INDIAN RAILWAYS ON THE FAST TRACK TO ACHIEVE NET ZERO CARBON EMISSIONS BY 2030
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The report has been prepared under UK's Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO), formerly known as Department of International Development (DFID), Power Sector Reforms (PSR) Programme in India. KPMG is the lead service provider of the PSR Programme.
The FCDO's PSR Programme would like to thank Mr. R.K. Jain, Executive Director, Indian Railways and Mr. Manish Gupta, Executive Director, Indian Railways for their leadership and guidance in development of this report. The Programme would also like to thank Mr. Sumit Garg, Director, Indian Railways and his team from Indian Railways including Mr. Jivant Awana, Mr. Jagdeep Singh, Mr. Venus Sehgal and Mr. Ravinder Singh, for their support in providing valuable inputs for developing this report.
The FCDO's PSR Programme would also like to express its sincere appreciation and gratitude to all the engineers and officials of the Indian Railways who are involved in enabling net-zero carbon emissions for the Indian Railways through various initiatives.
FCDO Program Managers Udit Mathur Adritha Subbiah
PSR Team Vikas Gaba Abhishek Shah Tanmay Bishnoi Krishna Kant Tiwari Jatin Arora Rahul Kumar Shyam Kumar
Gavin McGillivray Head, FCDO India
MESSAGE
The current COVID–19 crisis and projected climatic changes present many challenges. Every country and organisation around the world increasingly faces a choice, between laying the foundations for sound, sustainable and inclusive growth or locking-in polluting emissions for decades.
The Indian Railways is amongst the few Railway systems globally to have taken the former approach, through its commitment to achieving a net zero carbon emissions by the year 2030. For an organisation of the size of the Indian Railways, this commitment is ambitious, and highly laudable.
The United Kingdom’s Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (formerly known as Department for International Development) and the Indian Railways signed a “Memorandum of Understanding for Collaboration on Energy and Sustainability” in December 2019. This is aimed to enable the Indian Railways to meet its objectives of energy security, consumption efficiency and greening of energy supply.
This Report has been prepared jointly, as part of the collaboration, to set out in one place the pathway to achieving the net zero carbon emissions target, the major initiatives currently being implemented and areas identified for further action. It also sets out best practices from other Railways systems in the world.
I am sure that this report will help showcase the initiatives of Indian Railways and guide other railway organizations around the world in adopting measures for de-carbonisation.
I thank the stakeholders who provided valuable insights and viewpoints, and the entire team of the Power Sector Reforms programme for making this valuable and timely effort.
New Delhi
December 2020
Gavin McGillivray Minister Counsellor Development British High Commission, New Delhi
ABOUT THE ENTITIES
About Indian Railways Indian Railways, operated by Ministry of Railways is the fourth largest railway network in the world by network, having more than 7,000 stations. Indian Railways annually transports more than 8,000 million passengers and more than 1,000 million tonnes of freight across the country. Indian Railways is one of the largest electricity consumers in the country having consumed app. 20 Billion Units of electricity in FY 2020. Indian Railways is amongst the few Railways globally having committed to become a “net zero” carbon emissions organisation and has already undertaken several initiatives towards the same.
About FCDO's Power Sector Reforms Programme UK's, Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO), formerly known as Department of International Development (DFID), in partnership with the Ministry of Power and Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, has approved a GBP 14 million Technical Assistance titled, “Supporting Structural Reforms in the Indian Power Sector” (Power Sector Reforms Programme) to be delivered up to March 2022 at central and state level. The programme has been in operation from November 2016 onwards, and has been working with various beneficiaries in the power sector. KPMG is the lead service provider for the PSR programme and is working with Indian Railways to help Indian Railways move towards its goals of energy security, consumption efficiency and greening of energy supply through structured interventions and focus on specific implementation areas.
About KPMG KPMG is a global network of professional services firms providing Audit, Tax and Advisory services. KPMG provides rapid, performance-based, industry-focused and technology-enabled services, which reflect a shared knowledge of global and local industries and experience of the Indian business environment. KPMG has strong engagement in Power and Utilities Sector and has worked with major stakeholders in the public and private sector.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 23
2. INTRODUCTION 25 2.1 Global commitment to climate change 2.2 India’s commitment to climate change 2.3 Indian Railways contribution to India’s INDC mission
3. APPROACH TOWARDS GREENING OF INDIAN RAILWAYS 29
4. ENERGY PROFILE OF INDIAN RAILWAYS 33 4.1 Current electrification status 4.2 Indian Railways as a Deemed Licensee (DL) 4.3 Energy consumption over the years 4.4 Current status of power procurement
5. GREENING THE POWER SUPPLY 39 5.1 Rooftop solar projects 5.2 Utility-scale RE projects 5.3 Enablers to accelerate deployment of solar power plants by Indian Railways on Railways land 5.4 Pilot projects
6. OPTIMISING ENERGY DEMAND 45 6.1 Enhancing energy efficiency in the traction network 6.2 Enhancing energy efficiency in the non-traction network
7. IMPACT OF GREEN ENERGY INITIATIVES 55 7.1 Reduction in electricity cost for traction network 7.2 Reduction in electricity consumption by non-traction network 7.3 Reduction in emissions
8. CASE STUDIES FROM ACROSS THE WORLD FOR GREENING OF ENERGY SUPPLY 57 8.1 Reduction in electricity cost for traction network
9. WAY FORWARD 59 9.1 Road ahead for Indian Railways LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Indian Railways roadmap for net zero carbon emissions Figure 2 Number of countries & percentage of emissions covered by economy-wide targets Figure 3 India’s NDC commitments Figure 4 Indian Railways to be a net zero carbon emissions organisation by 2030 Figure 5 Indian Railways’ roadmap for net zero carbon emissions Figure 6 World transportation energy consumption (quadrillion Btu) Figure 7 Source wise expected energy consumption by the transport sector in India Figure 8 Cumulative reduction in emissions on account of 100% decarbonisation of Railways’ electricity consumption (million tons) Figure 9 Path for decarbonisation of Indian Railways Figure 10 Electrified network of Indian Railways Figure 11 Electricity consumption by traction and non-traction network (MUs) Figure 12 Diesel consumption by the traction network (in million litres) Figure 13 Electricity generated by Indian Railways through RE sources Figure 14 RE technologies for power procurement by Indian Railways Figure 15 Rooftop solar plants installed by Indian Railways Figure 16 Capacity of ground-mounted solar plants from which power procurement is being planned by Indian Railways (MW) Figure 17 Snapshots of some of the key RE projects of Indian Railways Figure 18 Integrated shelters using solar panels at Sahibabad Railway Station Figure 19 Key enablers for harnessing full potential of solar energy on Railways land Figure 20 Proposed solar project along railway tracks in Diwana Figure 21 Schematic arrangement for power supply for ongoing pilot project in Bina Figure 22 Status of procurement from RE based projects (MW) Figure 23 Initiatives undertaken in the area of energy efficiency Figure 24 Initiatives undertaken for reduction of energy consumption related to the traction network Figure 25 Head on Generation (HOG) equipment deployed in coaches Figure 26 Traction Energy Management System Figure 27 3-Phase non-AC, EMU Figure 28 3-Phase AC, EMU Figure 29 3-Phase MEMU Figure 30 Energy efficiency initiatives related to non-traction network Figure 31 Improved illumination at Jaipur Railway station through adoption of LEDs Figure 32 IRICEN Administrative Green Building Figure 33 Initiatives undertaken by Indian Railways to enable Green Buildings Figure 34 Reduction in traction tariff and energy bill of Indian Railways Figure 35 Reduction in non-traction energy consumption (MUs) Figure 36 Reduction in emissions on annual basis due to initiatives towards decarbonisation
(in thousand tonnes of CO2) Figure 37 Summary of best practices for enabling energy self-sufficiency in Railways globally LIST OF TABLES AND BOXES Table 1 Missions undertaken for Indian Railways for greening the energy supply and reduction of carbon emissions Table 2 Budgetary provisions for electrification of Railways’ traction network Table 3 List of projects awarded under various tenders by Indian Railways Table 4 List of Railway Buildings awarded with BEE star labels under Office Building Category
Box 1 Key Green Initiatives of Indian Railways Box 2 Paris Agreement - India’s Climate Change Pledge Box 3 Signing of MoU between Ministry of Railways and FCDO for collaboration on energy and sustainability Box 4 Rail sections being developed as solar sections Box 5 Adoption of HOG system (Head on Generation technology) by Indian Railways Box 6 12,000 HP electric locomotives manufactured under ‘Make in India’ Box 7 Introduction of Traction Energy Management System by Indian Railways Box 8 Increase in energy efficiency of EMU/MEMU Box 9 IGBC green platinum rating achieved by Secunderabad railway station Box 10 Global examples of adoption of RE by Railways LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC Alternating Current AS Additional Surcharge BAU Business as Usual BHEL Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited BTU British Thermal Unit BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency BU Billion Unit CAPEX Capital Expenditure CEL Central Electronics Limited CERC Central Electricity Regulatory Commission CII Confederation of Indian Industries CO2 Carbon dioxide COP Coefficient of Performance CPSU Central Public Sector Undertaking CSS Cross-Subsidy Surcharge CTU Central Transmission Utility DC Direct Current DEMU Diesel Electric Multiple Unit DFCCIL Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Limited DISCOM Distribution Company DL Deemed Licensee DRM Divisional Railway Manager ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code ELTs End of Life Tyres EE Energy Efficiency EV Electric Vehicle EMU Electric Multiple Unit EOG End on Generator FCDO Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office GDP Gross Domestic Product GENCOs Generating Companies GRIHA Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment GW Gigawatt HOG Head on Generation HSD High Speed Diesel ICF Integral Coach Factory IGBC India Green Building Council IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor IR Indian Railways IRCON Indian Railway Construction Limited IREE Institution of Railways Electrical Engineer IRICEN Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering ISO International Organisation for Standardisation ISTS Interstate Transmission System KRCL Konkan Railway Corporation Limited km Kilometre kW Kilowatt kWh Kilowatt-hour kWp Kilowatt Peak LHB Linke Hofmann Busch LoA Letter of Agreement MCF Modern Coach Factory MEMU Mainline Electric Multiple Unit Mn. Million ML Million Litres MoP Ministry of Power MoU Memorandum of Understanding MU Million Units MW Megawatt NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NECA National Energy Conservation Awards NO Nitrogen Monoxide NoC No Objection Certificate NSPO Non-Solar Purchase Obligation NTPC National Thermal Power Corporation Limited NZEB Net Zero Energy Building OA Open Access PAT Perform Achieve & Trade PPM Parts Per Million PSR Power Sector Reforms PV Photovoltaics RE Renewable Energy REMCL Railway Energy Management Company Limited RESCO Renewable Energy Service Company RITES Rail India Technical and Economic Services RKM Route Kilometre RPO Renewable Purchase Obligation SCR South Central Railways SPO Solar Purchase Obligation So2 Sulphur dioxide SRISTI Sustainable Rooftop Implementation for Solar Transguration of India STU State Transmission Utility TSS Traction Substation USEIA United States Energy Information Administration UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VRV Variable Refrigerant Volume W Watt
01 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Indian Railways, the fourth largest railway network in the world by size, is one of India's largest consumers of electricity. Its energy consumption in FY 2020* was around 18,410 Million Units (MUs) for traction and 2,338 MUs for non-traction load. The organisation spends nearly INR 11,045 Crore on electric energy bills each year, forming nearly 7% of its total working expenditure.
Indian Railways has taken significant strides to reduce its carbon footprint and fuel cost. From increasing its sourcing of Renewable Energy (RE), to electrifying its traction network, to reducing its energy consumption, Indian Railways is taking a multi-pronged approach to go green and decarbonise (Box 1). The organisation has set a target of becoming a “net zero” carbon emitter by 2030 (Figure 1).
Box 1: Key Green Initiatives of Indian Railways
Ÿ Double the electrification of traction network from the previous decade and utilization of renewable energy, both solar power and wind energy. (As a part of the Mission 41k programme announced in January 2017) Ÿ Ensure 100% broad gauge electrification by FY 2024 and deploy solar on vacant land owned by Indian Railways. Ÿ Operate as a Deemed Licensee (DL) in 11 states, allowing it to procure RE power at a lower cost, by saving on the cross- subsidy surcharge as well as the additional surcharge. The DL status also puts the responsibility of Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs) on Indian Railways, mandating increase in procurement of RE by Indian Railways. Ÿ Procure power from the various RE-based technologies such as rooftop solar, ground-mounted solar, wind-based plants, solar pumps, solar water heaters and waste to energy plants. Ÿ Optimise energy demand through initiatives such as retrofitting of Head on Generation (HOG) systems in locomotives, installation of LED lights and high star-rated appliances, undertaking energy audits, implementing smart metering, conversion of diesel locos to electric locos, increase in production of electric locomotives, performance-based contracting for production of high-powered locomotives and deployment of energy efficient rakes.
Figure 1: Indian Railways roadmap for net zero carbon emissions
Demand Drivers Net Zero 2030 Electrification Dedicated Freight Modernisation Further plans to electrify 28,000 Corridor Station redevelopment, route kilometres by FY 24 new lines/stations
Greening of ~36 Consumption Supply BU Energy Efficiency ~2.8 ~20.75 Security Billion Billion Units Litres (BU) 2030 Pathway
Current Energy Scenario (FY 20)
Supply Drivers Solar Wind Use of vacant Railway Conventional Reduction of RE Diesel Fulfillment of RPO land for solar Generation power procurement cost
Source: Indian Railways, KPMG analysis, 'Powering Indian Railways 5 GW by 2025' by Indian Railways and 'Decarbonization of Indian Railways' by Climate Policy Initiative
*These are provisional figures.
23 The decarbonisation and go green initiatives of Indian Railways will not only assist in reducing carbon emissions and ensure savings on fuel bills, they will also help India in meeting its climate change pledge made under the Paris Agreement. (Box 2)
Box 2: Paris Agreement - India’s Climate Change Pledge The Paris Agreement in Conference of Parties (COP-21) in December 2015 led to a new international climate agreement wherein participating countries submitted near-term targets to address Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, called 'Nationally Determined Contributions' (NDCs). India made the following commitments in its NDCs as a part of this initiative: Ÿ Reduce its emissions intensity of 33-35% by 2030 from 2005 levels. Ÿ Transition to non-fossil fuel-based energy for 40% of cumulative generation capacity by 2030. Ÿ Create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.
In order to meet its Net Zero Emitter target, Indian Railways will need to amplify its decarbonisation efforts and identify innovative approaches. This report assesses the energy profile of Indian Railways and approach adopted towards decarbonisation. The report aims to disseminate the key initiatives undertaken by Indian Railways towards decarbonisation through: Ÿ Greening the power supply: Enabling increase in energy procurement from Renewable Energy (RE)-based sources Ÿ Optimising the energy demand: Implementing initiatives towards Energy Efficiency (EE)
Indian Railways (IR) has about 51,000 hectare of vacant land with the potential of 20 GWp of solar energy. IR intends to have “Net Zero Carbon Emission” before 2030. To begin with, 3 GWp solar capacity tenders have already been invited.
IR will also construct boundary wall enclosing vacant plots used for solar energy generation all along its tracks. Boundary wall will be constructed and maintained by solar power developers for the entire life of the project and energy produced will be paid through long term power purchase agreement between Railways and solar power developers. This will help in preventing trespassing on railway tracks and also give opportunity to remove encroachments.
The report further aims to disseminate the impact of the initiatives undertaken by Indian Railways towards decarbonisation and highlights some case studies on how railways across the globe have successfully deployed such initiatives. Based on the detailed study of the existing initiatives and market requirements, the report lays down some key recommendations to accelerate Indian Railway's efforts to decarbonise and go green. These include:
Recommendations for greening the energy supply: Ÿ Indian Railways may consider appropriate business models (Capital Expenditure [CAPEX] or Renewable Energy Service Company [RESCO]) for deployment of projects, based on the land availability and end usage. Ÿ Indian Railways can utilize different central government renewable energy policies and schemes, such as Sustainable Rooftop Implementation for Solar Transfiguration of India (SRISTI) for deployment of solar projects. Ÿ Technologies such as wind-solar hybrid, floating solar and solar storage projects may be explored for procuring power. Ÿ Installation of Electric Vehicle (EV) chargers may also be undertaken at railway stations, production units and administrative building for promotion of green transportation and increasing off-take from renewable energy plants. Ÿ With increase in RE procurement, Indian Railways may consider undertaking long range demand supply planning, and development of strategic plan for Indian Railways to move towards 100% green from energy perspective.
Recommendations for optimising the energy demand: Ÿ Capacity building of officials and staff for adoption of energy efficiency measures including in train operations may be considered. Ÿ Indian Railways can increase adoption of Head on Generation (HOG) technology and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT)-based propulsion technology in locomotives. Ÿ Indian Railways can continue the phasing out of diesel locomotives and enable progressive curtailment of diesel running under wire. Ÿ More eco-stations to be developed by incorporating energy efficiency initiatives at the planning stage. Ÿ Green building standards and ISO:5001 (Energy Management System) across all railway buildings and stations may be considered. This report was developed as a part of the UK-India bilateral initiative “Supporting Structural Reforms in the Indian Power Sector (Power Sector Reforms Programme)”.
24 02 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Global commitment to climate change Climate change, resulting in increase in global temperatures, has had an impact across the global ecosystem. A decisive step to address the challenge of climate change was taken with the adoption of the Paris Agreement in Conference of Parties (COP- 21) in December 2015. Participating countries submitted NDCs to address GHG emissions—with a plan to review and extend the targets every five years.
In all, 156 countries communicated an economy-wide GHG reduction target within their NDCs. While these countries were together responsible for 95% of the global annual emissions in 20141, the stringency and coverage of their economy-wide targets vary. In total, 57 countries of the 196 countries to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have quantified economy-wide targets within domestic laws or policies
Figure 2: Number of countries & percentage of emissions covered by economy-wide targets
NDCs National laws and policies
5% 51% 40 countries 139 countries
95% 49% 156 countries 57 countries
Source: Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science'. Figures as on October 2018.
2.2 India’s commitment to climate change India is committed to transition towards a low carbon emission pathway, while endeavouring to meet its developmental challenges. India made the following commitments as a part of the 2015 International Paris Agreement on Climate Change:
1Source: World Resources Institute 25 Figure 3: India’s NDC commitments
Create an Pledge a Set a target to additional carbon reduction in transition to non- sink of 2.5 to 3 emissions fossil fuel-based billion tonnes of CO2 intensity energy for 40% of equivalent through of 33-35% by its cumulative additional forest 2030 from electricity generation and tree cover by 2005 levels capacity by 2030 2030
Source: pib.gov.in
In addition, India has set a target of 175 GW of installed RE-based power capacity by 2022 and 450 GW by 20302.
2.3 Indian Railways Contribution to India’s INDC mission
Figure 4: Indian Railways to be a net zero carbon emissions organisation by 2030
Indian Railways is one of the largest users of electricity in India. In FY 2020*, its energy consumption was about 18,410 MUs for traction and 2,338 MUs for non-traction. As a part of its efforts to combat climate change and reduce its energy bills, Indian Railways has taken several steps to reduce its emissions and has also shown its commitment towards India’s Intended NDCs.
Hon’ble Minister of Railways Piyush Goyal has committed that Indian Railways will become a “net zero” carbon emissions organisation by 2030. To meet this goal, Indian Railways has undertaken several initiatives such as electrification of traction network, reduction of energy consumption and increasing RE procurement.
Indian Railway's objective of achieving net zero carbon emissions by 2030 will be fulfilled by focussing on energy security, enabling consumption efficiency and ensuring greening of supply. The organisation plans to electrify railway tracks, develop dedicated freight corridors, and modernise its stations which will increase power demand and necessitate the need for additional supply from green energy sources such as solar and wind-based power plants. At present, significant drivers exist for procurement from RE-based power plants including potential reduction of power procurement cost and need to fulfil the Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPO).
2Source: MNRE *These are provisional figures.
26 Figure 5: Indian Railways’ roadmap for net zero carbon emissions
Demand Drivers Net Zero 2030 Electrification Dedicated Freight Modernisation Further plans to electrify 28,000 Corridor Station redevelopment, route kilometres by FY 24 new lines/stations
Greening of ~36 Consumption Supply BU Energy Efficiency ~2.8 ~20.75 Security Billion Billion Units Litres (BU) 2030 Pathway
Current Energy Scenario (FY 20)
Supply Drivers Solar Wind Use of vacant Railway Conventional Reduction of RE Diesel Fulfillment of RPO land for solar Generation power procurement cost
Source: Indian Railways, KPMG analysis, 'Powering Indian Railways 5 GW by 2025' by Indian Railways and 'Decarbonization of Indian Railways' by Climate Policy Initiative
Box 3: Signing of MoU between Ministry of Railways and FCDO for collaboration on energy and sustainability Indian Railways is working with several donor agencies and stakeholders to design and implement scalable interventions that can help it achieve its go green targets. In line with this, Indian Railways signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with UK's Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO), formerly known as Department of International Development (DFID) for collaboration on energy and sustainability. The MoU broadly covers energy planning for Indian Railways including 100% greener sources of electricity supply through RE planning and deployment, offshore wind and solar energy, and energy storage and new energy technologies3. As a part of this MoU, FCDO, through its PSR Programme, is providing technical assistance to Indian Railways on low-carbon interventions.
3Rail Ministry to transform Indian Railways into "Green Railways", ANI, 3rd December 2019 27
03 APPROACH TOWARDS GREENING OF INDIAN RAILWAYS
Worldwide, motor gasoline and diesel are the dominant sources of energy for transportation. As per the United States Energy Information Administration (USEIA), the consumption of electricity for transportation is expected to increase by 2050, though motor gasoline and diesel will remain the dominant fuels till 2050.
Figure 6: World transportation energy consumption (quadrillion Btu)
Non-OECD 120 2050 100 OECD 80 2018 2050 2018 60
40
20
0
Electricity Natural Gas Jet Fuel Motor Gasoline Diesel Residual Fuel Oil
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration | International Energy Outlook 2019
In India, the transport sector is the second largest energy consumer, after the industrial sector. As per estimates by NITI Aayog, till 2042, while oil will continue to be the preferred choice of fuel in the transport sector, a gradual increase in natural gas can be expected. This will be driven by demand for gas from the small vehicle segment which includes cars, taxis and three-wheelers. The total energy demand by the transport sector is expected to increase three times by 2042, at the rate of 4% per annum4. Figure 7: Source wise expected energy consumption (in million tonnes of oil equivalent) by the transport sector in India
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 2017 2022 2027 2032 2037 2042
Electricity Gas Oil Source: Working Paper on ‘India’s Energy and Emissions Outlook: Results from India Energy Model’ released by NITI Aayog
4Working Paper on ‘India’s Energy and Emissions Outlook: Results from India Energy Model’ released by NITI Aayog 29 Indian Railways is the world's fourth largest rail network and amongst the largest electricity consumers in India. Decarbonising Indian Railways will help India achieve its carbon emissions reduction target as well as improve energy security by reducing fossil fuel imports. In addition, decarbonisation may also be cost-effective in the long run due to the falling RE costs and rising costs of fossil fuel-based power.
Indian Railways has undertaken several initiatives over the years to green its energy supply and reduce carbon emissions. (Table 1)
Table 1: Missions undertaken for Indian Railways for greening the energy supply and reduction of carbon emissions
Name of the mission Objectives List of activities planned
Mission 41k In January 2017, Mission 41k was Ÿ Doubling of electrification of railways launched, with a view to save INR from the previous decade. 410,000 Mn. from Indian Railways' energy Ÿ Target of generating 1,000 MW of solar consumption, over the next decade. A power and 200 MW of wind energy. comprehensive plan has been chalked out Ÿ Target to run 90% of the freight traffic by considering various plausible aspects on electric traction in the next 6-7 years of the system, with an eye on green and as against 70% in 2017. clean technology. Ÿ Procuring electricity through cheaper sources through open market instead of sourcing it through Distribution Companies (DISCOMs) and save as much as 25% of energy expenses. Ÿ Launch “Mission Raftaar” to increase the average speed of movement by 5 kmph every year.
Net zero carbon In June 2018, the Honorable Minister of Ÿ 100% electrification of Railways by FY emissions through Railways, Mr. Piyush Goyal, declared that 2024, thus becoming the world's first Mission Solar and Indian Railways will become a "net zero" Railways with end-to-end electrified Mission carbon emitter by 2030 and thus the railway network. Electrification entire system will be running on RE. Ÿ Speed up the track renewal to 476 km every month. In FY 2020, Indian Railways consumed Ÿ Deployment of solar on the vacant around 20.75 billion units of electricity. unused land of Indian Railways. 2.7 billion litres of High-Speed Diesel (HSD) was consumed in FY 2019 for Indian Railways' energy requirement. This energy mix will change in the coming decade with a view to make Indian Railways energy efficient and environment friendly by reducing the carbon footprint.
Indian Railways, http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Mission_41K.pdf
A complete (100%) decarbonisation of Railways' electricity consumption by 2030 will likely result in the cumulative reduction of following emissions (Figure 9) 5:
5Source: Climate Policy Initiative 30 Figure 8: Cumulative reduction in emissions on account of 100% decarbonisation of Railways’ electricity consumption (million tons)
250 210 200 150 150
100 45 50
NO SO2 cumulative emissions cumulative emissions cumulative emissions reduction reduction reduction
Source: Climate Policy Initiative
In order to achieve 100% decarbonisation Indian Railways has adopted a two-pronged approach i.e. greening of power supply and optimisation of energy demand.
Figure 9: Path for decarbonisation of Indian Railways
DEMAND SUPPLY Assess the existing Assess the existing supply sources demand sources Analyse the present and future tied up capacity for Indian Railways Determine the potential for procurement from RE based Identify the power plants possible drivers for electricity demand going forward including RPO and net zero carbon emissions target OUTPUT Future demand-supply gap/surplus and possible avenues to address the same Strategic plan for net zero carbon emissions by 2030 Roadmap for RE procurement Source: KPMG Analysis
1331
04 ENERGY PROFILE OF INDIAN RAILWAYS
4.1 Current electrification status The first train on electric traction in India started on a 1,500 V DC System from Bombay Victoria Terminus to Kurla Harbour on 3 February 1925. As on FY 2020, 63% electrification covering 39,866 RKM has been achieved. With complete electrification of Indian Railways targeted by FY 2024, total traction requirement is expected to increase to around 3,400 MW6. Therefore, Indian Railways is working on strategies to source more power through the open access route to lower its power procurements costs.
6Source: Indian Railways 33 Figure 10: Electrified network of Indian Railways (As on 31-03-2020)
State Wise Position of Route Kilometers (Broad Gauge)
1948 to 2013
Source: Indian Railways
34 To showcase the potential for investment in Indian Railways, in order to enable 100% decarbonisation with sustainable electrification in Indian Railways, Institution of Railway Electrical Engineers (IREE) had organised an International Conference on "Decarbonisation of Indian Railways - Mission Electrification" on 3rd November 2016, in New Delhi.
Indian Railways' annual budget over the past years has focused on the electrification of Railways. Relevant excerpts from the budget in the recent years are:
Table 2: Budgetary provisions for electrification of Railways’ traction network
Year Budgetary provision and key electrification related announcements
FY 2017 28 new electrification projects covering 6,608 RKM, at an estimated cost of INR 67,460 Million.
FY 2018 18 new electrification projects covering 2,569 RKM at an estimated cost of INR 27,410 Million.
FY 2019 Optimal electrification of railway network is a priority. Government has targeted 4,000 km of commissioning during 2017-18.
FY 2020 3,750 RKM is the target set for new lines, doubling/tripling, gauge conversion, etc.
FY 2021 Large solar power capacity to be set up alongside rail tracks, on land owned by Railways.
Source: Annual budget documents
Indian Railways has undertaken rapid strides in its electrification interventions. As of FY 2020, 39,866 RKM of the Railways network is electrified with the remaining ~23,765 RKM expected to be electrified by FY 2024.
100% electrification of Railways' network is expected to reduce approximately 3.427 million tons per annum in CO2 emissions.
4.2 Indian Railways as a Deemed Licensee (DL) Ÿ As per the third proviso to Section 14 of the Electricity Act, 2003, “in case an Appropriate Government transmits electricity or distributes electricity or undertakes trading in electricity, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, such Government shall be deemed to be a licensee under this Act, but shall not be required to obtain a license under this Act”. Being a DL allows direct procurement of power from generators without paying open access charges such as Cross- Subsidy Surcharge (CSS) and Additional Surcharge (AS). Ÿ Indian Railways has been granted DL status, from November 2015 onwards, after which it started to procure power under open access from Generating Companies (GENCOs) directly through tariff-based bidding/bilateral arrangements. Ÿ At present, Indian Railways draws about 14938 MW through open access in 11 States—Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh, including Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC). Ÿ Considering its DL status, Indian Railways can procure more power from RE-based generators at a lower cost than in consumer mode. As a DL, Indian Railways must fulfil the RPOs which includes both Solar Purchase Obligations (SPO) and Non-Solar Purchase Obligations (NSPO). Typically, Railways is required to meet the RPO targets as specified by the respective State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) of the states where Railways is operating as a DL. MoP has also notified the long-term trajectory for SPO and NSPO till FY 20229 (10.5% SPO and 10.5% NSPO till FY2022).
7Source: Indian Railways 8Source: Indian Railways 9Order No. 23/03/2016-R&R 35 4.3 Energy consumption over the years At present, Indian Railways primarily operates on electric and diesel locomotives. While its total electricity consumption is increasing, its diesel consumption has started to decrease due to efforts made to electrify the network. Consumption of non- traction energy has decreased from FY 2010 to FY 2020, indicating the impact of energy conservation efforts undertaken by Indian Railways.
Figure 11: Electricity consumption by traction and non-traction network (MUs)
20,452 20,748 19,021 17,661 18,246 18,208 18,061 16,616 17,061 15,548 16,055
18,410 16,634 18,187 14,583 15,169 15,743 15,710 15,666 13,042 13,572 14,158
2,506 2,484 2,458 2,478 2,492 2,503 2,498 2,395 2,387 2,264 2,338 FY 10 FY 11 FY 12 FY 13 FY 14 FY 15 FY 16 FY 17 FY 18 FY 19 FY 20
Non-Traction Network Traction Network Total
Source: Indian Railways, P: Provisional
Figure 12: Diesel consumption by the traction network (in million litres)
2,856 2,874 2,793 2,778 2,705 2,700 2,789 2,749 2,400 2,516 2,229
FY 09 FY 10 FY 11 FY 12 FY 13 FY 14 FY 15 FY 16 FY 17 FY 18 FY 19 Year Source: Indian Railways
36 4.4 Current status of power procurement Indian Railways has significantly increased its RE procurement over the years. While in FY2015, Railways sourced only 0.3% of energy from renewable sources, the figure went up to 1.2%10 in FY 2020.
Figure 13: Electricity generated by Indian Railways through RE sources
300
1.2% 1.50% 250
200 0.9% 1.00%
150 MUs 253 0.5% 100 176 0.50% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 50 91 49 50 58
FY 15 FY 16 FY 17 FY 18 FY 19 FY 20
Procurement of RE Percentage of total consumption Source: Indian Railways
10Indian Railways 37
05 GREENING THE POWER SUPPLY
Indian Railways is procuring a diversified RE mix for its traction and non-traction load.
Figure 14: RE technologies for power procurement by Indian Railways
Solar Pumps Land Based Solar Rooftop Solar-Buildings Rooftop Solar-Coaches Solar Water Heaters Wind Energy Solar PV Street Lights Waste to Energy
Traction Non-Traction
Source: KPMG Analysis
5.1 Rooftop solar projects Indian Railways has released several tenders for deployment of rooftop solar. Letters of Agreement (LoAs) for nearly 249 MW rooftop solar plants have been issued by Railway Energy Management Company Limited (REMCL). The LoAs are under different stages of execution. The list of capacities awarded under the various tenders released for rooftop solar plants include:
Table 3: List of projects awarded under various tenders by Indian Railways
Tender No. Date Capacity awarded (MW)
REMCL-1 March 2017 25
REMCL-2 October 2017 62
REMCL-3 May 2018 32
REMCL-4 February 2019 38
REMCL-5 September 2019 92
Source: Indian Railways Total 249
Indian Railways has installed nearly 102 MW of rooftop solar plants as of now.
Figure 15: Rooftop solar plants installed by Indian Railways
3 MW Rooftop Solar 1 MW Rooftop Solar 0.7 MW Rooftop Solar at Howrah Railway Station at Katra Railway Station at Guwahati Railway Station
Source: Indian Railways 39 5.2 Utility-scale RE projects Indian Railways has installed 103 MW wind-based power plants with 21 MW in Tamil Nadu, 26 MW in Rajasthan and 56 MW in Maharashtra. In addition, it has installed or planning installation of ground-mounted solar plants in these states. The projects have been installed under the Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Renewable Energy Service Company (RESCO) Model.
Figure 16: Capacity of ground-mounted solar plants from which power procurement is planned till now by Indian Railways (MW)
3,000
Total capacity 3,456.7 MW
400
50 50 3 2 1.7
Solar tender Rewa Ultra Mega Bhilai, Modern Coach Diwana, Panipat, Bina, (April 2020) Solar Project Madhya Pradesh Factory, Raebareili, Haryana Madhya Pradesh (Madhya Pradesh) Uttar Pradesh Source: REMCL
Figure 17: Snapshots of some of the key RE projects of Indian Railways
26 MW Wind Power Project 50 MW at Jaisalmer, Rajasthan Solar Ground Mounted Project In Bhilai, Chhattisgarh 3 MW Solar Ground Mounted Project MCF, Raebareli 400 MW Solar Ground Mounted Project by RUMS, MP 50.4 MW Wind Power Project of CR at Jat Sangli, Maharashtra
Source: REMCL
Indian Railways is currently planning to deploy ground-mounted solar projects to achieve scale in deployment of solar projects and utilise the vacant land owned by it.
40 Central Electronics Limited (CEL) integrated platform shelter 16 kW solar power plant has been installed as shelter at the Sahibabad Railway Station by CEL. This is a first of its kind initiative in Indian Railways where a solar power plant is doubling as a shelter. This will reduce the combined cost of platforms plus rooftop solar plants and provide solar power to meet the non-traction demand.
Figure 18: Integrated shelters using solar panels at Sahibabad Railway Station
Source: Indian Railways
Box 4: Rail sections being developed as solar sections
Nandyal – Yerraguntla Section declared as the First Solar Section on South Central Railways (SCR)11 Ÿ The Nandyal – Yerraguntla section in Guntakal Division of SCR has been declared as the first solar section in SCR. Ÿ All eight stations in the section—Madduru, Banaganapalle, Koilakuntla, Sanjamala, Nossam, S. Uppalapadu, Jammalamadugu and Proddutur—have been provided with solar panel systems capable of meeting the entire power needs at these railway stations.
The FCDO's PSR Programme is providing support to REMCL for its 34 MW rooftop solar tender. The Programme has completed a survey for proposed sites and prepared a data room to provide the site details to the bidders using PVsyst including space availability, possible generation, shadowing and possible alignment.
11https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=14129&id=0,5,268 41 5.3 Enablers to accelerate deployment of solar power plants by Indian Railways on Railway land
Some of the key enablers in harnessing full potential of solar energy on Railways land are:
Figure 19: Key enablers for harnessing full potential of solar energy on Railways land
No No objection Certificate (NoC) for open access for flow of electricity for Railways in objection West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Certificate Telangana has not been operationalised due to regulatory challenges. In case, for Open approval for procuring power through OA is allowed in these states, deployment of Access solar can further increase.
Wheeling Full deployment of solar potential will be increasingly feasible if wheeling and and Banking banking arrangements are provided by states. provision
Reduction Typically a coal based plant cannot operate below 55% of its capacity (known as its of Minimum technical minimum). Reduction in technical minimum would allow increased Technical procurement from solar power as a result of reduced power generation from costlier Requirement thermal plants.
Merger of Availability of banking facility & merger of solar and non-solar obligations will allow SPO & NSPO Railways to fulfill its RPO obligations.
Waiver of Considering the potential for installation of solar by Indian Railways being ISTS charges significantly greater than its RPO, the ISTS charges may be waived for meeting the & losses Railways’ requirement beyond RPO.
CTU Inter- As per the procedure laid out by CERC, connectivity to CTU, for a standalone RE connectivity project can be provided only for capacities of 50 MW or above. Considering for lower distributed land holdings of Railways, CTU interconnection for solar plants less than capacities 50 MW for Railways by MoP can enable increase in solar deployment.
Source: Indian Railways
The FCDO's PSR Programme is providing support for project feasibility assessment of land available in various states in India. As of 1 April 2020, the Programme completed the assessment of land parcels available in Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh, aggregating close to 5,000 acres. The project feasibility analyses the potential generation from the sites, the levelised cost of energy, the feasibility of evacuation arrangement and the policy and regulatory framework of the states.
42 5.4 Pilot projects Indian Railways has undertaken two pilot projects, primarily to facilitate the increase in procurement from solar-based power plants. a. 2 MW solar project in Diwana, Panipat, Haryana
Pilot project is being implemented for installation of solar projects along the railway tracks.
Figure 20: Proposed solar project along railway tracks in Diwana
Inverter & Step-Up solar project along Railways tracks in Diwana Group of Solar Arrays
Source: Indian Railways
The project, being implemented by REMCL involves solar panels installed along the tracks supplying power to the transformer through an inverter, and the power being injected into the network of the transmission utility. The power from the transmission utility will be consumed by the traction network through a Traction Substation (TSS). The project is under extensive testing. b. 1.7 MW solar project in Bina, Madhya Pradesh The pilot project had been undertaken for direct injection of solar power into the traction network through a single phase 230 V/25 KV transformer. The schematic of power supply is as shown below.
Figure 21: Schematic arrangement for power supply for ongoing pilot project in Bina
Inverter Solar Inverter-A Transformer Panel (850 kW) (1.0 MVA)
400 V AC
800-550- V DC 25 kV X Incomer-CB-1 800-550- V DC 400 V AC 25 kV Inverter-B X 25 kV outdoor switchyard (850 kW) Incomer-CB--2 At Solar plant side Bina Traction Sub-Station
Line X Outgoing CB
OHE ransmission T (500 km U/G)
25 kV Breaker Isolator X
Source: Indian Railways
The project has been implemented by BHEL and has been commissioned in July 2020.
The summary of procurement from major RE sources by Indian Railways is given below:
43 Figure 22: Status of procurement from RE based projects (MW)
3400
249 103 103 102 56.7 34 6.7 0 Rooftop Solar Ground mounted Solar Wind Energy
Source: Indian Railways Awarded Executed Bidding Stage
Indian Railways RE Investors' Meet
REMCL, on behalf of the Ministry of Railways, has released several tenders for bidding of ground-mounted solar, rooftop solar and wind solar hybrid projects under the RESCO mode. In January 2020, REMCL, with the support of FCDO's PSR Programme, organised an investors' meet to increase the participation of prospective developers for RE projects.
44 06 OPTIMISING ENERGY DEMAND
Indian Railways has undertaken several initiatives in the area of energy efficiency for optimising the energy demand. Some of these include:
Figure 23: Initiatives undertaken in the area of energy efficiency
3-phase Electric locomotive and Replacement with LED lights and higher star rated appliances Occupancy Sensors EMU with regeneration Capacitor Banks Building Management Energy Efficient Rakes Energy audit/smart metering Creation of smart rail System energy grids Replace short duration train with EMU/MEMU/ DEMU Green Building Design & Variable-voltage/ End-on-Generation to Green Railway Stations variable-frequency for Head-on-Generation Rating system Performance based contracting Lifts/Elevators for production of high power locomotives Procurement through open access
Track Electrification 2 X 25 kV system for high density network
Traction Non-Traction 6.1 Enhancing energy efficiency in the traction network Some of the key initiatives undertaken to improve the energy efficiency related to the traction network are:
Figure 24: Initiatives undertaken for reduction of energy consumption related to the traction network
Locomotives EMU and AC coaches
Ÿ Diesel Locomotives production was stopped from Ÿ All new EMUs will be produced with three phase FY 2019 onwards. technology having regeneration capability. Ÿ Grounding of all Diesel locomotives which have Ÿ Provision of coasting boards and power boards on earned life of 31 years or more. routes. Ÿ Trains being retrofitted with Head on Generation Ÿ 175 energy efficient rakes with 3 Phase IGBT (HOG) system resulting in saving of diesel in power propulsion system have been introduced in Mumbai cars. suburban area with regenerative braking feature Ÿ All new Locomotives will be produced with three since 2008. phase IGBT technology having regeneration Ÿ Capacitor banks have been provided to reduce feeder capability. current in LHB EOG AC coaches and power cars. Ÿ Regular counseling of Loco Pilots for resor ting to Ÿ Energy efficient LED lights are being provided in all maximum coasting and use of regenerative Railway coaches/EMU. breaking. Ÿ Electric loco idling in sheds and yards are kept to minimum. Ÿ Switching ‘OFF’ trailing Loco in case of multi units (MU) carrying light load. Ÿ Energy Meters provided in all-Electric Locomotives.
Source: Indian Railways
Box 5: Adoption of HOG system (Head on Generation technology) by Indian Railways
Adoption of HOG System (Head on Generation technology) in all LHB12 Coaches trains As of September 2020, more than 1000 trains have already been converted into HOG, resulting in projected saving of more than INR 26,000 Million per year. The technological transformation is also expected to result in foreign exchange savings of more than INR 36,000 Million per year.
HOG is an electrical power supply system, wherein, electrical power for catering hotel load of train, which includes train lighting, air conditioning, lighting, fannage and other passenger interface requirements, is supplied directly from locomotive power. This scheme is widely used by Railways across the world. With introduction of this scheme, heavy on-board power generating equipment gets eliminated. Further it also reduces use of diesel sets employed in power cars in “End on Generation” system.
Provision of LED Lighting in all types of coaches:
As on date, more than 54,000 coaches have been fitted with LED lights.
12Linke Hofmann Busch Coaches 46 Figure 25: Head on Generation (HOG) equipment deployed in coaches
HOG control panel HOG equipment On board HOG converter in power car in coach (500kVA)
Source: Indian Railways
Using this technology, power is drawn from the overhead electric supply. The power generator cars which used to create noise and emit fumes will no longer be used. In place of two such generator cars there will be only one standby silent generator car to be used during emergencies. In place of the other car, there will be a LSLRD (LHB Second Luggage, Guard & Divyaang Compartment). The LSLRD will also have the capability to convert power from overhead supply to be utilised by the entire train while providing space for the luggage guard room and additional passengers.
Indian Railways has planned to convert all LHB trains to the HOG system. The conversion of trains to HOG will result in a projected saving of more than INR 26,000 Million per year. All new coaches from Production Units are to be made HOG compliant.
47 Box 6: 12,000 HP electric locomotives manufactured under ‘Make in India’
12,000 HP Electric Locomotives being manufactured in Madhepura, Bihar
Key achievements Ÿ As part of a EUR 3.5 billion 'Make in India' project, Alstom, in a joint venture with Indian Railways, is manufacturing 800 electric locomotives in Bihar's Madhepura. Ÿ The 12,000 horsepower, double section locomotive, has a hauling capacity of 6,000 tonnes and a speed of 120 km/hr, allowing faster and safer movement of heavier freight trains across the country, thereby reducing congestion for passenger train services. Ÿ The project is one of the largest Foreign Direct Investments in the Railways sector.
Enabling greening of Indian Railways Ÿ The 12,000 HP electric locomotives are a key step in the direction of reducing carbon footprint of Indian Railways through phasing out of diesel-based engines. Ÿ The "green" locomotive makes use of eco-friendly LED lighting. Ÿ The IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors)-based propulsion technology that the locomotive is equipped with helps save energy as it allows for regenerative braking.
Source: Financial Express, Alstom, Indian Railways
Box 7: Introduction of Traction Energy Management System by Indian Railways
One of the mandatory condition for procurement of power through Open Access is that the Real Time Visibility of the TSSs data such as Active power, Reactive Power, Voltage, Current, Power factor, Status of High Voltage Circuit Breakers etc. individually and combined are required to be collected, processed and provided to concerned State Load Dispatch Centre (SLDC). It is necessary to institute mechanism of power procurement plan, scheduling & forecasting to match the Railway`s consumption, as close as possible.
Therefore Indian Railways is shortly going to commission Traction Energy Management System (EMS) to achieve the objective of forecasting & scheduling of power at state level & its monitoring at central level. This will allow more efficiency power scheduling and enable increase in procurement of Renewable Energy through open access by Indian Railways.
48 Figure 26: Traction Energy Management System
EHV side - 220/132kV
Power Transformer Meter on Existing CT/PT RTU at TSS Other Parameters LV side - 25 kV Existing channel of E1
RCC
Existing SCADA EMS Server of SLDC Divisional RCC
SEMC 5 NCC SEMC 1
SEMC 4 SEMC 3 SEMC 2
SEMC: State Energy Management Control Centre RTU: Remote Terminal Unit RCC: Railway Convention Committee NCC: National Convention Committee
Box 8: Increase in energy efficiency of EMU/MEMU i. 3-Phase Non-AC, EMU During FY 2020, 18 non-AC EMU rakes of 12 cars with energy efficient 3 phase IGBT-based propulsion system with regenerative braking feature have been introduced by the Railways. As per current approved production programme, 40 Non-AC EMU rakes with 3 phase IGBT-based propulsion system are planned to be manufactured by the end of FY 2022.
Figure 27: 3-Phase non-AC, EMU
Source: Indian Railways
49 ii. 3-Phase AC, EMU Nine air-conditioned EMU rakes of 12 cars equipped with energy efficient 3-phase propulsion system with regenerative braking feature in Mumbai suburban (04-CR and 05-WR) have been produced. As per current approved production programme, 12 AC EMU rakes with 3 phase IGBT-based propulsion system are planned to be manufactured by the end of FY 2022.
Figure 28: 3-Phase AC, EMU
Source: Indian Railways iii. 3-Phase MEMU During FY 2020, Integral Coach Factory Figure 29: 3-Phase MEMU (ICF) has produced 29 MEMU rakes of 8 cars with on board 3 phase IGBT-based propulsion system with regenerative braking features. 26 rakes have been introduced in service and 3 are under commissioning. As per current approved production programme, 380 MEMU rakes with 3 phase IGBT based propulsion system are planned to be manufactured by end of FY 2022.
Source: Indian Railways
50 6.2 Enhancing energy efficiency in the non-traction network
Some of the key energy efficiency initiatives undertaken for the non-traction network are:
Figure 30: Energy efficiency initiatives related to non-traction network
Ÿ 100% replacement of tube lights with LEDs has been achieved for the Railway Stations, Railway Production Units and 100% in Residential Quarters. Ÿ Replacement of 90 W ceiling fans with 60 W ceiling fans. Ÿ Automation of Pumps with GSM based techniques. Ÿ Use of energy efficient pumps. Ÿ Micro-controller based Automatic Platform Lighting Management System with segregation of 70%/30% circuits. Ÿ Use of 3 stars and above labeled electrical products and equipment. Ÿ Solar based LED lighting system for level crossing gates. Ÿ Use of solar water heater in place of electric geyser. Ÿ Provide occupancy sensors in offices. Ÿ Railways has become a part of PAT scheme of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). Ÿ Policy issued for use of LED lighting for all Railway applications.
Source: Indian Railways
The continuous efforts of the Ministry of Railways and Zonal Railways to embrace various energy efficient technologies and energy conservation measures has resulted in Indian Railways winning 13 National Energy Conservation Awards (NECA) in 2019 under four categories.13 a. Energy Audits undertaken As a part of energy conservation drive, Indian Railways has carried out 910 energy audits as of March 2018. It has conducted energy audits of large load centres to assess demand profile and actual end use to map energy consumption pattern. b. 100% LED lighting Ÿ 100% LED replacement has been done in all railway stations (more than 8,000) and all railway installations & buildings (more than 20,000). Ÿ One-time LED provision being done in all residential quarters (about 5 Lakh). 100% work completed Ÿ 100% LED across Railway installations will reduce about 10% of the total energy, leading to savings of about 240 MUs of electricity i.e. savings of INR 1,800 Million per annum
Figure 31: Improved illumination at Jaipur Railway station through adoption of LEDs
Source: Indian Railways
13Indian Railways 51 c. Energy self-sufficient railway stations South Central Railway (SCR) has converted 13 railway stations to energy neutral railway stations. These stations will meet their electricity requirements through solar energy. With anticipated energy generation from these stations to be around 0.13 MUs annually, it is expected that the usage of solar power will lead to significant savings each year for SCR. Lights, fans, pumps and other electrical appliances will be powered by the energy. Ghatkesar, Dharur, Raghunathpalli, Mellacheruvu, Ontimitta, Kadiyam and Dwarapudi are among the 13 stations that are using solar power.14 d. Perform Achieve & Trade (PAT) Railways was not a part of the first cycle of PAT (FY 13, FY 15 and FY 19.). Given the importance of PAT scheme, Railways became part of PAT cycle II (Baseline year 2014-15 & Assessment year 2018-19). Sixteen Zonal Railways and six PUs have been included under PAT Cycle-II programme of the BEE. e. Green Building Standards Indian Railways will adopt the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) for construction of green buildings for all its upcoming projects. Energy audits have been initiated for railway buildings with the first one held at the Rail Bhavan, the headquarters of Indian Railways. Existing green building rating system in India like GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) or IGBC (India Green Building Council) ratings have been developed in the context of railway stations for providing incentive/compliance schemes around these ratings/certifications.
Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering (IRICEN) is a premier Centralised Training Institute which caters to training needs of Indian Railway officers and related public sector undertakings (PSUs) (DFCCIL, IRCON, RITES, KRCL, NTPC15 etc.). The administrative building of the Institute has been designated as a Green Building. Some of the energy saving features of this building are: Ÿ Building design with day light features including additional opening in the middle to improve availability of natural light in the building. Ÿ Energy efficient LED lighting fixtures with occupancy sensors. Ÿ Efficient VRV AC Units with COP up to 4.85.
Figure 32: IRICEN Administrative Green Building
Source: irgreenri.gov.in
14https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/telangana-scr-gets-13-energy-neutral-railway-stations/74126968 15DFCCIL: Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India, KRCL: Konkan Railway Corporation Limited, NTPC: National Thermal Power Corporation 52 Some of the other green building initiatives undertaken by Railways are: Figure 33: Initiatives undertaken by Indian Railways to enable Green Buildings
Source: Press Information Bureau f. Star rating awards based on energy efficiency Integral Coach Factory (ICF), Chennai Administrative Building has been awarded ‘5 Star’ rating by BEE. This building has achieved energy performance index of 93.85 kWh/sqm/annum, against BEE’s norms of 100 kWh/sqm/annum. Table 4: List of Railway Buildings awarded with BEE star labels under Office Building Category
S. No. Name of Building City Star Label Awarded
1. Divisional Office Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 5 Star
2. DRM Office, Southern Railway Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 3 Star
3. Railway Divisional Office, Rangiya Division Rangiya, Assam 4 Star
4. DRM Office, Northeast Frontier Railways Tinsukia, Assam 4 Star
5. Head Quarter Building, N F Railway Maligaon, Assam 5 Star
6. DRM Building, Katihar Katihar, Bihar 5 Star
7. Divisional Railway Manager Office Lumding, Assam 5 Star
8. Railway Divisional Office Alipurduar, West Bengal 5 Star
9. Divisional Railway Manager Office Ahmedabad, Gujarat 5 Star
10. Divisional Office Madurai, Tamil Nadu 4 Star
Source: irgreenri.gov.in
53 g. Concept of eco-stations For the on-going Station Redevelopment Programme, Indian Railways is considering development of ‘eco-stations’ by incorporating energy efficiency initiatives at the planning stage itself. Therefore, design guidelines, covering themes like energy conservation, passive building design and RE initiatives can be included in the tender stages itself. Eco-station concept is in place in Japan, which provides for initiatives to equip railway stations with a variety of environmental conservation technologies. h. Net Zero Guidelines Indian Railways is providing impetus to developing Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB). It has developed a comprehensive strategy framework/guideline covering design and construction principles for NZEB (along with targets at zonal/divisional level) for stations considered for redevelopment and for upcoming new stations planned. These policy measures will need to be augmented by capacity building exercises and pilot projects to demonstrate the commitment of Indian Railways to NZEB. This will also provide valuable first-hand experience of developing and managing NZEBs.16 i. ISO 50001 Energy Management System All railway units are implementing ISO:50001 Energy Management System, in line with Indian Railways’ sustained efforts on energy efficiency and fuel conservation. The units which are already certified for ISO:9001 and ISO:14000 will take lead in the initial phase, as it would be easier for them to adopt such a standard.17
Box 9: IGBC green platinum rating achieved by Secunderabad railway station
Indian Railway's Secunderabad station is the first station to achieve IGBC green platinum rating
Secunderabad junction station is the first Indian Railways’ station to be awarded with green ‘Platinum Rating’ by the IGBC, Confederation of Indian Industries (CII). Ÿ Air-conditioned waiting halls equipped with CO2 sensors: AC waiting halls have been equipped with CO2 sensors, with a digital display board. As soon as the digital board crosses the 700 PPM mark, the exhaust star ts automatically. The AC waiting halls also have air purifiers which help in maintaining the air quality inside the hall. Ÿ Installation of solar panels and LED lights: 500 kWp solar panels have been installed on the roof of the platforms, which account for 36% of the station power consumption. The solar energy generated through these solar panels has helped in saving INR 6.5 million per annum. LED lights have also been installed at the station to reduce power consumption. Ÿ Solid waste management system: Plastic crushing stalls have been provided on every platform which allows crushed plastic to be recycled. The station has been equipped with dustbins to segregate dry and solid waste. Ÿ The station has also been awarded with ISO 14001-2015 Certificate - Environmental Management system. It was also awarded with the National Tourism Award 2016-201718.
Source: Indian Railways
Indian Railways has also signed a MoU with Ministry of Power and BEE for co-operation to improve energy conservation in Indian Railways.
16https://shaktifoundation.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Energy-policy-roadmap-for-the-Indian-Railways.pdf 17http://www.irgreenri.gov.in/tile_led.html 18https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-secunderabad-station-is-1st-to-achieve-igbc-green-platinum-rating-details-pictures-here/1709849/ 54 07 IMPACT OF GREEN ENERGY INITIATIVES
Indian Railways has accrued several benefits through its various initiatives to reduce energy consumption and RE procurement.
7.1 Reduction in electricity cost for traction network Indian Railways has saved an estimated INR 143,320 Mn till FY 2020, due to migrating from being a consumer of the distribution companies to deemed licensee since 2015 onwards.
Figure 34: Reduction in traction tariff and energy bill of Indian Railways
Trend of average traction tariff (INR/kWh)
6.73 6.49 6.72 6.15 6.05 6.06 6.00 5.75 5.27
Pre-DL Post-DL
FY 12 FY 13 FY 14 FY 15 FY 16 FY 17 FY 18 FY 19 FY 20 DL = Deemed Licensee
Traction energy bill (INR Million) Pre-DL Post-DL 1,05,913 1,05,567 1,10,452 98,422 1,00,829 94,751 1,04,512
89,735
74,565
FY 20
55 7.2 Reduction in electricity consumption by non-traction network Indian Railways has achieved reduction in non-traction energy consumption from 2,506 MUs (in FY 2015) to 2,264 MUs (in FY 2019) due to various energy efficiency measures despite increase in contract load, including lifts and escalators at railway stations.
Figure 35: Reduction in non-traction energy consumption (MUs)
2,506 2,484 2,492 2,503 2,498 2,458 2,478 2,395 2,387 2,264 2,338
FY 10 FY 11 FY 12 FY 13 FY 14 FY 15 FY 16 FY 17 FY 18 FY 19 FY 20 (P)
Source: Indian Railways, P: Provisional
7.3 Reduction in emissions Indian Railways has managed to significantly reduce carbon emissions. The estimated annual reduction in carbon dioxide emissions on account of procurement from RE based generators and reduction of non-traction consumption is shown in Figure 36.
Figure 36: Reduction in emissions on annual basis due to initiatives towards decarbonisation (in thousand tonnes of CO2)
164 338
174
Procurement from Reduction of Total RE generation non-traction consumption
Source: KPMG Analysis
56 08 CASE STUDIES FROM ACROSS THE WORLD FOR GREENING OF ENERGY SUPPLY
Railways across the globe have undertaken innovative approaches to be energy self-sufficient and sustainable. Some of these are listed below.
Figure 37: Summary of best practices for enabling energy self-sufficiency in Railways globally
8 RUSSIA 6 UK 5 EUROPE
7 FRANCE 9 SOUTH KOREA 4 CHINA 3 JAPAN 2 SINGAPORE
1 AUSTRALIA
Ÿ Sustainable design guidelines for rail Ÿ Green Mark for Rapid Transit 1 Ÿ Resource Efficiency Policy 2 System framework using green strategies Ÿ Ecoste (eco-station) environment earth Ÿ conscious station 4 Evaluation Standard for Green Buildings 3 Ÿ Act on Improvement of Energy Consumption and Green Railway Stations Performance of Buildings Ÿ Rail Industry Standard on Lighting Ÿ Zero energy stations 5 6 Ÿ Guide to financing energy efficiency in the public sector
Ÿ Sustainable use of resources Ÿ 7 8 BREEAM Bespoke Green Standards Ÿ Energy Efficiency Standards & 9 Labelling Program
Source: Shakti Foundation - Energy Policy Roadmap for the Indian Railways 57 8.1 Reduction in electricity cost for traction network Box 10: Global examples of adoption of RE by Railways
Network Rail, UK 19
Ÿ Network Rail has been electrifying the United Kingdom (UK) rail network. Ÿ Network Rail met with a unique challenge where the grids supplying power to train companies, especially those in rural areas, had reached their peak limit (due to distributed energy generation and supplying power to multiple points of consumption). Ÿ The Renewable Traction Energy team found a solution by connecting solar panels directly to the traction electricity lines, by-passing the grid. Ÿ This project intends to convert the system into a 'third rail' system, where there is an electrical line passing along the tracks on the ground, supplying DC power to the train. Ÿ The DC power supplied matches the DC power generated by the solar panels, and thus eliminates the need for conversion to AC or for integration to the main grid20.
Green Rail, Italy Ÿ Green Rail, Italy has recently developed Green Rail Solar, wherein track sleepers are equipped with a solar PV module. Ÿ Green Rail sleepers consist of an outer cover made of a blend of End of Life Tyres (ELTs) and recycled plastic, and an inner core in pre-stressed, reinforced concrete. The design allows incorporation of different systems and devices, such as photovoltaic panels for solar energy harvesting. Ÿ As estimated 30-35 MWh of energy can be produced every year for every track kilometre, which can either feed to the railway station or the electricity grid.21 Eisenbahen, Germany Ÿ In September 2018, two hydrogen powered trains began operating with each train mounting a hydrogen tank, on the roof- providing a range of 600 miles (1,000 km). Ÿ Hydrogen trains are equipped with fuel cells that produce electricity through a combination of hydrogen and oxygen, a process that leaves steam and water as the only emissions. Excess energy is stored in ion lithium batteries on board the train.22 Ÿ Apart from Germany, more countries are looking into hydrogen. The UK trialled a hydrogen-fuelled unit in 2019, while there is significant interest from freight operators in North America.23
The technical challenges with respect to the integration of renewables within the railway network, especially for traction operations, have similar elements across the world. Therefore, solutions deployed globally could be tested in the Indian context, involving collaborative efforts with Railways in other countries.
19Source: Network Rail 20O’Neill, N. (2017). Imperial researchers collaborate on project to supply solar power to UK trains. Imperial College, London. (URL: http://bit.ly/2irw1kQ) 21Source: CNBC 22Source: theguardian.com 23https://eurasiarail.eu/Articles/news-article-2 58 09 WAY FORWARD
Indian Railways, in order to encourage the adoption of RE and Energy Efficiency (EE) measures amongst the Zonal Railways, may initiate a national level ranking of railway stations on energy sustainability. The following parameters may be included: i. Electricity consumed from rooftop solar as a percentage of overall electricity consumption ii. Reduction in electricity consumption as compared to electricity consumption in a base year
9.1 Road ahead for Indian Railways Under the chairmanship of Hon’ble Prime Minister,in a recent meeting of committee of secretaries, it was observed that 51,000 hectare of railway land may be utilized for generating solar power of which there is huge potential. Indian Railways launched Mission Net Zero Carbon Emission as envisioned by Hon’ble Minister of Railways to realize the renewable energy potential of 20 GWp of solar energy. Going forward, it plans to undertake several go-green initiatives that can accelerate its path to net zero emissions. These will be implemented under Make in India initiative making Indian Railways ‘Atma-nirbhar'. Ÿ Indian Railways has a potential of 20 GW and is planning to utilise its vacant land parcels to set up land-based solar plants for its traction power requirement. Railways initially plans to set up 3 GW of solar plant on the unused vacant land in three phases. ¡ Phase- I: 1.6 GW capacity in railway plots for Open access States under developer model. ¡ Phase- II: 400 MW capacity in railway plots for non-open access States under ownership model of REMCL (captive use). ¡ Phase- III: 1 GW capacity in railway plots along the tracks under developer model for open access States. Ÿ Boundary wall will also be constructed enclosing vacant plots used for solar energy generation all along its tracks. ¡ Boundary wall shall be constructed and maintained by the SPD for the life of the project and energy produced will be paid through long term power purchase agreement between Railways and solar power developers. ¡ This initiative besides reducing energy bill of Railways will also improve safety of trains by preventing trespassing and save lot of lives of people and animals who stray around railway tracks. ¡ This will help in prevention of encroachment of railway land and keeping tracks and adjacent railway land clean. ¡ Even the boundary walls so constructed can be used for generating Non-Fare Revenue (NFR) for Railways by display of advertisements or laying of Optical Fibre Cable (OFC), etc. on them. Ÿ To achieve “Net Zero Carbon Emission” by 2030, balance about 17 GWp (total potential of 20 GWp) solar capacity shall be installed on unused vacant land to meet all power requirement of Indian Railways. Ÿ In states where Railways has operationalised open access, the solar power can be used to meet the traction power requirements. Ÿ The central government's RE schemes such as Sustainable Rooftop Implementation for Solar Transfiguration of India (SRISTI), solar for Central Public Sector Undertaking (CPSU) and solar parks may be explored for deployment of solar projects by Indian Railways. Ÿ Technologies such as wind-solar hybrid, floating solar, Round the clock system (RTCS) and solar storage projects may also be considered by Indian Railways for procuring power. Ÿ Installation of EV chargers may also be undertaken at railway stations, production units and administrative buildings for promotion of green transportation and increasing off-take from RE plants. Ÿ With increase in RE procurement, Indian Railways may consider undertaking long range demand supply planning, and development of strategic plan for the Railways to move towards 100% green from energy perspective.
24Considering merger of Solar Purchase Obligations and Non-Solar Purchase Obligations 59 Notes Notes Notes
R K Jain Executive Director Indian Railways Email: [email protected]
Udit Mathur Energy Advisor Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office Email: [email protected]
Anish De Programme Director Power Sector Reforms Programme Email: [email protected]
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Disclaimer This material has been funded by UK aid from the UK government; however the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK government's official policies. The details provided herein are only indicative and subject to approval of the concerned authorities. Images have been sourced from istock/freepik/pexels.