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Forced Migration and Land Rights in Burma

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Main author: Ashley South Editor: Maria Katsabanis, www.textmatters.com.au Other Contributors: Natalie Bugalski, Deborah January, Dr Nancy Hudson-Rodd, Kat Diaz and Tang Lay Lee. Graphic Design: RaynerBrown, www.raynerbrown.com Printed in Australia by BPA Print Group, www.bpabooks.com Photos: Free Burma Rangers Front Cover photo: IDPs Crossing the car road [a dangerous passage, due to Burma Army patrols] (Free Burma Rangers) Forced Migration and Land Rights in Burma C o n te n t s Executive Summary 7 Introduction 10 1.1 Methodology 13 1.2 Appreciative enquiry 13 1.3 Thanks and acknowledgements 14 Burma: demographics, underdevelopment and geography 15 2.1 Demographics 15 2.1.1 Migrant populations 16 2.2 Development indicators 16 2.3 Access to land 18 2.4 Physical geography 19 2.4.1 The Uplands 19 2.4.2 Central Burma 20 Forced migration, and Housing, Land and Property (HLP) rights 22 3.1 HLP rights violations, forced migration and international law 22 3.2 Refugees and IDPs 26 3.3 Migration beyond borders 28 3.4 Typology of displacement 29 3.5 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 31 3.5.1 Figures for 2007 31 3.6 Refugees 35 3.6.1 Western border 35 3.6.2 Eastern border 35 Burmese political history: an overview 37 4.1 Pre-colonial and colonial history: a very, very brief overview 37 4.1.1 Traditional concepts of territory and identity 38 4.1.2 The Colonial period 39 4.2 From Independence to military rule 39 4.3 The rise of the SLORC: 1988 and since 40 4.4 The Ceasefire Movement 40 4.5 ‘Hard-line’ regime consolidation 41 4.5.1 The National Convention 42 4.5.2 The move to Nay Pyi Daw 43 4.5.3 The 2007 ‘Saffron Revolution’ 44 Forced Migration and Land Rights in Burma History of land use and laws 46 5.1 Historical development of land and property law 46 5.1.1 Colonial period 47 5.1.2 Independence and since 47 5.2 Status of land and property law 47 5.2.1 Land transfers 48 5.2.2 Land tax and registration 50 5.2.3 State registration of houses 50 5.2.4 Landlessness 51 5.3 The National Convention and Draft Constitution 51 5.3.1 Draft Constitution for Future Federal Union of Burma 51 5.4 Customary practices 52 5.4.1 Official status of customary land ownership 54 5.5 The Community Forestry Instructions (CFI) 55 Causes and types of HLP Violations 56 6.1 ‘Type 1’ Forced Migration: HLP violations as a result of armed conflict 57 6.1.1 The ‘Four Cuts’ Pya Ley Pya 57 6.1.2 Mechanics of ‘The Four Cuts’ 57 6.1.3 Western Burma 58 6.1.4 Eastern Burma 58 6.1.5 Northern Burma 60 6.1.6 Landmine pollution 61 6.2 ‘Type 2’ Forced migration- militarisation and land confiscation 63 6.2.1 Central Burma 63 6.2.2 Population transfer 70 6.2.3 Model villages in Arakan 71 6.3 Natural resource exploitation 72 6.3.1 The political economy of conflict and natural resource extraction 73 6.3.2 Logging 74 6.3.3 Mining 77 6.3.4 Jade mining 78 6.3.5 Shan State 79 6.3.6 Gold mining 80 6.3.7 Oil and Gas 80 6.4 Forced labour 80 6.5 Development, displacement and dispossession 82 6.5.1 Development and armed groups: the SPDC and NMSP 83 6.6 Mega-projects: natural gas and hydro-power 84 6.6.1 Gas pipelines 84 6.6.2 Dams 87 6.7 Transport infrastructure development and forced evictions 91 6.7.1 Roads 91 6.7.2 The Ye-Tavoy railway (Mon State) 92 6.7.3 Bridge construction (Kachin State) 92 6.7.4 Airport extension (Kachin State) 92 6.8 Extortion and extraction by the Government and Tatmadaw 92 6.8.1 Rice/paddy tax 93 6.8.2 Impacts on traditional farming systems 94 Forced Migration and Land Rights in Burma 6.9 Urban displacement 95 6.9.1 Evictions before 1988 96 6.9.2 Evictions since 1988 96 6.9.3 ‘Urban Renewal’ 96 6.9.4 Forced evictions around Pyinmana 98 6.9.5 ‘Development’-induced and urban displacement in Mon State 98 6.9.6 Tourism, conservation and displacement 99 6.9.7 Hukawng Valley Tiger Reserve 100 6.10 The business of border development 101 6.11 ‘Type 3’ forced migration - state agriculture policies 103 6.11.1 Imposed and traditional farming systems 104 6.11.2 Other large-scale agriculture projects 106 6.11.3 Livelihoods and food security 107 6.11.4 Opium eradication and forced migration 108 6.11.5 Natural disaster-induced displacement 109 Local responses to forced migration and HLP violations 110 7.1 Community coping mechanisms 111 7.1.1 IDPs in hiding (zones of on-going armed conflict) 112 7.2 Relocation sites 114 7.3 Relocation Centres 116 7.4 Relocation Villages 118 7.5 Urban and peri-urban relocation sites 119 7.5.1 Relatively more secure villages and peri-urban areas 119 7.5.2 Conditions in satellite villages 120 7.6 Refuge across the border 121 Institutional responses to forced migration and HLP violations 122 8.1 Rights-based approaches 122 8.2 Local and international interventions 123 8.2.1 Civil society - Burmese CBOs and NGOs 123 8.3 Historical overview:
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