 Arata Isozaki, a prominent Japanese architect renowned for his versatility and transnational approach to design, has won his field's highest accolade, the Pritzker Architecture Prize.  The 87-year-old will receive his coveted award, which consists of $100,000 and a bronze medallion, in May at the Palace of Versailles in France.  The jury praised Isozaki for surpassing "the framework of architecture to raise questions that transcend eras and borders", and for his "profound knowledge of architectural history and theory, and embracing the avant-garde".  It said in a statement: "He never merely replicated the status quo, but his search for meaningful architecture was reflected in his buildings that, to this day, defy stylistic categorisations."  In a career that has spanned six decades so far, with more than 100 buildings around the world, Isozaki's approach has constantly evolved. More so than style or materials, his work is characterised by a search for what architecture can contribute to society.  Isozaki's work began locally as Japan rebuilt following the devastation of World War II, and Allied occupation. He designed many buildings in his hometown, before expanding to Osaka and the capital, Tokyo.  The 1980s saw Isozaki's international reputation grow with his first overseas commission, the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles and other prominent buildings, including the Palau Sant Jordi, which was part of the setting for Barcelona's 1992 Olympic Games.  Pritzker Architecture Prize  Founded in 1979 by the late Jay A Pritzker and his wife, Cindy, the Pritzker Architecture Prize honours a living architect or architects whose work combines talent, vision and commitment and who has produced "consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment through the art of architecture".  Previous winners of the coveted prize include India's Balkrishna Doshi, Jorn Utzon who designed the Sydney Opera House, Oscar Niemeyer of Brazil and the British- Iraqi designer, Zaha Hadid.

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 Odisha government has launched Mukhyamantri Karigar Sahayata Scheme 2019 for craftsmen on 5 March 2019. Under Mukhya Mantri Karigar Sahayata Yojana, govt. will provide Rs. 800 as monthly allowance to craftsmen with minimum prescribed experience. In order to avail the craftsmen welfare scheme benefits, the annual income of the beneficiaries must be less than Rs. 1 lakh.  Under Mukhya Mantri Karigar Sahayata Yojana 2019, govt. will also provide Rs. 1000 monthly allowance for all craftsmen above 80 years of age. Directorate of Handicrafts is going to function as a nodal department of the scheme.  The state govt. will constitute selection committee in the district level under collectors of the respective districts for the selection of beneficiaries.

Odisha Mukhya Mantri Karigar Sahayata Scheme 2019

 CM Naveen Patnaik has launched a new scheme namely Mukhya Mantri Karigar Sahayata Yojana in Odisha to benefit craftsmen. All the craftsmen having an experience of more than 10 years and annual income less than 1 lakh will get Rs. 800 p.m as allowance. In addition to this, craftsmen of more than 80 years of age will get Rs. 1000 as monthly allowance under the Mukhyamantri Karigar Sahayata Scheme.  All the craftsmen who have worked for at-least 10 years are eligible for the Mukhyamantri Karigar Sahayata Yojana. The Directorate of handicrafts would be the nodal department for the successful implementation of Odisha Mukhyamantri Karigar Sahayata Scheme 2019.  As per the official sources, a selection committee would be constituted by the state govt. at the district level. This committee would work under collectors of the respective districts for the selection of Mukhyamantri Karigar Sahayata Scheme beneficiaries.  After the selection of all craftsmen beneficiaries under the Mukhya Mantri Karigar Sahayata Scheme, the state govt. will provide financial assistance through the block development officers (BDOs). The primary objective is to enhance the skills of the sculptors and to enable them to lead of honour and dignity.

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 Tamil Nadu govt. has started distributing Amma Maternity Nutrition Kit under Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy Maternity Benefit Scheme for pregnant women. The state is leading the country in health sector and the sophisticated medicare services, manpower and infrastructure makes the states a role model to be emulated.  The state govt. has launched Amma Maternity Nutrition Kit in which kits worth Rs. 4,000 would be given to pregnant women. This scheme was launched at the Egmore Government Maternity Hospital and govt. has taken into account the need to enhance the facilities at govt. hospitals across the state.  All those women who have delivered babies before 1 January are not eligible under the revised scheme.

Tamil Nadu Amma Maternity Nutrition Kit Scheme

 The assistance under the Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy Maternity Benefit Scheme has already been raised to Rs. 18,000 this year. Under this scheme, an Amma Maternity Nutrition Kit worth Rs. 4,000 would also be provided. Around 12 nutritious items including dry fruits such as dates that are necessary for health pregnancy would be added in kit.  These Amma Maternity Nutrition Kits would be distributed twice once at the 12th week and for the second time between 16th and 20th week of pregnancy. In the last 8 years, Tamil Nadu govt. has allocated Rs. 62,705.17 crore to the health department. The state govt. has allocated Rs. 12,563.83 crore for the health sector in the FY 2019-20. Around 17 lakh mothers had already been benefitted under the Amma Baby Kit which was launched by late CM J. Jayalalithaa (Amma) in September 2015.  The Amma Maternity Nutrition Kit Scheme which was announced during FY 2018 – 19 aims to provide iron tonic and nutritional supplements to pregnant women. This kit is given under the Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy Maternity Benefit Scheme under which the pregnant women will receive cash assistance. Previously, the state govt. has raised assistance from Rs. 12,000 to Rs. 18,000. Besides providing assistance of Rs. 14,000, each beneficiary would provide Amma Maternity Nutrition Kit worth Rs. 4,000.

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 Prime Minister Narendra Modi today launched the Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Mandhan (PM-SYM) Yojana at Vastral in Gandhinagar, . The national pension scheme for workers and labourers of unorganised sector was announced in the interim budget in February this year.  It will provide monthly pension of 3000 rupees to the employees of unorganised sector after 60 years of age. Mr Modi also distributed the PM-SYM pension cards to select beneficiaries.

World‟s Biggest Pension Scheme For Unorganized Sector

 During the interim budget announcement, a pension scheme for workers from the unorganized sector was mentioned by Union finance minister Piyush Goyal. Yesterday, PM Modi officially announced this mega scheme.  This was a much-needed pension scheme for unorganized sector, as the present pension schemes run by private and public enterprises only focuses on salaried, blue-collar job holders or Govt. employees/entrepreneurs who file their taxes.  There are more than 40 crore workers in the unorganized sector, and there has been no pension scheme for them, till now.  This launch of the Prime Minister Shram Yogi Maandhan Yojana (PM-SYM) has been done days before the General Elections, dates of which will be soon announced by the Election Commission.

Who Are Eligible For This Pension Scheme?

 There are 150 professions, which are classified under the unorganized sector. Employees working these 150 unorganized sectors are eligible for this pension scheme. Rs 15000 per month is the income threshold for the eligible employees.  This can include Street vendors, rickshaw pullers, construction, domestic help, agricultural, beedi, leather and handloom workers, rag pickers and more.  While 42 crore workers from the unorganized sector are directly eligible for this pension scheme, 10 crore workers are expected to get enrolled in the next 10 years.

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 Last week, the Law Ministry made it mandatory for election candidates to reveal their income-tax returns of the last five years, as well as the details of their offshore assets. This was done by amending Form 26, after the Election Commission of India wrote to the Ministry on February 13.

 A candidate in an election is required to file an affidavit called Form 26 that furnishes information on her assets, liabilities, educational qualifications, criminal antecedents (convictions and all pending cases) and public dues, if any. The affidavit has to be filed along with the nomination papers and should be sworn before an Oath Commissioner or Magistrate of the First Class or before a Notary Public.

 Earlier, a candidate had to only declare the last I-T return (for self, spouse and dependents). Details of foreign assets were not sought. Offshore assets, as per the February 26 notification, means “details of all deposits or investments in foreign banks and any other body or institution abroad and details of all assets and liabilities in foreign countries”. It is now mandatory for candidates to reveal their own income-tax returns of the last five years rather than only one, and the details of offshore assets, as well as the same details for their spouse, members of the Hindu Undivided Family (if the candidate is a karta or coparcener), and dependents.

 The objective behind introducing Form 26 was that it would help voters make an informed decision. The affidavit would make them aware of the criminal activities of a candidate, which could help prevent people with questionable backgrounds from being elected to an Assembly or Parliament. With the recent amendment, voters will know the extent to which a serving MP‟s income grew during his five years in power.

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 Like most recent electoral reforms in India, Form 26 was introduced on September 3, 2002, following a court order. The genesis of the affidavit can be traced to the 170th Report of the Law Commission, submitted in May 1999, which suggested steps for preventing criminals from entering electoral politics. One of the suggestions was to disclose the criminal antecedents as well as the assets of a candidate before accepting her nomination.  The then government did not act on the recommendation, leading to public interest litigation in Delhi High Court in December 1999. On November 2, 2000, the HC directed the EC to secure information on whether a candidate is accused of any offence(s) punishable by imprisonment, her assets as well as those of her spouse and dependents and any other information the EC considers necessary.  The Union government appealed in the Supreme Court, which not only agreed with the Delhi HC, but went a step ahead and directed the EC, in its order dated May 2, 2002, to ask candidates whether they have been convicted/acquitted/discharged of any criminal offence in the past, or accused in any pending cases six months before the filing of nomination, seek details of assets and liabilities of a candidate, her spouse and dependents, and the educational qualifications of the candidate.  On June 28, 2002, the EC issued an order to implement the verdict. However, in less than two months, the Union government promulgated an Ordinance diluting the EC‟s order. As per the Representation of the People (Amendment) Ordinance, 2002 (subsequently replaced by an Act on December 28, 2002), a candidate was only expected to disclose whether she was accused of any offence punishable with imprisonment for two years or more in a pending case in which charges had been framed by a court, and whether she had been convicted of an offence and sentenced to a year‟s imprisonment or more. The government subsequently also amended the Election Conduct Rules of 1961 on September 3, 2002, to prescribe Form 26 in which a candidate had to disclose the above information.  On June 28, 2002, the EC issued an order to implement the verdict. However, in less than two months, the Union government promulgated an Ordinance diluting the EC‟s order. As per the Representation of the People (Amendment) Ordinance, 2002 (subsequently replaced by an Act on December 28, 2002), a candidate was only expected to disclose whether she was accused of any offence punishable with imprisonment for two years or more in a pending case in which charges had been framed by a court, and whether she had been convicted of an offence and sentenced to a year‟s imprisonment or more. The government subsequently also amended the Election Conduct Rules of 1961 on September 3, 2002, to prescribe Form 26 in which a candidate had to disclose the above information.  The SC declared the amendment null and void. The EC then issued a fresh order on March 27, 2003, seeking information on all five points mentioned in the SC order of May 2, 2002.

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 A candidate is expected to file a complete affidavit. Leaving a few columns blank can render the affidavit “nugatory”. It is the responsibility of the Returning Officer (RO) to check whether Form 26 has been completed; the nomination paper can be rejected if the candidate fails to fill it in full.  If it is alleged that a candidate has suppressed information or lied in her affidavit, the complainant can seek an inquiry through an election petition. If the court finds the affidavit false, the candidate‟s election can be declared void.  The current penalty for lying in an affidavit is imprisonment up to six months, or fine, or both. In May 2018, the EC had asked the government to make the filing of a false affidavit a “corrupt practice” under the election law, which would make the candidate liable for disqualification for up to six years. But nothing has been done by the government on this front.

 In 2016, Patna High Court annulled the Lok Sabha membership of Chhedi Paswan, the BJP member from Sasaram in Bihar, for not declaring a criminal case pending against him. Paswan had defeated former Lok Sabha Speaker Meira Kumar in 2014. The SC stayed the HC order, but suspended his voting right until a final verdict was delivered. This prevented Paswan from participating in the 2017 presidential election.

 The Supreme Court has asked the governments of 17 states to evict an estimated one million tribal and other households living in forests after their claims of the right to live in forests were rejected under the Forest Rights Act. Now Supreme Court Stays it's order for sometime.  The court has directed the Dehradun-based Forest Survey of India to submit a satellite-image based report on the encroachments removed.

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 The apex court‟s order came in connection with a PIL filed by the NGO „Wild Life First‟, which challenged the validity of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.  For wildlife protection groups, the issue is of India‟s forests being relentlessly eroded by humans encroaching on animal habitats. There have been innumerable cases of villagers illegally living on protected forests meant exclusively for animals.

 The Patthargarhi movement, named after the symbolic act of placing a stone outside a village with an inscription declaring self-rule, had reached fever pitch last year.  After months of lull in tribal areas of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, the tribal exclusionist movement, Patthargarhi, is stirring up again.  According to sources, in the wake of the Supreme Court order on the Forest Rights Act after which 23 million forest dwellers face eviction, reports of mobilisation of adivasis for Patthargarhi have been received by security agencies.  Forest right acts • Act recognized and vest the forest rights and occupation in forest land in forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers who have been residing in such forests for generations but whose rights could not be recorded. • Claim is made either for individual or community rights by the people/communities • Land recognised under this Act cannot be sold or transferred • Section 6 of the Act provides a three steps procedure for deciding on who gets rights. o First, the Gram Sabha makes a recommendation o The Gram Sabha‟s recommendation goes through two stages of screening committees at the taluka and district levels. o The district level committee makes the final decision. The Committees have six members – three government officers and three elected persons. • If the claim is found to be not tenable by the competent authority then claimant is not entitled for the grant of any right under the Act.  The petitioners sought the eviction of all forest-dwellers whose claims to land under the law had been rejected.  The total number of rejected claims from 16 states that have reported rejection rates so far to the apex court add up to 1,127,446 tribal and other forest-dwelling households. Several other states that have not provided details to court have been asked to do so. Once they follow suit these numbers are likely to swell.  The court has directed chief secretaries of states to ensure eviction in all cases where rejection orders have been passed on or before July 24 and directed the Dehradun- based Forest Survey of India to submit a satellite-image based report on the encroachments removed.

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 Forced eviction: Judgment led to forced eviction of over one million people belonging to the Scheduled Tribes and other forest communities.  Against the FRA: Forest Rights Act contains no clause for eviction of rejected claimants and, in fact, section 4(5) specifically prohibits eviction until the process of implementation of the law is fully complete in an area.  Against the fundamental right: Article 19(5) in the Fundamental Rights chapter of the Constitution specifically enjoins the state to make laws “for the protection of the interests of any Scheduled Tribe”. Many columnists argue that SC order is against this very right.  Weaken the FRA: It may weaken the FRA, which exist to protect tribal rights and ensure the socioeconomic development of these communities. This could further alienate tribal communities from the mainstream.  Contrary to earlier Samata judgement of SC: In Samata judgement supreme court upheld the constitutional right of tribal people and forbid government from any eviction of tribal population.  In its Samata judgement in 1997, the Supreme Court gave a clear message that if any state government allowed the transfer of land in favour of non-tribals and/or leased land in scheduled areas for mining projects, this would completely destroy the legal and constitutional fabric made to protect the tribal communities.  Overlook of flaws in FRA o Procedural flaws in processing claims: The petitioners declare that every single claimant whose claim has been rejected under this law is a bogus claimant. However, report of the High-Level Xaxa Committee found deep procedural flaws in processing claims under the FRA. The Xaxa Committee observed that claims are being rejected without assigning reasons, or based on wrong interpretation of the „OTFD‟ definition and lack of evidence.  In several cases, the claims have been rejected based on flawed methodologies in violation of FRA Rules. For example, in Gujarat, claims were rejected only based on satellite maps. They were not based on ground surveys  Right to appeal: In case of rejection of claim, the right to appeal is not being explained to tribal people nor its exercise facilitated.

 The SC must safeguard the rights of tribal, especially those guaranteed by the Constitution, and must not set any precedent that would erode these rights in any way. Only the claim of illegal claimants should be rejected in order to protect forest from illegal encroachments. The government along with various tribal welfare group must evolve a procedure to re-affirms the claims of genuine claimants and protect the forest and wildlife from encroachers.

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 Swachh Survekshan 2019: Indore is cleanest city in India for third consecutive year  The Swachh Survekshan awards 2019 were conferred by President Ram Nath Kovind at a ceremony in New Delhi.  While the New Delhi Municipal Council area was given the „Cleanest Small City‟ award, Uttarakhand‟s Gauchar was adjudged the „Best Ganga Town‟ in the central government survey.  The cleanliness awards are given by the Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.  Indore in Madhya Pradesh, Ambikapur in Chandigarh, and Mysuru in Karnataka have secured top three spots  Three cities in Madhya Pradesh bagged top awards i.e. Indore was awarded as the cleanest city in India, Bhopal is the cleanest capital and Ujjain is the cleanest city (3 lakh to one million category).  was declared the cleanest city in the 10 lakh plus category.

 With an aim to increase the coverage of the ranking exercise MoHUA now proposes to conduct its fourth survey – Swachh Survekshan 2019 to rank all cities under Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (SBM-U).  The distinctive features of the survey includes encouraging large scale citizen participation, ensuring sustainability of initiatives taken towards garbage free and open defecation free cities, providing credible outcomes which would be validated by third party certification etc.  The Swachh Survekshan 2019 toolkit that will be launched will contain the detailed survey methodology and component indicators with scores to help cities to prepare themselves for taking the survey.  SBM ODF+ and ODF++ Protocol  The SBM ODF+ protocol focuses on sustaining community/ public toilet usage by ensuring their functionality, cleanliness and maintenance.  The SBM ODF++ will focus on achieving sanitation sustainability by addressing complete sanitation value chain, including safe containment, processing and disposal of fecal sludge and septage.  The ODF+ and ++ protocol and toolkit to be launched will detail out the necessary conditions to be achieved by cities for declaring themselves as ODF+ and ODF++, along with the detailed steps required for third party certifications.

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 The union government had launched Swachh Bharat Abhiyan(SBA) on 2 October 2014 with two submissions, SBA (gramin) and SBA (urban).  The government set the goal of making the country open defecation-free in five years, by the 150th anniversary of M.K. Gandhi‟s birthday in 2019, by launching the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA).  Budgetary provisions for the two submissions will be provided separately in the Demand for Grants of the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation(MDWS) (for gramin) and the Ministry of Urban Development (for urban).  Two other ministries, the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) and the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), more specifically, the latter‟s Department of School Education and Literacy, will be responsible for the construction of anganwadiand school toilets.

 The Government of India had launched “Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban)” on 2nd October, 2014 with the following objectives:-  Eliminate open defecation,  Conversion of insanitary toilets to pour flush toilets,  Eradication of manual scavenging,  100% collection and scientific processing/disposal reuse/recycle of Municipal Solid Waste,  To bring about a behavioral change in people regarding healthy sanitation practices,  Generate awareness among the citizens about sanitation and its linkages with public health.  Strengthening of urban local bodies to design, execute and operate systems,  To create enabling environment for private sector participation in Capital Expenditure and Operation & Maintenance (O&M) costs.  The Mission has following components:-  Construction of Household Toilets,  Community and Public Toilets,  Solid Waste Management,  Information, Education & Communication (IEC) and Public Awareness,  Capacity Building and Administrative & Office Expenses (A&OE).

 Increased Coverage  Since October 2014, 91.5 million toilets have been constructed and 154.3 million rural households have toilets now.

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 Survey Conducted by the World Bank, the survey found that 77 per cent of households (between November 2017 and March 2018) had access to toilets (not the same as possessing individual household toilets) and 93.4 per cent of people who had access to toilets used them.  Out of the 541,433 villages declared as ODF, 438,342 have been verified to be ODF. There can be a two part answer.  First, that the 2017-18 survey again shows 95.6 per cent villages declared and verified as ODF continued to remain ODF.  here is some slippage, but not as much as one might have thought.  Use of media and campaigns like “DarwazaBandh” have led to behavior change and public awareness of the need for sanitation.  The Swachh Bharat urban and rural projects have set-off healthy competition among cities and districts.  SHGs, NGOs and popular icons have pitched in and the results are showing in the form of a record number of sustainable toilets, open defecation-free towns, schools with gender specific toilets and decrease in water borne diseases in ODF villages and towns.  Making functional toilets a compulsory qualification for contesting panchayat elections in Haryana and shows the determination to achieve the dream  The dropout rate of females from schools and colleges is decreasing and those that had left have come to school after construction of toilets.  The spread of communicable diseases has seen a downward trend in villages that have performed well in SBM

 The country's first , which revolutionised by way of speed and luxury in the 1960s, turned 50 recently as the flower-beddecked train chugged out of Howrah station on its golden jubilee run.  An Eastern Railway (ER) official said that the Kolkata-New Delhi Rajdhani Express embarked on its maiden journey on 3 March, 1969 from Howrah, making it the country's first fully- airconditioned, high- speed train that covered the 1,450 km stretch in 17 hours and 20 minutes.  INDIAN RAILWAYS - Highest Priority Trains of Indian Railways Network  :  It is India‟s first indigenously built engineless semi-high speed train. Earlier, it was known by the name Train 18.

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 It runs between Delhi and Varanasiat a maximum speed of 160 kmph.  It has been built by the , Chennai, in a record time of 20 months.  The train is a 100% „Make in India‟ projectand is claimed to be built at half the cost of a similar train set that is imported.  It is energy-efficientas its coaches will be fitted with LED lights. Coaches will have automatic doors and retractable footsteps.  It will be inter-connected with fully sealed gangways along with a GPS-based Passenger Information System. It is provided with Bio toilets.  Rajdhani Express  Rajdhani Express trains get the highest priority on the Indian railway network and also among the fastest trains in India. They are fully air conditioned trains connecting New Delhi with other capital cities of other states.

Shatabdi Express

connect metro Indian cities with other nearby important cities and get second highest priority on the network. The Shatabdi Express trains run over short distance and return to the station of origin the same day.

Duronto Express

 Duronto Expresses are few stop long distance trains run by the Indian Railways, connect major cities to other major cities. These trains are as fast as Rajdhani and Shatabdi express and are one of the fastest trains in India.

Tejas Express

is among the fastest trains in India and get the highest priority on the Indian railway network along with with Rajdhani Express, , Shatabdi Express and . The train run at an average speed of 130 km/h and its India‟s first semi-high speed full AC train with all the aircraft like features.  Mumbai CST – Karmali Tejas Express  New Delhi – Chandigarh Tejas Express  Lucknow Junction – Anand Vihar Terminal Tejas Express  Chennai-Madurai Tejas Express

Garib Rath Express

full air conditioned train started by the Indian Railways for long distance travel to passengers within affordable cost. Garib Rath trains run on a max speed of 130Kmph, significantly slower than India‟s high speed trains.

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Double Decker Express

have high priority and are considered among fast trains in India. Howrah Dhanbad Double Decker Express was the first superfast Double Decker train of Indian Railways, connected Kolkata with Dhanbad.

Jan Shatabdi Express

trains are the lower version of Shatabdi Express and more affordable for common people. These are one of the most popular sets of trains run by the Indian railways with options AC chair car.

Superfast Express

 Superfast Trains of India have been superfast since their inauguration with max speed of 60 kilometres per hour. There are 450 pairs of Superfast trains ran on the Indian Railways network.

Express/Mails Trains

 Express Mails trains in India run on average speed of 50 kilometres per hour with maximum number of stops. These trains have all Unreserved and general coaches, including new series of .

Suburban Trains

 Suburban rail in India are the public transport system for major cities of India. Suburban trains handle commuter traffic on daily basis, that include , and .  Luxury Trains

 Historical Films of Bollywood o Kesari (2019)  Kesari is an upcoming Indian war film starring Akshay Kumar and Parineeti Chopra in the lead roles and directed by Anurag Singh. It tells the story of Havildar Ishar Singh who participates in the Battle of Saragarhi.  The Battle of Saragarhi occurred on 12 September 1897 during the Tirah Campaign and was fought between 10,000 Orakzai and Afghan tribesmen and just 21 soldiers of the 4th Battalion of the British India‟s Sikh Regiment! All 21 Sikhs chose to defend their army post, instead of choosing to surrender. The UK parliament gave all the brave Sikh soldiers a standing ovation and posthumously awarded them the Indian Order of Merit after.

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2.Udham Singh(Yet to start)

 Uri stat Vicky Kaushal has been roped in to play the lead in a biopic on Udham Singh.  It is the story of a daring martyr who assassinated Michael O' Dwyer, the former lieutenant governor of Punjab in pre-Independence India (not General Reginald Dyer who gave the shooting order in the ground i.e Dwyer is the superior officer involved here.So, Udham leaved subordinate and on the spot General Dyer), to avenge the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar in 1919. Singh was subsequently tried and convicted of murder and hanged in July 1940.

3.Gandhi (1982)

 Gandhi is an acclaimed Hollywood film based on the life of great Indian leader "Father of our nation" "Mahatma" Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. The film is directed by Richard Attenborough, starring Ben Kingsley in the title role. The film won eight Academy Awards including Best Director, Best Actor, and Best Picture.

4.Sardar (1993)

 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, also known as the Iron Man of India, is an unsung hero of India‟s freedom struggle. His legacy is often overshadowed by the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi and the charisma of Jawaharlal Nehru. When Ketan Mehta directed the 1993 film Sardar featuring Paresh Rawal in the titular character, the

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world came to know a lot about this great legendary freedom fighter and his efforts to build an independent India.

5.Mangal Pandey: The Rising (2005)

 Mangal Pandey is a Bollywood biopic, based on the life of an Indian soldier Mangal Pandey in 1857 revolt. The film is directed by Ketan Mehta, starring Aamir Khan.

6.The Legend of Bhagat Singh (2002)

 The Legend of Bhagat Singh is an Indian historical Biopic film on Bhagat Singh, a freedom fighter. The film was directed by Rajkumar Santoshi and stars Ajay Devgn, Sushant Singh, D. Santosh, Raj Babbar, and Farida Jalal.

7.Jodhaa Akbar (2008)

 Jodhaa Akbar is an Indian epic drama directed by Ashutosh Govariker. The star cast of the film includes Hrithik Roshan, Aishwarya Rai, Sonu Sood, Kulbhushan Kharbanda, and Ila Arun. The story of the film is based on the epic romance between the Mughal emperor Akbar and the Hindu Rajput princess Jodhabai.

8.Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero (2004)

 Shyam Benegal‟s 2004 war film Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero, which is, of course, a biographical film about Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. The film features Sachin Khedekar in the titular character and depicts the life of Netaji in Nazi Germany (1941-1943) as well as Japanese-occupied Asia (1943-1945) which eventually lead to the formation of Azad Hind Fauj.

9.Chittagong (2012)

 Chittagong is a Bollywood historical drama Film directed by Bedabrata Pain, starring Manoj Bajpai in the lead role coupled with Vega Tamotia, Jaideep Ahlawat, and Alexx ONell. The story of the film is based upon events of British India‟s Chittagong uprising.

10.Asoka (2001)

 Asoka is the epic tale of King Asoka‟s life. Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE. The grandson of the founder of the Maurya Dynasty, Chandragupta Maurya. The film is directed by Santosh Siwan, starring Shahrukh Khan, Kareena kapoor, Ajith Kumar, Danny Denzongpa, Rahul Dev, and Hrishita Bhatt.

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11.Hawaizaada (2015)

 Hawaizaada is a Historical Biopic film directed by Vibhu Puri. The star cast of the film includes Mithun Chakraborty, Ayushmann Khurrana, and Pallavi Sharda. The story of the film is based on the life of scientist Shivkar Bapuji Talpade, who is said to have created India‟s first unmanned plane.

12.Jhansi ki Rani (1956)

 Jhansi Ki Rani is an Indian historical biopic directed by Sohrab Modi, starring Sohrab Modi, Mehtab, and Mubarak in lead roles. The story of the film is based on the wife of an aging king Jhansi Rani Lakshmi Bhai, who leads her people against the British in 1857 revolt.

13.Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi(2019)

 Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi is a 2019 Indian epic biographical period drama film based on the life of Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi. It was directed by Radha Krishna Jagarlamudi, popularly known as Krish and lead role by actress Kangana Ranaut.

14.Bajirao Mastani

 The movie „Bajirao Mastani‟ is an Indian epic historical romance movie. The movie which was directed by the Sanjay Leela Bhansali and has been produced by the Sanjay Leela Bhansali. The movie features Ranveer Singh, Priyanka Chopra, Deepika Padukone, Tanvi Azmi in the lead. However, the movie has been narrated by the story of the Maratha Peshwa Bajirao which is between the 1700 – 1740 AD and his second wife Mastani.

15.Padmaavat

 Padmaavat is a 2018 Indian epic period drama film directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali. Loosely based on the epic poem Padmavat by Malik Muhammad Jayasi, it stars Deepika Padukone as Rani Padmavati, a Rajput queen known for her beauty, wife of Maharawal Ratan Singh, played by Shahid Kapoor. Sultan Alauddin Khilji, played by Ranveer Singh, hears of her beauty and attacks her kingdom to claim her.  Learn From Cinema-Kollywood Comming Soon...

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1. Maharajas Express

2.

3. Samjhauta Express (India-Pakistan)

4.

5.

6.

7. Royal Rajasthan on Wheels

8. Maitree Express

9. The

10. Royal Orient Train

11.

12.

 When Akansha Singh was working in the villages of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar right after graduating from Tata Institute of Social Sciences, she realised that one of the biggest problems in the rural areas was a lack of electricity. This led to many unproductive hours for the villagers after sundown since nothing could be accomplished in the darkness.  It was then that she struck upon the idea of using waste as a source of renewable energy. She founded a company called Swayambhu Innovative Systems that provides bio energy to the remote areas of

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India. She does this by linking a community to a Community Biogas Plant(CBP) that makes use of the waste generated from domestic/kitchen, livestock and farms on a mass scale to produce biogas. This leads to the production of electricity and other by-products like organic manure and bio-pesticide.  According to her, 95 per cent of the bio-degradable waste that is produced by rural communities can be converted to bioenergy that fulfils the basic needs of the rural population. This model not just makes use of untreated organic waste but also reduces the dependency on non-renewable and traditional means of fuel.  Singh‟s firm is now constructing a plant of 150m3 capacity suited for the Ganga basin area of Bihar. The plant can produce electricity of 100 KW per day and can help 100 farmers irrigate at least 200 acres of land.

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