Non-GSO Satellite Issues

Workshop on the Efficient Use of the Orbit/Spectrum Resource, Bangkok 2017

Non-GSO satellite issues

Timur Kadyrov Radiocommunication Bureau, ITU [email protected]

Bangkok 2017 Where do satellites operate … Geostationary Orbit Highly Elliptical 35,786 km above Orbit – 40 000 km the Earth's equator in apogee Medium Earth Orbit 8 000 - 20 000 km Low Earth Orbit 500 - 2 000 km

GNSS

International Space Station

Sub-orbital

Bangkok 2017 GSO

265 000 km belt around the earth – and yet congested – more than 700 satellites active/inactive in-orbit (more than 300 are commercial operational satellite)

Bangkok 2017 Non-GSO Advantages – Less booster power required – Less delay in transmission path – Suitability for providing service at higher latitude – Lower cost per satellite to build and launch satellites at NGSO

Disadvantages – Satellite system and ground segment are expensive – Less expected life of satellites at NGSO due to ionizing radiation effects, requires frequent replacement – Requirements for deorbiting

Bangkok 2017 Projects 90s-00s – Private companies starting their projects OrbComm, Teledesic, Skybridge, Iridium, Globalstar – Private launching companies Outcomes – Private launching projects abandoned – Telecom projects abandoned – Iridium went bankrupt – NGSO gets access to new “Teledesic bands” – New regulations to alleviate concerns of GSO community w.r.t interference issues from NGSO

Bangkok 2017 Early projects

LEO SkyBridge MEO

Bangkok 2017 Projects

Nowadays – Space science missions, navigation and mobile-satellite systems (Iridium, Globalstar) – State-owned non-GSO telecommunications utilizing elliptical orbits – First non-GSO broadband from O3B

Bangkok 2017 Elliptical orbit systems

Bangkok 2017 Equatorial • Equatorial plane

orbit • Orbit 8 065 km

• 12 satellites in orbit plus 8 more in 2017-2018

• Service ±45º Latitude

Bangkok 2017 New submissions

Number of unique Number of Number of unique Number of Adm/Org Satellite Name Adm/Org Satellite Name orbit types satellites orbit types satellites USA USCSID-P 1 8 F ES-SAT-2 30 1428 J QZSS-1 1 1 CYP ANDROMEDA-A 1 48 CAN CASCADE-CX 1 1 NOR NORSAT-H1 2 4 G O3B-B 1 24 CAN 102 1 774 IND INSAT-NAVR-GS 1 4 G O3B-B 1 24 CAN CANPOL 1 2 RUS SKY-F 2 24 CAN COMMSTELLATION 3 891 NOR SE-6-HEO-1 1 2 G L5 4 2692 NOR SE-6-HEO-1A 1 2 CAN CANPOL-2 2 51 HOL DREBBELSAT 1 24 G O3B-A 1 24 NZL APOG 1 18 NOR ASK-1 2 7 G THEO 1 882 LIE 3ECOM-1 1 288 CAN MAPLELEAF-1 1 60 F MCSAT-2 HEO 5 312 RUS/IK IK-NGSO-A10K-1 4 160 F MCSAT LEO 1 774 CAN MULTUS 3 80 NOR STEAM-1 3 3993 CAN CANSAT-LEO 2 117 NOR STEAM-2 3 3993 NOR STEAM-2B 1 1600 F MCSAT-2 LEO-1 14 > 4500 RUS/IK IK-NGSO-A10K-2 4 160 F MCSAT-2 LEO-2 4 2772 USA USASAT-NGSO-3C 1 1600 F MCSAT-2 MEO-1 10 624 USA USASAT-NGSO-3D 1 1600 F MCSAT-2 MEO-2 4 744 USA USASAT-NGSO-3E 1 400 F MCSAT-2 HEO-1 3 36 USA USASAT-NGSO-3F 1 400 G O3B-C 7 840 NOR NORSAT-H1 2 4 LIE 3ECOM-3 1 288

Bangkok 2017 Obligations

Bangkok 2017 Non-GSO regulations ✓ Evolved in 1990 – 2003. ✓ Coordination – ensures protection of existing services on equitable access basis ✓ Coordination between non-GSO and GSO in limited frequency bands ✓ Coordination between non-GSO in limited frequency bands ✓ Hard Limits – Article 22 EPFD limits to protect GSO from non-GSO ✓ Ultimate protection of GSO – No. 22.2 ✓ Non-geostationary-satellite systems shall not cause unacceptable interference to and shall not claim protection from geostationary-satellite networks in the fixed-satellite service and the broadcasting-satellite service

Bangkok 2017 FSS frequency bands No hard- Coordination Coordination Article 22 EPFD limits for between between hard-limits are Earth-space space-Earth protection Non-GSO Non-GSO applicable of GSO and GSO 3400-4200 MHz Ст. 22 5725-6725 MHz Ст. 22 7250-7750 MHz 22.2 7900-8400 MHz 22.2 10.7-12.95 GHz 9.12 Yes 11.2-11.45 GHz 9.12 Yes 11.7-12.75 GHz 9.12 Yes 12.75-13.25 GHz 9.12 Yes 13.75-14.0 GHz 9.12 Yes 17.8-18.6 GHz 9.12 Yes 18.6-18.8 GHz 22.2 18.8-19.3 GHz 9.12 9.12A 19.3-19.7 GHz 22.2 9.12 9.12A 19.7-20.2 GHz 9.12 Yes 20.2-21.2 GHz 22.2 27.5-28.6 GHz 9.12 9.12A Yes 28.6-29.1 GHz 9.12 9.12A 29.5-30.0 GHz 9.12 Yes V-band FSS V-band FSS 22.2

Bangkok 2017 EPFD Equivalent power-flux density (EPFD) takes into account the aggregate of the emissions from all non-GSO satellites in the direction

of any GSO earth station, taking into S.1503-38 account the GSO antenna directivity EPFD considers pointing of a victim receiving antenna with respect to any source of interference Complex calculation methodology considers an interference varying in time and space

S.1503-39

14 Bangkok 2017 14 What is EPFD?

EPFD is calculated: – Downlink (at the input of GSO earth station receiver) – Uplink (at the input of GSO space station receiver) – Inter-satellite (at the input of GSO space station receiver)

 N Pi  a G   G   epfd  10 log  10 10  t i  r i  10  2  4  d Gr,max   i1 i 

15 Bangkok 2017 EPFD on downlink EPFD on uplink GSO GSO NGSO NGSO

EPFD on inter-satellite path

GSO

NGSO

Bangkok 2017 EPFD Limits Regulatory Framework

Article 22 – Hard Limits to protect GSO from Non-GSO – Hard EPFD limits enable non-GSO FSS systems to share frequencies with and protect GSO systems without requiring individual coordinations with all the systems worldwide – FSS non-GSO satellite systems shall comply with the EPFD limits contained in Tables 22-1A, 22-1B, 22-1C, 22-1D, 22-1E, 22-2 and 22-3 of RR Article 22 ✓Article 22 contains reference parameters of GSO stations to be protected

17 Bangkok 2017 EPFD Limits Regulatory Framework

Article 9 – coordination trigger limits – specific large earth station requires coordination under RR No. 9.7A with respect to any existing non- GSO satellite systems using the coordination triggers in RR Appendix 5; or – FSS non-GSO satellite systems requires coordination under RR No. 9.7B with respect to any large earth station (under certain conditions) using the coordination triggers in RR Appendix 5. ✓Coordination trigger limits enable protection of very large specific GSO earth stations

18 Bangkok 2017 EPFD Limits Validation Tools

Validation Software is developed in accordance with methodology in Recommendation ITU-R S.1503-2 Resolution 85 (WRC-03) establishes intermediate arrangements until required software is developed “Qualified favourable” finding is given based on the commitment by notifying administration to fulfill Article 22 limits Findings under review Two parallel developments: – Transfinite Systems Ltd, developed in C++ – Agenium, developed in C# Reasons for two developments - Confidence in results: useful for BR and ADMs to be able to check the result of more than one tool

19 Bangkok 2017 Implementation of Resolution 85 (WRC-03)

Circular Letter CR/414, 6 December 2016 contains details of examinations to be carried out in accordance with Resolution 85 (WRC-03). The Bureau contacted (end of March 2017) individually each administration having submitted non-GSO systems in the FSS, and requested administrations to submit within three months: – “traditional” non-GSO parameters in Appendix 4 – orbit parameters, frequency assignments etc. – The PFD/EIRP* masks accounting for all the features of specific non-GSO systems arrangements * See also Rec. ITU-R S. 1503-2

20 Bangkok 2017 XML-mask data Item A.14 of Appendix 4 of RR Defines non-GSO station transmission “footprint” – For transmitting non-GSO earth station in form of eirp and off-axis eirp mask – For transmitting non-GSO satellite in form of pfd-mask given either in azimuth-elevation plane or relative to GSO exclusion zone – For transmitting non-GSO satellite in bi-directional frequency bands in form of eirp and off-axis eirp mask Masks are presented in XML-format and embedded in MS Access .MDB container Not included in BR IFIC SRS database Will be published once examination of non-GSO satellite system is

completed z Elevation

iso-a line M(Az, E1) O y

longnon-GSO Dlong

Azimuth x GSO arc

Cell i

GSO satellite

21 S.1503-07 Bangkok 2017 S.1503-08 Rec. ITU-R S.1503-2 Overview Undertaken by filing administration

Parameters of non-GSO system delivered by Initial data available at the BR a notifying administration

Calculation of pfd / e.i.r.p. masks

App.4 “for space stations operating in a frequency band pfd / e.i.r.p. masks Non-GSO System parameters input BR Input Data to EPFD Calculations subject to Nos. 22.5C, to EPFD calculations 22.5D or 22.5F…”

Rec. ITU-R S.1503-2 EPFD calculations Objectives: Article 22 limits: Determination of runs to execute [EPFD, % time] Protection for GSO systems by: Flexibility for non-GSO systems • Frequency band Determination of worst case • Dish size geometry • Service FSS/BSS Approach: • Ref. bandwidth

Measurable non-GSO system Calculation of EPFD statistics and characteristics limit compliance checking Single non-GSO system verification Computation of EPFD CDF based limits “for all on these parameters pointing directions” for all GSO systems Decision: pass / fail

Bangkok 2017 Recommendation ITU-R S. 1503-2

For systems having: – Non-repeating orbits – Subject to EPFD limits to protect GSO large antenna diameters simulation time steps could reach >50 billion Further increasing calculation time with larger number of satellites in constellations >500 Demand for more precise modelling of certain non-GSO systems 23 Bangkok 2017 Draft Revision of Recommendation ITU-R S. 1503-2 Optimize algorithms to increase performance Aimed towards more precise definition of operational non-GSO parameters Constellations can contain sub-constellations with different orbit parameters and shape XML-mask format to include more latitude dependent parameters – Exclusion zone angle – Tracking duration – Earth station density – Maximum number of co-frequency tracked satellites

24 Bangkok 2017 Resources

ITU-R Recommendation S.1503-2 Functional description to be used in developing software tools for determining conformity of non-geostationary-satellite orbit fixed-satellite system networks with limits contained in Article 22 of the Radio Regulations EPFD software web-page http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/space-epfd/en

EPFD Support Forum http://groups.itu.int/epfd/en-us/epfdforum.aspx

[email protected]

25 Bangkok 2017 Part II. Further evolution of regulations

26 Bangkok 2017 How to ensure that no Unacceptable interference is caused GSO? Regulatory HowHowHowHowHowHow to to totototo get get getgetgetget agreement agreement agreementagreementagreementagreement from from fromfromfromfrom all all allallallall GSO GSO GSOGSOGSOGSO satellitesatellitesatellitesatellitesatellitesatellite networks networks networksnetworksnetworksnetworks worldwide? worldwide? worldwide?worldwide?worldwide?worldwide? deadline

HowHowHowHow to tototo establish establishestablishestablish co cococo---existence-existenceexistenceexistence withwithwithwith other otherotherother non nonnonnon---GSO?-GSO?GSO?GSO? Bringing

HowHowHow tototo meetmeetmeet EPFDEPFDEPFD limitslimitslimits withwithwith evolutionevolutionevolution ofofof into use designdesigndesign ofofof thethethe system?system?system?

Bangkok 2017 Further evolution of regulations

System design uncertain at the coordination stage

Regulatory schedule is tight for coordination and bringing into use

Flexibility for NGSO

Submission of coordination requests with multiple orbital characteristics.

1. Should one NGSO submit a filing with multiple sets of orbital characteristics and inclination values which are mutually exclusive? 2. How to prevent abuse and warehousing of spectrum?

Bangkok 2017 Systems utilizing different type of orbits Config 1

Bangkok 2017 Systems utilizing different type of orbits Config 2

Bangkok 2017 Systems utilizing different type of orbits Config 3

Bangkok 2017 Systems utilizing different type of orbits Config 4

Bangkok 2017 Systems utilizing different type of orbits All configurations

Bangkok 2017 Further evolution of regulations

For the submission of a request for coordination to a NGSO satellite network or system, the notice will be receivable: satellite systems with one or more set(s) of orbital characteristics and inclination value(s) with all frequency assignments to be operated simultaneously; or satellite systems with more than one set of orbital characteristics and inclination values: – with a clear indication that the different sub-sets of orbital characteristics would be mutually exclusive; – frequency assignments to the satellite system would be operated on one of the sub-sets of orbital parameters to be determined at the notification and recording stage of the satellite system at the latest.

Bangkok 2017 Further evolution of regulations

Bringing into use NGSO frequency assignments Regulations on BIU are required to prevent warehousing orbit-spectrum and avoid paper satellites What is the definition of BIU for NGSO? One NGSO satellite? Entire constellation?

New Rule of Procedure (Circular Letter CR/412) World Radiocommunication Conference in 2019 (WRC-19) to review this issue

Bangkok 2017 New submissions

Bangkok 2017 Coordination between NGSO

Co-existence ensured at Mechanism Coordination stage Operational stage Use of homogenous orbits X Agree on parameters X Exclusion zones Mitigation techniques Agree on acceptable level of X X interference Avoid in-line events X WRC-15 recognized that administrations may mutually agree on the organization of multilateral coordination meetings for NGSO FSS systems.

Bangkok 2017 Coordination between NGSO and GSO — Frequency overlap is used to trigger coordination.

— Operational EPFD limits to fulfill No. 22.2.

— The use of EPFD during coordination for frequency bands not subject to Article 22 EPFD Limits?

Bangkok 2017 Modification of NGSO filing

The non-GSO operator submits MOD to increase the number of satellites in their constellation with the same {a, e, i}? Note that S.1503-2 categorises non-GSO systems using {a, e, i} …Or with different {a, e , i}? The non-GSO operator reconfigures their system leading to a different Article 22 related parameters e.g. PFD/EIRP masks? GSO ES position from Non-GSO satellite set at WCGA latitude in WCGA assuming point mass orbit model GSO ES position used GSO Satellite in EPFD run position from Difference in longitude between WCGA these two positions

GSO Satellite Non-GSO satellite reaches position used latitude from WCGA in EPFD run assuming full orbit model

GSO arc Bangkok 2017 Modification of NGSO filing

Guiding principle - RoP on No. 9.27 (coordination is not required when the nature of the change is such as not to increase the interference to or from, as the case may be, the assignments of another administration) - BR to study the technical justifications provided by the notifying administration to make its finding and publish them to ensure the transparency of the process. Such justifications may be based on static and dynamic interference assessments - Responsible administration may wish to commit to not requiring any more protection from other non-GSO systems or very large earth stations subject to No. 9.7A than that required for the original parameters BR will report on its experience in the application of Resolution 85 (WRC-03) to RRB

Bangkok 2017 Cost Recovery for NGSO filings

Decision 482 (C2017) – establishes cost recovery for satellite network filings Same method to establish cost recovery for GSO and Non-GSO

ITU Council 2017: BR by 31 January 2018 to submit a study on the technical issues arising in connection with processing of complex non-geostationary satellite (non-GSO) network filling systems to clarify technical issues

Bangkok 2017 WRC-19 New spectrum for NGSO V-band NGSO (Agenda Item 1.6) 37.5-39.5 GHz (s-E) 39.5-42.5 GHz (s-E) 47.2-50.2 GHz (E-s) 50.4-51.4 GHz (E-s) C-Band NGSO (Agenda Item 9.1, Issue 9.1.3) Study provisions for NGSO in C-Band for circular orbit systems www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/study-groups/rcpm/Pages/wrc-19- studies.aspx

Bangkok 2017 Spectrum (GHz) under study for IMT identification by WRC-19 81-86 GHz 66-76 GHz 51.4-52.6 GHz 50.4-51.4 GHz 48.9-50.2 GHz 48.2-48.9 GHz 47.9-48.2 GHz 47.5-47.9 GHz • 33.25 GHz of spectrum under study for IMT 47.2-47.5 GHz 47-47.2 GHz • 12.25 GHz also under study for HAPS and/or NGSO FSS 45.5-47 GHz 42.5-43.5 GHz 40.5-42.5 GHz 39.5-40.5 GHz 38-39.5 GHz 37.5-38 GHz 37-37.5 GHz 31.8-33.4 GHz 27-27.5 GHz 25.25-27 GHz 24.75-25.25 GHz 24.65-24.75 GHz 24.45-24.65 GHz 24.25-24.45 GHz

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Milliers

Under Study for IMT Under Study for HAPS Under Study for NGSO FSS

Bangkok 2017 Space debris

Bangkok 2017 Starting from 1 elliptical orbit system

Bangkok 2017 Adding another elliptical orbit system

Bangkok 2017 Plus 1 equatorial orbit system

Bangkok 2017 … and 1 Mega constellation

Bangkok 2017 …and another one

Bangkok 2017 …how it compares with GSO

Bangkok 2017 All objects in space (excl. mega NGSO)

Bangkok 2017 Bangkok 2017 Space debris

Bangkok 2017