of the original offers made to the DKBA have been revoked. At a 7 May 2010 meeting held at Myaing Gyi Ngu, DKBA Chairman U Tha Htoo Kyaw stated that ‘According to the SE Commander, the BGF will retain the DKBA badge.’ In fact the DKBA were given uniforms with SPDC military patches and all Karen flags in DKBA areas were removed and replaced by the national flag.
  • Internal Labour Migration in Myanmar: Building an Evidence-Base on Patterns in Migration, Human Trafficking

    Internal Labour Migration in Myanmar: Building an Evidence-Base on Patterns in Migration, Human Trafficking

    Internal Labour Migration in Myanmar Building an evidence-base on patterns in migration, human trafficking and forced labour International Labour Organization ILO Liaison Officer for Myanmar Report prepared by Kimberly Rogovin Myanmar translation by Daw Thet Hnin Aye Copyright © International Labour Organization 2015 First published 2015 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Internal labour migration in Myanmar: building an evidence-base on patterns in migration, human trafficking and forced labour; International Labour Organization, ILO Liaison Officer for Myanmar. - Yangon: ILO, 2015 x, 106 p. ISBN: 9789221303916; 9789221303923 (web pdf) International Labour Organization; ILO Liaison Officer for Myanmar labour migration / internal migration / trafficking in persons / forced labour / trend / methodology / Myanmar 14.09.1 Also available in Myanmar: ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြင္း ျပည္တြင္းေရႊ႕ေျပာင္းအလုပ္သမားမ်ား ျပည္တြင္းေရႊ႕ေျပာင္းအလုပ္ လုပ္ကုိင္ျခင္း၊ လူကုန္ကူးျခင္း၊ အဓမၼအလုပ္ခုိင္းေစမွႈဆုိင္ရာ ပုံစံမ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ေသာ အေထာက္အထားအေျချပဳသက္ေသ တည္ေဆာက္ျခင္း (ISBN 9789228303919), Yangon, 2015.
  • Burma's Identity Crisis

    Burma's Identity Crisis

    Burma’s identity crisis How ethno-religious nationalism has led to religious intolerance, crimes against humanity and genocide May 2019 Daniel Sinclair/CSW February 2019 For public use Burma’s Identity Crisis Explanatory note CSW has always used the name ‘Burma’, rather than the official name of the country, ‘Myanmar’, and continues to do so. Ever since the military regime changed the name to Myanmar in 1989, one year after the bloody suppression of pro- democracy demonstrations, Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy (NLD), and many of the country’s ethnic nationalities, requested the international community not to adopt the military’s name, arguing that the regime had no mandate to change the name of the country. Although Aung San Suu Kyi and the NLD are now in government, it is unclear what their wishes are, and so we tend to use Burma and Myanmar interchangeably, depending on the context. In this report we use Burma throughout, except when directly quoting sources which themselves use Myanmar. Similarly we use the name ‘Rangoon’ for the country’s formal capital and major city, except where the official name ‘Yangon’ is used in direct quotations. Much of the research for this report was conducted first hand by CSW, through visits to Burma and its borders, interviewing ethnic and religious minorities, Buddhist monks, civil society and refugees. However, given the scale of the topic, and limitations on access to some areas, we have referred to information researched and published by other human rights groups and international organisations, notably the United Nations, the US Commission on International Religious Freedom, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Fortify Rights and the Burma Human Rights Network.