.-;z_GqilI.a.y IIIIIIIDDDDII GIJ'E.ftJNE.«II92.," .8592 . THE.. ECONOlVnC ASPECTS -OFTHE HISTORY:'.6F -THE CIV(LIZATIONOF JAPAN .:~. -' , . ·- 85-9 ;.: YOSOBbRO TAKEKOSHI THE. ECDNOl\lIC. ASPEPTS -OF THE H;ISTORY OF TH:g CIVILIZATION OF JAPAN VOLUME THREE LONDON GEORGE ALLEN (!J UNWIN LTD MUSEUM STREET I'IRST PUBLISHED ni 1930 (AU riglols ,um/.II) PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY VNWIl' BROTHBRS LTD •• WOKING 8592 CONTENTS CIL\PTI!R LXII SUMMARIZED LIST OF EDO TONYAS .... The eziatenco of lODyas besidoo the Tolrumi • • Revival of the tonyaa. • • • • • 2 Rico tonyaa wore oulBide the Tolrumi tony... • • • • 2 Nam.. of the Tolrumi tonyaa in the 7th year of Genroku (1694) • 2 Names of the twenty-two> guilda of the Tolrumi lODyaa in the Kyoho and Kwanaei eras.. • 3 The Tolrumi tonyaa of the BUDka era S. • ,CHAPTBR LXIII THE TRADE SYSTEM IN THE PORT OF NIIGATA Sale of paper and lacquered ware limited to traders of old street. 9 Special rights of Shimomachi • • • • • 9 Compromise he....... Shinmachi and Shimomachi. 10 Privileges of the main street of Shimomschi • .0 Articles sold only in the main-atreet shopa II The rights of the main-atreet .hopa limited • • • 12 Commercial exclUliveness in Niigata'• commercial policy 13 The warring interests of Furumschi and Honcho • 13 Dispute between wholesalers and retailen IS The organi.. tion of guilda. • • • • • • • • • 16 Similarities hetwoon the commercial .ystems of Niigata and England • .6 CHAPTBR LXIV FROM THE EXCHANGE HOUSE TO THE BANK Dealing in copper coins and gold coins • .8 Eachange street • • • • • • .8 Eachange streets in Edo in the early days 19 The origin of the word. U bank II • • 20 The history of exchange buoin_ in Osaka • The teo money ezchange merchants in Oaaka. '"2. The Han Ryogae • • • • • 22 The copper-eoin ezchange merchants • 23 Southern group of exchange merchants • 23 Tho Komegata Ryogae • • • • 23 Connections among the ezchange merchants "4 The gold and iii"", ezchange • • • 2S The status of the gold and iii"", ezchange 27 Tnnooctiono an the Rni • • • • 28 The ezchange for time tranIIctiono 'a8 The ezchange-house in Edo • • • • • 29 The two merchants of gold and copper eoin in Edo 30 Pro&t of ezchange merchants • • • • • 31 The tueo of the ezchange-houses • • • 32 The numher of the ezd>anae merchants limited • • • • 32 The turrenOJ reWion of Gemoku and the ezchange men:hants • 33 Rise in the prices of lil_ and copper coins. • • • • -34 vi THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF JAPAN The prices of silver and copper coins officially fixed . 34 The currency revision of Shotoku . " 36 The carrying of the Obsn gold out of Edo prohibited 37 Efforts for the circulation of the new coins 37 The good currency driven out by the bad one . 38 The currency revision of Genbun and the first iron coins 38 The first double-standard currency. • 39 The discontinuation of the Nishu·Han silver . 40 Exchange business between Osaka and Edo 40 Business conditions in Osaka and Edo 41 The credit sales of Edo 42 Edo, the debtor . 42 Specie sent from Edo to Osaka. 43 The trade rights of the Kawase Goyotashi . 44 The profit of the Kawase Goyotashi merchants • . 44 Estimate of expenses for 100 kwamme of silver in Edo:.. 44 Estimate of expenses for 100 kwamme of silver in Osaka 44 Private exchange business started in Edo 45 Kyoto exchange . 46 Deposits . 46 The origin of tegata . 47 Deposit and payment.. .. ..... 47 The development of tegata made the exchange.house a modem banking system 47 The circulation of Osaka tegata • 49 The seven kinds of tegata . 49 Official protection of the legata system 50 The business of the exchange-houses with the Government 51 How the Osaka merchants loaned money to the feudal lord. 52 Standard coins . 52 The formation of the first trading company in Japan .. 53 The wealthy men had to assume responsibility for the paper money. 54 The inconvertible note of the Meiji Government 55 The abolition of the Gimme system . 56 An exchange company established 58 Transactions in Yogin . 59 The price of Yogin • • • • 59 The age of exchange merchants closed 60 CHAPTER LXV FUDASASHI What is a Fudasashi 1 • 61 The Shogunate's rice godowns. 61 The quantity of rice stocked at the Asalrus. godoWll8 61 How the rice was distributed among the Hatamoto. 63 The two kinds of pensions to the Hatamoto • 63 The Fud.... hi and mikuramai rice. • • 63 The Fuduasbi's relations with the Gokenin. • •• •• 64 The Hatamoto and the Fudasashi connec~d like the Daimyo and Kakeya. 65 Origin of Fud.. ashi • • • • • 65 The Fudasashi divided into leveral groups try The ups and downs of the Fudasashi 67 The price of Fudasashi kabu • • • • • • • • try Why the Fudasashi became rich and the Hatamoto luffered financially • • 68 Fudasaahi business before the formation of the association of the Fuduuhi merchants . 69 The rate of inte.... t among the Fudasuhi merchants 70 CONTENTS 'Vii The nlising of the rate of interest applied fot • • .-71 How did the Fuduasbi make profits out of their loani? 71 The e,,10 of the Fudbashi • .". The rate of interest again reYiaed • • • • • .". The Quae of the struggle between the Hatsmoto and t,!>e merchants • .". How did the Fud.... hi ouffer 1. .' 73 The Hatomoto hod to poy for their tricks 73 The huury. of the Fudassahi • • • • • 74 The Fudassahi, the aristocratic cIaaa of people in Edo. • •• 76 Official oppression of the Fudassahi men:honto during the era of Kwanoei. • 77 Official order on a revision of the regulations regarding loana from the Fudosashi mercbonto • • • • • • • 78 The 1008 of the Fud.... hi,siuy million yen. • 79 Struggle between the Hatomoto and the Fudassahi. 80 The refonn in Tempo • 8a Resistance of the Fudooashi • • • • • 83 The re"va! of the Fudassahi iii Kayei (.S.8-54) S. The end of the Fuduashi merchanto S. CHAPTBR LXVI THE KURAMOTO, FINANCIERS OF THE PAIMYO The Daimyo and the Kuramoto 86 The origin of the Kunyashiki • 86 The organization of the Kurayoohiki. • 87 The economic poaition of the Kunyoshiki in Ooab 88 The number and location of the Kurayoshiki • 89 The Myodai • 89 The Kuramoto 89 The Kakeyo. • • • • • • • 90 The inftuence of the Kuramoto and Kakeyo increased 90 The eamingo of the Kuramoto and othero • • • • " 91 The quantity of rice ohipped by the Daimyo to Ozab and 001.. of it • 93 Speculation in Kunmai rice • • • • • • • 93 The e,,1 pncticeo of the Daimyo towardo the Ozab merchanto 93 The Daimyo deceive the Kuramoto. • • • •• 94 The Daimyos' .. dismiasal II of their KuraJUhiki merchants 94- The merchanto etiII continued lending money to the Daimyo 95 The .. ltate JJ busineaa policy of each dan . •• 96 An instance of relations between a Kunyoshiki and ito Kuramoto mercbonto 96 A_unto between the cIon of Tokuyomo and the Hirano-yo g8 The nte of interest • • • 100 The total profit of the Hirano-yo 10' CHAPTBR LXVII MARINE TRANSPORTATION Marine transportation up to the middle of the Heioncho period ,oa The maritime 10,. of the Hojo period • • • '03 The de_pment of Japanese ohipo after tBe Wdo 104 How were the ohipo employed 1 • • • • • • • • • • '04 The foreicn DO'ription of Japanese ohipo prohibiftd by theTokup_ Sbogunate 'os From the locaI_ .,.tem to the national one 105 The national economic .yotem and ohipo • • • • • • •• 106 Transportation between Edoand Osab in the early port of the ToIrugawo period 107 The first transportation of merchandise by ... between <>sob and Edo 107 Ships were amaIl and hod '" Imp at _y potts on the way loS viii THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF JAPAN .,AO& The doings of the Sendo . • • 108 The formation of the Tokumi Tonya . 109 Shipping houses controlled by the Tokumi Tonya . 110 The tonya began paying taxes to the Shogunate 111 Transportation in the northern sess impro'\-ed . J la Competition between the Hishigaki and the Taru ships 114 The came of the competition between the two linea 114 Agreerr..ent between the two shipping systems II S Average settlement agreement. • 116 The Tokumi Tonya league revived. 117 The influence of the Tokumi Tanya declined. .. 118 The Hishigaki shipping houses aided by the Shogunate and the Kishu clan 118 New shipping system fonned . .. .• . 120 Ships after the revival of the tonya system . JZI Shipping service between Osaka and Edo declined . l2a The decree forbidding the building of big ships withdrawn . l2a The sizes of ships in the Tokugawa period 123 Ships of 1,000 koku or more 123 CHAPTER LXVIII THE PERIOD OF THE RESISTANCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL CLASS lyeshige's infirmity and folly • • • 125 The beginning of the Tanuma Administration 125 Causes of Tanuma's unpopularity 126 The Shogunate's financial stress • 127 The great conflagration and epidemic 128 The great famine and its misery 129 Cannibals . 131 The eruption of Asama . 132 Rise in the price of rice, and the rebellion of the poverty stricken 132 The population of Edo . 133 The calamity in the Tsnwna family. 133 Farmer revolts . 134 The O-u revol .. in Northern Japan 135 The Mino riot . 136 Insurrection in Bungo . 136 The uprising in Hyugs • . 137 The order to repress the farmen 138 The farmer riot of Karatsu . 138 Yoshimune'. extortions trouble Tanuma . 140 Tanuma'. scheme of triangle profits I .... Reasons why Tanuma made enemies 142 CHAFI'EIl LXIX THE GREAT REFORM~OF THE CURRENCY SYSTEM IN" MEIWA (1764"71) AND ANYEI (17'12-80) PERIODS The growth of the bi-metallic Itsodsrd • '43 The motive of Tanuma'. currency policy. 143 Five·momme silver . 144 The casting of Nanryo two-shu 144 The method of convcnion between the Nanryo and ordinary silver in circulation 145 The quality difference between Nanryo and ordinary ailYer coins 145 The conditions of Nanryo circulation 14b CONTENTS .....~ The death of Tanuma creat.