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. THE.. ECONOlVnC ASPECTS -OFTHE HISTORY:'.6F -THE CIV(LIZATIONOF JAPAN .:~. . -' , . ·- 85-9 ;.:
YOSOBbRO TAKEKOSHI
THE. ECDNOl\lIC. ASPEPTS -OF THE H;ISTORY OF TH:g CIVILIZATION OF JAPAN
VOLUME THREE
LONDON GEORGE ALLEN (!J UNWIN LTD MUSEUM STREET I'IRST PUBLISHED ni 1930
(AU riglols ,um/.II)
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY VNWIl' BROTHBRS LTD •• WOKING 8592
CONTENTS
CIL\PTI!R LXII SUMMARIZED LIST OF EDO TONYAS .... The eziatenco of lODyas besidoo the Tolrumi • • Revival of the tonyaa. • • • • • 2 Rico tonyaa wore oulBide the Tolrumi tony... • • • • 2 Nam.. of the Tolrumi tonyaa in the 7th year of Genroku (1694) • 2 Names of the twenty-two> guilda of the Tolrumi lODyaa in the Kyoho and Kwanaei eras.. • 3 The Tolrumi tonyaa of the BUDka era S.
• ,CHAPTBR LXIII THE TRADE SYSTEM IN THE PORT OF NIIGATA Sale of paper and lacquered ware limited to traders of old street. 9 Special rights of Shimomachi • • • • • 9 Compromise he...... Shinmachi and Shimomachi. 10 Privileges of the main street of Shimomschi • .0 Articles sold only in the main-atreet shopa II The rights of the main-atreet .hopa limited • • • 12 Commercial exclUliveness in Niigata'• commercial policy 13 The warring interests of Furumschi and Honcho • 13 Dispute between wholesalers and retailen IS The organi.. tion of guilda. • • • • • • • • • 16 Similarities hetwoon the commercial .ystems of Niigata and England • .6
CHAPTBR LXIV FROM THE EXCHANGE HOUSE TO THE BANK Dealing in copper coins and gold coins • .8 Eachange street • • • • • • .8 Eachange streets in Edo in the early days 19 The origin of the word. U bank II • • 20 The history of exchange buoin_ in Osaka • The teo money ezchange merchants in Oaaka. '"2. The Han Ryogae • • • • • 22 The copper-eoin ezchange merchants • 23 Southern group of exchange merchants • 23 Tho Komegata Ryogae • • • • 23 Connections among the ezchange merchants "4 The gold and iii"", ezchange • • • 2S The status of the gold and iii"", ezchange 27 Tnnooctiono an the Rni • • • • 28 The ezchange for time tranIIctiono 'a8 The ezchange-house in Edo • • • • • 29 The two merchants of gold and copper eoin in Edo 30 Pro&t of ezchange merchants • • • • • 31 The tueo of the ezchange-houses • • • 32 The numher of the ezd>anae merchants limited • • • • 32 The turrenOJ reWion of Gemoku and the ezchange men:hants • 33 Rise in the prices of lil_ and copper coins. • • • • -34 vi THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF JAPAN
The prices of silver and copper coins officially fixed . 34 The currency revision of Shotoku . . . " 36 The carrying of the Obsn gold out of Edo prohibited 37 Efforts for the circulation of the new coins 37 The good currency driven out by the bad one . . 38 The currency revision of Genbun and the first iron coins 38 The first double-standard currency. . • 39 The discontinuation of the Nishu·Han silver . 40 Exchange business between Osaka and Edo 40 Business conditions in Osaka and Edo 41 The credit sales of Edo 42 Edo, the debtor . . 42 Specie sent from Edo to Osaka. . . 43 The trade rights of the Kawase Goyotashi . 44 The profit of the Kawase Goyotashi merchants • . 44 Estimate of expenses for 100 kwamme of silver in Edo:.. 44 Estimate of expenses for 100 kwamme of silver in Osaka 44 Private exchange business started in Edo 45 Kyoto exchange . 46 Deposits . . . 46 The origin of tegata . 47 Deposit and payment...... 47 The development of tegata made the exchange.house a modem banking system 47 The circulation of Osaka tegata • 49 The seven kinds of tegata . 49 Official protection of the legata system 50 The business of the exchange-houses with the Government 51 How the Osaka merchants loaned money to the feudal lord. 52 Standard coins . . . . 52 The formation of the first trading company in Japan .. 53 The wealthy men had to assume responsibility for the paper money. 54 The inconvertible note of the Meiji Government 55 The abolition of the Gimme system . 56 An exchange company established 58 Transactions in Yogin . 59 The price of Yogin • • • • 59 The age of exchange merchants closed 60
CHAPTER LXV FUDASASHI What is a Fudasashi 1 • 61 The Shogunate's rice godowns. . . . 61 The quantity of rice stocked at the Asalrus. godoWll8 61 How the rice was distributed among the Hatamoto. 63 The two kinds of pensions to the Hatamoto • 63 The Fud.... hi and mikuramai rice. • • 63 The Fuduasbi's relations with the Gokenin. • •• •• 64 The Hatamoto and the Fudasashi connec~d like the Daimyo and Kakeya. 65 Origin of Fud.. ashi • • • • • 65 The Fudasashi divided into leveral groups try The ups and downs of the Fudasashi 67 The price of Fudasashi kabu • • • • • • • • try Why the Fudasashi became rich and the Hatamoto luffered financially • • 68 Fudasaahi business before the formation of the association of the Fuduuhi merchants ...... 69 The rate of inte.... t among the Fudasuhi merchants 70 CONTENTS 'Vii The nlising of the rate of interest applied fot • • .-71 How did the Fuduasbi make profits out of their loani? 71 The e,,10 of the Fudbashi • .". The rate of interest again reYiaed • • • • • .". The Quae of the struggle between the Hatsmoto and t,!>e merchants • .". How did the Fud.... hi ouffer 1. .' 73 The Hatomoto hod to poy for their tricks 73 The huury. of the Fudassahi • • • • • 74 The Fudassahi, the aristocratic cIaaa of people in Edo. • •• 76 Official oppression of the Fudassahi men:honto during the era of Kwanoei. • 77 Official order on a revision of the regulations regarding loana from the Fudosashi mercbonto • • • • • • • 78 The 1008 of the Fud.... hi,siuy million yen. • 79 Struggle between the Hatomoto and the Fudassahi. 80 The refonn in Tempo • 8a Resistance of the Fudooashi • • • • • 83 The re"va! of the Fudassahi iii Kayei (.S.8-54) S. The end of the Fuduashi merchanto S.
CHAPTBR LXVI THE KURAMOTO, FINANCIERS OF THE PAIMYO The Daimyo and the Kuramoto 86 The origin of the Kunyashiki • 86 The organization of the Kurayoohiki. • 87 The economic poaition of the Kunyoshiki in Ooab 88 The number and location of the Kurayoshiki • 89 The Myodai • 89 The Kuramoto 89 The Kakeyo. • • • • • • • 90 The inftuence of the Kuramoto and Kakeyo increased 90 The eamingo of the Kuramoto and othero • • • • " 91 The quantity of rice ohipped by the Daimyo to Ozab and 001.. of it • 93 Speculation in Kunmai rice • • • • • • • 93 The e,,1 pncticeo of the Daimyo towardo the Ozab merchanto 93 The Daimyo deceive the Kuramoto. • • • •• 94 The Daimyos' .. dismiasal II of their KuraJUhiki merchants 94- The merchanto etiII continued lending money to the Daimyo 95 The .. ltate JJ busineaa policy of each dan . . . . . •• 96 An instance of relations between a Kunyoshiki and ito Kuramoto mercbonto 96 A_unto between the cIon of Tokuyomo and the Hirano-yo g8 The nte of interest • • • 100 The total profit of the Hirano-yo 10'
CHAPTBR LXVII MARINE TRANSPORTATION Marine transportation up to the middle of the Heioncho period ,oa The maritime 10,. of the Hojo period • • • '03 The de_pment of Japanese ohipo after tBe Wdo 104 How were the ohipo employed 1 • • • • • • • • • • '04 The foreicn DO'ription of Japanese ohipo prohibiftd by theTokup_ Sbogunate 'os From the locaI_ .,.tem to the national one 105 The national economic .yotem and ohipo • • • • • • •• 106 Transportation between Edoand Osab in the early port of the ToIrugawo period 107 The first transportation of merchandise by ... between <>sob and Edo 107 Ships were amaIl and hod '" Imp at _y potts on the way loS viii THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF JAPAN .,AO& The doings of the Sendo . • • 108 The formation of the Tokumi Tonya . . . 109 Shipping houses controlled by the Tokumi Tonya . 110 The tonya began paying taxes to the Shogunate 111 Transportation in the northern sess impro'\-ed . . J la Competition between the Hishigaki and the Taru ships 114 The came of the competition between the two linea 114 Agreerr..ent between the two shipping systems II S Average settlement agreement. • 116 The Tokumi Tonya league revived. . . 117 The influence of the Tokumi Tanya declined...... 118 The Hishigaki shipping houses aided by the Shogunate and the Kishu clan 118 New shipping system fonned . .. .• . 120 Ships after the revival of the tonya system . JZI Shipping service between Osaka and Edo declined . . l2a The decree forbidding the building of big ships withdrawn . l2a The sizes of ships in the Tokugawa period 123 Ships of 1,000 koku or more 123
CHAPTER LXVIII THE PERIOD OF THE RESISTANCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL CLASS lyeshige's infirmity and folly • • • 125 The beginning of the Tanuma Administration 125 Causes of Tanuma's unpopularity 126 The Shogunate's financial stress • 127 The great conflagration and epidemic 128 The great famine and its misery 129 Cannibals . . . 131 The eruption of Asama ...... 132 Rise in the price of rice, and the rebellion of the poverty stricken 132 The population of Edo . . . 133 The calamity in the Tsnwna family. 133 Farmer revolts . . . . 134 The O-u revol .. in Northern Japan 135 The Mino riot . . 136 Insurrection in Bungo . 136 The uprising in Hyugs • . 137 The order to repress the farmen 138 The farmer riot of Karatsu . . . 138 Yoshimune'. extortions trouble Tanuma . 140 Tanuma'. scheme of triangle profits I .... Reasons why Tanuma made enemies 142
CHAFI'EIl LXIX THE GREAT REFORM~OF THE CURRENCY SYSTEM IN" MEIWA (1764"71) AND ANYEI (17'12-80) PERIODS The growth of the bi-metallic Itsodsrd • '43 The motive of Tanuma'. currency policy. 143 Five·momme silver . . 144 The casting of Nanryo two-shu 144 The method of convcnion between the Nanryo and ordinary silver in circulation 145 The quality difference between Nanryo and ordinary ailYer coins 145 The conditions of Nanryo circulation 14b CONTENTS .....~ The death of Tanuma creat.. the rurnour of the abolition of the two-shu coin. 147 Additional issue of Nanryo two-shu . 147 The .uccess of the Nanryo two-ohu • 148 The il8ue of bronze four-mon len . 149 Iron len and bronze sen . . . . . ISO The issue of various coins and their depreciation ISO Suspension of the output of bronze 8en. • ISO The ri.e of prices may be attributed to the oen ISO
CHAPmR LXX THE RESTORATION UNDER RAKUO SHIRAKAWA Sadonobu Matsudaira favourably received 152 Sadanobu'. attempt to refonn public morals Isa Sadanobu'. physiocratic principles . 153 No element on the side of Sadanobu 154 The luxury of .ociallife • ISS Sadanobu encourages education . . 156 Unification of thought by the Shushi oebool ," 156 The birth of the historical .ebool • • 158 The danger of Wagaku to the Shogunate • 158 The ri•• of the monarchi.ts • • 160 Th. beginning of the Rusaian menace 160 The .yatem of rice .torage of Edo • 161 The cancellation of the Hatamoto debts 16a Sadonobu'. fall 16a
CHAPTBR LXXI AGE OF DEBAUCHERY Sixty-nino apOstate pri.. ta pilloried at Nihonbashi , 164 Caution against Russia . • . . 164 An ordinance to attack all foreign vessels • 165 An English ship frightens Nagasaki • 166 The nation '. lethargy. . 166 Th. ri •• of Duteb learning • • • • • • , • • 166 Lawo ordaining the attack of all foreign shipa entering tho country 167 RussillM land on the northern shorea • 168 The moral corruption of lyenari'. Court . 169 Open bribery • • • • • 170 The height of Edo glory and splendour 170 The .ubmission of _althy citi..... , 171 Tho ri.. of dilettante literature • 17Z The .ge of debauebery , • , , 173 The poverty of the Shogunate'. retainera . 173 The 'hogunate', financial difficulties. 174 The rebellion of Hoihachiro Oshio • 175
CHAPrmt LXXII INTERCOURSE WITH THE RUSSIAN TERRITORY ON THE NORTHERN BOUNDARY Yom ruled uod~r con.... ct. • Tha .dmini..... ti"" policy of Yem • Tho economic system of MaISUmU • 11: THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF JAPAN The Russian rule in Chishima. . The first appearance of Russian ships . . . The southward encroachment from Kamchatka . The Russians seek to open trade for the first time . Russians and Japanese exploit Saghalien . Russia again seeks to open trade. . . . The Shogunate's policy of educating the Ainus Civil administration of Yezo The Karafuto question. . . The coming of Admiral Ressnoff The Russian proposal refused Russian motives . A Russian attack . Edo panic~stricken • . Intimidations of Chvostoff' . Japan's reply. . . . The capture of Golownine. . The capture of Kahei Takataya • • • Russo-Japanese misunderstanding removed Negotiations on national boundaries •
CHAPTER LXXIII THE APPEARANCE OF ENGLISH SHIPS First Anglo-Japanese relations. . • . . 193 The English approach Japanese seas in search of furs 193 British ships appear in the Hokkaido waters 194 The Dutch charter American ships . 194 Violence by Englishmen at Nagasaki . 195 More about Engli~h ships. . 195 Smuggling on the shores of Mito 1\j6
CHAPTER LXXIV THE LATER PERIOD OF FOREIGN TRADE AT NAGASAKI Changes in the system of foreign trade at Nagasaki 198 The crisis between Japan and Holland 199 The profits of the Dutch decreased . 200 Kaempferts History of Japan . . 2en Zyunberg's Record of Japanese Plants . . . 202 Izaac Titing and the shipbuilding industry in Japan 203 Merchandise imported by the Dutch ships into Japan 20. Imports by the Chinese ships . 206 The price of the imported articles 206
CHAPTER LXXV FREQUENT DEBASEMENT OF CURRENCY AFTER THE ERAS OF BUNKWA AND BUNSEI The man responsible for debasement of currency . 208 The beginning of the Nibu gold 2"9 Unpopularity of the Nibu gold. • . . • 209 Attempts to promote the circulation of the Nibu gold 210 CONTENTS xi I'AO. The Bunaei gold.. • a.o The issue of the Sobun .ilver coin • an The Nanryo Ni.hu silver revi.ed • • a.a The good coins driven out by the bad coins a'3 The I ••hu gold of a bad quality issued • a'3 The iBBue of the Sobun Nibu-ban gold. . • • . a'4 A comparison be_en the Sbinji gold and the Sobun gold • a,s The Nanryo Iaahu oilver • • a,s The issue of the Nishu gold coin • • • • • • a,6 The different make. of coins circulating in the era of Bunsei a,6 Criticism of the Shogunate currency policy a'7 The i.. ue of the live-ryo-ban gold • .,8 The Hoji gold • • • •• • a,8 The Shogunate'. profit from currency revision ·'9 The issue of the Ichibu silver • ·'9 The Ioshu .ilver. • • • za9 The low prioe of the copper coins 02' More Zeni coma made ...... 221 A comparison between the silver and the:Zeni coins aZl The prioe of the Zeni in Meiji and Kewo. aaa
CHAPTBR LXXVI THE POLITICAL REFORM OF TEMPO The Lerd of Satsuma. a smuggler • • • • • aa3 The relation be-.n Satsuma and the Loochoo lalanda za3 The only trade port in Japan • • • • 224 The official ship from the Leochoo to China • aos Smuggling by the merchants in Satawna . . 225 Lerd of Saga's protest against the Shogunate • 226 The Kanwoji sffair • • • • • • • • • •• .a7 An infamoua monk carried into the Shogun's Court in a clothes chest a27 The reform of Mizuno Tadakuni 209 The Banaha movement • . a3a Tho Dutch .cholars persecuted • a33 The abolition of the tonya • a3S Lord Mizuno'. economic policy a3S Lord Nariaki of Mito impriaoned • • • • • • • •• a37 Tho King of Holland advi_ the opening of the country to foreign intercourse a38 Conservative opiniona win. • • • • • • • a39 The two factions. the Mizuno and the Abe fighting ..ch other 240
CHAPTBR LXXVII WORKMEN'S GUILDS IN THE TOKUGAWA PERIOD From tho ala... economy period to the wage economy period 2..- The workmen" guild. • • • • • • • 243 The Shokunin.... the prototype of the workmen', guild 243 The Catpenters' guild in Edo. • 244 The ..preaontati ... tradesmen in Edo • • 244 The Kimoiri. a de... lopment of the • syatem • • 245 The controlling righta 0..,. the metal.-costera applied for 246 The control 0..,. the carpenters applied for • 248 The workmen's guild aaaumed a legal form • Z48 The ovila of the Kumiai syatem. 249 The cabinet-makera' Kumiai . .. • ...... •. aSI Tho KUIniai of the mabra of wooden bow ... cups. bans. IIIld turned goods .51 xii THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF JAPAN ..... Regulations of the Nakama association of the makers of bowls, cups, and boxes, and the turners . . :lSI The carpenters' Kumiai 253 The plasterers' Kumiai . . ass The worlanen's Kumiai in Kyoto 257 The workmen's Kumiai in Osaka 259 The workmen's Kumiai in Sakai 260 The workmen's guild in Nagoya 262 The workmen's guild in Hakata ...... 263 A deed on the transfer of a firm name (the history of the textile fabric industry in Hakata) • . • • • 264 The workmen's guild in Nagahama . 265 The coopers' guild in Niigata • 266 The sawyers' guild in Niigata . 266 Regulations of the sawyers' guild ...... 26, The organizations of the Kumiai system in the Tokugawa period 268 The apprentice system in the Tokugawa period 270 The origin of the trained day-workers . . 272 The evils and the fall of the workmen's guild. 273
CHAPTER LXXVIII THE DECLINE OF THE TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE AFTER COMMODORE PERRY'S VISIT TO THESE SHORES Abe Masahiro, the Prime Minister . 2.'4 Lord Tokugawa Nariaki of Mito . . • • • • •• 275 The visit of English and French warships to the Island. of Loochoo . 217 The Loochoo Islands opened to foreign trade. 278 Abe's secret policy mistaken . 279 Lord Abe's ambiguous policy • • • • • 279 AntiRforeign sentiment growing among the Japanese 280 Growing anxiety for the safety of the country. 281 Intercourse or war? . . . 283 American activities on the Pacific 284 P.erry threatened Japan . . . 285 The strength of the American warships...... 286 Lord Abe attempted to make Lord Nnriaki alter his views on the foreign policy of the country. • • . . 287 The anti-foreign movement at its zenith. . 28, The Tokugawa Shogunate driven to tbe wall . 288 The visit of the Russian and the American warships 288 The negotiations between the Japanese and the Americans 290 An agreement of intercourse concluded . 2')0 The hidden rock before the Shogunate . • • • • • 29' The clan. of Satsuma and Choshu, the greatest danger to the Shogunate 292 Evil of Fudai system. • • • . • • 294 The sentiments of loyalty and patriotism combined 295 The isolation policy strongly advocated in Kyoto . 298 Lord Horta succeeds Lord Abe • • • • 299 Japan opened definitely to foreign intercourse. . . . 300 The Lord of Mito approach.. the Imperial Court in Kyoto. 302 Party contention over the choice of the heir to the Shogun 304 Japan-American Treaty .igned • 304 Iyemochi proc1aimed the Shogun • • • • 306 The Imperial Court dependent on the clan of Mito 308 The coup d'etat of Ansei . 3<>9 The assassination of Lord Ii 310 CONTENTS xiii PAG'I: The co-operation of the Imperial Court and the Shogunate as proposed by the Lord of Choshu . • • • • • • • • . 3 It The political co-operation advocated by the Shogunate's statesmen 312 Excitement among the Roshi • • • • 313 The power of the Shogunate fUIther decliJiea • 314
CHAPTBR LXXIX THE QUESTIONS OF CURRENCY AFTER THE OPENING OF JAPAN TO FOREIGN INTERCOURSE A comparison of the prioea of the Japanese and American gold and silver 318 No exodus of gold and silver at the heginning 321 The treaty with Holland concluded 322 Negotiations with Russia . . 3za The Russian warships came again 323 The treaty with Russia signed • 324 The treaty with England signed • • • • . • • • • • 324 Harris negotiated with the Japanese Government a revision of the rates of esehange. • . . . • • • • • • •• 325 The ItipulatioDl concerning money in the Japanese .. American treaty • 327 The circulation of foreign money in Japan permitted . 328 Clause XII in the Japanese-French Treaty • • • • • • • • 328 The Japan.se currency at the time when Kanagawa was opened to foreign trade 329 The big lou ariling out of ignorance. . . 330 The Ansel Niahu gold issued for trade faciliti.. 331 The iuue of the uDolO .. gin" ailver. . 332 Hurl. advia .. regarding the low price of gold 333 The foreign silver dollar .tamped 333 The inflow of foreign ailven ...... • . . . . 334 A compariaon of the Japan... gold and silver coina with the foreign in those days 334 The great exodus of Japan.. e gold • 335 The export buoin... of gold and silver 335 The double.. tandard system abolished 336
CHAPTBR LXXX FROM THE COMPROMISE BETWEEN THE IMPERIAL COURT AND THE SHOGUNATE TO THE EXPEDITION AGAINST CHOSHU The MPProdt_, of the Imperial Court and the Sbogunate • 338 Attempt to pootpone the opening of Japan to foreign intercourse • • • 338 The power at the Imperial Court faJIa into the bands of the anti-Shogunate party • • • • • • • • • 339 StnI8Ille for inftuence among the nobles of the Court • • • 340 Mataudaira, Lord of Ai.... appointed to the office of Shugo of Kyoto 341 Tokugawa Kelki granted an audience by the Emperor. • •• 342 Lord O_ware ac:cepta England'. demands on his own responsibility 342 The foreign warships bombard the coast of Choshu • 347 Difference he ...... Kelki and O_ware Tosho-no-bmi J48 Lord O_ware detained on his _y by the Shogun 349 The Emperor" "jsit to the big shrin.. announced • • • • 350 An imperial rescript iaaued and obotrueted by the Court Nobl.. • 351 Prince Nakagawa curbo the Court nobl.. • 353 Satauma and Ai... politically allied • 354 The aeli"jti.. of the anti-Shogunate men • • • 355 The Chosbu men make an armed attempt upon Kyoto • 357 The bottle of Hamaguri Gate 358 xiv THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF JAPAN
CHAPTEIl LXXXI THE FALL OF THE TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MEIJI GOVERNMENT The Shogunate war with the Choshu Clan The Japanese delegates punished ...... The combined fleets of the four countries bombard the coast of Choshu Anti-foreign views gave way in Choshu . Chosbu apologizes...... The peace with Choshu denounced by the stalwarts of the Shogunate The Shogun Iyemochi tendered his resignation to the Court . . . . The Imperial Court agrees for the first time to the opening of the Empire to foreign intercourse . .... The expulsion of the foreigners, the voice of the nation. The Jingo party in Chosbu wins . . . . . A secret alliance between Choshu, Satsuma, and Tosa . The second expedition against Choshu . . . . The Shogunate anny defeated, and the death of the Shogun The expedition withdrawn . lwakura Gushi comes to the front A character sketch of Iwakura Gushi • Tendencies to the restoration of Imperial rule Keiki returns the ruling power to the Imperial Court The restoration of Imperial rule announced . The Conference at the Kogosho Palace. • • Iwakura detennmed to overthrow the Tokugawa rule Iwakura definitely opened Japan to foreign intercourse The finance of the Imperial Court. • Keiki advances on Kyoto with his troops. . . . . The Tokugawas fallen and the new Government established
CHAPTI!Il LXXXII THE LAND AND TAXATION SYSTEM IN THE TOKUGAWA PERIOD The Ashiksga land system revived in the Tokugawa period • 386 The Nanushi Shoya and the Gonin-gumi systems • 386 Origin of the Nanushi • • • • 387 The Nanushi in the Early Days and later 388 The protection of the Fanners encoura~d 388 The Gonin-gumi system established. 390 The fuocrions of the Gonin-gumi • . . 390 The growth of the self-go.. rning system in the agricultural villages 390 The order of Keian • 393 The fanners the principal factor of the national structure 393 The regulations of the 8th year of Empo (1680) • • • •• 394 The Gonin-gumi system the hasis of the Tokugawa Shogunate'. poliey 395 The method of fonning the Gonin-gumi chaoged • 395 The Kumicho • • • • . • . • 31)6 The mutual assistance system of the Gonin-gwni . 396 The disposal of land prohibited. •• 397 The town and village officials excepted from taxn . 398 Land .urvey in the Tokugawa period 398 The method of valuation 399 The Jomen .ystem adopted. • • • • 400 The Jomen system caused popular disturbances 401 Hideyoshi tuation system subverted . 401 The 50 per cent. rate of tax established . 401 CONTENTS ~ PAGE Other taxes imposed...... 40a. Taxe. otlu!r than tho.e connected with land • 403 Reasons for imposing taxes upon local commerce 403 Taxea imposed upon markets . 403 Ichiba-unjo (tax on marketing) • 403 Taxea upon fishery and hunting. 404 Tax. upon 8alt manufacturing 404 Tax upon .hips '. • 405 Method of tax ps:yment • • • 405 Quantity of rice in the rice-bag (Tawara) • • • • • • • • 405 Regulation. of the charge. to be made upon river boats in accordance with their length • • • • • • 406 Transportation Bnd other expenses...... 406 Lo •• to he made up of any rice which waa damaged before it reached the Govern- ment granaries . . . 407 Tax paid in money inatead of rice 407
CHAPTBR LXXXIII AGRARIAN ADMINISTRATION OF THE TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE Emancipation of farmera from aerfdom to free citizenahip 408 Development of agrarian administration. . . 408 The Gonin-gumi institution (the five-men compsny) 409 Improvement of irrigation system ...... 409 Agrarian policy of Ina, the tribune general of the Kwanto Provincea 410 The work of Sumikura . 411 The work of Kawamura Zuiken . • • • • • • • • • 4" . Farm. CHAPTBR LXXXIV THE MYOMOKU-KIN (NOMINAL MONEY) DURING THE TOKUGAWA AGE What waa Myomoku-kin (nominal money) 1 • Origin of the Mycmoku-kin • • • • Myomoku-kin as practised by priest and noble Evils of the Mycmoku-kin. • Prohibition of tIu! Mycmoku-kin • • • • • Loan fund of the tempi.. in three moun.. of Kumano • Abolition of the Myomoku-kin and its booka • INDEX 423 INDEX Acton, iii. ISS, Z30 Buddhism, i. 12, 13, 14: and abdication Adams, ii. 105, 108 • of Emperor. ii. 6-8: and Civilization, Adoption, and guilds. iii. z6.t.: for money, i. 14. 6S-8: degradation of, i. 82, 8•• ii. 452-45; iii. 174 89: encouraged. ii. 102: and Hide Agrarian policy, iii. 410-16 JOShi, i. 441, 445; ii. 133: mission to Agriculture, i. 9, 28, 29, 116: decline ltudy,1.. 101-.1: popularized. i. 276-7: of. i. 436-9: progress of. ii. 352; iii. prevalence. of. i. 65-8, 70. 100-1: _,6: and Sadanobu. iii. 'S3""4 in private roome, ii. I~: 'D~ shrines. America, relations with. iii. 53. 194.220. i.78"9 279,183-6.287-8. z89. 300-2, 304-6, Buddhist. Government set up, i~ 70. 71, 310. 31?-18. 323, 315. 382 '00: IkIrD Sect. i. 27s-?: and Roman American money. iii. 31kl, 326-8. 331 Catholics. i. 2go. 296-'1. 2gB. 299-300. Animals. ii. 202-6. a8s 30 5-6. 307. 311, 325, 44Zi ii. 87: Apprentice, rules. iii. 252. 263. 266-8: temples, i. 534; ii. 326--7 Iystem, ii. s?-8. s9""lto. 63, 65; iii. Budget. D. 287-8. 321: of 1&P, ii~ 2"/0""' 336-48 Architecture. Buddhist. i. 66. 67: Nara. Bunzaemon, ii. 2Z2. 22H i.93 Armies. trade m. i. 409 Ann,.. under Hid.JOShi. i. 408-'0. Cabinet System, ii. al~ 4'2-'4. 45~. 460. 477: of Kama Cambodia. i. 487. 494. 498-9; ii. II. 408 kula. i. 203: regulatioDl, i. 460: ii. Canals, i. 519. sao. sa3 i iii. 41a 98-9:underS~.i.33'-Q:oioeof. Cannibalism, iii. 131 i. 69. 195, 332. 335. 391, 460. 46a, Canon laws, ii. 7 467: of temples. i. 78. 84-s. 3,8-'9 Capital, at Fukuhema. i. 153-4: Heian, Ashigaru. i. 31?-18. 329. 394 i. 93-4: at Osaka, i. I, 16. 367. 393. Aabiblll'. ana under. i. "4~: .poc!>. 543;ii. z6g: position of,i. 4.7. 66. 73. i .•• 203-9: fall of. i. 317: and foreign 92. 153-4.511.517; ii. 195 trade. i. all~g. 230: literature. i. Capital. concentration of. ii. 468, 470 246: re'ftllue under. i. a52-' Carpenters. Guild. iii. 243""4.248: Hide runaway, i. III: Kumiai,ili. 2SH Castles, i. z88-g0, 331 Baiyen, ii. 43I,,.aS Catholic. Roman, Interdiction, i. 444. Banking .ystem. ond achantIe houses. 446. 447. 449. 455. 497: mission to iii. 47"9. 60: of StqpmolO. ii. 507-30 Europe. i. 448: ... beI1icm at Shime Bankruptcy. ii. 361 ..... hua. ii. 16. 17.94 HI9.• III Banb, ii. 381 i iii. ,.:10: origin of. ill. Zo-I Catholicism, Roman. i. 2go-I, 293. Z9s-8. Buaha MoftlneDt. iii. 232-3 300. 303. 30s-8. 311, 31z• PS. 365 .. Boneho Shirabe Tokon>. iii. 2gB 441. 446, 449. 4B4; iii. ]02 Bubariana, i. g6-8. 134--S. 158. 362 Catholic:o. Ramon. of _. ii. 92 Berriera. i. 3"4. 37': des ....,ed by Za, 9]-100: in Arima, 0.. ,.,....a. 80: i. a.t.o-I. 371: duty at. i.a39'""40.ass. cbildren of, ii.. 86, loa. 12g: escapr 066: and pllmder. i. 267 10 Manila, i. 488: in Hieeo, ii. 6g:. Barter, i. 74. 94-6. 101 _ I,..,.... ii. 67.74-6. '0&-9: _ Betani. i. 4B8-9 ~,ii. 69--'71 : IeuieDey 10...... Bonin Wando. ii. 367 ii. 7'9'""80, 8s-6. 110; martyn. i. 454-5; Boundaries, national, iii. 193:,289,3:&4- ii. 78. go: DumbeR of. ii. 79. 87. go: Bribes. i. 8oa, 304; ill. 1'70 and. Onando Buppo. ii.. I~: Bridae ComponY. Throe. ii. 507-9 penec:uted. i. 44l""SS; ii. ,]-,6, 66- Buddhli. ~ of. i. 12. 343, 399'""401. 83, 8.t.....ga, 100, III, 1:a8-9. IlJ· 401.-3.441. S09a 51a-13 mSiml. i. 497 424 THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF JAPAN Census, i. 35, 36, 42, 54, 59,60: registers 4·mon sen, JIl. 149'"""51: Bunsei. iii. of temples, i. 83: in Edo, iii. 133 210,212: Chinese, i. 315, 343, 344; Chaya Shirojiro, ii. 276 ii. 36: copper, i. 94, .227-9, 231, 262. China, admired, i. 3. 12, 31,50,73,215- 264,280-1, 311, 342-3,407; ii. 30, 16, 218: art and literature of, i. 5, IZ, 35"""7,433-4,445-8; iii. 18. 34,221--2: 189, zx6, 246; iii. 158: and Buddhism, copper exchange, iii. 23, 28, 30-1; i. 66, 212: civilization of, i. 4, 73, 1)2. damaged, iii. 3Z-3, 209'"""10: desire for 215, 216, 246; ii. 126-7, 270-1: gold and silver, i. 407-9: different, difficulty of reaching, i. 73. 101, number of, iii. 217: function of. ii. 150-1; iii. 102: imitation of, i. 153, 425: Gembun, ii. 301,441-2; iii. 210: 216: influence of, i. IS. 34, SI, 66, gold, i. 242, 313-5. 334, 342, 381, 92-3, 153,272, 364, 370: invasion of, 502.549, SSt j ii. 30,371,374-5,406, i. 8, 193-4: and Korea, i. aD: and 427-8; iii. 18, 33, 146,209'"""11,21 .... , peace conference,i ...63-4,469,470-1 : 216, 218-g: of Hideyoshi'. income, Bn"d pirates, i. 480: relations with, i. 1. 416-18: iron, ii. 448; iii. 39, 150, I, 3, 5. IS. 73, IOZ, ZIZ, 214-15. 221: Isshu, iii. 213, 215: Ito. ii. 183: 225-6, 259, 461, 463 j ii. 124: and new, and Tonya, ii. 50S: old fl. new, alaves, ii. 40: fl. Spanish, i. 485-6: ii. 443; iii. 37-9, .209, 213, 214, 217: and statutes of Taiho, i. 31 J 34. 38: premium on old, ii. 302-3, 363, W. trade with, i. 8, ISO-X, 153, 191, 444; iii. 33, 34. 36--9. 145. 148• 213, 210-x3, 216, zxk9, 231, 259. 295, 217,219,220: price of, fixed. iii. 34: 30 5, 314-15. 340-4, 407. 464, 465; privilege to strike, ii. 137-9, 208: ii. 16, 105-7, 1%4-6, 128, 139. 147-9, rewards in, i. 408: silver, i. 262, 281, 153. 178. Z89. 378-84. 398. 403-4. 299, 38.... , soa; ii. 30, 280, 375, 419. 484; iii. 22.3-6: and trade with Europe, 428j iii. 18, 33. 3~, 144.211,215, i. 283: trade profits from, ii. 163-4. 220: small, ii. 433-•• 437, 439; iii. 169-'71: war with, i ••64, ....66-9, 472., 221: standard, iii. S2-J: Taison, ii. 475-6 286: views on, ii. ..pI Jeqq.: wako, Chinese currency, ii. 403-5: imports, i. 346: weight of, ii. 369; iii. 19: iii. 206-7: language, i. IS, 189,215 Yogin, iii. 59 Chin-ikei. i. 465-'1. 469. 470 Commerce. domestic, ii. 353. Su Trade Chishima Islands, iii. 179, 181-a Communication, i. 3. 4, 371; ii. 73, "Chivalrous Men," ii. 19S-6 251: foreign closed, ii. 13-16 Choan, ii. 73, 370 Confucianism, ii. 8, 194, 201~, 207, 21., Chokei, i. 319"-20 215; iii. 156,413,.14-5: and Shushi, Choshu, iii. 293-4, 3u-14, 315-16: iii. 156-8 alliance with Satsuma, ill. 370-1: Conscription, i. 436--9 anti·Shogunate, ill. 339'"""58, 362: Cook, Captain, iii. 193 expedition against, ill. 356-8, 359-60, Copper, exported, ii. 368: limited, ii. 364, 365, 371-3, 375: foreign views 149: minting monopoly. ii. 237: price of, iii. 362.-3, 367, 368: and foreign of, ii. 177-80: Za, ii. 48-4-6 warships, ill. 347--8, 359. 361--2: Cotton, ii. 135-6, 350, 352: tranaport, military conditions in, ill. 369-'70 iii. 121 Chuya, ii. 191--2, 193 Country. closed, ii. 12-17, 127-31: Chvostoff, iii. 187-9, 190, 191 opened, iii. 366-8 Cinnabar, ii. 480 Coup d'etat. of Ansei. iii. 3"9. 373: of Cities, free, i. 358, 362, 369, 373-80 1863. iii. 353-6 Civilization, foreign. i. 4, 6, 13; ii. 126 Coun. agreement with Shogun, iii. 357: Classes. lower, rise of, i. 280, 317, 353; under Ashikaga, i. 210, 258, 2". ii.466-7 321--2,40-4: conflicta, i. 162, 19~, Coast defence, iii. 283, 363 199, 200: decline of, i. 85, 99. 100: Coinage, under Ashikaga,i. 261--2, 280-1: divided, i. 207-8: finances, i. 30, 163, debased, ii. 208, 231-4; iii. 128,174, 321--2, 397-9, 404; ii. 32.-6: and 208: under lyeyasu,i. 546; ii. 303-37: lemitsu, ii. 24-5: intriguee, i. 9B, 109, in Oda Age, i. 381-4: re-, ii. 229. 301- 145: life. i. 107-8.1.1,144.150.157, 3,423.427,431,436....,,441; iii. 36, 204; ii. 291-]: and money aalariee, i. 174,209. 211-13, 21 9 7.... : position of, i. 6, 13,57,137: ii. 9: Coins, base, ii. 36,425; iii. 48-9: bronze, D. power of grandees, i. 139"""40: til. INDEX power of temples and shrines, i. 85- .87•• 88-9: at market. i. 374: in 90, 100, 136. 141, 142-4: and Reform Muro, i. 360: repayment of, iii. 419: of Taika. i. 16: regulations under of Samurai. ii. 358, 36Z, 443, ·SOI""""Z; Iemitau,ii. 24-5: restoration of power iii. 8o, 8a-3. X62: slaves through, i. to. ill. 375-l15: (I. Shogun. iii. 396-7. 52; ii. S0! and Tegata system, iii. So. 303. 304-.6. -338-58. 359. 373-4: S .. Tokusei. Loans s}'ltem changed, iii. 342: united, i. n6kyo, i. 71, 7a. 100, 101 357. 358-9 Dosho.i.66 Credit aales, ii. 490-1, 496. 5OZ, 504. Dress, i. z, 249. 311; ii. 5. 19, 197, ZOO, iii. 43 212, 222, 356; iii. 153, 170-1: Currency, and American exchange rates, Chinese, i. 216, 295: official. expenses iii. 31711, 326-8. 330-5. 336: and for. ii. 339 biD. of exchange. ii. 377-l1: in Chino. Dutch. and China. ii.• 05-7: deported. ii. 403, 404: copper, i. 231, 342-3, ii. 110: forbearance, ii. 118-g: 375. 381. ii. 35-'1, 429, 436-7, 438, Portuguese attacked by. ii. 118: 445-8; iii. 30,35,40: double standard relations with. i. 498; ii. 73, I I I leqq.; of. i. 334, 546; ii. 416-21,427.430; iii. 166-7, 199, 232, 238-g. 283-4, ill. 39""40. 56. '43. 336-7: exchange 2gB, 321: scholars, iii. 232-5. a83: and rates. i. 33 ... ; ii. 160. 259, z7g-80, Siam, i. 495-6. 502: trade with. i. 301-11, 369, 395-7.401,405,417-21, 366. 488, 489. 490; ii. 72, lOS. 107, 4Za-s, 427, 434, 437, 438"""9, 441, 112, 12D-J. 147'""9, 153, 160, 178. 443. 44S""'7i iii. a6, 27. 31, 34""'7. 39- 289-9°.350-1,377,379-95,398,411- 4°,59.143,144-6,148"""9, all, a:u~. 13 j iii. 194. 199-203. 205""'7: and 319. 3al, 330, 448: foreign, ill. 3a8-9, trade profits. ii. IZI, 123. 161-3. 330, 333. 334-S: and foreign trade, 164-9.413-14; iii. 199-203 iii. 3a9. 331, 334. 335-6: gold. i. 381-4, 430, 546; ii. 31-2, 34-5. 37. ",16, 417. 439-30, 439; iii. 35. 39, Earthquakes, ii. aI4-IS; iii. 132 149. 3ao. 335. 336: gold and silver. East India Co•• i. 488. 489. 496. 498. i. alo. 334, 375. 381.476; ii. 37. 39, 503; ii. 17, 160-1. a90; iii. 193,200: a79. 371, 374: Hakuseki on, ii. ",09. Dutch, ii. 106, 107. 118, 123, 161, 410: Kwan. i. 430: and loans, ii. 377,413; iii. 0100-1. aos 363-4. 365: paper. i. 189, a04. ii. Eclo, banking in, iii. 010-1: business a80-1, 300.4°5,434.44°; iii. 48, So, conditions in, iii. 41-3: capital at, 5... -8: Portuguese. i. 311: and prices. i. 511, 517. ii. 18, 195: cutlet i. ii. 300-1. 362-3. 433; iii. 36: and SI8---u.. 543-5; ii. a73: census of. recoining profits, ii. 33 ...-6: reform, iii. 133: Christians, ii. 100: citizens, ii. a87-8. a89. a97. 431-4. 437. 438. i. 539i ii. 195,277-8.281, 554; ili. 441-8 j ill. 33-40. 143-51: shon, i. 231: citizens of. iii. 171-c&: exchange z61 ..... 342-3. 375. 383; ii. 1... 1...... za9. houses, iii. 29-31,45""'7: fire at, ii. a31. 301: silver, i. aa8-9. 546; ii. 3a, a17-8, 490: in Genroku age, ii. 199. 35. 141-a. 279'-80, 416, ",I?-al, 4ZS. a06. 208, a20, 225: glory of. iii. 436. 439. 445 ; iii. 33a.... : standardiza '70-'. a'7: and gold standard. i. 546: tion of. i. 9. ii. 3D-9. z89; iii. 118-9: headmen, in ii. 4SS: Kabuin. ii. 455. state. ii. 429= viewa on, ii• .pI""', 458-9. 61: and navigation, iii. 106- 43M.434""9 aa: prosperity of, i. 5aa-3. 539, 545..6. ii. 195. 355: taus in. ii. 314, 317. 318: and ton,., ii., 4g8-g, Sla, Daimyo. iii. 65. 86: and business pollcy. 5'4-20.535""9.543-7.549. 553.559; iii. 96: and debta. iii. 93-5: __ ill. 132. Uchikoshi ahipments, ii. of. ill. 93, 97-8: and finmci.era, iii. 536""9. 54.-6 86""90: To...... iii. "94 Education, i. 247; iii. 15S, IS6, 165, Dajokwan. Order of. ii. 43 .67.377 Davia. i. 488 EmigratiOll. ii. 497. 4gBi ii. 13-16. la8 Debsuchery and oorruption. ii. 357; Empires, two. 0. 429'""30 iii. za,....s, Isa-3. 16.t.. 16g, 173; Employment. of flee Iabouren. ii. 487-l1: Debta. c:onoelled. ii. saa""4; iii. 43" of houses. ii. z36-8, 356 Dooimyo. iii. 93-5: of Lord Mori, ii. Eng1iah, and N ...... UIi. incident. ill. 426 THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF JAPAN 345-7. 348. 350: and Niigata trade Z4B-65. .66 s importation of, ii. 377, 400, 401, 406, Hayashi. iii. 157-ll, "9 409: increase in, ii. 38-9. 375: mines, Heiji, disturbance of, i. 146-7, IS7 i. 70, 333-5: output of, ii. 230-J, Heizo. ii. u6, 185-4 3611-72, 373-6, 39B: retention policy; Hidenaga.i.409 ii. 147-ll, 290: Tokugawa, i. 545-6, Hidetada, i. 536-8; ii. 4. 109 549-53; ii. 5 Hidetaugu. i. 473-4. 536 Golownine, iii. IB9""'90 Hideyori. i. 50S. 506, 510, 512, 513-6; Gonroku, ii. 10g-10 ii.S. Gosanjo, i. 126--7, J3B, 139, 140, 161 Hideyoshi, i. 9, 236, 348, 350, 354-5, Goto, family, ii. 30-1, 33, 27B-9. 369, 364.368.375.380.382.385-414.436. 372-3, .p6, 473; iii. 19, 33, 52-3. 4311-40.456-7. 45B.464. 474. 505. 506, 208,:u:8,240,243: Zojiro. iii. 376, 378 508-10,547; ii. II. 449: and Catho Government, Ashikaga, i. 249: Buddhist, lics. i. 441-8, 449-55; ii. 66-7, 104. i. 7~, 100: Camera, i. 196: camp,i. 133: financial system of. i. 4"7-ll: 207: communities, aelf-. i. 360-2; iii. and gold and silver. ii. 32"'3. 374-5, 39""'3: of Eastern provinces, i. 158-9: 377: and Hidetsugu. i. 473-4: and Kamakura. i. 161, 162, 164-5, 16B-9, Korea. i. 456-79: and land S\llVeY. 173-6, 178-9, IB4, IB6-ll, IB9'"90, i. 415, 418, 427, 429-36, 439-40; 197, 199, 203, 210, 250; ii. 49-52: iii. 386: and Nagasaki. ii. 132-4; and patriarchal aystem of, i. 26, 31; iii. Philippines, i. 451, .s3: revenue of, 393, 395: restoration of, to Court, i. 4IS-JB, .p7, 509. 549 iii. 37S-ll5: and right of taDtion, High Constablea. i. 169'"72. '79. '49-50: i. 547-9: fl. temples, i. 100 tued. i. 249"'"52, 254, 256, 258 Greshama Law. ii. .p1,.p6 Himiko. Queen, i. 3. 3 Guilds, drug, ii. 521-3: European, i. Hirado, i. 291-'2., 300, 301, 303-5. 309 234. 237. z41-3j ii. 500; iii. z, 13. 366 z6,a, 271: Maruai. ii. 541-Q. 543-6: Hiranoya, iii. 97-101 merchant ... feudal lords, ii.• 6B-<). Hirotaka. ii. 69 organization of, iii. 16: Oahu, ii. 561- Hirotsugu, i. 69,70 4: privileges of, ii. 507-9. 511: Hishigaki, ii. 514'""'7, saO-I, 525-6, 530-2. prohibiIed, ii. 490, 507, 54', 546, 534. 549-50 • 557, 560. 561; iii. 5, Sso; iii. 15z, aSo, 272-3: taz on, iii. III, 12a: fl. Taru, iii. 114-'20 249, aSI. 2SZ. a61-Q. 263. 269: Historica1school. iii. ISK-60 Tonya. ii. 505. 556 (r... Tonya): History of Japan. iii. 202, 204, 292 tradesmen'a. classified, iii. 250: whole Hogen. disturbance of, i. 145-6. 157 aale. ii. 315-16: workmen's. iii. 2..1-3. Hojo, i. B, 161-'2, 171, 187"""91 19~03, a4B-9. S,. Kumiai 325. 329. 433: and Hideyoshi, i. 410. GyofWl, i. 191-Q 4ta-14: and market system. i. 24S: G,okl. i. 6B. 81 SaWl, i. 271: and trade, i. 230-1 Hokke Sect. i. 318-19 Honcho, iii. 13-15 Hachiman Shrine. i. 4. '34-6 Honda. i. 537 Hakata. i. 22S, 367. 370. 373. ill. 263 Horimoto. i. 163-4 Hakuaek.i, ii. 2B4. 2B6. z8?-90i iii. IS6. Hosokawa, i. 317-IB 159: on foreign trade. ii. 368. 398. Hotta. Masasuki, ii. 3201: Muatoshi. ii. 409: refunna of. ii. z90-4. 431 199'""201. ill. 299-'300. 304 Hamaguri Gate. battle of. iii. 358 Houses, owned by temples. i. 79-80, 81. Handen system. i. 34-8,40,41, 46. 158 83: tiled. i. 74; 75 ii. 355 HarUiro. i. 290. agl, 30& Humane Regulations, ii. 147.203-6,208, Han.e.tic League. i. 341 ..... 360. 383 .85 Harria, T., iii. 300-A. 306. 31B, 3as-B. 331. 33H.336 Harunobu. ii. ,.. 76-7 Hatamoto. ii. 450. 471! Kabu, ii. 4sa-6: II I."i. 6 100M to. iii. 66-7. 611-74. 18-<). 8'-5. lenoku. ii. 46-7 lU, 173-4: numbers of, iii. 63: Ikeda. iii. 360 saiariu, Ii. 3al. P3-4. 365; iii. 6J-4! Ikko riots. i. 27s-? 329: sect•• 318-19i talt on, n. 317 ii.loo 428 THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF JAPAN Imperial Family, i. 65, 67. 90. 99. 106-7. Kabu, ii. 450-8, 46~, 467~, 470-1, J9O: finances of, i. 532; ii. 324: posi 47Z. 475, 511-12; iii. 29: kinds of, tion of, i. 31, 3:2., 46, 47, 49. 100: ii. 458-g, 46z-~p Kumi, ii. 492-6: rebellion against, i. 40 Nakahama. ii. 456-7. 460. 464~: Imports, ii. 3SI-Z, 378-95. 401, 480; iii. Negai, ii. 464: price of, ii. 461 i iii. 204-7: decrease in, ii. 353.414-15 249"""50: Tokumi Tonyas, ii. 530, 533, Ins, ill. 410 534; ill. 2 Industrial. Arts. i. 14. 67-8. 364. 478: Kzmpher, ill. 20Z progress, i. 9. 10, 14, 22, SO, 298, Kahei Takataya, iii. I~ 315. 478-9; ii. 238,350,351-3,414: Kai province, i. 329-35 Revolution, i. 36MO; ii. 13S: war, Kaijo, battle of, i. 468 i·40S Kakeya. iii. 6S. 86. 90""1. 91. 101 Insurance, self-, and Guilds, ii. 562-:J: Kamegiku, i. 184-5 of shipments, ii. 539-40 Kameyama. i. 196-7 Intendants, i. 128-9, 130-1 Kamigata. ii. 267. 273-83. S40. S4I-4 Interest, on loans to Daimyo, iii. 91-2: Kaneie, i. 109"""10 on loans to Hatamoto, iii. 66-7, 68- Kanwoji affair, iii. 227~ 74. 78-c). 82, 91: rate of, i. 262-4. Kanyemon, ii. 78 360; ii. 188,264-5.529; iii. 70 Karafuto. iii. 183-4. 186 Iron, and Revolution, i. 369-"70; ii. Kasuga, Lady, ii. 9, 10 183-4: Zas. ii. 486-7 Katayasu, Matsudaira, iii. 341 Ishikawa, ii. 248 Katau Awa iii. 372-:1. 379. 384 IsolatioD, Ordinance of, i. 503 Kawamura Zuiken, iii. 41 I Ito, Prince, iii. 361 Keigo, i. 226-7 lwakura. Tomomi. iii. 373-S. 379. 381-:1 Keiki Tokugawa. iii. 341-4. 34S. 348. Iwatsuki, i. 232-3 36S~. 372. 37S. 377-81. 383-S lyeharu, iii. 125. 128, 142 Kiemon, i. 451, 452 Iyemitsu, ii. I. 5, 8, 10, 17-26. zB--9, Kiheitai, iii. 369 215-17 Kimme and Gimme, ii. 41HI, -P5. lyemochi.iii. 169, 305-'7. 310, 313, 342-4. 417.430.439; ii. S6-8 349-So. 36S~. 368• 372 Kimoiri, ii. 61 j iii. 245-6, a.t8 lyena.ri, iii. 227. 229 Kinyemon, ii. 354 Iyenobu, ii. 284, 293-4. 303 Kirs, ii. 212-14 lyesada iii. 304. 307 Kisai-no·To. ii. 48 lyeshige, iii. 125, 175 Kisaibe. ii. 48 lyetsugu, ii. :z89. 291, 293 Kishu clan, iii. IIko lyetsuna, ii. 1()Ct'-8 Kiyomasa, ii. 69'""'71 lyeyasu. i. 386. 387. 390. 39B. 410. 413. Kiyomori, Tameyoshi, i. 146-8, 149, ISO- 459, 460, 50 4-16, 536• 540-1, 543; 3,156: Tairo-no-, iii. 103 ii. 3.4-5. II, 13.449"""50: and Catho Kluchens, ill. 283-4 lics. ii. 6'7-72. 74-6. 104, lo8-c): and Kogosho, Conference at, iii. 37g-S1 currency. ii. 369: at Edo, i. 517 leqq.: Koleen, Empress, i. 7~ and foreign trade. i. 51S; ii, 72, 76, Kokutaka, i. 432, 433. 435 104, 107, 109: and gold, ii. 372, 400: Korea, invasions of, i. 8, 9, 12, IS. 57, ""d nobles. i. S34-S. S47-8: wealth 73.450.459.471-:1.475.477-9.508: of, i. 545, 549"""52; ii. 226: and Za, modem, i. Z73: under Mogols, i. 191- ii·477-8 2: and Peace Treaty. i. 463-4. 46s~. Jzumo race, i, 411, 49 ¥9: relations with. i. 5, II, 12, 14, 20, ZI, 192--3,261, 2C}Z, 33,-a, 356, 393, 457, 461: ii. 12-13. z69""71; iii. Java, i. 498; ii. 106 j iii. 283 10:2,2,6: b'ade with, i. ZIO; ii. 16, 181 Jews, ii. 273-5 Koreans, i. 4. 13. 14,21, SO Jingo, Empress, i. 2, 3, XI, 28, 356 Kozaeman, ii. 183-5 Jirobei. ii. 91, 95 Kubunden, i. 33, 3S, 36, 38, 30-41, 46, Jito, i. 163, 164-s, 168, 17Z~3, x86-7, 78• 133; ii. 4S 249,250 Kudara, ii. la, 20, 21 Joei Code, i. 188 Kuden, i. 77. 114. 152-3 Jusanten. iii. 121 Kumazawa Banzan. ii. 193 .... INDEX Komi, Twenty-four, of Osaka, ii. 514-15, 113. 114: taxation, i. 9, 22, 23, 41. 519 123: temple, i. 78-84, go-r, 102, 112. Kumiai. ii. 457-8. 460. 475. 499. 557; 170: untaxable, i. 83-4, 104, 112, 125, iii. 395-6: 01 cabinet makers, iii. 251, 170-1: valuation, i. 431; iii. 399 255, 262-3: carpenters, iii. aS3-S, Land Ownership. i. 26-8, 31, 76, 91, 100, 257-60, a73: evils 01, ill. 249-50, 114. 126, 421: origin of, i. 29, 30: 256-7. 272-3: Kabu. iii. 264. 266. permanent, i. 77, 114: private, i. 9, 269-71: regulations, iii. 251-3, a6o-z, 17-19,22,38,39,76.83,100,113-14, 263. a66-8, 272: lawyers, iii. 259. 119, 124, 132, 162, 164: 8tate, i. 7, 266-8: smiths, iii. 26o-z: weavers, 8. 9, 16, Z2, 3a iii. 263-6: worlanen's, ill. 245, 246, Land System. Ashikaga. i; a54; iii. 386: 24B. 250. 257-9. 268-73 Chinese, i. 22-4: early, i. 26, 27, 31: Kuramoto, iii. 51-a, 86. 89. 94- gonin-gum;. iii. 390003. 395-8. 409: Kurayashiki iii. 86-9.90-1.94.96-101 Handen, i. 34. 36, 37: Nanushi, iii. Kusuko, i. 98 387: Shugo, i. 169, 170: Teimen, iii. Kwaisen system, iii. 106-7, 108. 109 400-1 KWBIl\lUu, i. ga, 97-8, 137 Lawsuits, i. 237-8, 241, 270 Kwan. i. 429-32 Learning, i. 210, 246-7; ii. 194,208; iii. Kwantaka i. 431-<1. 433. 435 166, 202, 23z-5 Kwanto. i. 158; ii. 46 Legislation. i. II, 188 Kyoto. i. 7. 9. 17,296,401,543; ii. 274: Legislature. iii. 377 attacked by Choahu. iii. 357-8: citi Literature, under Ashikaga, i. 246--7, zena under Hidetada, i. 537-g: coins. i. 295: Chinese, i. 189, 246: dilettante, 263: condition 01, in sixteenth century, iii. 17z-3: Genroku, ii. 2Z1: and i. 393-4: and Nobunag&. i. 324.326: Gokomyo, ii. 8: Heian, i. 103-4. 107 political intrigues in, iii. 296-7. 303, Living, standard of, corrupt, ii. 357. iii. 304-16. 33&--58: population of. ii. 137-8, 152-3, 169: early, i. a, 6: 055-8: ravaged by pri..... i. 136: of farmers, i. 118: under Hojo. i. atarvation of, i. 266-71: temple 187-8, 189: increased, ii. 435: under war. i. 88. 90: wealthy merchants of, Sadenobu. iii. 155-6: under Toku ii. 258-65, 267: workmen's kumiai in. g&wa, ii. 4-6. 355. 357 iii. 057-9: and Za. ii. 476. 478 Leana, compulsory public, ill. 141-a: to Kyushu, i. 6, 291-3. 298. 312, 390-1 Court. ii. 324: and exchange-houses, ii. 46, 47. 51. 70: to feudal lords. ii. 248-65 i iii. 45. 51-'.1, 91-a. 93-5. Labour. of guild to feuclallord. iii. 060-3: 99: and :fire at Edo, ii. aI8-19: levied, i. a3. 34. 33. 42, 43. 114: and Fudaaaahi. iii. 66-7. 68-'74. profit on, i. 117-18 78-g, 80. 81-5: Government action Labouren. day. iii. 271-3: free. ii. 487-8; about, ii. 363-4. 365. 438, 504. iii.~.a71 509: and Myomoku-kin. iii. 417-<11: lAcquer, i. 68j ii. 126: monopoly, ill. 9. from port governOR. i. 360.36.: and '3-14 tonyaa. ii. 51$-6, 529""30, 533, 555 Land, confiscation of. i. 179""81, 187, Loochoo Islanda. iii. aa:t-6. 237. '77-9. asa: cultivation of. i. 27, a8; iii. 285 396-7: distribution of. i. aa, a3. a6-g, 33-4. 36• 37-8. 418-a6; iii. 397: in Eastern provinces, i. 158: economic Main Street dealers. iii. Io-Ia. 13-15 era, i. 8 iii. 4S'-'6: encroachecl Upon, Manjiro, iii. 28g i. las-6: eztra.. tvri.torial. i. 8+, 170-1: Manorial, holdings, i. 7. 16. 78. a.... 104. and Koeiden.i. 46-7: name-, i. 124: 164: 8)Stem, age of, i. 41, na, 12a-3. nationaliation of. i. 18, 31. 59, 76, .63 77. 78, 90, lIa. 119; official, i. 46. Manon, i. 124. t:l8-g, 131, 177. 181-2: taa-3: reclaimed, i. 114, 119. la8, and Gowrnment orders. i. 1Z6. Ja?-8. 159: Rooord. i .•88. 249: aale uf. i. 138: as militu'f units, i. 78, las: origin aa, 33, laJ-4: ill. 397: ahrine-. of, i. 113-15, IU. 130: prosperity of, i. 711""9. 80. 83. '70: ...warda (_ i. 47. laa: and alaftl'J'. i. 39. 40; ii. Jito): ''''''''Y. i. 4'5. 4.8-<17. 409-36; 41.45: and tuatiOD.. i. lal; ii. 42. iii. 386-91. 39&--9: ...d '1mb. i. 3'. 43""4: temple. i. 124 430 THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF JAPAN Marco Polo, i. 285-6, 3'5 Mint, copper, ii. 36-7,447-8,473-4: and Maritime, Empire, i. 153--4: law, i. 189; Kin-za and Gin-za, ii. 232-4, 27S-g; iii. 103-4: power, i. ISO-I. 153 iii. 19: monopoly, ii. 31-4, 36-7, Market System, i. 93. 230-1, 232, 245, 279,473-4 372, 375: origin of, i. 243-5 Minting, invention of, ii. 278 Markets, at Edo, i. 523: free, i. 373-5; Missionaries, i. 30S-gj ii. 66, 6,: French ii. 276: licences for J i. 23:2-3: tax on, Jesuit, i. 496: and Hideyoshi, i. iii. 403 442-8, 449-55: and Iyeyasu, ii. 71-2 Marriage, and bribery, iii. 169""70: laws, i. MilO clan, iii. 308, 316, 339-40, 378 52,54; ii. 46-7: and utugaki,i. 243-4 Mitsuhide, i. 349""52, 354-5 Masa, i. 185-6, 189 Mitsui, family, ii. 277-8, 524-5; iii. 45: Masahiro, Abe, iii. 237. 240-1, 274, Gumi, ii. 469-70 278-80, 283, 286, 290. 295. 299-300 Mitsunari, i. 507, 508-10; ii. 68 Masaie, i. 429 Miyoshi, i. 318, 349, 363 Masanobu, i. 537; ii. 2 Mochihito, i. 154-6, 157 Masanori, i. 512 iii. 80 Monarchical system, i. na, 119, 120, Matsugu Sado-no-kami, iii. 246-8 125,272-4, 328 Matsukura, ii. 90-1, 95. 9~IOO Monarchists, rise of, iii. 160 Matsuura, i. 300, 301, 30l. 305, 306, Money, difficulties in circulating, i. 308-g; ii. 10'] 74, 94-5. 96, 101: economy, i. 8, 9, Meiji Government, i. 9; ill. S4~J 421 26, 27, 30, 94: exchange, i. 94-5, ¢, Merchants, and debts of feudal lords, 115, 132; ii. 506: Houses, Southern ii. 261-5. 2,66: at Edo, i. 539: foreign, Group of, iii. 23: Iyeyasu'. view of, iii. ,6-'7: and guilds, ii. 268-9: and i. 552: nominal, i. 361: organs, iii. Kabu, ii. 46,-8: luxury of, ii. 20g-10, 18: power of, ii. 358-60: rewards, 220,222,22,3. 252,254-5.267: Omi, i. 480: saving of, i. 74, 94-5: Thanks, ii. 28I~: quarter, i. 230: status of, i. 555: and Za, ii. 473-4. S .. Coins, ii. 220-1,255, 358-60, 36z;iii. 171~ Currency Metal, casten, iii. 246-8: experts, i. 247 Money-lenders, ii. z.8-g;, z64" 413, 529 Metallurgy, i. 28, 67, 68, 370 Mongols, i. 191-6, 211-2. 336 Michinaga, i. 110-11, 134, 135 Monopoly, cotton cloth, i. 23']-8; ii. 352: Military, administration, i. 163, 165-6, and Kabu, ii. 460-1, 467, 470, 472: 188: arts, i. 281: caste regulations, of Kamagata people, ii. 275: minting, ii. 196: men and Takauji, i. 205-6: ii. 31, 279: oil, i. 235-6: papers, i. merit rewarded, i. 204-5: Provision 241: of sak~leaven, i. 234: sale of, Collection Order, i. 97, 173: Republic, ii. 236-8: silk, ii. 136-40= system, i. 184: rice tax,i. 16+,173-6: service, i. 353; ii. 139, 141~: wine, i. 267: i. 130-1: ii. 20-1 and Za, i. 353; ii.• 72-5. See Trade' Military Class, i. 8, 9, 125, 127, 144, Mori, family, i. 349-50, 354, 398; ii. 68i 16a-3: manors. i. 12']--8, 130-1: iii. 356: Lord. ii. 187; ill. 355, 358. power of, i. 90, 125, 127. 162-3, 165: 364,370 f). temples, i. 14-5, 90, 135 Mototada, i. 510-1 I Minamoto Family, i. 87'""90. 92, 103, 125, Mozaemon, ii. 222, 224-5 la7, 129, 130, 136-8, 147, 149, 150, MuraIwni, i. ,07-8 156-60, 163, 114; ii. 46: and lito, Murayama, ii. 133-4, 186 i. 172, a52: and Shugo, i. 157~1 Muro, i. 358-61 Miners' revolts, ill. 135 Musuhi, Seven Partiesof,ii. 47.4B Mines, copper, ii. 177-8, 179, 485-6: Myodai, the, iii. 89 gold and silver, i. 137, 333-5. 383, Myojio, i. 359-60 407,545,551-4,553; ii. 34, 38, a30-1, Myomoku-kin, iii. 417-:11 36HI, .p8: at Iwami, i. I., 29~, 545; ii. 34: taxed, i. 547, 552; ii. 38, '77 Nabesbima, i. 410, 509-10 Ming Dynasty, i. 216. 246; ii. 26-8: and Nagahama, iii. 265-6 Korean War, i. 477; ii. 26: relations Nagahide, i. 387,429 of, with Japan, i. 314-49, 231, 259, Nagai, iii. 311-4. 338, 340 337, 339. 342. 344, 345~; ii. 26-8; Nagamua, i. 490-3 iii.aas Nagasaki,i. 308, 309. 311, 3u, 327, 364, INDEX 366, 444, 454: ii. 16, 12, 106, liZ, Orange growelS. ii. 49,-6 124: administration of, ii. 131-3, Osaka, i. 13, 16, 277, 367, 393. 396; '34-5. '47. '54-8. '79: and Catholics. iii. 86, 88: business conditions in. ii. 81, 83, 132-3: Chinese in, ii. 1204, iii. 41-3= Castle, i. 392-6, 513-5, 542. ,.6: decline of. ii. 353: and Hideyoshi. 549; ii. 269, 272-3: development of, ii. 132-4: Kaisha, ii. 154"""9. 161, 171: ii. 240-55: and exchange merchants, monopoly, ii. 140, 179, 2036: origin, iii. ZI, z8-g, 31, 46, 48, 55, 57, 60; ii. 131: and Portuguese, ii. 131, 157: iii. 52: and feudal lords. ii. z63-5, and Seclusion Act ii. 139-]': and .67: and foreign warships. iii. 365: smuggling, ii. 182-9: motion of, Government of. ii. 245. 456: Kabu ii. '58-60. ,89. 3'3-'4 353: and in. ii. 46,-'.1. 664-6: party undO! Yodo, trade, ii. 17, 28g--go. 350; ill. 198: and i. 513-16: political situation in. iii. trade. 'free, ii. 14Q-Z., 149; ill. 198: 43: Produce Exchange. ii. .46-51: and trade, limited, ii. 148-53; iii. rebellion. iii. 175-6, Z23: and silver 193: and trade profits, ii. 161-77. 8tandard, i. 546; ii. z80. 416, 425. '79-8 •• ,88 430; iii. 35, 48: and taxation, i. 538"""9; Nagoya, iii. 262-3 ii. 2041-.2, z44, 251. 315, 318: and Nakagawa. iii. 353. 356. 367. 374 tegata, iii. 49-50: tonyaa, ii. 514-20, Nakama. ii. 457. 460. 464-6. 467 S59: transportation. iii. 10?-2-2: war, Nakamaro Fujiwara. i. 7!H1 i. 538: workmen's kumiai in,ili. a5g-60 Nambanyaki. ii. 400 Osbio, iii. 175-6. 03 NR08uke, Lord Ii, iii. 305-8, 315 Otomo Family. i. '295, 297"""9. 317. 325. Naozumi, ii. 77-8 349 Nariaki. iii. 227. 231, 237. :175-7, 2081, Ouchi Family.i. 259.260.279.294,295-6, 2087.289.291.299.303,3°7.3°9.310, 317. 346. 347,36a 3'5-,6 Owarl. LaId. iii. 363""4 Narimasa, i. 391-3. 438 Naoye Kanetsugu. iii. 390 Naturalization, i. 4, S. 13, 21. So. 53. 54 Paper. i. 407; iii. 9S, 100: monopoly, iii. Navigation. i. ISO-I, 153, 310 9, X3. X5 Nawaya Kuroemon. ii. 259-60 Pariah Race. i. 6a Nei-isaan, i. 212-13 Peace Conference. i. 463. 469.470-1 Nichido, iii. 173 Pedlars, ii. a81-« Niigata, iii. 9, 12-17. 2066-8 PelTY, iii. 2ao, a8s. 289""91, 317, 321. 325, Nijo. iii. 373""4. 378 331 Nirijin. ii. 481-4 Phaulkon. i. 496-8 Nippon, i. 6. 59. 207 Philippine Islands. i. 45'..... +82. 483-8. Nobuaki. iii. 164. 208 5OZ; ii. 401. 4oz-a Nobunaga, i. 9. 31S. 321-7. 329, 331, Pinto, i. 300-1 37' ..... 377. 380. 38'""4. 385. 397. Pirates, i. 106-7. 301, 303. 339-40, 344, 408, 436, 441. 50S. 547; ii. 449: 480-3: China objects to. i. 314. 217. administration of. i. 323-S. 353'""4: and 337. 338-4,. 341. 345-6. 480-1: SOld and ail_. i. 38,; ii. 373""4: and Chinese, i. 3~. 303. 305. 341, 381, Sakai, i. 363: subjugation of, i. 349-50 382: Ind coins. i. alo, 261-3 .. inva Nonaka Kenan. iii. 4'3-'4 sions by, i. 345: and Korea, i. 261, Nuytl, ii. 114. 116, 118-19. la3 337-8: origin of. i. 336-7: ODd Ouchi. i. 346-8: and trade, i. 211, aas. 2a7. 340. 343. 344, 346, 464; ii. 404: OcholN. i. 30'-3 wealth of. i. 346-7 Odawva. i. 410-13 PJasterelS. iii. ISS Offices aoId. i. '4' ; ii. 454-6 Ponchatine. iii. 3a3""4 Oguawara. iii. 34M. 348-s0. 367 Population. under Ashibga. i. aS4: and 0in.i.49H CbristilD8. ii. 86: of Kyoto. i. 156: Oi18. i. 197-8 migration of. ii. 41""'3.45 Ojin, i. 4. 6, la. a8, 65 Ports. free, i. 361. J73-3 OmiYO. ii. 237. u8. 231 Portuguese. and Catholics. i. 444-S, 446, Omun, i. 306-8 450. 451~: civilizatiOD, i. 311: Oni_... ii. 194-5 coina&e of. i. 3'0: deported. ii. 110, 43Z THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF JAPAN and India, i. 28,: and loss of specie, i. 25-7, 254: of Shogunate. iii. 61-4. ii. 376-7: and pirates, i. 305: ships, 68,72: species of, i. 25, 26; ii. 510: i. 282, 28,: in Siam, i. 494-5: trade storage system, iii. 161"""2: tonyas, ii. with, i. 8,211,290"""3, 300, 305, 306, 50g-II, 544, 548, 550, 555; iii. 2: 3oB---9,3IZ-I6, 365-6,443,450; ii. IS. and Yodoya, iii. 89-90 16, ']2., 108, 109-II, u8, 136, 139. Rijosho, i. 466, 468 376-7 Ronin, i. 120, 121, 363, 409, 524; ii. 19. Potatoes, ii. 352. 41,42.95 129: feared by Tokugawa, Pottery, i. 5,248,478-9 ii. 11-16: revenge of Forty-Senn, Presents, i. 3. 14,74. ::nS. 222, 2,31, 296, ii. 212-14: risings of, ii. 190-3 550; ii. S, ISS. 189. 318-9; ill. 238- Roahi, iii. 297, 304, 309, 310, 311, 313. 9: memorial, ii. :nS-I7, 220: occaM 338-4Z, 35 Z , 354 sions for giving, ii. 319""'20 Russia, relations with, iii. 160-1 J 163-8s Prices, t,lI, Coins, ii. 425-7, 432-6, 443-5, 168-9, 171)-84. 186, 187. 189"'""92. 193. 553: controlled, ii. 460, 473, 490-1, 194,288,32 3-4 498,551: and Guilds, ii. 507, 55~; Russo-American Co., iii. 189 iii. z35: high, ii. 36z, 4Z3-4, 4Z5-6, Ryogae, Bangumi, iii. 30: Hon-, iii. 22-4. 434-6,550-2.,553; ill. 96: of imports, 29, 47: Komegata, iii. 23 iii. zo6-7: and Kabu, ii. 467 Priests, 11. Court, i. 6,. 101, 135-6, 141, 143-4. 274, 362, 534: and foreign Sadanobu, iii. 152-63, 166,218 trade, i. 153-4.201,213,219-20, :225: Sadatoki, i. 197-'.200 and Kamakura Government, i, 178, Saffron, ii. 539, 541-6 189: learning of, i. 69. 81,163.214-16, Saghalien, iii. 181 246: and mission to China, i. IOI~J Saigo, iii. 364 150, 213, 246: pilloried, iii. 164: Sakai, i. 259, 327, 356-7, 362-7, 457, risings of, i. SS, 143-4, 147-8,274-7, 539: Lord, ii. 197-9: merchants, i. 318-20: Saigo, i. 163: and war 218-19,225,523: taxed, i. 324, 363: prayers, i. 198: zeal of, i. 101-2 tonya, ii. 559: workmen's guilda in, Private Party, ii. 48 iii. 260-2 Profiteering, ii. 491 Sak6, i. 26, 27; ii. 316; ill. 114-16, 118: Prohibition Act, ii. 12.7, 128 leaven monopoly, i. 234, 238: tanya, Prostitution, ii. 357; iii. 154 ii. 496, 514, 560 Salt, i. 176, 518; iii. 404 OuelIo, Bishop, i. 442, 444, 448 Samurai, i. 152, 330, 333, 555; ii. 48, 51, 53, 59, 190, 196, 212. 221: "'. Commoners, i. 524-5; ii. 220: and Rebellions, i. 69, 70, 96--7, 99, 106, 190, currency reform, ii. 431-6, 438-9, 206-7; iii. 175 443: and farmers, i. 288-9: and Registers, land, i. 161,249,254,421-2: merchants, ii. 263-], 264. 354-5. of slaves, i. 55 358-60, 36z, 364 45z-J, 455; iii. 69: Resanoff, iii. 184-6 and price of rice, ii. 439-40. 445: Retainers, ii. 46-8, 450: and contract and retainers, ii. 356-7: rights of, ii. system, ii. 53-6, 57-8, 356: wages 45()-2: rules for, ii. 288: tax on, ii. of, ii. 356 317 Revolution, political, iii. 297 Sankinkotai system, iii. 314 Rice, Exchange, ii. 246-51, 266, 299- Sankyo Kaisho, ii. 5' Sumitomo, i. 105-6 44,76.83, 103, 108, 112, !ZI, !Z2, 170. Sumiyoshi. Fraternity. ii. 561~: God. 174, 2.33, 252, 324, 333, 538, 539; i.356-7 .• ii. 43, 258; iii. 3'98, ~: extra, i. 76, Sumptuar'y laws, ii. ZOO-I, 209-10,356; 93. 204, 2.32, 518-22: on fannen, .e# iii. 152-3. 156, 17°,229-31 Farmer: house, i. '232, 255; ii. 314- Sword-hunting, i. 402-:h 440, 524: IS: on intendants. i. 131: on Kabu, wear~g prohibited, i .. 523--5 ii. .f.6S: in'1dnd, i. 64, SSrS; iii. 61, 407: levying, right of, i. 122, 132. 546-9; iii. 407: fJ. manorl, i. 7, 115, Tadakuni, ii. 552-4; iii. 227, 229-37, 238, 121, 122, 132: on markets, i. 372; 240-1, 250, 272, 274--5 .;ii. 403-4: military on rice,i. 164, 173- Tadamori, i. 149, lSI 6, 249: miscellaneous, i. 176, 255-6. Taciayo, ii. I 333, 383, 434; ii. 3IS-18; iii. 402-4: Taibo, Statute of, i. 19,21, 22, 31, 33, II Myogakin," i .... 555: navigation, ii. 47, 52, 64, 66, 72, 83. 113, 183: and 313,316; iii. 4OS,.f.06, 411: at ports. forced labour, i. 43, 117-18: and i. 359, 361, 362: public service, ii. land system, i. 31, 33-4,45,76, 77, 314-IS: on salt, i. 176; iii. 404: and 113-14.170,421,429: and legislation, serfdom,i. 9, 16: of service, i. 42, 43,. i. 188: and slavery, i. 52, 53--5: and 114, 117-19, 133; ii. 45, 47: silk, i. 24; taxes, i. 116-17 iii. 140: on slave trade, ii. 49-50: Taika Refonn, i. 7, II, IS, i6-I9, 22,24, on travellers. i. 238, 266: of tributes,. 29-31, 36-8, 113 i. 41, 4Z, 45, 64, 2"SS: usurpation of, Taira Clan, i. 89, 90, 92, lOS, 125, 130, by governors, i. 44-5: war, i. 198,203, 136, 137, 147-8, 149-56, 178 383,476; ii. 21: wine, i. 255; ii. 237,. Takao, i. 299-300; ii. ZZI 316 Takatoki, i. Zoo--:Z Tea ceremony, i. 363, 36.... , 396. 401; Takatsuka:sa, iii. 29B-9, 343-4, 352 ii. 104 Takauji,i. ZOZ-3, 204,205"""7, Z09, 2.12-13, Tegata system, ii 47-51 230, 240, 250, ZSI Temple manors, i. 177-8 Takeda. i. 330, 332 Temples, armies. i. 84 136, 317-18: Takeko, Empress, i. 147 . Buddhist, i. 65-6, 67. 76, 399-401: Tanuma, iii. 125.....,., 133--4. 140, 142. 143, 88 capitalists, i. BI-3: fl. Court, i. 147, 152, 16z-a: and H triangular 135-6, 141~, 143-4, 154: debauchery profits," iii. I~ of, m. 173: and democracy, i. 317: Taru ships, iii. I14~OJ 121, 122 Enryakuji, i. 85-8,89,90, 143-4, 147- Tatllra, Prince, i. 14 8, ISS, 156, 19o: finances of, i. 11}8, Taxation, under Ashikaga, i. 250-6, 264. 263-4, 532-4: Hongwanji, i. 318-19, 26,. 277: equal. i. 333: of feudsl 349'""50,353,393: increase in, i. 100-2: lords, ii. 234-5: under Hidcyoshi. i. Kaneji. ii. 6: Kofukuji, i. 81, 85, 87,. 415.429 ••31, 434-$, 439-40; iii. 401• 88, go-I, 123, 143-4, 147-8, ISS. 402: of Kamakura Government. i. 156, 178, 190: lands, i. 16, 78-80,. 173: Keiun revision of.i. 45, 118: land, 81-4,90-1,103,123-6: and leaming, basis for, i. 9, 22. 32, 34, 41, 76, i. 214, Z46-?: and Myomoku-kin, 116-17. 250, 251--2. 254., 329, .15. iii. 41'1"'Z1: Onjoji, i. 86-7, B9. 90: ...., ..... 9. 439-40. 539; iii.. 399-402: taxation rights of, i. 102, 112: taxed, of merchants, ii. 139-40, .04: mane.. i. 324: slaves of, i. 60,79, 80: form tary,i.4S~, 74, 95. 133, 331,430,431, State within State, i. 761«/f1., 102: 435; ill. 407: regular 8ystem of, iii. TenryuJi ,i. 212-14. 216, z18: 400-1: under Shingen, i. 332-3: Todaiji, i. 81, 82, 85, 123, 124, '134, 8tandard for, i. 431 J and Taika, i. 17, 143: and Tokusei, i. 274-5: war, i. 30-2, 116-17: under Tokugawa, i. 85-90, 143-4, 14']-8, ISS, 317-20, 525-6, 546-g. 554-5: ii. 228. 286, 388 304-12, 31No, 365: So %. iii. 401-11 Tempo Reform. ii. 552-4. SS6. S5~ Tuea, collection of, i. 16, 17. 83. 91, 167, Tenchi, i. 16, IB, 20, ZI, 64, 65. 73, 151 255; iii. 387, 390,405-7,417: com Tenryaku. i. 7. 107 mercial, iii. 403: on account of dOgB, Tenson race, i. 4B-SI ii. 205: effort to escape from i. 41-], Textile manufacturers, ii. 351 130-2: exemptions from, i. " 38, 43, Tiling. Izak, ill. 203-' INDEX 435 Tiu:., Chin~, i. 5, :n5, al6, al7, alS. 223-6: monopoly 8ystem of, i.231-9. - Z59 353.371: and price of copper.ii. 177- To, ~lationa with, t :ao--s. 45. 73. 9Z 8,: .""",perity. i. 47~. 49!r503: Tokihime, i. :a78 restriction in Shinomachi, iii. 1~13: Tokihira. i. 104-~ under .. Tolrugawa, iia II, 13-17: Tokimune, i. 191, ,192, I~ ·uniODS. i. 376-'1; ii. 6,., 6z Tokiyori, i. 189, 190-1, 1_ . Tradesmen. representatiWl~ iii. Z44-S. 2.f8 Tokubei, i. 500 '" Trading Co•• first. iii. 53"'4 Tokugawa, family, i~ 504,- 517; ii. 114: Transactions, free, ii. 550-1; iii. 2¥ fudai. ii. 52.., Transport, early, i. 261, 51~0:iil. 107: Tokull8W8 Government. Weavers, iii. z6s-? • . 'YoshimUlle, ii. 293: 350;355,.364; 36S-'7 J Weights and Mtas~J ii. 472, .76-:8 .' . 431, 504; iji: 134 .. 140, 401" • Wholesale,""" Retail rights"ili. 15-16 ',Yoshinori.i .. ap8, 218 . '. - •. .. , Yoshisada·,i. 203-4:'206-8' , Yosllitala>, i. 295,..(;, 2911-9 ", Xavie., i. ago-I. ~9a,' zg6-,; 29~ '~3, 'Yoshitomo, i. 146....,., 19'1 ••57 '. . 448; ii. 79, 9Z, 102 . . . ¥ozp Torii,'"iii. 233:-4,240 . , Yukinaga. i. 446, 450,;455'", +6 .. 466, • ,'I'Ti<-