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Print This Article Volume 22, Number 1, 2015 ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻭﻥ، ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ١، ٢٠١٥ : W C I I - C C M. A. Kevin Brice ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ: C C M’ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ D T: C S R ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ Ahmad Suaedy & Muhammad Haz ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻒ S M C I B: T ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻼﻳﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ: I S G P ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻭﺭﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻮﺭﻧﻴﻮ Friederike Trotier ﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻣﺎﺩﻱ E-ISSN: 2355-6145 STUDIA ISLAMIKA STUDIA ISLAMIKA Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies Vol. 22, no. 1, 2015 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Azyumardi Azra MANAGING EDITOR Ayang Utriza Yakin EDITORS Saiful Mujani Jamhari Jajat Burhanudin Oman Fathurahman Fuad Jabali Ali Munhanif Saiful Umam Ismatu Ropi Dadi Darmadi INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD M. Quraish Shihab (Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta, INDONESIA) Tauk Abdullah (Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), INDONESIA) Nur A. Fadhil Lubis (State Islamic University of Sumatera Utara, INDONESIA) M.C. Ricklefs (Australian National University, AUSTRALIA) Martin van Bruinessen (Utrecht University, NETHERLANDS) John R. Bowen (Washington University, USA) M. Kamal Hasan (International Islamic University, MALAYSIA) Virginia M. Hooker (Australian National University, AUSTRALIA) Edwin P. Wieringa (Universität zu Köln, GERMANY) Robert W. Hefner (Boston University, USA) Rémy Madinier (Centre national de la recherche scientique (CNRS), FRANCE) R. Michael Feener (National University of Singapore, SINGAPORE) Michael F. Laffan (Princeton University, USA) ASSISTANT TO THE EDITORS Testriono Muhammad Nida' Fadlan ENGLISH LANGUAGE ADVISOR Shirley Baker ARABIC LANGUAGE ADVISOR Nursamad Tb. Ade Asnawi COVER DESIGNER S. Prinka STUDIA ISLAMIKA (ISSN 0215-0492; E-ISSN: 2355-6145) is an international journal published by the Center for the Study of Islam and Society (PPIM) Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta, INDONESIA. It specializes in Indonesian Islamic studies in particular, and Southeast Asian Islamic studies in general, and is intended to communicate original researches and current issues on the subject. is journal warmly welcomes contributions from scholars of related disciplines. All submitted papers are subject to double-blind review process. STUDIA ISLAMIKA has been accredited by e Ministry of Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia as an academic journal (SK Dirjen Dikti No. 56/DIKTI/Kep/2012). STUDIA ISLAMIKA has become a CrossRef Member since year 2014. erefore, all articles published by STUDIA ISLAMIKA will have unique Digital Object Identier (DOI) number. © Copyright Reserved Editorial Office: STUDIA ISLAMIKA, Gedung Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat (PPIM) UIN Jakarta, Jl. Kertamukti No. 5, Pisangan Barat, Cirendeu, Ciputat 15419, Jakarta, Indonesia. Phone: (62-21) 7423543, 7499272, Fax: (62-21) 7408633; E-mail: studia.islamika@uinjkt.ac.id Website: http://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/studia-islamika Annual subscription rates from outside Indonesia, institution: US$ 75,00 and the cost of a single copy is US$ 25,00; individual: US$ 50,00 and the cost of a single copy is US$ 20,00. Rates do not include international postage and handling. Please make all payment through bank transfer to: PPIM, Bank Mandiri KCP Tangerang Graha Karnos, Indonesia, account No. 101-00-0514550-1 (USD), Swift Code: bmriidja Harga berlangganan di Indonesia untuk satu tahun, lembaga: Rp. 150.000,-, harga satu edisi Rp. 50.000,-; individu: Rp. 100.000,-, harga satu edisi Rp. 40.000,-. Harga belum termasuk ongkos kirim. Pembayaran melalui PPIM, Bank Mandiri KCP Tangerang Graha Karnos, No. Rek: 128-00-0105080-3 Table of Contents Articles 1 M. A. Kevin Brice Si Bule Masuk Islam: Western Converts to Islam in Indonesia - more than just Converts of Convenience? 29 Ahmad Suaedy & Muhammad Haz Citizenship Challenges in Myanmar’s Democratic Transition: Case Study of the Rohingya-Muslim 65 Friederike Trotier Strengthening the Muslim Community in Indonesia and Beyond: e 2013 Islamic Solidarity Games in Palembang 97 Ali Munhanif Al-Shawkah al-Siyāsīyah li al-Afkār al-Dīnīyah: Al-Ḥarakah al-Tajdīdīyah al-Islāmīyah wa al-Ṭarīq ilá Nuqṭat Iltiqā’ al-Islām wa al-Dawlah 133 Dadi Darmadi Al-Islām wa al-Malāyū wa al-Siyādah fī al-Muḥīṭ: Sulṭanat Brunei wa al-Isti‘mār Eropa fī Borneo Book Review 181 Jajat Burhanudin Islam dan Kolonialisme: Sayyid Usman dan Islam di Indonesia Masa Penjajahan Ahmad Suaedy & Muhammad Haz Citizenship Challenges in Myanmar’s Democratic Transition: Case Study of the Rohingya-Muslim Abstract: As a part of the Myanmar transition to democracy, which began after the election in 2010, the census on March-April 2014 refused to count the Rohingya ethnic group. is was symbolic of the Myanmar government’s rejection of Rohingya people as citizens. e paradox is that democracy necessitates a guarantee of fundamental freedoms and recognition of all group identities. rough in depth interviews with a number of Rohingya political and social leaders at the end of March 2014, in Yangon, this research details the Rohingya struggle to secure their rights in the political process. A number of documents both from the Rohingya and from the Myanmar government justify why and how the process of exclusion and discrimination occurs. is research will conclude with a discussion of the challenges and recommended steps for the future to accommodate the Rohingya as Myanmar citizens, and of the need for international and regional support. Keywords: Rohingya, Rakhine, citizenship, democracy, transition, Myanmar. 29 Studia Islamika, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2015 DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v22i1.1387 30 Ahmad Suaedy & Muhammad Haz Abstrak: Sebagai bagian dari peralihan menuju demokrasi, pemerintah Myanmar yang dimulai setelah Pemilu 2010, melakukan sensus penduduk pada Maret-April 2014 yang menolak untuk memasukkan etnis Rohingya-Muslim menjadi bagian dari penduduk Myanmar. Ini merupakan simbol penolakan secara total terhadap Rohingya sebagai warganegara Myanmar. Paradoksnya adalah bahwa demokrasi meniscayakan adanya jaminan kebebasan dan penerimaan secara setara semua warganegara. Melalui wawancara mendalam dengan sejumlah tokoh politik dan sosial Rohingya di Yangon pada akhir Maret 2014, penelitian ini menggali usaha para pemimpin Rohingnya dalam memperjuangkan hak-haknya sebagai warga negara. Berbagai dokumen baik dari kalangan Rohingya sendiri, maupun pemerintah yang bisa diakses memperjelas bagaimana dan mengapa diskriminasi dan ekslusi itu terjadi. Tulisan ini akan diakhiri dengan mendiskusikan tantangan dan suatu masukan tahap-tahap akomodasi di masa depan terhadap Rohingya sebagai warganegara Myanmar, serta perlunya dukungan dari dunia internasional dan kawasan Asia Tenggara. Kata kunci: Rohingya, Rakhina, kewarganegaraan, demokrasi, transisi, Myanmar. ﺍﳋﻼﺻﺔ: ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﳓﻮ ﺩﳝﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ (ﺑﻮﺭﻣﺎ) ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ٢٠١٠ﻡ، ﺃﺟﺮﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﻟﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺑﺮﻳﻞ ٢٠١٤ﻡ. ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ، ﱂ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﻀﻢ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺭﻭﻫﻴﻨﻐﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﺟﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ. ﻳﻌﺪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻫﻴﻨﻐﻴﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ ﳌﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ. ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﲔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ. ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﻮﺍﺭ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺃﺟﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻫﻴﻨﻐﻴﺎ ﲟﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻳﺎﻧﻐﻮﻥ Yangon ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ٢٠١٤ﻡ، ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻫﻴﻨﻐﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﻢ ﻛﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ. ﺑﺎﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻫﻴﻨﻐﻴﺎﻭﻳﲔ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺃﻡ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ، ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻭﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ. ﻭﳜﺘﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻝ ﲟﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻫﻴﻨﻐﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ ﳌﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ، ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ. ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺷﺎﺩﻳﺔ: ﺭﻭﻫﻴﻨﻐﻴﺎ، ﺭﺍﺧﲔ، ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ، ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ، ﻭﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ. DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v22i1.1387 Studia Islamika, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2015 Citizenship Challenges in Myanmar’s Democratic Transition 31 n Myanmar’s population census from 30 of March – 10 of April 2014, the rst in three decades, the Myanmar government refused Ito count the Rohingya ethnic group (ICG, 2014).1 e census was part of the Myanmar transition to democracy, which began after the election in 2010, and was funded by the UNFPA or UN Population Fund (Time Magazine, 1 April 2014). is restriction was representative of the Myanmar government’s rejection of Rohingya’s as citizens. e paradox is that democracy necessitates a guarantee of fundamental freedoms and recognition of the diverse group identities of citizens. However, in practice democracy in Myanmar is justifying discrimination and exclusion of the Rohingya ethnic minority in the country, and also against the other non-Buddhist minority group, such as the Christian Kachin community. e stagnant dominant role of the military and increasing religious sectarianism makes ghting against the discrimination and exclusion faced by the Rohingya difficult. Discrimination against certain minorities and conict between majority and minority groups are common in democratic transitions due to religious or ethnic reasons, at least in the Southeast Asian region as in Myanmar. Discrimination and conict occur in both Muslim majority countries such as in Malaysia between Chinese and Indian ethnicities (Suaedy, 2010a), and in Indonesia against particular minority religious groups (Suaedy, 2011a and 2012). e Muslim minority in Southern ailand in the Buddhist- majority of the ailand (Suaedy 2010b) and the Muslim minority in the Mindanao in the predominantly Catholic country of the Philippines (Suaedy 2011b) also still struggle for equal rights.
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