DOCSLIB.ORG

Indian Railways in the Past Twenty Years Issues, Performance and Challenges

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Indian Railways in the Past Twenty Years Issues, Performance and Challenges View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AHMEDABAD y INDIA Research and Publications Indian Railways in the Past Twenty Years Issues, Performance and Challenges G. Raghuram Rachna Gangwar W.P. No. 2008-07-05 July 2008 The main objective of the working paper series of the IIMA is to help faculty members, research staff and doctoral students to speedily share their research findings with professional colleagues and test their research findings at the pre-publication stage. IIMA is committed to maintain academic freedom. The opinion(s), view(s) and conclusion(s) expressed in the working paper are those of the authors and not that of IIMA. INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AHMEDABAD-380 015 INDIA IIMA y INDIA Research and Publications Abstract Indian Railways (IR) is Asia’s largest and world’s second largest network under one management, with a separate Ministry and its own annual budget. The network carried about 17 million Passengers and 2 mt freight every day on the route of 63,327 km (2006-07). Although key business operations are freight and passenger, IR is also engaged in several allied services including parcel, catering and production units. Nearly 70 percent of IR’s revenues come from the freight operations, which can be segmented into bulk and other cargo. Over the years, IR has predominantly become a bulk freight carrier, accounting for about 94 percent of the freight revenue. Coal alone accounts for nearly half of the bulk traffic carried. Passenger business accounts for nearly 60 percent of IR’s total transport effort, in terms of train kilometers, but yield less than 30 percent of the total revenues. Suburban services account for 57 percent of the originating passengers, while contribute to only 8 percent of the passenger revenue. To understand the development process of IR’s over the past twenty years, the study covers issues and strategies related to financial and physical aspects of revenue generating freight and passenger traffic from 1987-2007. Study also covers the developments in the parcel, catering and advertising sector. W.P. No. 2008-07-05 Page No. 2 IIMA y INDIA Research and Publications Indian Railways in the Past Twenty Years Issues, Performance and Challenges1 1 Introduction The Indian Railways (IR), more than 150 years old, is among one of the largest and oldest railway systems in the world. It has an extensive network, and played an integrating role in the social and economic development of the country. IR is a principal mode of transportation for long haul freight movement in bulk, long distance passenger traffic, and mass rapid transit in suburban areas. It occupies a unique position in the socio-economic map of the country and is considered as a vehicle and a barometer of growth. It is also the biggest state owned enterprise in India, and contributes about 1% of India’s GNP. Objectives The objectives of this paper are − strategic assessment of rail sub-sector from 1987 to the present − focus on the trends in sub-sector performance and key issues for the period, including consideration of changing public and private roles. The IR System IR is state owned and operated under Ministry of Railways (MOR), Government of India (GOI). IR’s finances were separated from the general exchequer in 1924 based on Ackworth Committee report and its annual requirement for funds is voted through a separate budget presented to the Indian parliament. The MOR functions under the guidelines of Minister for Railways assisted by Minister of State for Railways. The policy formation and management of Indian Railway Board comprises of Chairman and six functional members (Exhibit 1). Wide powers are vested in the Board to effectively supervise the running of 16 zonal railways, metro railway (Calcutta), production units, construction organization and other rail establishments. These are generally headed by General Managers. 12 subsidiary organizations under the MOR namely CONCOR, CRIS, DFCCIL, IRCON, IRCTC, IRFC, KRC, MRVC, RCIL, RITES, RLDA, and RVNL undertake specialized jobs contributing to IR’s growth and progress. IRCON and RITES have their business abroad also. IR is a vertically integrated organization controlling its own facilities, performing all operating and administrative functions and unilaterally determining what services to provide. In addition to carrying out the core business of rail transport, IR also owns and manages activities such as design and manufacture of rolling stock, overhaul and remanufacture of rolling stock, construction projects, schools, technical institutes, housing, hospitals, hotels etc. IR supports a work force of about 1.4 million constituting 5% of the 27 million people employed in the organized sector. They are governed by central government rules for salary and other conditions of service. Another 0.7 million employees are supported indirectly through establishments servicing IR. 1This paper was prepared as inputs for the ADB study titled “Selected Evaluation Studies for 2005: SAPE for the Transport Sector in India.” We thank ADB for the support provided. W.P. No. 2008-07-05 Page No. 3 IIMA y INDIA Research and Publications Exhibit 1: Organization Structure of IR [MOR, 2008, Annual Report & Accounts 2006-07] W.P. No. 2008-07-05 Page No. 4 IIMA y INDIA Research and Publications Performance Review (1987-88 to 2006-07) The trend of IR total earnings and total working expenses are shown in Exhibit 2. The good years were between 1993-94 to 1995-96, after which the expenses caught up with the revenues until 2000-01, when the net revenue shrunk to a little over Rs 1000 crores. The situation started improving steadily to reach an actual net revenue of over Rs 14,000 crores in 2006-07, for a total earnings of Rs 62,731 crores. The increase in net revenue is attributed significantly due to better utilization of freight rolling stock and partly due to change in accounting practice, wherein principal payments towards rolling stock have been capitalized. Exhibit 2: Total Earnings and Total Working Expenses 70,000 Total Earnings Total Working Expenses 60,000 50,000 e 40,000 r o r c 30,000 Rs 20,000 10,000 0 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 19 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 [MOR, Various Years-a] Based on the ratio of total working expenses to total earnings, a parameter called the operating ratio is assessed as a percentage. Exhibit 3 presents the operating ratio since 1987-88. The operating ratio had reached a peak of 98.3 in 2000-01, reflecting a relatively poor performance. After that, it had reduced year on year till 91.0 in 2004-05. It dropped sharply to 78.7 in 2006-07. (As stated above, this was both due to better utilization of rolling stock and changes in accounting practice.) W.P. No. 2008-07-05 Page No. 5 IIMA y INDIA Research and Publications Exhibit 3: Operating Ratio of IR 101 99 98.3 97 96.0 95 93.3 92.3 93 93.1 93.3 92.1 92.5 92.0 91 91.5 90.9 91.0 89.5 t 89 n e c 87.4 r 87 86.2 Pe 85 83.7 83 82.6 82.9 82.5 81 79 78.7 77 75 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 1987- 1888- 1989- 1990- 1991- 1992- 1993- 1994- 1995- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006- [MOR, Various Years-a] The net revenue receipts are then appropriated for dividends payable to the government of India and into various capital funds. Exhibit 4 gives the dividends paid out of the net revenues, including when the payment was due to deferred dividends. As can be seen, the deferred dividend payments have happened in the “good” years, which have followed the “bad” years when the IR would have sought deferment of the dividend. The deferred dividend liability from 1978-79 onwards aggregated to Rs 428.43 crore by end of March, 1990. The amount was cleared by 1992-93. The dividend payable in 2000-01 and 2001- 02 worked out to be Rs 2,131 crore and 2,337 crore respectively, out of which Rs 1823 crore and Rs 1000 crore respectively have been transferred to a deferred dividend liability account. Exhibit 4: Net Revenue Receipts 16,000 14,453 Deferred Dividend Current Dividend Excess/Shortfall 14,000 12,000 e 10,000 r 8,005 o r 8,000 c Rs 6,000 5,274 4,478 4,135 3,808 3,625 3,830 3,102 4,000 3,024 2,736 2,338 1,955 2,141 1,541 1,113 1,071 2,000 723 737 982 0 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 19 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 [MOR, Various Years-a] W.P.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tambaram to Sengottai New Train Time Table
    Tambaram To Sengottai New Train Time Table Unacademic Ezra concoct very nosily while Torrey remains oxidized and asinine. Which Basil supervene so accursedly that Corwin actualizes her brat? Acanthoid and cinnamic Oliver retches her womb excreted while Davoud shikars some resurrection blearily. Sengottai antyodaya express group, new train to time table schedule at indian railways train leave from tambaram to protect carriage horses need your email id Indian railways that runs between Sengottai and Tambaram. Nice journey and great service. Moreover, India. Get Details About The Sengottai. Tambaram to tambaram and timing of which time table schedule at your destination on a new indian express app. The city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu, SILAMBU EXPRESS. Try to sengottai station has been granted an administrator on time! The lines at the station following one of happy first in Chennai to be electrified. Crores from internal resources, which are not enough to meet the growing demand of the section let alone its future requirements. You rest check IRCTC Train Status or steel Live Train Status of any Indian Railways Train standing at Indian Railways Train Running Status. Why Book Tambaram to Sengottai Tickets on Paytm? Can you help too? Kottayam passengers happy and timing for tickets book on time table from tambaram? Working at tambaram to give them in comments. We have integrated this great technology of live bus tracking in almost all of our buses. The feasibility of connecting Pattukottai with Karaikal through a direct train should be looked into and implemented in the next timetable revision. Pattukottai should initiate steps to sengottai? Sengottai special trains between sengottai and get down these pages from in national travels for money or not likely to sengottai to sengottai train? Tambaram to Sengottai on Paytm.
    [Show full text]
  • November, 2015 Issue of Integral News
    From: ICF Staff Club To frAG129/18, VII Main Rd AnnaNagar,Chennai-40 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Issue# 121 Free Monthly News Bulletin – for Internal Circulation November 2015 Email: [email protected] Contact: 900 314 1464, 9539, 9659, 9731, Rly 46490, 47661 Chief Editor: K.Ravi, SSE/Shop80 Associate Editors: M.A.Jaishankar, SSE/Proj A.R.S.Ravindra, SSE/Proj Treasurer:R.Mehalan, SE/IT Shell Offices: R.Thilak, Tech Trainee S.K.Satishkumar, SSE/Proj K.Sekar, Ch.OS/Engg N.Jeganivasan, Stores Inspector N.Ganesh,SSE/MPO/S S.Ghatikachalarao,SSE/WS th N.Devaraju, SSE/Plant Shri Ashok K Agarwal, GM, administering Vigilance Pledge on 26 Oct. V.Sasikala, OS/PB B.Jayalalitha, Accts Asst Shell Shops: P.Baskaran, SSE/40 A-shed: R.Nagarajan,, SSE/10 B-shed: A.V.Gopalakrishna, SSE/22 Shop 24,25,26: N.Ravikumar, SSE/26 D&L-shed:P.T.Sreevalsan, SSE/13 40,J,E: R.Lakshminarayanan, SSE/40 48,RPF: R.Senthilnathan,SSE48 11,23,41,TS:R.Jegathiswaran,SSE/41 Insp: J.Ananthakumar,SSE/42 Progress: P.K.Panda,SSE/PCO CMT: G.Sivakumar, CMS-1 Electrical:D.T.Vijayaraj,SSE/45 Stores : K.Sundar, OS/RB1/SD Fur Offices:Harikumar.NV,SSE/MPO Accts: Sudharsan.MN,SSO/Accts PlgF,TS: G.V.Ramesh,SSE/TS/F Stores:V.Annamalai,OS/P7 Fur Shops: R.Sundarrajan,SSE/30 30: Bipinkumar Karn, SSE/30 32,34: P.Sathyanarayanan, SSE/PC32 GM visiting ICF stall in International Railway Equipment Exhibition
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council Distr.: General 25 November 2015
    United Nations S/2015/905 Security Council Distr.: General 25 November 2015 Original: English Letter dated 24 November 2015 from the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council Upon instructions from my Government, I have the honour to enclose copies of letters, written by the Adviser to the Prime Minister of Pakistan on National Security and Foreign Affairs (annex I) and the Foreign Secretary (annex II) to their Indian counterparts on 8 September 2015, regarding the following: (a) The letter from the Adviser proposes a mechanism for preserving the ceasefire arrangement of 2003 and ending ceasefire violations on the Line of Control and the Working Boundary; release of fishermen; and religious tourism; (b) The letter from the Foreign Secretary provides details of lack of cooperation by the Indian authorities in the Government of Pakistan’s efforts to effectively prosecute the accused in the Mumbai trial and lack of prosecution by the Indian authorities of the accused in the Samjhauta Express attack, in which 42 innocent Pakistanis lost their lives. I should be grateful if you could kindly circulate these letters as a document of the Security Council. (Signed) Maleeha Lodhi 15-20844 (E) 031215 *1520844* S/2015/905 Annex I to the letter dated 24 November 2015 from the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council Letter dated 8 September 2015 from the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Adviser to the Prime Minister on National Security and Foreign Affairs of Pakistan addressed to the Minister for External Affairs of India Even though the planned meeting between the two National Security Advisers could not take place, you would agree that sustainable peace and progress of South Asia and its people are inextricably linked to friendly relations between Pakistan and India.
    [Show full text]
  • Kashmir Conflict: a Critical Analysis
    Society & Change Vol. VI, No. 3, July-September 2012 ISSN :1997-1052 (Print), 227-202X (Online) Kashmir Conflict: A Critical Analysis Saifuddin Ahmed1 Anurug Chakma2 Abstract The conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir which is considered as the major obstacle in promoting regional integration as well as in bringing peace in South Asia is one of the most intractable and long-standing conflicts in the world. The conflict originated in 1947 along with the emergence of India and Pakistan as two separate independent states based on the ‘Two-Nations’ theory. Scholarly literature has found out many factors that have contributed to cause and escalate the conflict and also to make protracted in nature. Five armed conflicts have taken place over the Kashmir. The implications of this protracted conflict are very far-reaching. Thousands of peoples have become uprooted; more than 60,000 people have died; thousands of women have lost their beloved husbands; nuclear arms race has geared up; insecurity has increased; in spite of huge destruction and war like situation the possibility of negotiation and compromise is still absence . This paper is an attempt to analyze the causes and consequences of Kashmir conflict as well as its security implications in South Asia. Introduction Jahangir writes: “Kashmir is a garden of eternal spring, a delightful flower-bed and a heart-expanding heritage for dervishes. Its pleasant meads and enchanting cascades are beyond all description. There are running streams and fountains beyond count. Wherever the eye
    [Show full text]
  • General Rules Indian Railways
    SOUTH CENTRAL RAILWAY GENERAL RULES FOR INDIAN RAILWAYS WITH SUBSIDIARY RULES AND SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS OF SOUTH CENTRAL RAILWAY 2008 (including A. S. No. 16) FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Disclaimer: This Compilation is for educational reference only. For details refer original correction slips. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS (RAILWAY BOARD) No. 69-RR/4 DATED THE 11TH FEBRUARY 1976 RESOLUTION General Rules for Indian Railways (Open Lines) 1976 administered by the Government and for the time being used for the public carriage of passengers, animals or goods. The considerable advance made in recent years in methods of signalling and interlocking, modes of traction and introduction of new types of equipment necessitated a revision of the General Rules, which had been revised last in 1929, for working Open Lines of Railways in India. The revision of these rules was also advocated by the Railway Accidents Committee, 1962 and the Railway Accidents Inquiry Committee 1968, who desired that the revision of the Rules should be consistent not only with the conditions obtaining at present but likely to obtain in the foreseeable future, and emphasized the need for keeping the basic complexion of rules intact while at the same time providing for technological changes in recent years. 2. For this purpose, a Committee composed of officers selected from the Traffic and Signal Departments was appointed by the Railway Board in 1968. The Committee submitted a set of draft rules for consideration by the Board in February, 1970. The Commission of Railway
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Railway Engineering
    Transportation Engineering -II Dr.Rajat Rastogi Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee Lecture - 1 Introduction to Railway Engineering Dear students, I welcome you all to lecture series on course material of transportation engineering two. Transportation engineering two consists of two parts: the first part is relating to railway engineering and the second part relates to airport engineering. We will be taking up different aspects related to railway engineering and airport engineering in succession during these lecture series. Today, we will be starting with the introduction of railway engineering and in this introduction we will be taking up different aspects as mentioned here. We will be looking at the importance of the transportation systems. We will go through the history of the Indian railways, we will look at the zoning systems adopted by the Indian railways and then, we will also be looking at some of the important characteristics by which we can compare different transportation systems by the special reference to rail and road transport systems. (Refer Slide Time: 01:33) Now we start with the importance of transportation system. When we start with this one, as you have seen, we have different systems working by which we can transport not only the passengers but the goods. In general, the transportation system can be defined by using this definition which includes number of characteristics of any transportation system taken in general. (Refer Slide Time: 02:05) It can be defined as, it is an optimum combination of Fixed facilities, Flow entities, Operational plans, Storage facilities and Control systems that permit people and goods to overcome the friction offered by geographical spaces in a most efficient, safe and convenient manner in order to achieve time and place utility for the desired activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Purchase of ACEMU, DEMU & MEMU Coaches from Non-Railway
    INDIAN RAILWAYS TECHNICAL SUPERVISORS ASSOCIATION (Estd. 1965, Regd. No.1329, Website http://www.irtsa.net ) M. Shanmugam, Harchandan Singh, Central President, IRTSA General Secretary, IRTSA, # 4, Sixth Street, TVS Nagar, Padi, C.Hq. 32, Phase 6, Mohali, Chennai - 600050. Chandigarh-160055. Email- [email protected] [email protected] Mob: 09443140817 (Ph:0172-2228306, 9316131598) Purchase of ACEMU, DEMU & MEMU Coaches from non‐Railway companies by sparing Intellectual properties of ICF/RCF free of Cost Preliminary report by K.V.RAMESH, JGS/IRTSA & Staff Council Member/Supervisory – Shell/ICF 1 Part‐A Anticipated requirement of rolling stock during XII th Five Year Plan & Production units of Indian Railways. 2 Measurers to upgrade the requirement & quality of passenger services during the 12th Plan (2012‐13 to 2016‐17) Enhancing accommodation in trains: Augmenting the load of existing services with popular timings and on popular routes to 24/26 coaches would help generating additional capacity and availability of additional berths/seats for the travelling public. Enhancing speed of trains: At present, speed of trains of Mail/Express trains is below 55 kmph. These are low as per international standards. Segregation of freight and passenger traffic, enhancing the sectional speeds, and rationalization of stoppages are important measures for speed enhancement. The speed of especially the passenger trains is quite low at present primarily because of the coaching stock in use and due to multiplicity of stoppages enroute. There is scope for speeding up of these services by replacing trains with conventional stock by fast moving EMUs/MEMUs/DEMUs. Enhancing the sectional speeds is another enabling factor in speeding them.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Railways Facts & Figures 2016-17
    INDIAN RAILWAYS FACTS & FIGURES 2016-17 BHARAT SARKAR GOVERNMENT OF INDIA RAIL MANTRALAYA MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS (RAILWAY BOARD) KEY STATISTICS 2016-17 1. Route Length (Kms.) - Broad Gauge (1.676 M.) 61,680 - Metre Gauge (1.000 M.) 3,479 - Narrow Gauge 2,209 (0.762 M. and 0.610 M.) Total 67,368 2. Double and Multiple Track - Broad Gauge 22,021 (Route Kms.) - Metre Gauge - Total 22,021 3. Electrified Track (Route Kms.) - Broad Gauge 25,367 - Metre Gauge - Total 25,367 4. Number of Railway Stations 7,349 5. Number of Railway Bridges 1,44,698 6. Traffic Volume Passengers Originating (Millions) 8,116 Passenger Kms. 1,149,835 Tonnes Originating (Rev. Traffic) (Millions Tonnes) 1,106.15 Tonne Kms. (Millions) 620,175 7. Number of Employees (Thousands) 1308 8. Revenue (` in Millions) 1,65,292.20 9. Expenses (` in Millions) 1,59,029.61 10. Rolling Stock - Locomotives: - Steam 39 - Diesel 6,023 - Electric 5,399 Total 11,461 - Passenger Carriages 64,223 - Freight Cars/Wagons 2,77,987 Note : All the figures, unless otherwise stated, are as at the end of the fiscal year i.e. March 31, 2017. CONTENTS Review of the year 5 Originating Passengers & Average Lead 6 Passenger Kilometres 7 Passenger Services 8 Passenger Revenue 9 Freight Operations — Originating Tonnage 10 — Net Tonne Kms. 11 — Freight Train & Wagon Kms. 12 — Commodity wise Loading 13 — Commodity wise NTKms. 14 — Average Lead 15 — Revenue 16 — Commodity wise Earnings 17 Rolling Stock — Locomotives 18 — Passenger Coaches 19 — Freight Cars/Wagons 20 Track/Route Kilometres 21 Gross Tonne Kilometres 22 Electrification 23 Signalling 24 Telecommunication 25 Personnel 26 Revenue 27 Expenses 28 Net Revenue & Excess/Shortfall 29 Assets 30 Asset Utilisation 31 Engine Kms.
    [Show full text]
  • By Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Vidyavachaspati (Doctor of Philosophy) Faculty for Moral and Social Sciences Department Of
    “A STUDY OF AN ECOLOGICAL PATHOLOGICAL AND BIO-CHEMICAL IMPACT OF URBANISATION AND INDUSTRIALISATION ON WATER POLLUTION OF BHIMA RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES PUNE DISTRICTS, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA” BY Dr. PRATAPRAO RAMGHANDRA DIGHAVKAR, I. P. S. THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF VIDYAVACHASPATI (DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY) FACULTY FOR MORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY TILAK MAHARASHTRA VIDHYAPEETH PUNE JUNE 2016 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the entire work embodied in this thesis entitled A STUDY OFECOLOGICAL PATHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL IMPACT OF URBANISATION AND INDUSTRILISATION ON WATER POLLUTION OF BHIMA RIVER AND Its TRIBUTARIES .PUNE DISTRICT FOR A PERIOD 2013-2015 has been carried out by the candidate DR.PRATAPRAO RAMCHANDRA DIGHAVKAR. I. P. S. under my supervision/guidance in Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune. Such materials as has been obtained by other sources and has been duly acknowledged in the thesis have not been submitted to any degree or diploma of any University or Institution previously. Date: / / 2016 Place: Pune. Dr.Prataprao Ramchatra Dighavkar, I.P.S. DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled A STUDY OF AN ECOLOGICAL PATHOLOGICAL AND BIO-CHEMICAL IMPACT OF URBANISNTION AND INDUSTRIALISATION ON WATER POLLUTION OF BHIMA RIVER AND Its TRIBUTARIES ,PUNE DISTRICT FOR A PERIOD 2013—2015 is written and submitted by me at the Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The present research work is of original nature and the conclusions are base on the data collected by me. To the best of my knowledge this piece of work has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any University or Institution.
    [Show full text]
  • Question Bank for LDC Examination General Feature 1. Steep Gradients
    Question bank for LDC examination General Feature 1. Steep gradients which need extra engine for hauling is known as a) Pusher gradient* b) Rulling Gradient c) Reasonable gradient d) Momentum gradient 2. Rising gradient followed by a falling gradient is known as a) Rulling gradient b) Momentum gradient* c) Pusher graient d) Aangular gradient 3. The safety in Railway in India is looked after by a) Ministry of Railways b) Commission of Railway Safety* c) Railway Board d) Headquarter Office 4. Longest platform of the world on BG is a) At Sonepur station* b) At Sasaram station c) At Allahabad station d) At Kharagpur station 5. The ruling gradient is 1 in 200 on a section of the BG track. If the track is laid in that place at a curve of 5 degrees then the allowable ruling gradient on the curve will be a) 1 in 16.7 b) 1 and 400 c) 1 in 240 d) 1 in 333* 6. The number of stations on Indian Railways is a) 6000 approximately b) 7070 approximately* c) 8000 proximately d) 9000 approximately 7. Longest tunnel on Indian Railway is a) Kharbude tunnel on Konkan Railway* b) Near Lonavala between Monkey hill and Khandala station c) Kalka Shimla d) Darjeeling hill Railway 8. Longest Railway Bridge on Indian Railway is 1. Sone Bridge at Dehri on Sone* 2. Yamuna Bridge at Kalpi 3. Ganga Bridge near Patna 4. Pamban Bridge 9. Longest passenger train on Indian Railway is 1. Prayagraj Express* 2. Kalka Mail 3. Himsagar express 4. Lucknow mail 10.
    [Show full text]
  • MAHARASHTRA 799 © Lonely Planet Publications Planet Lonely © Ajanta Ellora ( P825 )
    © Lonely Planet Publications 799 Maharashtra Sprawling Maharashtra, India’s second most populous state, stretches from the gorgeous greens of the little-known Konkan Coast right into the parched innards of India’s beating heart. Within this massive framework are all the sights, sounds, tastes, and experiences of MAHARASHTRA MAHARASHTRA India. In the north there’s Nasik, a city of crashing colours, timeless ritual and Hindu legend. In the south you can come face to face with modern India at its very best in Pune, a city as famous for its sex guru as its bars and restaurants. Further south still, the old maharaja’s palaces, wrestling pits and overwhelming temples of Kolhapur make for one of the best introductions to India anyone could want. Out in the far east of the state towards Nagpur, the adventurous can set out in search of tigers hidden in a clump of national parks. On the coast a rash of little-trodden beaches and collapsing forts give Goa’s tropical dreams a run for their money and in the hills of the Western Ghats, morning mists lift to reveal stupen- dous views and colonial-flavoured hill stations. But it’s the centre, with its treasure house of architectural and artistic wonders (topped by the World Heritage–listed cave temples of Ellora and Ajanta), that really steals the show. Whatever way you look at it, Maharashtra is one of the most vibrant and rewarding corners of India, yet despite this, most travellers make only a brief artistic pause at Ellora and Ajanta before scurrying away to other corners of India, leaving much of this diverse state to the explorers.
    [Show full text]
  • Commonly Used Business and Economic Abbreviations
    COMMONLY USED BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC ABBREVIATIONS AAGR Average Annual Growth Rate AAR Average Annual Return ABB Asean Braun Boveri ADAG Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group ADB Asian Development Bank ADR American Depository Receipts AGM Annual General Meeting APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation APM Administered Price Mechanism ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASSOCHAM Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry B2B Business to Business B2C Business to Consumer BIS Bank for International Settlements, Bureau of Indian Standards BOP Balance of Payment BPO Business Process Outsourcing BRIC Brazil India Russia China BSE Bombay Stock Exchange CAGR Compounded Annual Growth Rate CEO Chief Executive Officer CFO Chief Financial Officer CII Confederation of Indian Industries CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CMIE Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy CPI Consumer Price Index CRISIL Credit Rating Information Services of India Ltd. CRR Cash Reserve Ratio CSO Central Static’s organization DIAL Delhi International Airport Ltd. EMI Equated Monthly Installment EPS Earnings Per Share EPZ Export Processing Zone ESOP Employee Stock Ownership Plan EXIM Bank Export and Import Bank FDI Foreign Direct Investment FEMA Foreign Exchange Management Act FERA Foreign Exchange Regulation Act FICCI Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry FII Foreign Institutional Investor FIPB Foreign Investment Promotion Board GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP Gross Domestic Product GDR Global Depository Receipt GNP Gross National
    [Show full text]