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DigitalDigital RepositoryRepository UniversitasUniversitas JemberJember DISKRIMINASI ETNIS ROHINGYA OLEH PEMERINTAH MYANMAR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST ETHNIC ROHINGYA BY GOVERNMENT OF MYANMAR SKRIPSI diajukan guna melengkapi tugas akhir dan memenuhi syarat-syarat untuk menyelesaikan Program Studi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional (S1) dan mencapai gelar Sarjana Sosial Oleh: VIDYA TAMA SAPUTRA NIM 050910101033 JURUSAN ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS JEMBER 2010 DigitalDigital RepositoryRepository UniversitasUniversitas JemberJember HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN Skripsi ini penulis persembahkan untuk: 1.) Almamater Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Jember; 2.) Keluarga dan teman-teman yang telah memberikan dukungan untuk penyelesaian skripsi ini; 3.) Pihak-pihak lainnya yang tidak mungkin disebutkan secara keseluruhan, penulis sampaikan terima kasih atas dukungannya. ii DigitalDigital RepositoryRepository UniversitasUniversitas JemberJember MOTTO “Jadilah Orang Baik” iii DigitalDigital RepositoryRepository UniversitasUniversitas JemberJember HALAMAN PERNYATAAN Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini. Nama : Vidya Tama Saputra NIM : 050910101033 Menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya bahwa karya tulis ilmiah yang berjudul: ” Diskriminasi Etnis Rohingya Oleh Pemerintah Myanmar” adalah benar-benar hasil karya sendiri, kecuali jika disebutkan sumbernya dan belum pernah diajukan pada institusi manapun, serta bukan karya jiplakan. Saya bertanggung jawab atas keabsahan kebenaran isinya sesuai dengan sikap ilmiah -
Statelessness in Myanmar
Statelessness in Myanmar Country Position Paper May 2019 Country Position Paper: Statelessness in Myanmar CONTENTS Summary of main issues ..................................................................................................................... 3 Relevant population data ................................................................................................................... 4 Rohingya population data .................................................................................................................. 4 Myanmar’s Citizenship law ................................................................................................................. 5 Racial Discrimination ............................................................................................................................... 6 Arbitrary deprivation of nationality ....................................................................................................... 7 The revocation of citizenship.................................................................................................................. 7 Failure to prevent childhood statelessness.......................................................................................... 7 Lack of naturalisation provisions ........................................................................................................... 8 Civil registration and documentation practices .............................................................................. 8 Lack of Access and Barriers -
Internal Labour Migration in Myanmar: Building an Evidence-Base on Patterns in Migration, Human Trafficking
Internal Labour Migration in Myanmar Building an evidence-base on patterns in migration, human trafficking and forced labour International Labour Organization ILO Liaison Officer for Myanmar Report prepared by Kimberly Rogovin Myanmar translation by Daw Thet Hnin Aye Copyright © International Labour Organization 2015 First published 2015 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Internal labour migration in Myanmar: building an evidence-base on patterns in migration, human trafficking and forced labour; International Labour Organization, ILO Liaison Officer for Myanmar. - Yangon: ILO, 2015 x, 106 p. ISBN: 9789221303916; 9789221303923 (web pdf) International Labour Organization; ILO Liaison Officer for Myanmar labour migration / internal migration / trafficking in persons / forced labour / trend / methodology / Myanmar 14.09.1 Also available in Myanmar: ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြင္း ျပည္တြင္းေရႊ႕ေျပာင္းအလုပ္သမားမ်ား ျပည္တြင္းေရႊ႕ေျပာင္းအလုပ္ လုပ္ကုိင္ျခင္း၊ လူကုန္ကူးျခင္း၊ အဓမၼအလုပ္ခုိင္းေစမွႈဆုိင္ရာ ပုံစံမ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ေသာ အေထာက္အထားအေျချပဳသက္ေသ တည္ေဆာက္ျခင္း (ISBN 9789228303919), Yangon, 2015. -
Birma: Centrum Kontra Peryferie
Michał Lubina Birma: centrum kontra peryferie Kwestia etniczna we współczesnej Birmie (1948 – 2013) Kraków 2014 © Copyright by Michał Lubina Publikacja dofinansowana przez Towarzystwo Doktorantów Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Recenzja: dr hab. Hubert Królikowski, prof. UJ Konsultacje naukowe: dr hab. Bogdan Góralczyk, prof. UW dr Grażyna Szymańska-Matusiewicz Magdalena Kozłowska Redakcja techniczna: Wojciech Marcinek ISBN 978-83-937321-9-7 Wydawca: Krakowska Oficyna Naukowa TEKST 31-216 Kraków, Bobrzeckiej 9, www.kon-tekst.pl Druk: Eikon Plus, Kraków Nakład: do 200 egz. Rodzicom, którzy nauczyli mnie ciekawości i szacunku do świata w podzięce za nieustanne wsparcie Spis treści Wstęp 9 Rozdział I. Birma w ujęciu teoretyczno-metodologicznym i historiografii 13 Periodyzacja i struktura pracy 13 Krytyka źródeł 28 Uwagi odnośnie pisowni i nazw własnych 32 Birma czy Mjanma (Myanmar)? 33 Rozdział II. Charakterystyka etniczna Birmy 37 Najważniejsze grupy etniczne Birmy 41 Rozdział III. Birma do 1948 roku. Przyczyny konfliktu centrum – peryferie 57 Od centrum ku peryferiom. Charakter prekolonialnej monarchii birmańskiej 57 „Dwie Birmy”. Kolonializm a kwestia etniczna 60 Birmański ruch narodowy a kwestia etniczna 69 Okupacja japońska (1942-1945) 77 W przededniu niepodległości (1945-1948) 85 Podsumowanie 99 Rozdział IV. Kwestia etniczna w parlamentarnej Birmie (1948-1962) 101 Sytuacja wewnętrzna w kraju w latach 1948-1962 102 Początek wojny domowej 106 Komuniści 107 Karenowie. Konflikt „lewicowców” i „prawicowców” w armii 109 Walki birmańsko-kareńskie. Oblężenie Rangunu (1949) 114 Sytuacja wewnętrzna w latach 50-tych. Wzrost znaczenia armii 119 Inwazja Kuomintangu (1950) 123 Sytuacja wewnętrzna w Birmie w połowie lat 50-tych 127 5 Pierwszy zamach stanu armii (1958) i rząd przejściowy generała Ne Wina (1958-1960) 135 Cywilne Interregnum (1960-1962) 138 Drugi zamach stanu Ne Wina (1962) 145 Podsumowanie 147 Rozdział V. -
University of California, Santa Cruz the Naypyidaw Rationale
University of California, Santa Cruz The Naypyidaw Rationale: Cultures of Power and Constructions of Legitimacy in the Republic of Myanmar June 2015 Nic Zinter Senior Thesis Dept. of Politics 1 A note on the terminology: The official title of the Burmese state as specified by the 2008 Constitution is “The Republic of the Union of Myanmar,” although the use of “Myanmar” to designate the territory formerly known as “Burma” was a move to push out colonial influence after the Burmese Security Forces initiated a violent coup d’état in 1988 responding to a series of student uprisings and popular protests. While the majority of major news outlets refer to this nation as Myanmar, the designation of Burma is still used by a coalition of governments, including that of the United States, that refuse to recognize the legitimacy of the now-vacated military government. In spite of the dissolution of the military junta in 2011, the current government of Myanmar led by Thein Sein upholds the name “Myanmar” and continues to rule from the junta-designated capital at Naypyidaw. As such, I use the designations of “Myanmar” and “Burma” throughout the course of this paper – not to make any sort of political statement for or against the current government of Myanmar. Rather, when discussing issues pertaining specifically to the government, I use the term “Myanmar;” when discussing the peoples or the territory within Myanmar’s national boundaries, or the historic kingdoms or colonies that predate the junta, I utilize the term “Burma.” 2 On 6 November 2005, at the decidedly auspicious time of 6:37 a.m., the capital of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar was moved from Yangon, the site of tumultuous protest, democratic movements, and political upheaval, to the barren grasslands of a territory known as Pyinmana, which at the time had a population just shy of one hundred thousand. -
The Ongoing Genocidal Crisis of the Rohingya Minority in Myanmar
Article Journal of Victimology The Ongoing Genocidal and Victim Justice 1(1) 4–24 Crisis of the Rohingya 2018 National Law University Delhi Minority in Myanmar SAGE Publications sagepub.in/home.nav DOI: 10.1177/2516606918764998 http://journals.sagepub.com/home/vvj John P. J. Dussich1 Abstract The serious plight of the Rohingya ethnic group’s extreme victimization in Myanmar has finally emerged on the international stage. They are mostly a stateless Muslim minority from the state of Rakhine which, over recent decades, have been abused by severe and repeated multiple human rights violations. There are now approximately 850,000 displaced Rohingya refugees mostly in Bangladesh and surrounding countries with thousands more waiting in peril between Myanmar and Bangladesh. The saga of the Rohingya dilemma has been fraught with complex ethno-religious conflicts between Buddhist, Muslim and Hindu factions exacerbated by the scale of people involved, rapidity of events, recency of occurrences, abject poverty, racial hatred, linguistic differences, confused ancestral rights, severe humanitarian violations, genocidal policies, surrounded by nations themselves struggling with few resources. The present- day conflicted leadership in Myanmar between the military and the democratically elected leader of her government, Aung San Suu Kyi, has been severely criticized for their brutal continued ethnic cleansing. Keywords Rohingya, Myanmar, Bangladesh, ethnic cleansing, genocide, Muslim, Buddhist, human rights, refugees, Aung San Suu Kyi A genocide begins with the killing of one man—not for what he has done, but because of who he is. A campaign of ‘ethnic cleansing’ begins with one neighbour turning on another. Poverty begins when even one child is denied his or her fundamental right to education. -
Misunderstanding + Misinformation = Mistrust
Misunderstanding + misinformation = mistrust: How language barriers reduce access to humanitarian services, reduce the quality of those services and aggravate social exclusion for Rohingya communities PART III: SITTWE, MYANMAR September 2019 1 A three-part report Translators without Borders (TWB) is We are grateful to the many organizations pleased to launch a three-part report and individuals that supported or and accompanying language guidance participated in this study. on an innovative cross-border study. The series explores the role of language The cross-border study was conducted in humanitarian service access and and authored by a TWB team in Myanmar community relations in Cox’s Bazar, and Bangladesh. Many others also Bangladesh and Sittwe, Myanmar. contributed feedback and valuable comments to the final series of reports. • Part I. Cross-border trends: Challenging trends in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh and Sittwe, Myanmar • Part II. Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh: Findings from Bangladesh including sections on challenges, adaptive programming, and recommendations • Part III. Sittwe, Myanmar: Findings from Myanmar including sections on challenges, adaptive programming, and recommendations A local roadside scene in the Sittwe rural camps. 2 Table of Contents Methods and further information .......................................................4 Usage ............................................................................................................4 Executive summary .................................................................................5 -
Islam in Myanmar
Islam in Myanmar Islam is a minority religion in Myanmar, practiced by about 4.15% of the population, according to the 2008 Myanmar official statistics. Contents History Muslim diaspora Pathi and Panthays Bagan (Pagan) period Byat Wi and Byat Ta Shwe Byin brothers Sailors and traders Prisoners of war Royal Muslim soldiers Konbaung Dynasty Amarapura King Mindon Imprisonment of the last Mughal Emperor Demographics Religion and society Official policy Persecution Religious and race riots Burma for Burmese Campaign Inquiry Committee by British Japanese persecution of Muslims Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League Ne Win's coup d'état Riots in Mandalay (1997) Riots in Sittwe and Taungoo (2001) Riots in Rakhine (2012) Agents provocateurs 2013 riots Mandalay riots (2014) 2016–17 Rohingya persecution See also References Bibliography Further reading External links History In the early Bagan era (AD 652-660), Arab Muslim merchants landed at ports such as Thaton and Martaban. Arab Muslim ships sailed from Madagascar to China, often going in and out of Burma.[1] Arab travellers visited the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal south of Burma.[2] The Muslims arrived in Burma's Ayeyarwady River delta, on the Tanintharyi coast and in Rakhine in the 9th century, prior to the establishment of the first Burmese empire in 1055 AD by King Anawrahta of Bagan.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The sea posts of Burma such as Kyaukpyu, Bassein, Syriam, Martaban, Mergui, etc. are rife with the legendary accounts of early shipwrecks in their neighbourhood: of Kular shipwrecked sailors, traders and soldiers.[10] At first Muslims arrived on the Arakan coast and moved into the upward hinterland to Maungdaw. -
Diplomasi Publik Malaysia Terhadap Rohingya Malaysia's Public Diplomacy Towards Rohingya
Jurnal Manajemen Pertahanan, Vol 6 No 2 Desember 2020 1 DIPLOMASI PUBLIK MALAYSIA TERHADAP ROHINGYA MALAYSIA’S PUBLIC DIPLOMACY TOWARDS ROHINGYA Jessica Ong Hai Liaw1, Abdul Hamid Moiden2, Ariffin Ismail3 FAKULTI PENGAJIAN DAN PENGURUSAN PERTAHANAN UNIVERSITI PERTAHANAN NASIONAL MALAYSIA [email protected] Abstrak – Penghapusan etnik atau genosid sudah bermula merupakan satu titik hitam dalam ketamadun manusia. Kata ini mula-mula digunakan pada tahun 1944 oleh Raphael Lemkin dalam bukunya “Axis Rule in Occupied Europe” yang diterbitkan di Amerika Syarikat. Kata ini diambil dari bahasa Yunani ‘γένος genos’ yang bermaksud ‘ras’, ‘bangsa’ atau ‘rakyat’ dan bahasa Latin ‘caedere’ yang bererti ‘pembunuhan’. Penghapusan etnik lazimnya dilakukan atas nama agama, bangsa dan negara. Kini, walaupun manusia telah mengenal ketinggian peradaban dan mengecap kemajuan dalam bidang sains dan teknologi penghapusan etnik masih berlaku di serata dunia dan alasannya masih lagi agama, bangsa dan negara. Penghapusan etnik minoriti oleh kaum majoriti dalam sesebuah masyarakat atau negara merupakan satu bentuk penganiayaan dan pencabulan hak asasi manusia. Semasa Perang Dunia Kedua (1939-1945) tentera Nazi Jerman di bawah pimpinan Adolf Hitler telah melaksanakan penghapusan etnik berbangsa Yahudi. Selain itu, penghapusan etnik juga berlaku di benua Afrika iaitu Kaum Tutsi dan Kaum Hutu dibunuh secara beramai-ramai di Rwanda. Dianggarkan sebanyak 500,000 orang dibunuh atas nama dasar penghapusan etnik di Rwanda. Pada tahun 1990-an pula berlaku penghapusan etnik Bosnia- Herzegovina oleh Kaum Serbia di bawah pimpinan Jeneral Ratko Mladic atas nama agama. Benua Asia khususnya Asia Tenggara turut tidak terkecuali dalam hal ini. Di Myanmar, kerajaan Myanmar di bawah pimpinan Aung San Suu Kyi, penerima hadiah Nobel Keamanan 1991 menghalalkan penghapusan etnik yang dilakukan pihak tentera ke atas penduduk Islam Rohingya. -
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Volume 28, Number 1, 2021 اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ واﻟﻌﺸﺮون، اﻟﻌﺪد ١، ٢٠٢١ T P M P: ٢٠٢١ A E S N’ H ، ١ -- H M A اﻟﻌﺪد واﻟﻌﺸﺮون، اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ واﻟﻌﺸﺮون، اﻟﻌﺪد Jamel Rombo Cayamodin & Abdulhamit Durakoglu T G: T S I H M R I M S C: T P “M-B” C B Annabel Teh Gallop T P R M I Gst. Pt. Bagus Suka Arjawa & Zulkii P D M Muhammad Wildan اﻟﺴﺠﺎﺋﺮ وﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ :M, C P, I ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺘﺎرا: دراﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﻄﻮط A C A () A B I” M J“ «ﺑﺎب ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺎن ﺣﻜﻢ ﺷﺮب اﻟﺪﺧﺎن» Rahmat Hidayatullah ﺟﺎﺟﺎﻧﻎ أ راﲪﺎ E-ISSN: 2355-6145 STUDIA ISLAMIKA STUDIA ISLAMIKA Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies Vol. 28, no. 1, 2021 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Azyumardi Azra MANAGING EDITOR Oman Fathurahman EDITORS Saiful Mujani Jamhari Didin Syafruddin Jajat Burhanudin Fuad Jabali Ali Munhanif Saiful Umam Dadi Darmadi Jajang Jahroni Din Wahid Euis Nurlaelawati INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD M. Quraish Shihab (Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta, INDONESIA) Martin van Bruinessen (Utrecht University, NETHERLANDS) John R. Bowen (Washington University, USA) M. Kamal Hasan (International Islamic University, MALAYSIA) Virginia M. Hooker (Australian National University, AUSTRALIA) Edwin P. Wieringa (Universität zu Köln, GERMANY) Robert W. Hefner (Boston University, USA) Rémy Madinier (Centre national de la recherche scientique (CNRS), FRANCE) R. Michael Feener (National University of Singapore, SINGAPORE) Michael F. Laffan (Princeton University, USA) Minako Sakai (e University of New South Wales, AUSTRALIA) Annabel Teh Gallop (e British Library, UK) Syafaatun Almirzanah (Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University of Yogyakarta, INDONESIA) ASSISTANT TO THE EDITORS Testriono Muhammad Nida' Fadlan Rangga Eka Saputra Abdullah Maulani ENGLISH LANGUAGE ADVISOR Benjamin J. -
Children, the Main Victims of Ethnic Violence in Myanmar
http:// ijp.mums.ac.ir Letter to Editor (Pages: 6173-6178) Children, the Main Victims of Ethnic Violence in Myanmar Masumeh Saeidi1, Zahra Emami Moghadam2, *Habibolah Taghizade Moghaddam31 1Students Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 3Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Dear Editor-in-chief, The Republic of the Union of Myanmar – formerly known as Burma – is a small nation located in South East of Asia, on the border of Thailand, Laos, China and Bangladesh (Figure.1). According to a 2014 census, the country has a population of over 51 million people. The country is officially a Buddhist state, but with 135 recognized ethnic minorities, it boasts a big religious diversity as well. Based on the 2014 census, over two million of Myanmar’s residents identified as Muslims. Myanmar has a total area of 262,000 square miles (678,500 km2), and consists of 14 stets and regions (1-3). Many of Burma’s indigenous Muslims live in Rakhine State, on the Western coast next to the border with Bangladesh. Rohingya are however considered to be stateless, because the Myanmar Government officially considers the ethnic minority to be illegal Bangladeshi immigrants. The persecution has forced nearly one million Rohingya to flee into Bangladesh since 1977, with many more seeking refuge in other countries. Other Muslim countries have opened their doors to the refugees, with some choosing to flee to India, Pakistan, Malaysia and Indonesia. The Rohingya face discrimination and barriers to health care (4, 5). -
Myanmar (Burma)
MYANMAR (BURMA): No end in sight for internal displacement crisis A profile of the internal displacement situation 14 February, 2008 This Internal Displacement Profile is automatically generated from the online IDP database of the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). It includes an overview of the internal displacement situation in the country prepared by the IDMC, followed by a compilation of excerpts from relevant reports by a variety of different sources. All headlines as well as the bullet point summaries at the beginning of each chapter were added by the IDMC to facilitate navigation through the Profile. Where dates in brackets are added to headlines, they indicate the publication date of the most recent source used in the respective chapter. The views expressed in the reports compiled in this Profile are not necessarily shared by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. The Profile is also available online at www.internal-displacement.org. About the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, established in 1998 by the Norwegian Refugee Council, is the leading international body monitoring conflict-induced internal displacement worldwide. Through its work, the Centre contributes to improving national and international capacities to protect and assist the millions of people around the globe who have been displaced within their own country as a result of conflicts or human rights violations. At the request of the United Nations, the Geneva-based Centre runs an online database providing comprehensive information and analysis on internal displacement in some 50 countries. Based on its monitoring and data collection activities, the Centre advocates for durable solutions to the plight of the internally displaced in line with international standards.