Translating the Cheddar Revolution

CEU eTD Collection Mobilization through theculture offields in In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters ofArts Translating the Cheddar Revolution: Supervisors: Professors Jean-LouisFabiani and Hadley Renkin the Wisconsin Protests2011 of Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology Social and of Department Sociology Yotala Oszkay Febres-Cordero Central European University European Central Budapest, Hungary (Source: Submitted to Submitted 2012 MSNBC ) CEU eTD Collection processes. and encountered actors be acquiredtools newcultural todrawnfrom in fieldsother andsocial convergence of these fields and cultures the field of the Wisconsin protests emerged,justified their participation, formed solidarities with, in andhelpedmobilize others. Throughwhich the and beyond the immediately group madeaffected meaning of bill the and the protests, formed actors in fields (SAFs), andglobal processesa toolkit) action strategic in American, Wisconsin, through (or practices and symbols cultural employing through is, That implications. with bill’sa series ofinterpretation the andregarding processes discursive translation group of beyond inWisconsinof publics targeted the public unionized workers correlates Scott Walker’s RepairBudget Bill inFebruary beginning 2011, the rangeof of participation national andand global involvement.support I argue in that protests the againstGovernor legislative statewide, localized a demonstrations bill seemingly effects—garnered with against In this thesis,explore I why how and Wisconsinthe of protests 2011—a series of ABSTRACT i CEU eTD Collection sense of me worldthe around andguidedme in action. such individuals in my life much likewho, the inculture have these helped meprotests, make of intersection is the It others. among Wisconsin, University, European Central sociology, I have had opportunity the courage and the to encounter somany new and fields: strange Finally,my Ithank It isparents. largely totheirdue minds open and experimental nature that and Arvizu, Shannon a inprofessional and social change my constant in cheerleader research. and ideas,whose contacts, materials in suggestions, informed myperspectives this research; photographs, leads, and company while in Madison; my wonderful Stolen family relatives, mego must toDave who Kreisman, accommodation, offered Special acknowledgments Ihaveinterviewees; by beenastounded individuals’these passion, kindness, andpersistence. of Fields publicly, NeilFligstein, and gave Jonah who send meto permission achapter from available was it before article meher sent who Collins, Jane thank Ialso project. this of materialization were central the to imagining, in my sociological Brundage, partner-in-crime Stuart Jonah and Writing, Academic for Center inthe Rooney Tom from those with along provided the perfect balance ofmoral andsupport critique. Their and comments guidance, advisors,my Jean-Louis two Fabiani and Hadley thisthroughout Renkin, who project support of a numberofindividuals from fieldsmyall of life. Iwould thank especiallylike to Equally critical (perhaps even without stating) were the protesters andmy stating) were protesters the evenwithout Equally critical (perhaps and Grant the a CEUResearch was made through possible project This research before publication. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii A Theory CEU eTD Collection REFERENCES APPENDIX REMARKS CONCLUDING 6. OUTCOMES: INNOVATION ANDRETOOLING INNOVATION 6. OUTCOMES: BRIDGES AND LAPSES IN THE FIELD AND IN ENVIRONMENT THE FIELD LAPSES BRIDGES TRANSLATION? LOSTIN OR MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING 5. WITHIN FIELDS OFCULTUREANDACTION ARTMEANING: MOBILIZATION OFMAKING 4. THE AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF STRATEGIC ACTION ACTION STRATEGIC OF FIELDS AN ETHNOGRAPHY 3. VIOLATING THE “RULES OF THE GAME”: 2. METHODOLOGY AND POSITION IN THE FIELD 1. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK REVIEW ANDTHEORETICAL 1. LITERATURE INTRODUCTION 6.2 6.1 5.2 5.1 4.2 4.1 3.3 3.2 3.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 4.2.2 This land is our land, take it! 4.2.1 Forward not backward 4.1.3 We are everywhere 4.1.2 E pluribus unum Wisconsin with Standing 4.1.1 Adding to the Toolkit (Both Collective and Individual) A Newly Formed Field Formed A Newly An Alternative Use of Cultural Tools: Cultural Difference and Dissonance Generality Shifting and Multiple Targeting: Cross-Talking with Other Fields Temporal Cuing:Providing Guidelines for Action Identity Qualifying: Recognition of the Conflict, Friends, and Enemies The Global Strategic Action Field The American Strategic Action Field The Wisconsin Strategic Action Field “Cross-Talk”: Explaining the Movement ofAction Within and Across Fields Strategic Action Fields (SAFs)for Examining Unorganized Actors The Role of Culture in Action CONTENTS 67 76 73 71 64 61 64 54 50 48 48 54 54 44 41 36 36 31 36 26 22 13 21 21 17 10 8 5 1 CEU eTD Collection months,followed by a campaign to recall the governor. people nation, across state, the andglobe, occurring with protests more for daily thanfour of thousands of hundreds involve eventually to grew movement the media, the by Revolution” against seriesmassive of bill the protests begantoshape.take Labeled “Cheddar the unions, participants the began to occupy capitol the building andits surrounding and streets a Day message to the governor: in deliver state capitol building the to aValentine’s Madison infiltrated Wisconsin-Madison “Don’t Break My followingthe Monday,however, agroup of students and faculty from University the of By Walker 2011). manage (Governor crisis” economic tools during the to give government measureisreasoned “Emergency needed Governor that the to balanceand budget state the for thestate authorization welfaredueprocess—fundingto reorganize without to programs limitspensions, and repeals to public worker union rights to collectively bargain, and the health insurance to increase and an measures—including contributions inpublicemployee 2011; Krugman2011; Levinson2011; Nichols 2011 2011; B. Davis 2011; Dennis and Wallsten 2011; Glauber, Chivvis Stein,2011; and Walker Marley Governor 2011; Greenhouse (see: 2011; Kaufman thelegislation and protests ofthe coverage online and essays, articles, 2 1 apieceRepair heintroduced oflegislation Bill. calledthe “Budget its efforts from preventing the bill passage to removing the governor from office, a political process that will that process a political culminate in office, the aforementionedfrom recall electionon5 June, 2012 governor (Marley the D.Walkerand 2011; Barton 2011). to removing passage bill the preventing from efforts its refocused has movement the then, since and ruling Court Supreme by a wasreinstated law the June, in However incited more demonstrations and a numberof lawsuits, claiming violation of Wisconsin’s open meetings law. 4 the protests. massive for event triggering asthe accounts several in understood is faculty and Association Assistants Teaching Madison Union, Governor’sthe Mansion, and the Capitol(WKOW 2011; Derby 2011), however, the act by the UW- 3 2011; D. Walker 2011; Weigel 2011; Ziff 2011) unless otherwise noted. The background information and interpretation of events in this introduction are drawn from various newspaper various from drawn are introduction in this of events interpretation and information background The Wisconsin Act 10. The bill was passed 10 March 2011, after Republican legislators removed money-related measures, athat move measures, money-related removed legislators Republican after 2011, March 10 waspassed bill The Memorial (UW) Wisconsin of University the at Sunday and Saturday on occurred had few demonstrations A Preliminary research reveals that a relatively small number of individuals were individuals of number small a relatively that reveals research Preliminary On Friday, 11February 2011, the newly elected Governor of Wisconsin, Scott Walker, INTRODUCTION b ; Richmond 2011; Schaper2011; Schneider2011; Scipes 1 Ɔ .” 4 3 various by members of later Joined 1 ” 2 Proposinglista of CEU eTD Collection same time. For example, during the first week of protest, a local pizza company started alocal company pizza week of protest, first the during example, same time. For very well happening atthe Middle “Arab and the the as Africa was Spring” East—where political organization, Organizingfor America,lobby to against legislation.the localthe level,joined in when protest President Obama voiced his opposition and usedhis Twitter. Even Whitethe House,which from often refrains publically intervening inissues at inprotests torally Madison while protestors, the public other figures voiced theirsupport via filmmaker Michael and RageAgainstMoore the Machine’s Tom upatMorelloturned the Colorado, California Pennsylvania, Idaho, andmore states. several American likecelebrities with Wisconsin shortly inerupted after Arkansas, NewYork, Washington DC, Minnesota, fledsenators toIllinois topreventpassage of bill.the protest. Even a portion of andthrough the their impacted marchedinsolidarity support variousof stages with those the state government sided theGreenBay football businesses, tonamelocal Packer team, afew)declaredcommunity, with the public unionsexemptemployees, along with various otherWisconsin (students, publics artisticthe when 14 state Nonetheless, these four less percent. than becomes affecteddirectly of percentage those the protection employees and 4,223 Fire protection employees (U.S. Census Bureau 2010 would be exemptfrom these changes” (GovernorWalker 2011). U.S. Census data reports 15,073 Police 7 Wisconsinin (U.S. Census Bureau 2010 6 Wisconsin 2011). terms, earnings, and benefits ofwork their beginning in fallthe of 2011 winterand of 2012 (University of they would have to contribute more money out-of-pocket benefitstheir toward and lose powerin negotiating the 5 numbers officials these safety” the19,000“public andpolitically economically implicated directly in the state encompasswhoWisconsinin total the percent of state population. 4.2 the population.According protest torecentcensus thereareroughly data, publicworkers 240,000 The description of the bill states, “Local law enforcement and fire employees, and state troopers and inspectors and troopers state and employees, fire and enforcement law “Local states, bill ofthe description The U.S. Censusdata reports 239,029 public employees (U.S. CensusBureau 2010 That is, the bill’s effects would be most immediately and directly felt by the group of public employees, since At the global level, messages of solidarity were delivered from Europe and Asia, as Asia, and Europe from delivered were solidarity of messages level, global the At The movementgarnered support on a national level as well. Protests in solidarity a ). 2 5 7 in the bill and did not fully comprise the who were exempt from the legislation and legislation the from exempt were who b ) and populationof 5,686,986 b ). 6 fromSubtract CEU eTD Collection localized effects garnered statewide, national localized garnered national effects statewide, and and global involvement. support In Chapter in explaining my discourse data, how andcollected why bill a legislative seemingly with gathered duringmy fieldwork, during whichIengage with these theories toanalyze the between actorsin protests.the Chapters 2 5 are through focused on empiricalthe I data (Mische revealshow 2003)that cultural these toolkits wereusedandledconnections to processes of communicative theory cultural tools, andanetwork shape that those contexts provide fields the McAdam 2011)to (Fligstein of and of theorization recent concept the show how symbolsthe thatactors used enabled them to ascribemeaning to protests,the a that Collins’s work neglects, employing the notionrepercussions. of culture as a toolkitGrainger, Luft, etal 2011: 55) (Swidlerof response toa piece of legislation with seemingly localized 1986) to of this thesis is to integrate mobilization,of my and definitionextended of participationprotest to be examined. The aim her work, offering events less the of social organized action, she cultural dimensions how show leaves particular an explanationaction of unions and some members ofof the Wisconsin community inthe these protests, however, I “ripple effects” accumulationconfronts by offersdispossession” (2012), asolid basis for understanding the (Acar, Collins recentwork,“Theorizing Wisconsin’sCommunity-based 2011protests: unionism a against localized piece oflegislation garner statewide, national,andglobal Jane support? Industries website, a corporation backing the Governor’s efforts (Anonymous 2011). a Anonymous staged of takedown organization Koch the hacker-activistinternational inOn actof solidarity, 27 February, 800pizzas weredelivered. nearly the another they had received donations from all 50 statesand more than 20 countries. On one day alone, capitol.the By camped deliver25 February, protesters the at to collecting donations to pizza In Chapter 1, In Chapter 1, I seeks thatoutline framework atheoretical to address dimensionsthe This sampling of events thus generates the question: why and how did aprotest 3 CEU eTD Collection on other fields and can provide insight into other social phenomena. social other into insight provide can and fields other on were able to encounter and acquire new cultural tools, aprocess I suggest had a “ripple effect” to emergencethe of field—the a newly formed space—in Wisconsin protests which actors mobilizehelped others. The intersection of fields, actors, these andculturesconsequently led Budgetthe Repair justified Bill and protests, formed theirparticipation, with, solidarities and action fields (SAFs), actorsin and beyond theimmediately affected groupmade meaning of strategic and global a the American, in Wisconsin, (or formed toolkit) symbols practices and intoinsight massivethe scope of participation.is, That through drawing from a collection of can offer an argument that schemas, fieldsandtheir of social cultural a setof convergence the social processes. other on protests the of effects the and transmission cultural regarding outcomes unexpected some and protests, Wisconsin the of emergence the explains culture examining how show I my conclusion, and 6 These chapters work togetherThese work chapters case toargue the that of Cheddarthe exhibits Revolution 4 CEU eTD Collection model, havewhich scholars arguedthat globalization with and emergenceof the post- 2007). (Snow movement in the beliefs, and values (through discourse andmedia), towhich actors align themselves andjoin movementsarticulate and goals, attempt to heavily focusonhow within actors organizations andSnow RobertBenford (seeSnow 2007 for example). Studies based on thismost theory toexplainappropriated project the mobilization, mostnotably by spearheaded scholars David Goffman’s work(1974) on how individualsreality define relationally, theory this has been re- of which has been highly the framing analysis perspective. Derivedpopularized from Erving center at the action, in who collective participate of actors ideologies and emotions, identities, various the dissecting been have scholars then, Since fill. to aimed has decades two last the of literature movements social in turn cultural the that a gap action, movement social of and social (Goodwin ties and Jasper2003). resources, political shifts mechanisms“opportunities” within state, as the such structural and activity to be an accomplishingmade means alternative political to goals, possible bya confluence of movement social perceives view This industries. and organizations movement social (McCarthy and Zaldattributed 1977)that social action acquisitionto the viaof resources mobilization”and“resource Jasper theory popular which 2003), expanded the once developedby Perrow,CraigCharles McAdam, Jenkins,Doug andSidney (Goodwin Tarrow model process political prominent isthe spectrum the of side political/economic the on Most prominentfocus onideological, or features. identity,collective actions discursive and these surrounding realities political and economic the on focus either that explanations 1. LITERATUREREVIEWANDTHEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Concurrent with these theories, has been the rise of the “new social movements” riseof the “newthe hasbeen with social theories, these Concurrent culture the ignores thisapproach as McAdam himself(1994)hasadmitted, However, theoretical has fostered and protest movements social on literature recent Much of the 5 CEU eTD Collection practices (political, economic, educational, etc.)” (p. 66) that shapes agents’ actions. shapes agents’ (p. 66) that etc.)” educational, economic, (political, practices and institutions, structures, all of dimension “symbolic the as rather but agents, of group or of agent, notthe cultureasthe subjectivity beseen should (1999), Francesca Polletta to work and the from (meaning-making) of separating work culture the of structure. According little toprovide the milieu thatmakes message meaningful,makingthe it overly “ideational” in into frame Additionally,its collective. emphasis does analysis of the message, others the frame inawaythatrecruits to areactively trying situations andorganizations individuals that suggests generally analysis movements in social frames collective examining is, That “retains conception,”279). adichotomous understanding and (p. of structure” andculture in strategic and instrumentalist “overly ideational,” is “overly analysis framing that Williams 2004). Ann Mische (2003) has summarized these critiques, citing scholars that claim 1999; culture1998; (Polletta and anoverly-agentic to quality ascribes economicstructures and political of dimensions cultural examining of possibility the eliminates analysis, identity andideology. According tocritics, suchacultural likeapproach, framing that of subjectiveeconomy, with suchas andpolitics, becoming relegated to culture processes rights. and goal of the democratic (1980), arguesthat movementthe coalesced anintersection around of class, nationalidentity, in Poland movement Solidarity the on piece in his who Touraine, is Alain subfield in this scholar Onerepresentative movements. form part of these processes, political and economic to in addition that identities collective various the examining movements, insocial culture 1990; TaylorMany Whittier and 1992). these of studies havesolve worked to the problem of and the improvement of welfare services for disenfranchised groups(Edelman 2001; Safa rights of acquisition the on focused movements new about brought have societies industrial Such debates in the literature, however, have reified the boundaries of culture, of havereified boundaries however, the in literature, Such debates the 6 CEU eTD Collection 8 argument Parsonian the critiques Swidler poverty, of example the Employing action. for explanation an as values and goals on focus to tend that approaches for range of action within notion(1984) Certeau’s of “makingan do”: explanation of culturehow canallow space the the constraints samethe timesuccumbing also These processes. tothese studies have traces of Michel de of everyday life. Similarly, who use and guerilla toresist atimages processes of power, cultural artists combine corporate Foucauldian157).(p. Naomi Kleinin (2005) her study of “culturejamming,” has examined work of scholars types of organizations, and government the that they “aped,”“a through revolution of style” showing howin late1980s,activiststhe in Poland satirized theformalized nature of these resituates Touraine’s example,movement, Solidarity Kenney(2002) study the on Padriac examining its structural qualities and the more subtle and unintentional modes of action. For there are a few scholars that viable. have refocused or “toolkit,”the enables that orconstrains from lines actors certain perceiving of action as the study of culture social movement theory have all suggested, but rather is shaped by collection the of symbols, in socialdirected is by framingaction new argues thatpolitical not analysis, and some end,as process, movements byformay understandingandpursuing be what perhaps more beneficial lines of Swidleraction. wanting valuing or same the things butratherlack asothers, the tools—thatis,the culture— alternative explanation, suggesting problem thatnotderive the peopledoes from poor not are poor the relatively of values the that indicates that evidence survey citing this, debunks Swidler classes. synonymousto improve their situation because they not share do samethe values as workingmiddle and with those of working and middle classes. She offers an Reinterpreting Max Weber, Parsons argued for values being the “switchmen of action” (Swidler 1986). (Swidler of action” “switchmen the being values for argued Parsons Weber, Max Reinterpreting In a similar argument,cultural sociologistAnn Swidler (1986) warns of ends-oriented In a potential response to some of the critiques raised by Polletta, Mische and Swidler, 7 8 poorpeoplethat notwork do CEU eTD Collection as a community-based union movement, actors joined in because they became aware of and they aware of became joined inbecause actors movement, union as a community-based reclaim“working to lost and rights their (p. 18). resources” In her description of protests the 1.1 action within these protests, I find particular theoretical and empirical issues in the work. many aspects of Collins’s argument and believe itprovides a solid basisfor understanding around notionthe “‘we’ that are all in together”(Collins this 2012:17).While Iagreewith services central to thelivelihood of Wisconsinthe community, with protesters coalescing support, union members framed themeasures in bill the as depriving citizens of rights and of articulated as may be explained by emergence the of a unionism through which of labor interests the were the interests “unusual…sheer number of expressingpeople whowere support for unions” (Collins 2012:6) of the Wisconsin processes of “accumulation by dispossession” (Collins 2012:6). She argues that the community measures increasingas related austerity agendato acorporatist and neoliberal globalization a whole. In an history of de-industrialization andimportance growing of servicethe in sector Wisconsineffort and the of context in the to operating as action protest gainresponding the and bill the introduce to move that situates itselffar,is a work of in 2011 thus Wisconsin of the protests action theorization academic published in the realm of this literature. In the work, change. social about bring can she reads Governor managewhatit andinterpret means actors realities just structural “tobe,”aprocess that alone Walker’s culture through how showing action, shapes culture in which way subtle the highlight scholars These power. of structures the about of and discourse interpretation of processes through resistancehavehow arises andAna (1988) examined Alonso (1990) Maria like James Scott The Role of Culture in Action Collins’s work (2012)relies thatactorsin were on protest Collins’s work together assumption the the Jane Collins’s recent piece (2012), what in my research appears to be the first and only 8 CEU eTD Collection action without relying on such terms. 9 itas a“toolbox”from instrumentally and which an actors toward select, and purposefully approaches. I would like to reorient Swidler’s toolkit metaphor, away from the connotationconnote of 273-277)—often such words 1986: “select”(Swidler “configure,” “models,” “organization,” an intentionality action, imply calculative toaction. of paths certain in choosing models for looking action During unsettledlike times,that a culturepolitical protest, becomes very visible are because actors contradicts they use” (p. 277)and culturethat plays varyingof roles in action depending its on context. stories, rituals, and symbols.argues that“all Swidlermore (1986) culture people know than Swidler’sa unifiednot system asetof rather butdiffering and contradictory, attimes, dispositions, critiqueaccording capacitiesthe to and of options their cultural Thisrepertoire,toolkit. toolkit, or is organize their actions into whatshe calls where various “strategies,” paths are pursued of ends-orientedSwidler states that actors do not work step by step in purpose of some ultimate goal, but rather a more nuanced explanation for action. In her definition of culture as a toolkit for action, situations and devise various paths accordingly, anotion that I employ in my analysis as being enable and constrain action,with communitythe being, but dispossessed, still weredrawn to participate. but the did identify not who or were notdirectly, actors account notinto does take that theorization cultural tools achieving some toward goal, directed ultimate issocial action a movement ends-oriented, that allow suggests that protests the theorization Collins’s of movementtheory predecessors, social us to make livelihoodthe of their Like its community. political mobilization, resource andprocess, new sense of socialresponded to a process of being dispossessed of benefits central to their own livelihood and However, I sympathize with this overuse; as I found that in writing in this thesis, it is very difficult to refer to Unfortunately, however, Swidler’s piece suffers from a semantic overuse of that of from overuse terms a semantic suffers piece Swidler’s however, Unfortunately, As I previously explained, Swidler’s critique shows that it is not goals or wants that 9 a choice that undermines her theoretical argument. “Strategies,” argument. theoretical her undermines that a choice 9 CEU eTD Collection did not becomedid not involved through organized She efforts. states, unions through a perspective of frame analysis, an emphasis that overlooks participants who 1.2 meaningless. and symbolsmodels offer that for action,making certain paths meaningful, and some symbolic vehiclesofmeaning” (Swidler 1986:273):dispositions, stories, rituals,ideologies, actorsthat toolkit the isthrough it makethat showing explanation, an offers (1986) Swidler actions? these sense of the reclaiming.is, 1973:3) worth That inare inscribed what “webs the ofsignificance” (Geertz world. As shecommunity,she explainstill does not themake processes that thosegoodsmeaningful and describes, andtheWisconsin may workers be which casewith the andpublic resources, reclaim rights culture in wereworkingactors to that Collins’sargument attainingwe accept If agoal. toward directed her view consistsand aviablepath to pursue. She also offers nuance perhaps toaction may that have been of “thedid not intend toreclaim anything, their toolkitmade participating in proteststhe meaningful communitythe in being showing dispossessed Wisconsin the whileprotests, that they perhaps deployed. ways, suchactions have due can still unintended variedthe effects ways in iswhich culture enabling andconstraining. And,even toolkitactwhen isinthis usedto very intentional and “make Certeau’s actors (1984)arguments: with do” a toolkit of isculture that both certain choices. ThissituatesSwidler’smuch Klein toKenney theory closer (2002), (2005), and and “moods the motivations” (1986:284), as Swidler calls them, leads them that to make emphasis onit offering “tools” the for understanding, shaping how they perceive the world Strategic Action Fields(SAFs) for Examining Unorganized Actors A second issue that arises in Collins’s work is her extensive focus on actions of the This theorization offers a way to explain the action ofindividuals who were notpart of 10 CEU eTD Collection by StuartJonah Brundage, one of Fligstein’s research assistants (with permission).his organizations, political parties, states, interest groups,” which, they point out, tend toobscure tend out, groups,” which,they point interest states, parties, organizations, political In this spirit, they suggestmoving beyond the units of analysis “social of movements, movements and that obscurefundamental amore organizations) and structural reality” (p.2). social (i.e. “reify categories researchareas, paradigms the typological particular of these in to sociologists, that of subscribing objects movement state study, and organizational social also informed by an uncorrected chapter I read of their upcoming book, upcoming oftheir I read chapter uncorrected by an informed also 11 Wisconsin’”(Collins 2012: 18). Are ‘We called network formed a newly through linked became many types protests, the ofvarious organizing in engaged actively organizations community pre-existing 20 than more federations, labor and unions 10 formal such organizations as unions In veinthe of mobilization resource theory (McCarthy and Zald 1977),Collins impliesthat (SAFs), such problems. Intheintroduction to their argumentfor a theory of strategic action fields which through processes these influenceeachother. domains reified of an economy,culture understanding and undercuts examination politics, of the this argued, have scholars as However, community). the of livelihood the of dispossession this (deindustrialization and globalization,state programs cutting and of and rights, the frame of factors Wisconsineconomic, toa the triad political,cultural of community due and what movement support worker’s gained could havebeen of the broader a narrowly-focused Additionally,Touraine’s similar and toSolidarity approach to she(1980), triestoexplainhow implications. agentic overly with approach an frames, of use their through transpired, In addition totheir introductory articlejournal (Fligstein and McAdam 2011), this overview of SAF theory is including “Not notes: inher organizations more attributes she when actors organized of focus this extends She Instead of such a perspective, I opt for a newly theorized approach that works to avoid 11 of scholarsare (respectively) who McAdam (2011), Doug FligsteinNeil and 13) groups have of network grassroots made possible aresponse…(Collins 2012: dense a and movement labor community-based a to committed federations labor frame debateandmedia aboutrights…. public the coverage as “ordinarythe run of atthings” bargainingthe table…They activelyworked to They members][union framed Walker’s Budget Repair Bill as a way to avoid 10 were the major cause of the mass participation that participation mass the cause of major were the 11 A Theory of Fields (2012), given to me The presenceof CEU eTD Collection McAdam and 2011: 4), how actors understand position the of others. and “rules” (Fligstein occupy,the roles actors andthe hierarchy stake, power the what isat political side of cultural toolkits, allowing for an themanalysis ofin how actorsrelation operate in relation to theto field away offers to depict shape the of cultural these and organization by repertoires examining in which they are createdSAF use the theory anditselfothers. isof tools not certain what activates and toolkit formed and reproduced. SAFsand277) organization”(p. of a cultural repertoire, avague not claim does explain that how the also imply the theory, Swidler (1986) contendsfurther nuance that tolines Swidler’s of action conceptionameliorating the issues that arisefrom Collins’s application framingof analysis and adding are strategizedof the role of culture in relationSAF theory inmarries cultureaction. to its structural tocontexts “theIn(economy, summarizing the state, etc.),shape therefore her processes. interactive and re-organized, and themselves SAFs canbe destabilized strengthened or through arange of among canbe andbetween can move SAFs madeSAFs, arrangements Actors fields. across and McAdam 2011: 22)and resourcesthe and schemas thatare socially by produced those (Fligstein andculture” logic on based “power of the themselves andmaneuver social arenas and to actors todesignate themselves come Rather organizations formalized boundaries. legal clear noor have SAFs organizations, of andmore concept fluidthan the Broader focus. fields as analternative of action strategic their offering concept “theandstructure essential of nature all action” strategic (Fligstein and McAdam 2011: 22), In addition movingto beyond the constraints of analyzingformalized organizations, Fligstein and McAdam use anelegantmetaphor(2011) toexplain SAFs: fruitfully analyzedbe can from and the perspective order social we outline here. ameso-level (P. 3) constitutes SAFs these of Each labor. of division international in an embedded are They challengers. and competitors in in fieldThe firm resources interacts itsa largera firm with structure. inlocated a largerstructure within afirm,say a division. Thatdivision vies for is canbe an inafirm It an for itself SAF. example, office SAFs.So other SAFs look alotlike Russian open dolls: up anSAFandit contains anumber of 12 CEU eTD Collection That is,informationThat passes strongthat ties islikelythrough remainto circulating within the formations. social tied outside of strongly very they exist the ideas becauseof that reality may often be. He argues that such ties can be the bridges for the spreading of information and as aglobal connection exchange, reciprocal and/or intimacy, emotions, interaction, consistent argued in for his the strength piece connectionsof “weak ties,” arenot that or based on has (1973) life Similarly,more Granovetter of them material feature social a andaction. Mark elsewhere” (Appadurai 1991: 199) “grip”take (Tsing2005: 1) in localized situations,making media. have These madedevelopments ideas, thatcome and the “images, from opportunities set of global connections have emerged with processesthemselves as part of that field through any type ofaction,of physical or discursive.globalization and with SAF theory,we Isuggest consider that afield who ascomprised of those articulate the rise of new field, aviewlikeconsider Iwould in to understanding the fieldConsistent protests. of the be same the partof can still space social or physical in either distantly associated who are However, actors frameas SAF 2012: 15). acknowledges, (Collins single theory rhetorical shared a temporal, geographicand and presented social space, protagonists their caseusinga oncollective againstrestrictions tookplacebattle’ bargaining in field—they a single political “The struggles ‘primitiveagainst the measures accumulation’ budget cutsandof the ‘labor Shestates, with social spaceof placesthe movement. inWisconsin) the other and Madison analysis sheconflates literal the spaceof physical in demonstrations(Capitol the Square Harvey’s “politicsliving space”of (Collins 2012:17);however throughout much the of methodological beyond Thisfrom area. Collins’s Wisconsin the geographic actors maybedueto choice of participant-observation and her use of concepts such as David 1.3 “Cross-Talk”: ExplainingtheMovement of Action Withinand Across Fields As Arjun Appadurai (1991) andAnna Tsing(2005)have argued,aglobal andterrain My final iscritique of Collins’s aimedwork atherneglectforms of of participation 13 CEU eTD Collection of of action (and viceversa)not are culture collective on simply languagematter of a or and what happens after it is. unintentionally) or intentionally (either upon drawn is culture exactly how for explanation an theorists like(1988) andFoucauldian Alonso (1990). Scott That is, Mische’s concepts offer understanding the how culture is activated and changed discursively, much in veinthe of Iemphasize in her use andtheory’s “compartmentalize,” “deploy,” “reformulate,” semantic connotations ofintentionality Swidler’s as (1986) with use the of as such words from same the suffers language While Mische’s each other. with connections and reproduce establish actors communication, through in which, ways the inillustrating useful are which mechanisms, “conflation” and “compartmentalizing” calls she what of four identifies Mische states: She of “Cross-Talk.” concept on the Ann inher methodheavily that (2003) work a practice of communication, Mische advocates fields. disparate seemingly Wisconsin requiresprotests examiningtheprocesses of as amassive protest. Thus, addressing scaleandscope the of a social movementlike the such process social large-scale partof very important a arestill space in physical interactions together group. the In theseframeworks then, between connections who arenotactors tied strongly by itisinteraction; weak the ties that provide for the information opportunity to bepassed of out the intimacy,same group of consistency,actors because of theand routinized reciprocal mutual engagement exchange that oftenconditions required that in One way to approach this task of examining translation is through the analysis of the Employing this theory of cross-talk can reveal then, as Mische states, that “the effects that as Mischestates, reveal then, can theory of cross-talk this Employing form form andgive life socialto movements. (Mische that 2003: 258-259) formations network multiple the across and within both relationships composes that phenomenon structured social yet and interactive, fluid, dynamic, is a Communication development. movement of course the over reformulated in conversation, as this unfolds across social movement toward study‘frames,’ the of how are forms shaped,these and deployed, forums ...we should shift our attention away from cultural forms such as ‘identities’ or 14 translation that connect actors from connectactors that CEU eTD Collection unintentional and the result of only weak ties. As I learned inmy interviews, theUniversity of inof efforts the protests suggest the andorganizations thisthat movement was simply doIwishunderplaynor approaches as Collin’s, social movement other such reject to the fields. action strategic these among and between movement its and actors, in a given field. Mische’s theory of cross-talk provides insightinto how culture is used by economic processes they how are tied andpolitical to form, and embedded of are they action forallow cultural in of examination environment toolkits, andthe those strategies which the the choices. The arenotactions determined by ends, butbyhow anactor’s shapesculture his/her perception of theory of strategicinterpretation and translation of culture actionamong and across fields. Swidler’s theory shows how fields, the through of and culture movementparticipation of and the created, action, are as proposed toculturalrelated repertoires, field the in environment which repertoiresthose and thus by Fligstein and McAdam, within beyondand field, their own afeature Collins’sthat workoverlooks. meansthrough the of canmakediscourse, outside connections of both geographic space, solidarities and explore meanings. Mische’s theory can then compensate for how actors, identifying andexplainingthe specific discursive mechanism form which through actors how actorsfind connection both within an SAF andits broader field environment—by Sheelaborates also on “socialthe skill” mentioned by Fligstein and McAdam (2011: 6-8)— formscultural are usedby that individuals orgroupsin lines particular of activating action. variety of the for accounts Mische of Thatis, asatoolkit, like in culture concept (2011). the isan with argumentthe and that consistent theories ofSwidler (1986) Fligstein and McAdam assuch,discourse butrather inof is interactivethe discourse context (p.263), which enacted” Having summarized my theoretical approach, I would like to emphasize that I do not emphasize like HavingsummarizedI do Iwould to approach, my theoretical that as action of is understanding then three-fold: combination of The task theories this *** 15 CEU eTD Collection andadd theories Mische’s to a moreto comprehensiveunderstanding of protests. these organized actors.Iaim build to Collins’s on using work, Swidler, Fligstein and McAdam, movement, and buoyed the dedication and ongoing movement of unionized andmore support oropposition, Ibelievethat anaspect furtherfed into and scope the popularity of the of such declarations emotional produced and so broadly thepublicimagination captured actions, and the fields inwhich they are embedded,can insightoffer astowhy these protests action in andwhose and is space.Ibelieve situated not geographic actors resources these and rights of a dispossession to be relegated cannot protests in the stake whose those illuminates the logic of action in these protests, not only further for formal that frame organizations integrative more a but into also for research such bring is to only aim My follow. andIdrawoperated, on as this account alegitimate insource andperspective pages the that movement this in which context economic and political the and efforts, formalized such havenot election, would Sheoffershappened. anda observations of detailed picture nuanced unions, without which, asshe claims, this massive of series protests, and subsequentthe recall Additionally,was introduced. Collins’s workbrilliantly the highlights hard of the work demonstration,first hadbeen toprotestplanning the weeks policies Governor’s bill before the Wisconsin TeachingAssistant Association andinitiatedfaculty, who with protests the the 16 CEU eTD Collection movement in the U.S., and an exploration of theories of class, gender, and social movements social and gender, class, of theories of exploration an and U.S., in the movement Party Tea andausterity the historical of commemorate the context protests, the to worked Madison that featured the art of the protests), a documentary entitled trailer a documentary protests), of the the art featured that Madison the protests: of the aspects through different angles. This culminated European University, my Iusedtheopportunity of to examinecoursework the protests in writing a series of essays on of February andAdditionally,various March. asasociology student takingCentral at classes events and legislative and documents, photographs thatdocumented during protests the peakmonths the more planning thatlasted sixmonths.than perused newspaper this During period, I articles, collection research. and data subsequent research inbeginningplanning of October in2011, culminating phases three of the and selection topic thesis my shaped experience this from inspiration and intuition thesis subjectwhen Iattendedon this the protests, fieldand atnot the take notes did time, the number Whileages andof of backgrounds. protesters Ididwritingdifferent anticipate not a experience asonefilledwith Wisconsin pride, asenseof the historicity, over puzzlement and includingprotesters, afew from thousand Party Tea the (Barden 2011). Iremember the 2011, was largestthe demonstration hadthat occurred atpoint, that reportedly of up to80,000 opponentof Governor Walker’s andpolicies The I attended, politics. day 19February that my in describe as position protests a curious the fellow“Wisconsinite,” andobserver, efficacy unions (though of usually conceding on importancetheir and I would purpose), whodid feel not by directly affected legislation, the evenhad previously the questioned Wisconsin on a chillyyetsunny in lateSaturday afternoon February 2011. Assomeoneof The first phase in implementing this project included historical research and fieldwork and research historical included project this implementing in phase first The I attended the demonstrations in and around the Capitol building inMadison, 2. METHODOLOGY AND POSITION INTHEFIELD SolidARTity artistic exhibition (an inexhibit March 2011 in 17 Forward that CEU eTD Collection for them, anypersonal histories andencounters they that perceived be relevant to their memory of justifications protests, the thetheir meaning involvement, for carried theprotests in and semi-structured recorded, My nature. aimed todrawfrom questions theirrespondents and factor explore the of further space insocial physical movements. and comparesperspective memory in protests the with those area of Wisconsinthe geographic would aim includeto interviews more with participants,remote to evaluate how their protest material foundmy during historical research. In a future elaboration of project,this I whothose participated remotely letterswith their editorials,of support, signs, andother Emma Smith (see Appendix individuals residing outside ofWisconsin,A),however, I was able tointerview oneindividual, who fit this criterion arrange interviews itwith difficult made information, to andcontact of time, base Milwaukee, and supplemented the perspectivesfemales and nine males, ranging from the age of 19 to85. The limitations of my budget, home of interviewees, listedin Appendix A with backgrounddetailed information,included three political affiliations, andinvolvement organizations thatclaimedin The protests. the candidates, Iaimedget a to range individuals of from various geographies, backgrounds, in my interview of wasabouttheBecause breadth participation, selecting research question protests. the commemorated activities that of andsomeinterviews participant-observation with methodologies. other themes, characters, plotdevelopments, and settings to be further explored and elaborated upon phase, I had gained a sense anda to examining approach protests. By interviewees, these theoretical endthe of this of the story thatand in initial the my of informedplanning furthermy research historical was research, of selection the Wisconsinessays these with in accordance done research historical The topic. my thesis to protests:in relation that is, the major The twelveinterviews Iconducted were anaverage of 35 to40 minutes, in-person, In April of 2012, Ireturned toWisconsin for amonth fieldworkof consisting of 18 CEU eTD Collection events of 2011 and make passionate claims, a milieu that added aninteresting claims, of events milieumake that passionate a dimension and2011 and many the issues. reflecton topic of hot the recall The of political to the provoked debate on centered often friends and family own my with discussions even thus, and June, in place March 2011. I arrived at a curatorsthe and artists of timeSolidARTity, exhibition the of protest art was launched that in when many were gearing history construct a conference, which worked to memory events, andmetwith protest the of up for the recall electionattended to take the Wisconsin related to proteststhe and in informal withdiscussions communityvarious members. I Film Festival, which featuredin a way that kept the discussion on their perceptions and observations. a short filmandmyselfmislead my bestdid or then the torefocus questions misrepresent therespondent), on the protests,political a labormy offered only I interview. in every clear made I believe I intention an views them, understand when it was notjudgeapproach to actionsactors,butor of the of interviewees,the rather protest wasother directly admittedly I hada Walkerpolitical regardingstance andthebudget Governor repairissue,my asked of me for questionsopting about themedia that werepersonal objects respondent.to the While (in an act of meaningme for personally forthan respondent, the and thus abandoned thismethod, instead reciprocitysolicitation,tried photo found I however, photos the that I selectedmore protest carried and as not for I interview of them. protests In firstthe the most meaningful aspects revealedthe rather to (which canbe inI found expected interviews), it that was not problematic my for but research memories in their incoherence and lapses had interviewee an If “toolkit.” person’s each butpatterns gave also me room to askquestions allowedthat meexplore to uniquenessof the recognize cultural asto eachinteraction, with some consistency maintain me allowedto (see Appendixinvolvement sampleinterview B for guide). The formatsemi-structured personal own their and protests the both of outcomes the on reflections and participation, In addition to these interviews, my time in Wisconsin was spent attending activities attending spent was Wisconsin in my time interviews, these to addition In 19 CEU eTD Collection inform my argument in the chapters that follow. that in my chapters the inform argument anddiscourse observation, analysis— interviews/participant research, fieldwork—historical refer to themin my Theanalysis writing. collected data the of during my of phases three in so Icould were eachpieceeasily that that data, of codes the tracked Excel that Microsoft articulationsglobal SAFs (WISREF, USREF, GLOBREF), translations of actions to other fields (TRANS), of outcomesmy theoretical framework, (OUT), markingAtlas themTI, withhighlightingamong codes: references particular program for modeled analysis coding,any on I of computer process the discourse specialized others. to Wisconsin, words American, and I sentences.created use not qualify claims. While Ididdiscursive to different or codes themesextract anddevelop I ordered thesean claims Ibeganmethodmy analysis. data, through the Havingreviewed of inventoryto discourse collected in relation to of my data beto my question. I deemed relevant to that material research recorded in transcribed and my observations on notes field wrote I interviews and discussions, events, these Often after of protests. the outcomes regarding tomy especially perspective research, The final stage in my research was spent analyzing the various materials I collected materials various the analyzing spent inmy was stage research The final 20 CEU eTD Collection of the United States. outside of them). Catherine Cornbleth (2002) makes a similar justification in her study of youth’s understanding when social actors work to define what the United States of America as a field is (both during the protests and 13 Castaneda. Tony and Kreisman 12 Wisconsin, America, my data: in fields resonant major action by strategic three the organized inprotests, action Wisconsin such a field. navigate allowed them that toolkit cultural collective (1986), “game” the exactly to useSwidler’sthe wasmadeof, concept rules,or, what were the outlined field in whatthe of a violation In describingrules, or such the protests actors these inactors fieldthe attemptto maintain stability expressions thatdefine quo.through the status arise and andthreats conflicts, seasoned whennewissues, situationally, become pronounced fields in these protests. As Fligstein and McAdam (2011) explain, boundaries the offields as protests. the hint canberead These first articulatingthroughout the declarations actors of governor’s In inone moment work(2012), sheCollins’s emphasizes such a sentiment,describing the bill as “changingof a way of life and the normal the run of adisruption“things,”Walker’s was asanattack, described actions Governor reaction to interviews, the rules as Dave Kreisman of and Tonythe Castaneda expectcertain andthey’rethings…we things, these under attack.” game” said. (p. life,” “We’reusedto way people’s goof it was goingfar,”“They to that realized attacked 13), a discussionwouldwas “It gothisfar,”shocking….he way “I went don’toverboard,” think anybody that pervaded relevant tothese protests. As Swidler about (1995)states unsettled “when times: politics contexts of aset establish to simply is my aim idealized, and incomplete be will fields McAdam SAFsargue (2011), areconstantly shifting, thus anyinterpretation and of these I use the term America in place of the official name, United States of America, due to the term’s frequent use frequent term’s tothe due of America, States United name, official ofthe place in America term the I use As stated in my interviews (respectively)with Brian Austin, Dave McClurg, DonWhite, Kelly Gilbert, Dave In this chapter, I illustrate a typology of the collective cultural toolkits that underlie he “Nobody thought ever assault,” radical most thing…the is horrible “This a really AN ETHNOGRAPHY OFSTRATEGICACTION FIELDS 3. VIOLATING THE “RULES OF THE GAME”: 13 and the global/international sphere. While, as Fligstein and Fligstein as While, sphere. global/international the and 21 12 In almostallmy CEU eTD Collection electing President Obama, a result that was quickly turned around with the midterm withmidterm around turned was quickly elections the Obama, aresult that electing President For instance,in2012). 2008presidential majority the went“blue,” the election, state the of Republicanboth andDemocratic partiestry capture this sizable of group voters (Collins Republican), makinglocal and national contentiouselections bids in from which candidates or Democrat of (instead independents as identify state inthe voters many is, That politics. Unitedof States. region the Midwestern itshistory, agricultural and industrial heritage, and its geo-cultural in placement the political state’s the to tied and rituals—is stories, stereotypes, practices, of beliefs, toolkit move Governor’s wasseen as an“affront”(p. 2). Much of cultural Wisconsinism—this which to the this ethicas“Wisconsinism,” Mari Jo Buhle summarize and Paul Buhle (2011) “Not in my inWisconsin!,” 2011).Stopera In their historical interpretation of protests,the sign’s oneprotest words, inbe not likeWisconsin (or could accepted as amove a place that bill. protesters words, In other expressed theactions of governor,andthe work the of his bill, inarises discussions abouttheevents of protests, Governor Walker, andtheBudget Repair 3.1 groundingthe foraction in fieldthe of Wisconsinthe protests. “crystalized,”formed providing become eventually are these processes—that through SAFs’ that toolkits cultural the actors—and and contentions, events, dynamics, particular capture to individual of shape features thatpersonalized Thus,Ihave cultural action. toolkits attempted becomes most visible these Ibelieve during protests, Ican insightoffer into theprominent use topropel chapter.this Thatis, throughexploring collective public the or culture that I that an argument 35), (p. crystalizes” culture public stake, the areat andalliances polarize TheWisconsin ActionField Strategic Wisconsin has the peculiar political position of being a “swing state” in electoral state” being a“swing of position political peculiar has the Wisconsin that As Tony me “exceptionalism” told is Wisconsin there a particular inhis interview, 22 CEU eTD Collection over the conservative side” (in Barrett 2011: 72). triumphed has personality ofWisconsin’s side progressive the that fact a consistent been it’s generations, and “Clearly,Wisconsin has this dual personality,butI would argue that, over the long haul, looked over at years 14 Luft, etal 2011; Buhle 2011; Conniff 2011). The UW system,most particularly its leading andcivic asicons Grainger, action (Acar, of protest workers andWisconsin city Madison, of schools and universities as well as the role of the University of Wisconsin (UW),education andBuhle(Buhle 2011; Buhle 2011). the capitol improvement of working conditions andpublic services and gave avoice topublic higher clean and heavilyfarmers, and byWisconsin workers supported the advocated government early andhead 1900s of in Progressivethe Party La Follette States. United the and his party, in the state the of governor the Follette, La Bob” “Fighting of images and 25) p. 1 on Figure Wisconsin’s mostprogressivism, symbolically in encapsulated mottostate’s “Forward” (see is 2012). However, discourse heritage often this overshadowed 2012 Historical Society (Wisconsin insenate Wisconsin U.S. the represented era, leadingJoseph McCarthy, investigator during the of Cold“un-American activities” the War Wisconsin beginningin 1980s,the serving wasthelongest in governor date and state the to to Revolution” “Conservative the brought who Thompson, Tommy governor Republican have (Wisconsin Historical pilgrimaged 2012 Society whichbe birthplace to the Party, Republicans Wisconsin to of contemporary Republican the (seeAppendixstate C). anywhere stronghold of locationsvoters these thereisnoideological the within particular asidefrom capitol,in tohave the city,largest tend sympathies, Madison, Democratic and Governor Walker (Silverof 2010, 2011; seewhen Appendix much ofC). theWhile state voters went in the “red” Milwaukee in congressionalarea, the races and in the election of For example in an interview, Bill Manski, a Green Party candidate for the state assembly in 2010, stated 2010, in assembly state the for candidate Party Green a Manski, Bill interview, in an example For This furtherprogressivism is echoedby Wisconsin’sthe reputation publicstrong of This political is contradiction expressed historically as well. Manyclaim Ripon, 23 a ; Saenz 2012).Additionally, 14 i clbain of celebrations in b ; Collins CEU eTD Collection 15 iconic likeMiller celebrate founding also of the industry beer corporations “Wisconsinites” inWisconsin’s homage “cheeseheads,” to (Packers reputation as the“Dairy” 2012). state owned team in National the backedFootball League, by fans calling themselves andbacked by in idolized as company, those only a meat-packing community-the remain Schools bill early 20 made possible by stronglaborits movement (made industrial andof in farmers)workers the program in 1959, Workmen’s Compensation in 1911, and Unemployment Insurance in 1934, introduce bargaining acomprehensive Wisconsin celebrated. to wasthefirststate collective images, traditions, and in farming, toindustry, practices arereference still andlabor inof de-industrialization history recent and nolonger hasalarge industry, agricultural field, heritage.labor state’s industrial to the action related Wisconsin strategic and agricultural sentiments andin values “vehiclesresonate ofmeaning”other (Swidler 1986:273)in the Ozanne 1984; 2011; BuhleCronon 2011; Kennedy and 2009). Null These political Grainger,et al (Acar,Luft since Vietnam, rights, etc.) civil 2011; U.S. 1900s (suffrage, the numbers of UW students having in protested almost every decade’s major political battle in Assistant Association being the oldest graduatestudentunion in Unitedthe States and large Teaching UW the with action, civic and activism for hotbed a been has Madison of city the academicand that beshould atimproving research aimed lives the of citizens. Additionally, philosophy that“boundaries of universitythe are the boundaries of state” the (Buhle 2011:10) a “Wisconsin Idea”: years have touphold theLaFollette’s over administration worked university UW-Madison, for hashad reputation civica prominent participation. Faculty and Assembly Bill 172 While, as Collins (2012) writes inher While, writes statehasindeedthe asCollins work, processes (2012) undergone th century, a history that was commemorated by the enactment of Labor History in History the by of Labor enactment wascommemorated the that ahistory century, 15 in 2009(Gantz 2009). Additionally, GreenBay the Packers, originally formed 24 CEU eTD Collection of of “unionism”worker in symbols state’s the (Linkins 2012). traces argue for Obama’s bias, number) revealingthestrong be to chapter union union a local mistook flagthis asaflagfor aunion year (misreading the state wasestablished, the 1848, to journalist a Obama inMilwaukee, for President a pressconference Recently, at “Forward.” miner, aset of tools, and acornucopia farmunderneath of abannerproducts, reading in celebrated flag such symbols as theWisconsin which a illustrates (seeFigure1), state ThisExecutive ScottWalker(Anderson 2003; Schumacher 2001). however,is heritage, still County then-Milwaukee than other none by led efforts through prevented eventually was of execution project heritage.the However, the “blue-collar,” this industrial, or public in Shirt” aproposed project, whichas Milwaukee, art many interpreted being anodto uphold their reputation “drunkestas one of states” in (Fiegerman U.S. the 2009). andin Pabst Milwaukee through brewery tours, festivals, beer and retro nights, practices that Figure 1:Wisconsin StateFlag ( In theearly acontroversy regarding construction the of 2000s, arose a massive “Blue Wikipedia.org 25 ) CEU eTD Collection United States, which, as such, is subject to a legal system that sometimes acts autonomously 3.2 Arab for geared a Wisconsinites Spring, up “Wisconsin Winter” (Hanna 2011). reaffirmed these symbols, the “shock” of the Budget Repair Bill, and the inspiring news of the icon, by Primed coach, that Lombardi. Vince andGreen Bay beloved sports stories Packers Bay Packers’ win in the Wisconsinitesin rejoicedwas introduced, to their connections field,the celebrating aGreen Super Bowl, in which andsituated identified themselves.February In of just2011, before theBudget Repairthey Bill took home the trophyand geography Wisconsin definition give to asa field, whichto many in actors protests the named after the “outgoing spirit” (Daniel Rommell 2011; 2008). Wisconsinites touphold stereotypebeer)–work the asafriendly yetgritty of with an people foodabout comfort Friday(beer-brats, fish fry, curds,mac cheese andcheese, and of course, discuss the weather andjokes to strangersapproaching Midwesterner about tales addition to freezing-coldof the Lake Michigan 2011).Suchsymbols waters (Sherman and practices—in costume, drink alcohol, and grill infood forpreparation ultimatethe activity jumpingintoof “polar-bear take Wisconsinites the plunge”—a ritual individualswhere dress setup intents, coldof in the and weather, Day Every water). New Year’s skiingcelebration (snow trainingin weather cold asan in gameadvantage the such (Packers2012)andactivities as meaning mythsis a Packers’ that about the and extremerecreation weather, relayedthrough bordering of one GreatLakes,LakeMichigan.the connotes This placement geographic inleft Figure is 1), related to thestate’sgeographic association as aMidwestern state TheAmerican Strategic ActionField The SAF of Wisconsin fits within a larger geopolitical landscape, as a state within the The cultural The symbolscultural of toolkit and industry, tolabor, related practices progressivism the (on sailor the by flag in the referenced as field, Wisconsin in the theme Another 26 CEU eTD Collection images of America: “freedom including rights and opportunities,” “better nations, than “better other andopportunities,” ofAmerica:images including “freedom rights school students’ knowledge aboutthe United States, she found studentsemphasized similar betterStates than countries.other InCatherine Cornbleth’s study (2002) Americanon high egalitarianism,individualism, populism, and laissez-faire” (Lipset 1996:19) make the United “liberty, of moral standards belief that thestrong the exceptionalism”: “American and equality (Tocqueville [1835]1994:13). “New World,” a supposed cleanfirst colonies toachieve independence through democratic revolution, allowing thus for this slate, to be easily 3). Tocqueville saw history tobedeep-seatedinAmerica’s this culture as oneof unique the imprinted with the principles central whichpoint to all my (Tocqueville1994: constantly [1835] observations terminated” of freedomthe and be derived to seem others all which from fact fundamental is the condition of equality states, “The more I advanced in the study of American society, the more I perceived that thisunderlying principle in all laws, traditions, habits, andmorals of Americanthe people. As he Alexis de Tocqueville in United States. labor relations, neoliberalism, and governmental the system and political parties within the country, the American SAF, consists of cultural schemas related to the founding of theischange,” and inwhat Wisconsin happening “sendsasignal rest the nation, of to country.”the This Alexstudent Hanna saidin his interview, Walker wasoneof first the tomake such“a drastic in American debates AsUWgraduate SAF. andthe ideologies, practices, contemporary federal was still butlaws) within (not violating setof situated any broader histories, a with autonomy political state’s the legislation BudgetRepairwas in Bill,the the accordance In caseof the government. federal theAmerican to always butsubordinately states from other This ethic remains in contemporary in American This society, often ethic uttered remains form incontemporary the of A central theme in the American field is similar to one observed and expressed by expressed and observed one to is similar field American in the theme A central Democracy in America in Democracy 27 ([1835] 1994): equality freedom and as an CEU eTD Collection Obama. Barack president, American African first of the and War, election Vietnam the the against the civilandof suffrage, the protests movement, Independence, women’s rights Declaration revolution histories of American the change, is through path that a narrative the recalled to Comingvoting, through together, protest, organizing, andotherforms of civic action, then, is claim (2000)that: civic participation) beingas“old asAmerica” (Weidemann 2011:14)orscholar Don Eberly’s United States, such of special ininterests governmentall to point problematicthe status of civil insociety the claims of reality andin voter civic justiceturnout the state participation, of the system,influence andtherising do not prevent statementsfield, despite debate overits actual That is,extent. although many have arguedthatthe decline about protestcoming together for thecommon good, as ultimatethe meansfor achieving in progress the (as a form of 1996; Lasky 2011). “American Dream” (Lasky 2011). 16 downturn economic recent the even despite Americans, majority of the among holds still Dream” “American the for optimism relations, in social materialize “melting pot” (Lipset 1996). And whilefreedom and equality necessarilynotdo always Unitedthe States receiver largest in the immigrants of world,the andupholds its image as the made has abelief that regardlesstheir of background, work, hard in America with can succeed 519). Indeed, geography” (p. partof isthis “American anyone Dream,” the perception that and ethnicity, culture, basedrace, on American “diversity Dream,” andthe and progress, A recent Pew study found that 68 percent of Americans believe that they have already, or will achieve, the achieve, will or already, have they that believe ofAmericans percent 68 that found Pewstudy Arecent As such, many Americans thesymbolappropriate civilof society, philosophy the of (P. 4) stirrings of concerned individuals joining in together association with others. of mostthe consequential social in change America by was produced the Andithas playedacentral inrole bringing renewal. about periodically Much state. American andthe society of American of characteristic indispensible …civil society is part and parcel of what America is. It may be the most 28 16 (Cornbleth 2002;Lipset CEU eTD Collection individuals will “trickle down” and benefit the poorest. 17 in sector, the economics,” of of down logic a flourishingprivate “trickle importance “citizenthe politician” (Gingrich and Gingrich have2011), generally argued for the inspired public/private divide.the by Contemporary presidency Republicans, the Reagan, of parties as well, when the common good and democratic fabric of the country are pitted against presidency. Such politicking plays outconsistently between Democraticthe and Republican come together in the nameUsing the symbols of equality, pluralism, and civil society,of Obama worked to inspirethe voters to American Dream, a strategy that ultimately won him the cultural themes: suchAmerican Obama evoked Party, hismanyin rise of point Democratic starting asthe the that anevent argue Convention, political field in the United States. In 2004, in his address at the Democratic National which he readsmodern,middle-class individuals in an “iron cage” (p. 181) of rational conduct views arereminiscent of of Max Weber’s narrative capitalistthe in1992), spirit([1904] These non-interventionism. and competition, individualism, exceptionalism: American of another American world-view, what has been calledthe“double-edged sword”(Lipset 1996) andingood image tothe service American.” of “hard-working,the average welfare programs. BothFranklin D.Roosevelt argue for(Krugman 2008), theimportance of spendinggovernment and parties have taken small government. inspired Democrats, or sector public by programs public the works under these stances in symbolic defense of the public An economic theory popularized by Reagan that argues that low taxes for the business sector and wealthiest and sector business the for taxes low that argues that Reagan by popularized theory economic An Indeed, many Indeed, clearly cultural aremost inthese seen of schemas contemporary the Underlying these andin symbols, tension with civil society isand populism,however, unum,’ outofmany, (Obama one. 2004) pluribus ‘E family: American a single as together come still yet dreams, makes thiswhat country allowswork….It’s us to pursue our individual fundamental belief…I am my brothers’ I keeper, am my sisters’ keeper—that is that possible….It even story my is Earth on country other no in that and Ia story, whodebt me, that owe camebefore those larger American to all of stage is pretty unlikely….Istand here my knowing is that story partof the is let’s me for faceTonight honor a particular it, my because, this on presence 29 17 and a CEU eTD Collection to dominate, and in asa laborwelfare andthe movement United States to to dominate, result, the services vivid through presidencythe Ronald Reaganof 1996), (Lipset hasthat allowed neo-liberalism exceptional prosperous, American individual, unhampered by made particularly government, argue for government action and motivate as anation” support. to apart “sets America and what prosperity representativesspendingininvestment programs,public and technologicalworks healthcare, While innovation. the and from welfarehand,for called America to“win future”andremainthe competitive in both worldthe through parties programs, offered different it approaches,is this symbol they used ofthe thesymbols free, of 19 values. Swidler’s argument with in mind, pursuit reading it as set of individualistic cultural of modelspractice the and for action,conduct not a persistentof rational set of description internalized Weber’s Iuse behavior. such guides that symbols, and practices through articulated become that skills and of habits set the ethic, the rather but endures, that directed is action which to ends the somuch not is it that suggests Swidler argues)? Weber capitalism? What still with motivateschange ascetic values, the and behavior ideas, inthe capitalism did why order, if there capitalist is in the no longerpersists the that desire conduct forascetic salvationan on (as theory, that the value of salvation, created by an idea (the Calvinist doctrine) influenced protestants (1986) problematizesinto withtaking critiqueher of ends-oriented approaches. She argues that ifwe accept Weber’s 18 World War II, in reference to an overly interventionistpoliticians,” invoking the image of Americans winning against the “totalitarian inaggressor” state. mandates and “taxes, penalties, “big-spending spree”of and fees” stoppingthe“spending and Ryan prosperous. the and Bachmann touted liftingneed for the intervening andstifling remain visions could of America competitive how different Obama articulated and President MicheleWisconsin), Bachmann(aRepublican/Tea Representative Party U.S. of Minnesota), of Representative U.S. Ryan (a Republican speakers, Paul all Union three addresses life.American Thiswas made nomore apparentthan in various State of when the 2011’s and dream the of “winning game” the (Lipset 1996:147)are still features of prominent much more gloomy than what many Americansmight admit to, suchindividualistic practices of wealth. success and aimed accumulation at the The firstThe two quotes from are Ryan (2011), the second two from are Bachmann (2011). Parsons’s reading of Weber’s work is the argument that values determine action, an interpretation that Swidler However, despite Democrats’ invocation of populism and Franklin D. Roosevelt to 30 18 While such an imagining is most likely most is imagining an such While 19 President Obama, on the other the on Obama, President CEU eTD Collection 3.3 in justifying, he pronounced, “Wisconsin is openfor business” (Walker 2011). bargaining (Kaufman2012).One of these ScottWalker’swas Governor Budget Repair,which morewouldintroduced spending, they billsthat than andcollective affect100 unions Union addresses andtheneoliberal Amongproject. measures aimed atcutting government States worked to realizecivil plans society such becameas those prevalent implied in as Ryana number and consumer,Bachmann’s at the costof of workers’ rights. Republican State governors of of andthe choices comfort, accumulation, increase the to the hasworked Such aprocess throughout the United economic model that relies on an industry of services, not manufacturing. not services, of industry an on relies that model economic 21 sanctioning of public services intheUnited States (Scherer 2010). 20 prosperity.As Fantasia andstate (2004): Voss labor, spending cuts, and the dismantling of unions—in guisethe ofinnovation and dominance, cheap masks by (Collins “accumulation 2012)—corporate that dispossession” led welfarestate has of the toastigmatization European exceptionalism decline. Indeed, asRick Fantasia andKim (2004) argue,Voss this type of American the “new economy” “new the The term “new economy” speaks most directly to the innovation in information technology that has created an created has that technology information in innovation the to directly most speaks economy” “new term The continued to his due “socialist” a is Obama that accusations in apparent particular made been has that stigma A TheGlobalStrategicAction Field The final field Iseek is todelineate quite different from Wisconsinin America, and In 2011, this cultural toolkit of American exceptionalism, pluralism, individualism and individualism pluralism, exceptionalism, American of toolkit cultural this 2011, In methodically (P.27) overturned). been have regulations economic traditional of host a name whose (in figure of Consumerandthe by hasbeen increasingly discernible replaced the institutional forms) has gradually ‘disappeared’ from socialthe imagination wereonceidentifiable in interests whose arange of and recognizable subject and supreme tobecomethe of whohasemerged Consumer, the object elevation symbolic of economic practice. That is, the Worker (a social actor disappearance of of Worker, disappearance the neoliberal…the social on depends project…ultimately virtual the 21 and neo-liberal model: the American economic model (now also global) at asymbolic level 31 , along with the simultaneous the with , along 20 and idolization of CEU eTD Collection imperialism” (Indaand2002: 12)—where Rosaldo goods, ideas andfrom practices Western “cultural of a form about brought also has corporations, of transnationalism and wealth economy” byFantasia asdescribed whichcontributing andVoss in (2004), addition the to to with and“new models neo-liberalism of the consistent in communications, advancements agreements,andtechnology free-trade This has been by accompanied deregulation, tumor.” beautiful “a him, with class my in termed once Támás Miklós Gáspár philosopher what Hungarian noted or (Tsing 2005), process been asatotalizing been perceived often century has in the 20 in the has century emergedmodel inthe19 inWesternis, countries That that capitalist these the processes. out in carrying role have acentral played States United suchasthe Western countries that developments and the origins of the phenomenon2005). of globalization,andideals capitalism, the of andnew (Indaanddemocracy, 2002; Tsing technologies Rosaldo there is some consensus of world”culture this hasfrom emerged “interconnected spreadof the Western neo-liberalism 2).The (p. with each other” intense contact and immediate into be cast to andcultures peoples andwhere borders boundaries have allowing become increasingly moreporous, and more stating,“The general thus picture…is of increasingly interconnectedan world. Itis a world “globalization.” Rosaldo(2002) Inda and Jonathan Renato offer adefinition field,this of termed ambiguously processes contemporary tothe in relation articulated most often Wisconsin and what happens globally. Indeed, the global field that emerged in the protests AustinBrian said in interview, an between “thereare connections” washappeningin what is the Wisconsin protests. makingdynamics, piece itanother in In the “Russian (Fligstein doll” and McAdam 2011: 3)of an echo of Tsing’s argumentthat it is not associated with (2005),statehood, but still retains a significant protester role in these fields’ and police officer While there are several debates over the mechanisms gaverisetosuch mechanisms the that over several are While there debates th and 21 st centuries been appropriated throughout the globe, in what has in what globe, the throughout appropriated been centuries 32 th CEU eTD Collection well-oiled machine.” well-oiled trying, even without Meanwhile, friction getseffective. in the and way of the smoothpowerful operation ofconnection global power…Frictionglobal makes refuses“Friction thelie 6), that global 2005: poweris a (Tsing 22 processes. globalization the“friction”–of Tsingwould call flows–what and contradictions, tensions, the reveal that efforts of protest aset globalization, corporate against movements transnational implementwork to social (Tsingchange 2005;Juris 2008).One suchexampleis the to technologies internet new of tools the and communities and groups among factor common cause andthe “language of universal (Tsingrights” 2005:14),adoptinghumanity as a the appropriated class—have and religion, race, sexuality, environment, gender, to relation social justice andfreedom for all 2005).A (Tsing wave of movements—in transnational model of narratives spurred governmental has Western,ultimate liberal asthe the democracy 2002). from and U.S., the popularity the filmsHollywood of all world the over (Inda andRosaldo appearance of food and fashion andproducts chains (McDonald’s, Cola, Coca and Levis) Rosaldo2002). This movement of cultural goods andideas ismost clearly evidenced through countries have been in appropriated globalthe (Appadurai south 1991; Tsing 2005; Inda and where Western cultural tools are simply transplanted throughout the globe. As Inda and As Inda globe. the throughout transplanted simply are tools cultural Western where unidirectional flows andhomogenization “Westof to rest”(Inda the and2002: Rosaldo25), have dynamics the be(2005) mistaken field not all argued, of to are this global as setof slogan: “May the resistance be as transnational as capital!” (p. 199). ethic thatJeffrey inJuris (2005), his of such movements, summarizesdescription hiswith of justice,human andtheconcepts communications egalitarianism,rights democracy, and an globalizationthat offers: global and networks, connections, solidarity internetthrough Friction, to Tsing, is communicated in the events that enable and constrain globalization processes. She states She processes. globalization constrain and enable that events in the communicated is Tsing, to Friction, Additionally, since the events of 1980s that concluded the Cold War era, the notion notion ColdWar era,the the of concluded of since the1980sthat events Additionally, However, asanthropologists Appadurai (1991), Inda andRosaldo and (2002), Tsing 22 Actors in these movements work to fight corporate power with the very tools 33 CEU eTD Collection and global—imagined by a range of actors (politicians, journalists, workers, theorists, workers, journalists, (politicians, actors byarangeof and global—imagined Wisconsin Protests. gripin take would America, along Wisconsin the toa and of that, with those toolkitnarrative individuals, through flowsthe of media,the incited globalthe imagination and addeda cause. The justice, humandream andhadof democracy and rights, Middle East the reached of the Wisconsin protests, and new inter-connectedness, aworldon On rights, relevance. of possibilities—took cusp the actors in the human of images and narratives fieldthe and capitalism) neo-liberal (imperialism, activatedstructures power these images in support of a familiar did (p.197). before” persons inmore parts of worldthe [to]consider awider set of ‘possible’ lives than they ever Appadurai this androle(1991) argues, “blurring” ofmassthe media,has incited “more As atatime.” couch one world, a better in creating “participate individuals to urges that imagining an alternative world,is in abeliefthat illustrated Couchsurfingthe slogan (2011) physical space anda “culture of hybridity” (Hall thathas1992), led many into engageactors isit 2011). made Indeed, across of theemergence landscape, of this global connections flourish“Couchsurfing” to (Inda andRosaldo2002;Juris2005;Metz 2005; Couchsurfing musical instruments,andandforms, languages)art and street such as practices ease of travel migrationand have enabled artistic the genresof worldmusic (which combines the and technologies digital and West the to film foreign and cuisines international of range creativity,hybridization, forms new of and practice. For example, globalization a has brought allows for that 22), aprocess (p. subject” of receiving the part the on and customization stateRosaldo (2002), themovement of culture always involves “interpretation, translation, In this chapter, I have outlined a set of strategic action fields—Wisconsin, American, fields—Wisconsin, action asetof Ihavestrategic outlined chapter, In this In early 2011, this cultural toolkit globalthe of field—practices toglobal related *** 34 CEU eTD Collection opportunity reimagineopportunity landscape.to this move,and boundariesactors shift, these that anewfieldculture, a process an offers emerges, arrows in Figure 2suggest, is toshow how through appropriationthe and translation of be foundin each field. Indeed, my intention in Chapters 4 6, asthrough dottedthe lines and can processes and from and cultural action SAF spillovers, effects other toolkits and echoes, suggested in chapter,therearethis nostatic orcontinual boundaries in fieldenvironment,this geopolitical commonly with However,each other. relationship as hasunderstood been inby field.actors Wisconsinthe protests InFigure 2,Ihave fieldsthese illustrated and their haveinterpretation; thatcometobe I however, of particularthemes appropriated highlighted process and images, areat andpractices stories, contradictory through changing times always These rituals, fields. these navigate to they draw from which toolkits cultural collective the protesters, who capitalists, etc. students, mightbe further endlessly partitioned into SAFs) and understood geopolitical relationship fields (SAFs) drawn accordingtotheir commonly- Figure 2:Wisconsin, American andglobal strat 35 egic action CEU eTD Collection makes Wisconsin great” (in D. Walker 2011) was at stake, and that those in (in stake, andWalkerat those that makes Wisconsingreat” fieldshould the 2011) was D. Wisconsin themes labor,of education, and progressivism toinsinuate thateverything“that 4.1.1 fields. respective their of symbols deploy that claims discursive particular of enactment the through Wisconsin protests, loyaltyactors fromto a groupthe Wisconsin, and qualifiers (2003: 13) illuminates how suchcreate cultural tools,in their use,become illustrative of American,solidarity andwithinforstructure “to ways human 279-280). Mische’s communities” (p. identity concept of global a givenfields social identity arelooking actors because arena” cultural ina“contested andclarified formation.become pronounced qualify In the case of the 4.1 field. in each bill governor againstthe the and of mobilization protesters a concerted leading to choices, and enemies, and alliances, interests, common communicate they Iargue, process, meaning protests assign tothe and possiblethe contemplate of Through courses action. this identity qualifying and temporal cuing, actorsdraw from culturalthe of toolkits fieldtheir to SAF inand fieldthe of Using protests. the Mische’s mechanisms cross-talkof (2003), their position and relationshipstoolkits ofWisconsin,American, and global tomakeSAFs sense of bill the and the protests, to others in the field, and the viable paths of action in each 4. THEARTOFMAKING MOBILIZATION OFCULTURE MEANING: Identity Qualifying:Recognition of the Conflict, Friends, andEnemies Standing with Wisconsin The protesters from the Wisconsin field, with the use of certain symbols, relayed the use of symbols, certain relayed the field,with from Wisconsin the The protesters As Swidlerduring argues(1986), suchunsettled times cultural as protest, toolkits In this chapter, I illustrate how actors in the protest render symbols from the cultural AND ACTIONWITHINFIELDS 36 CEU eTD Collection members of the Green Bay Packers made an official statement in support of in of protesters: the support statement made official an Bay Green members of Packers the me?” 2011), (in andStopera “Soli-dairy” (in Mad City Mike 2011). On 15 February 2011, 23 nottea cheese in was that schema repeated signssuch hasastrong making as“Wisconsin history beerof and large numbers heof protesters, joked, “I it’s Wisconsin know a lot and we got of beer…,” a he tome expressed hemade the connections andin with “rural” Wisconsinites, the explaining Wisconsin (see workers Figures 3and 4onthenextpage). Inmy interview with Mark Fraire, the with coalition their demonstrating Square, Capitol the around tractors their drove parade of individuals as dressed “Solidarity” with arrived cows messagethe andfarmers workers. On 12 March 2011, reportedly largest demonstrationthe day (Dane 1012012),a Wisconsin attack on abroader bill howthis infield, toshow was for those the meanings setof another strong makers,symbols andwith GreenBay and beer cheese the Packers, labor, was to lose a piece of Wisconsin history. for resource a central bargaining, lose that collective showed to actors narratives, historical stake (in Weidemann Kreisman Wisconsin2011; 2012; Labor2011).Employing these Wisconsin “union “union-made”was Wisconsin’scountry” and or labor wasat heritage that Budget Repair Bill.Additionally, in messages, protesters, their signs and arguedthat inrecalled his interview whiledescribing his act of fleeing the statetopreventpassage of the in senator state servingwhowas in UnitedStates the it when in legislature the passed 1959— Fred Risser—the longest memory Senator collective that a introduce bargaining, state to unitea against common antagonist. Many accounts mentioned Wisconsin’s role asthefirst In reference to the recently formed faction in the Republican Party, the Tea Party. Tea the Party, Republican the in faction formed the recently to Inreference In extending this theme of labor, protesters referenced the workplace of farmers, 23 standing tradition of allowing public sector workers to have a voice on the job win SuperBowlthe without the support of fans...Wisconsin’sour long Wisconsin and makes Packers the field that is on andthe it off that We teamwork know great. As a publicly owned team we wouldn’t have been able to and bullshit” (in BadSports At 2011), “I havenipples Scott,canyou milk 37 CEU eTD Collection Figure 4: A tractorcade of farmers heading toward the Capitol ( Figure 3:Solidarity intheform of cows ( 38 Dave Kreisman Photography PRWatch.org ) ) CEU eTD Collection one reason they responded was the “attack on public institutions” such astheUW. public such Dave institutions” on “attack wasthe they reason responded one Teaching Assistant Association co-president Alex Hanna,in who his interview told me that Capitol were the Universityas undervaluablelaborers, Indeed, attack. first groups tobegin among the in protesting the of Wisconsin (UW) students discourseportrayedthrough that Wisconsin’s progressive history another setof and educators, and faculty, one of whom was the support (Fertik 2011). inhats message andcheesehead donneda of City the colors team’s protesters York where for Packers]the (seeFigure Governor” February 5).On 22 was held2011, arally in New won “Union workers SuperBowl”the Stopera [quarterback (in 2011),and“Aaron Rodgers of stating team, football favorite their with unity expressed protesters the reciprocally, Rather The cultural institutionsfurtherThe oflabor, unionism, enacted cultural were and public tools Wisconsin’s champions every single day… (in D. Walker 2011) forhas worked state sincethe are 1930s….These the public workers (Sue Peacock[ (Sue Bay Packer for governor Aaron Rodgers Figure 5: Afancampaigning Flickr.com 39 ]) for Green for CEU eTD Collection 24 Wisconsin protests was simply an act of being a Wisconsinite. saying “Wisconsin has a independentvery spirit”—Nichols suggested participating that in the made, narrative the referenceRecalling of also DaveKreisman “outgoingthe spirit”—a movie he 2011), recalled these images as anideal expression Wisconsinism:of journalist John Nichols’s A Educators: voice and students for public schools” (in Los Angeles Times 2011). In recollection “Wisconsin and “Sno-lidarity” holding signs thesquare, around of were builtsnowmen of events in a documentarysign keep Wisconsinread “Snowand Ice won’t Kreisman teachersaway” 2012)and (in a set on the protests (Forward- governmentstate…this is a state of progressive ideas.” 2011). (Cronon Mark made asimilarin remark me, his telling is interview, “This theclean as thebill from traditions,” government state’s “proudest which break”the wasa“radical in an editorial for the a badger” is not a weasel,“Walker likeeducators your“Care about bustunions” they for child,” care “Bucky and doesn’t cohorts of protestors wearing red(theUW colors) and protest signs exhibiting claims like people areproud of.” Supportfor this educationcouldbe seen in of gesture the massivethe education… specifically has one Wisconsin of the best around and just that’s something public a good for “compassion have in Wisconsin people that summarizing Don with in state, to those the of education importance the emphasized both White McClurg andDon Bucky is the UW mascot, a badger, which is also Wisconsin’s official state animal. These meanings were also inscribed in the symbol of cold weather and the snow. One snow. the and weather cold of symbol in the inscribed also were meanings These just keptcoming inbigger numbers. nine, ten forand six,eight, come seven, hours stand out to Wisconsinites masses of dared essentially that because a in February daychanges these proposed he when inmistake frigid weatherlake in below20 zeroweather and so,I think Governorthe made a huge and pick inwent to they hiked up or somebody a across of a blizzard middle the in they how of astory has the Wisconsinite snow...Every snow...andin weather, in cold out go will they houses, their into disappear and down hunker don’t they theywinter...that did. TheyWisconsinites are proud of the fact that they go out and do things in the New New York Times 24 (in Stopera 2011). Similarly, UW historian Bill Cronon, , arguedfor Wisconsin’s progressive history and clean 40 CEU eTD Collection 25 with really “stuck” him,Kreisman, toremain whotried Dave neutral and as a journalistphoto resonant theme of the in my was referenced like,” looks asavery of democracy aphrasethat is two interviews what protests. Don White,common cause and enemy.a Perhaps formerone of the most common slogans of the protest was “This Republican,the and Dream disparity between wealthy Republicans Americans,and hard-working tocoalesce a around American told the me multiculturalism, that and pluralism thisfreedom), equality, slogansociety, 4.1.2 Wisconsin.” couldmake sense of was goingwhat on,learning that to protest billthe meant“Stand to with such legislature). the Through identity actors qualifying, in and protestthe watching those in Republicans the Walker, (Governor enemy a common and themselves, Wisconsinites the most particularly students), educators, and Packers,workers, in (the field allies Wisconsin the educational inbackground Figure5). Such a grouping of identifiedsymbols a setof heroes University and his low GPA (also referenced through distinctionthe with Aaron Rodger’s frequently totheGovernor’s pointed undergraduate degree atuncompleted Marquette and like politician,uneducated, corrupt statements with and “Scotty doesn’t know” others that and governor Signsthe instead. themselvesas a“clueless,” governor portrayed the solidarity commonthe through of thread upholding pactand this made distinctions between intellectual “elites” foundbetween educated and “blue-collar” cohorts—Wisconsinites tension the often-theorized is, through aconflict—that posed have otherwise might education pact thatwasportrayed asbeing by broken Governor Walker. While distinctions of class and labor,education, progressivism, state, the a and re-imagining of “Wisconsinthe idea” anda Common protest slogan (inKreisman 2012). Epluribus unum Actors from the American SAF identified the cultural schemas of democracy (civil democracy of schemas cultural the identified SAF American the from Actors These meaningful claims articulated the between public institutions,relationships 25 41 CEU eTD Collection of of his job citizens)(to protect in and a speech on February 25 atthe Capitol Buildinghe BrianMovement. Austin, one of policementhe Iinterviewed, perceived his tobe actions part memory Civil Rights the the of King,recalling Luther of Martin speeches the referenced to be self-evident,which included thefamous line from Declaration the of Independence: “We hold these truths that all floor, of one building used notes were found Capitol the on that men protests, onthe collages are created “Our house”(in Weidemann 2011).Matthew an Stolte, artist whocompiledequal…” azine andset of (in Stolte“Whose house? Our House!”, with one protester even making akey with engravedthe label 2011). Severalbuilding, worked protesters to reclaim voiceina united constantlygovernment chanting signs alsoin Iwouldhave neverhuggedpolice, mylife.” ex-marines…people In Capitol the occupying “I hugged, asabrown man in my men from 50s, rural America whowere75,white, farmers, in Mark,resonated acts. symbolic inhis in described his actions such away: interview, other saying an injury to one is an injury to all” (in Forward-movie 2011),a pluralism that Figure 6and 7on nextthe page). includesmythos fighting freedom for in World War II,was lurkingspotted in hallsthe (see whose character book acomic America, as dressed Captain aprotester voice—and democratic time protestors that in assemblythe taped mouthsroom their lack shut—signaling the of a a 2011, “Dance 4Democracy” wasplannedin the occupied building, Capitol samethe around were] attacking very the institutions thatthey told usbuilt country.”the On 24 February support those public who, workers in her “help words build civilsociety” andbecause “[they Emma Smith, inMadison toparticipate (M.Davis interviewee, process” 2011) andanother “democratic toldthe me she made“would the eighteen-hourget chills” toldinme the protests, find himselfhis hewould foot beatto the tapping of slogan the and in driveobserving from Newthe York protest to Madison scene. to One woman drove from Missouri to As Representative Cory Mason stated, to many the protests meant tomany the protests stated, Cory Mason As Representative 42 “ coming together, CEU eTD Collection [ America in the Capitol building (@ Figure 7 Figure 6: Protesting in silence in the assembly room ( TheDailyWhat.com : "RealAmerican Hero"Captain ]) Gokunion 43 American dream ( Figure 8: The death of the Dave Kreisman Photography BuzzFeed.com ) ) CEU eTD Collection 26 argued that the “spirit and Wisconsin in the events the Newspaperarticlesandprotests Middle the Egypt East. of Cairo” was in Wisconsinbeings all world.over the Indeed, one of mostthe prominentconnections made wasbetween (Kroll 2011), broughtaboutby goods identify andglobalization to human express amonga connection a narrative emphasized greed, corporate justice idealsthe of and and humanrights, imagesthe of cultural hybridized by 4.1.3 what was perceived as a true expression of civil society, equality, and the American dream. field identified greed andthecorporate Wall Deploying actors the Street. of toolkitinAmerican culture, this cause, the alliances,me,telling that protestersthe were drawing a“line in sand,”the finally standing up to and the enemyMy Ass!” 2011). Tony(in Stopera Castaneda also called onthisimagesin his interview, in these events, “All Koch’d Percent” coming together forOne the GOP=Greedy Works “Walker read, by signsthat was alsorelayed message that in has killed the Americanliving.” InFigure 8,theprotester has imagined this loss, showing Walker’scorporate greed dream and Lady Walkerthat middle waspreventing the andfrom working classes having a“good standard of Liberty (the Statue was alsoAmerican Dream by that emphasized Alex inmy interview him,with whenhe stated of Liberty pictured of purpose creating life agood for their kidsWeidemanna narrative (in 2011), of the crying), a participation, two motorcyclists from South Dakota said they came to fight for a common Scott Walker and his Republicantell you Mr.Walker, this isnotyour house, this is all house!”our (in Breckenridge 2011). me issue….let isa issue,rights this civil a budget isnot “This and narratives: these summarized corporate allies were blamed. In explaining their KochIndustries has financed GovernorWalker’s campaign and political efforts (Krugman 2011). Weareeverywhere Protesters acting in relation to the global field drew from the narrative of transnational of narrative the from drew field global the to in relation acting Protesters To actors in this field, then, the bill was seen to threaten these American ethics and 26 Up” and “Saint Ronald Reagan: Thanks for the Lies! Trickle Down 44 CEU eTD Collection observed this observedduring this sentiment his deliveries. In his interview with me “The he idea stated, employee pizza whocollected from donations all world the over during protest,also the fighting forhim “the that moral is wherereflect in nomatter is worldthe this people happening, are rights and that connectsholding asign in supportof Wisconsin Figure(see 9). us all in Tahrir protester Square on internetan Egyptian of the began, circulated an image Madison in some ways.” in aweekafter This global further when,around protests emphasized solidarity the was Adam May, an Ian’s Pizza Square.” Tonytoadd, went on Tony Castaneda when he said recalled thinking during theprotest “Thisthat like looks Tahrir Figure 9: A protester in Egypt sends his support ( Brian mentioned in his interview that this was an image that moved him and made and him moved that image an was this that interview in his mentioned Brian universal rights. was going on in Wisconsin. Global connection was emphasized through made globally the connectionespecially and country, the between around people democracyis...other really enemy uprisingthe in the Middle East and what global between corporatism and who connection the [made] measures…people austerity fighting against It wasapeople’smovement....democracy, and 45 BuzzFeed.com ) CEU eTD Collection 27 eating their brain). inWalker)in view, that, (or their humanity everywhere wasthreatening their zombie-speak, power (Governor another faceof shouldcommunity against transnational corporate unite worldwide this that articulated field, global in the others like They, 2012). Kreisman (in carrying signs like “I’d give an arm to see bill this and“Productdie” of voodoo economics” ademonstration trilogies, was staged entirely by (seeFigurezombies 11on nextthe page) Lucas’s Repair implicated wholethe Bill globalfield.from Individuals dressedascharacters George severalsuggested theBudget narrative appearedon (Buhle andBuhle 2011: 1)signs, that a solidarity. The popular Vietnam War protest message,“The iswhole world watching” andimages, popular cultural identified protesters the stakes the in fieldthe and aglobal rights,” a reiteration of common protests slogan: “workers rights are human rights.” interview, were “basic sayingthat Wisconsin the about protests human fundamental rights…. and he Cheddar revolutions, still employedlanguage the of universals in(Tsing 2005) the been a partof both movements, social youwritten, “Thank world, weare (in one” WhileKreisman Alex, 2012). had who someone was which on floor, Capitol the on pictured box pizza in a echoed was unity worldwide to people's eyes...because it’s like this worldwide crazy that’s thing going on.” This alot of tears brought of lot homepeople, with struck definitely a of there…really out people dissertation. When news of the Egyptian protests broke, Alex flew to Cairo to observe. to Cairo to flew Alex broke, protests Egyptian the of news When dissertation. symbols of the supernatural symbolsmade supernatural of the by popular recent the of corporate power on influence DarkSide of the implyingthe Walker,” as “Imperial robotic the cast Walker often his politics (see Figure 2010),becamegroup (Crothers of in aconstant protesters demonstrations, with the Governor 10 on the next page). In April, drawing on Alex is a sociology PhD student studying the April 6 Drawing on a common language of corporate politics, human rights and connection, Star Wars film series, three of which are on the list of top-grossing films worldwide films top-grossing of list the on are which of three series, film 27 Egyptian the between comparisons of was skeptical 46 th Movement, and now the Egyptian Revolution, for his for Revolution, Egyptian the now and Movement, Twilight and Shaun oftheDead CEU eTD Collection Photography Figure 11:Zombie demonstration on State Street in Madison ( Figure 10: The Imperial Walker ( ) Dave Kreisman Photography Dave Kreisman 47 ) Dave Kreisman CEU eTD Collection March 10 (asFigurestopped page emphasize). 12and Following next 13 on the bill’s passage on the Madison, wasblinded, thatWisconsinmove signaling could not until forward bill the was figurethe of a woman forwardpointing on stepsleadingthe uptothe Capitol in building statue, theForward thedemonstrations, KreismanWisconsin (in 2012).Throughout Unite” me”with (in Buhle and“GoBadgers” (in 2011),and Buhle 2011), Bad atSports of “Workers “WWFBD [What would FightingProtest signs powerfully conveyed the proper lines for action for this stating progress, Bob do?],” “Ifthought thatmany people joined around“the same theme ofbuilding Wisconsin.” abetter you want to be a badger, Wisconsin’s proud tradition labor,of strong education, andprogressivism. Marksaid he that just come along 4.2.1 field confronting protests. the inthe actors for those paths possible the illustrated that a setactions of future, for the plans their field to imagine guidelinesWisconsin actors deployed protests, by thismechanism from drawing cultural the forms of for the In formation. ina whatactors other with connect 271)—to should (p. time” “political constructing be done in the present shemoment, calls visions—what long term and of short articulation asthe use in discourse, as well as conduct. In a similarvein,Mische the (2003)defines temporal mechanismcuing actors that austere and individualistic of images the articulated powerfully and clearly so Calvin John ethic the reason suggests that ingrained Protestant the isbecause so became inindividuals states, “one unified answer to questionthe of how human beingslive” should279). (p. She action because they offer explicitand simplemodels and guidelines of how to act as sheor 4.2 Temporal Cuing: Providing Guidelinesfor Action Forward notbackward In the Wisconsin field, actors WisconsinIn the made field,clear acting actors in that protest wouldthe save Swidlerargues (1986) duringthat unsettled times, cultural tools directly come to shape th , signs appeared on the Capitol and “Wisconsin:signs appearedon Capitol building on the statue stated , the that 48 CEU eTD Collection Walker. Wisconsinthe fieldheeded this call action,to beginninga recall to unseatGovernorcampaign Wisconsin CourtdecisionSupreme to uphold thepassage of billthe in June 2011, actors in story: this was last greatgasp the of workinginhere people Wisconsin?.” Following the Cory Mason pondered this future (inForward-movie 2011), stating“Is the epilogue tothe yourwith words “Walker,the pink is coming” slip all illustrated this plan. Representative like wouldvegetables be taken up in reaping;the and Mark’sown sign made from a negligee whoWalkerKreisman and “little 2012)suggesting Republicanswerethe that the legislators” Go!” and “More Cowbell less Walker” (in Stopera 2011); the parade of framers on tractors (in also envisioned along-term plan aimed atousting the governor. Signs like“Scotty’s Gotta next step forward was a recall, as the sign in Figure 12 suggests. Sold!” (in Kreisman 2012)and “RIP Wisconsin” (in Weidemann indicated2011) and that the (William DeShazer [ Figure 12: Blinded Forward statue Indeed, inIndeed, addition to guiding in actors Wisconsinthe field, in narratives protests the Chicago Tribune ]) Figure 13:Protest sign( 49 BuzzFeed.com ) CEU eTD Collection February: Morello(2011) took this narrative for thefuture even further,in writing left Tom asAmericans.” was Musician of final who weare the to grab what of thread lastspeech, “Thankyou, have chance our Wisconsin. madepeople realize this was You best required being amore active citizen and Michael Moore (2011), in a similar said tone, in his articulated in his interview. Tony, along with impliedothers, that “winning future”the “This that happens is what nobody 2011),aprognosisvotes” (in when Stopera thatTony also ultimately hischanged mindandsupported proteststhe (Leonard 2011). have wouldemployees, unionization while he concludingof wasagainstthe that government Franklin what (Campbell protesters” and would2011) do, contemplated D. Roosevelt who“those in believe newspapers expressedthat democracy should support Wisconsin the “somethingabout is the government doing andfighting back,as people.”the Editorials in East High School, emphasized tome, describing the as protests a way to express unhappiness ledwhoin of her student Madison out classmates Powell, walking which heard,” the Onawa means for people felt“wholeadertheir was tohave something wrong doing theirvoices much!” (in Kreisman“Democracy 2012). In ismy Betterinterviewin conveying protesters, andsupport the in “Save their signs, theAmerican Dream,” in Person,” with Don, and he “Alonestated wethat can thedo soprotests4.2.2 little. were Together a we can do so Thisland isour land, take it! Imagining extended the long term, the symbol protesters expressof civil society to toparticipate motivate actors fieldto also American of utilizedthe symbols Protesters people still deciding which side they’re onat this historic I’d crossroads, like tonight, or marching in the streets across the Midwest tomorrow, and to the Yeah, thisland is streets of Madison, Wisconsin.And who knows? Maybe in your city too. of on city,a small bethe streets on the decided Midwestern will this country or in Congress, on talk radio or on Fox News. The future of worker’s The future of worker’s rights in country this bewill not decidedrights inthe courts in our land, and to those occupying the Capitol building 50 Rolling Stone in CEU eTD Collection protests, globalized the narrative of indicting corporate politics and extended the vision of vision the extended and politics corporate indicting of narrative the globalized protests, 4.2.3 Making a betterworld summarized these long-term dreams, stating, “Let’s build a U.S. for all of Us” (in Figure 14). politics in the of repetition for projects these equality, DaveMcClurg for “a hoped more humane policy and U.S.” or “at the In in labor was United movement States. the a revival of the in protests lining” the “silver very least anCollins relayed inaninterview (inForward-movie when 2011), she expressed thatperhaps the indictment onit. put VanGelder This asjournalist (2011) American Sarah uprising” wasahope also that corporate politics.”as the first step One to moresign Indeed, like many in Americanprotesters the field, Morellopromoted Wisconsinthe protests civic action and equality in the United States, “the first stop in an 28 Woody Guthrie wrote one of the most popular folk songs about America, “This Land is Your Land.” Kreisman Photography Figure 14: A number of American dreams expressed in the Capitol rotunda ( Actors in the international SAF, through the action of supporting the Wisconsin the supporting of action the through SAF, international inthe Actors easy...but take it!” to pass along some advice from the immortal Woody Guthrie: ) 51 28 “ ae it “Take Dave CEU eTD Collection possible...that itcould be more aboutmuch than stopping one bad law,much more than I saw dream: “What streets of the on Madison wasavision….Itlike seemed was anything Morello (in Forward-movie 2011) appeared againinonce global the field, asimilar projecting and freedom expressthedream forof all 2011). Appropriating(Ciaccio narratives, these Tahrirdeliverin to in Square “to Cairo, an effort whosupport others struggle power” against in living that expatriates a projectof began Turkey of they support collectingwould postcards Morello Inspired 2011). by “international interconnectedness,”this twoWisconsin is justice on in go, letandair!”tightly the deepWisconsin!...because don’t and breathe (in hold So heart. your in or city, your in corner, any on everywhere, have can you Square Tahrir “WeEgypt, wish you could see firsthand the change we have made here…The beauty in flewin Morello for a to Madison herally in message from relayedaprotester another concert, side. Stand sending amessagefirmWisconsin to “We wantyouprotesters: know we to that stand your on and don’t waiver. Don’ta globalagainst oppressor. give up Banglesthe onand the Egyptian Revolution), signaled thatprotesters shouldjoin in fightthe your rights.”“Walkreferenced LikeanEgyptian” 2011in (in a to popularStopera reference 80ssong by (Kroll 2011).These doubly DarthWalker”the messages,along with “Stop Walker” (in Stopera and 2011). When for help to “Kill the bill” and bill” the “Kill to help for internationally hybridpopular of cultural genres, boycotted in support of Wisconsin 2011). (Anonymous Drawingfrom Quentin Tarantino’s Koch industriescrashed the website and listproducts a should gave of that corporate be a cue Kreisman 2012), Anonymous international enactedwhenthey the that organization machine” corporate sign(in “Ragethe against stated, protest Machine),one the Against world.name band In a pun (Rage Morello’s on creating abetter to America, abetter creating In late February, arrivedmore support from with leaderEgypt, Kamal union Abbas Star Wars reappeared in signs that read “Stop in Imperial read “Stop the reappeared signs that 52 Kill Bill (Crothers 2010), many signs called CEU eTD Collection future for everyone. for future better bring could a in act Wisconsin the protests, to that and sensed and world, the America, inWisconsin, those of welfare stability, cohesion, to the athreat was doing were his partners WalkerGovernorwhat and recognized that actors these these processes, discursive Through field. of images, andpractices each narratives, common in viable choices were using action the and others, of position the bill, the of implications the what illustrated, time same the of action in a way that made sense to other paths and solidarities, asetof stakes, articulated Wisconsin SAFs, and Wisconsin, American actors in the field. That is, they explored, and at global world.of vision creating abetter could showed actingin how amore long help Wisconsin actors realize the term, protests global symbols, these through future and present to cuing By governor.” bad one ousting Using these temporal cuing andidentity qualifyingmechanisms, in actors the *** 53 CEU eTD Collection generality shifting andmultiple targeting. In generality foldshifting, actors individuals, and stakeswereidentified andguidelines for action were cued each fieldin motivated actorsina way that field join that in to enemies, solidarity—alliances, identity qualifying and temporal cuing—with recognizable symbols being employed from 29 5.1 meanings andand action.differentiate contest appropriation in andthese protests, how actors employ symbols from theirfields to modesmore of on “deviant’ cultural the then, secondsection Itouch of the chapter, this does not necessarilyinmutual In result between friction,actors exchangeunderstanding. and about says (2005) Tsing as flow, easy an always not is translation However, fields. other andand“ripple effect”of meaning, explaining action,common thus movementto culture, the produce a andmuddledtranslation to combined, of appropriated, cultural become symbols shiftfrom field tofield andforge connections between fields. Through these mechanisms, using Mische’s concepts of generality shifting andmultiple targeting, how Inowshow actors (Fligstein and McAdam andfind2011: 11), ways of cooperating with groups.Thus,other situations, like theargued in can theory,SAF actors belong more to than fieldone and during unsettled protest events,made andparticular patterns social movement within fieldthe protests. the of However, as “skilled social for connections accounts in that itself interpretation and of field,translating in aprocess their actors” help to “translate existing rules” “Rules” in this context can be understood as a cultural toolkit. Generality Shifting andMultiple Targeting: Cross-Talking withOther Fields 5. MUTUALUNDERSTANDINGORLOSTINTRANSLATION? While significance was ascribed to the Wisconsin protests through mechanisms of the through protests Wisconsin ascribed tothe was While significance In the previous chapter, I illustrated how actors make the protest meaningful make actors toothers how protest I illustrated the In the previous chapter, BRIDGES ANDLAPSES IN THEFIELD ENVIRONMENT 54 across fields through 29 CEU eTD Collection less of a functioning democracy more and of a third-world-style oligarchy.” Walker and his backers are trying to do is to make Wisconsin“WhatMr. (2011) that comment 2011)andPaulKrugman’s Fantz (in Wisconsin Style” — and eventually, America — “Democracy like along with slogans in events, these interests and common causes the expressed Stolte andSAFs global American, inWisconsin, have connotations symbols that democracy looks like!,” and the “Peasants are revolting!” (at the bottom). Combining is “This messages “Kill what Bill,” the andthe “earth,” Wisconsin, word of the outline this painting heentangles “the theslogan is whole world watching”with geographic the (seeFigure protests page). In on nextin the about the collage 15 relayed Stolte’s Matthew freedom, the group implicated actors from multiple fields in the cause. This message was also Combining the symbols of Wisconsinthe unionism,American democracy, global justice and theAnonymous maderegarding their following group(2011) the protests, actof statement: addressed andincluded many more than directly those implied. In theirrelease press more much about than bargaining public services and andcollective forit Wisconsinites that fieldsother tojoin in protest. the players, stakes, the fields, possiblefrom andthe courses of incitingto broader action people and used ambiguous and broad categories through such discursive acts, and thus translated the join 2003:272).(Mische In Wisconsinthe actorsamalgamated protests, particular symbols meanings”many mightbe possible sothat of called differentvarieties spectators discursive to [the] “conflating have associations, layer several that actors symbols targeting, multiple Similarly,more actors. categories, through concerning broader thus into issues, stakes and Many protesters used suchmechanismsMany protesters in that illustrated statements that billthe was everywhere. democratic system and, by extension, allfreedom-loving individuals States United the threaten Kochbrothers we feel the that For these reasons, system. political broken in America’s people the for fight to opportunity the Anonymous cannot ignore the plight of the citizen-workers of Wisconsin, or 55 CEU eTD Collection [ MikeKonapacki's re- Figure 16: Lodge Figure 15: Stolte's Matthew work of translation (Sarah Stolte [ Flickr.com ]) ]) imagining oftheWisconsin flag (Sarae 56 Project CEU eTD Collection East, with signs like “Mubarak for Governor” (in Stopera 2012) and “Scott Gadaffi” (in 2012)and “Scott (in with for Governor” Stopera East, signs like“Mubarak Nichols 2011 Rights” (in 2011), andStopera “I’mfrom Wisconsin. What planetis Walker from?” (in 2011 (Nichols Americans” Weareall Wisconsin. more of particulardescriptions to communities,broader stating, communities “Weareall toillustrate methods where and alliances could enemies be shifted made.Actors from and(broke), the world (weapons massof destruction in Iraq). America win Bowl), Super the lies”(can’t sameinWisconsin as“biggest the plane the meaning from with which actors fieldsseveral could identify, shifting the “lie”of bill the onto a intonew situation the cued several translate narratives to Moore Brett Favre.” without decade: 1)Americais 2)Iraqhas broke, WMD, and3)ThePackerscan’t SuperBowl win the Saying that the country is broke is repeating a Big Lie. broke. not is It’sWisconsin one myfriends. of the broke, not is three nation “The biggestjustification: lies bill’s the of of the flaws the show to generality of levels various using fields several from narratives the on drew capitalist oppression. In another unique mechanisms, combination of Michael (2011) Moore eitherfreedom a that of narrative recall global democratic or an American fighting dream of finding meaningin theWisconsin symbols of labor and progressivism, in or phrases two the American, orglobal fields couldfind away to identify with strugglethe of protests,the from Wisconsin, the actors Through forthis rendering, seal) workers.” U.S. and“Democracy including phrases the “Rebellion to Tyrants” (aphrase by proposed Benjamin Franklinfor the 30 symbols, numerous through wereabout to express protests Figure16) whatthe (in revised theWisconsinflag cartoonist, Konapacki described this piece at the Wisconsin Labor History Society conference I attended in April 2012. inApril Iattended conference Society History Labor Wisconsin the at piece this described Konapacki In addition to articulating the common meanings, actors employed such employedconflation such actors meanings, articulating common the to In addition a : 17) and: 17)likened Walker of the Middle then the to already dictators globalized In a similar vein, Mike Konapacki (pictured on ina labor rightthe Figure16), on In a vein,Konapacki (pictured similar Mike 30 changing the miner and sailors to have raised fists and fists raised have to sailors and miner the changing 57 a : 17), “Worker’s Rights are Human CEU eTD Collection for help from individuals in many fields, one also articulated “Ground acall or suggested Morello Zero” that Wisconsin zone an portrayed as emergency by the woman who taped across rights, inequality, and capitalism and the new economy,musician Tom Morello (2011) stated, protesters in Wisconsin in any way possible. Drawing on the many meanings of labor, human of action tobepursued.In short-term,the a clearly was pursuit articulated to support the (as did Iduring thetime of in protests), the a message of support (Gibson 2011). This image wentviral whenonline many Facebook usersuploaded itas their profile pictures actually a global community fightersof everywhere, or in other words “we are all Wisconsin.” support” –Gibson 2011),illustrating boundaries the that of Wisconsinthe community are geographic outline ofWisconsin on fist solidarity the (“the universal symbol solidarity of and by whoconceived artist the the image in Figure 17. In this image,he superimposes the SAFs tobecome unite should one againstacommon enemy,is idea that an further visualized actors from such communicated that variousKreisman 2012).Through protesters tactics, ( Figure 17 Time ) Much like temporal cuing, these conflation mechanisms also translated possible lines possible translated also mechanisms conflation these cuing, temporal like Much : The Wisconsin Fist ofSolidarity going tofall...one wayis or the other.domino first the that here is it US inthe exponentially grows have-nots and for in crucible people’s As thegulf rights States. United the haves between the US history. Wisconsin is Class War Zero Ground for the new millennium and a in is moment inWisconsin rights a watershed preserve workers’ to The battle 58 world (Eric Thayer [ Figure 18: Instructions for healing the USNews.com ]) CEU eTD Collection 31 to express a forbigger vision action in In envisioningprotests. Wisconsin the the means for those from other fields to send their support. Ian’s 114). became atool forof translation: meantexpression what an protests and the a “This is pizzathe rebellion” Figure (in 19on nextthe page and in Weidemann 2011: 113- like,” democracy “Thistastes page),and is what Ian’s the Facebook Runs onIan’s”(on Pizza were coming infrom all thearound world, building, company the received aflurry of forcalls ordering pizza theprotesters. Soon, pizzas of followingprotests, from anorder motherthe of a UW student camped intheCapitol week first the In cuisine). American and Midwestern of (symbols fries and steak and fillings, as “an Weidemann (in food” everyman 2011: 114)and itemsplace like mac n’ taco cheese, product what of globalized now food the pizza-makerspizza, oneemployee take or described the itself, jammingis as act of an cultural business making in artof pizza the particular this “comfort food” joint with was a a “Madisonstaple,” protests to the pizza the his interview, company prior in expressed strong connections andambassador and of translator culture andaction throughout theprotests. Asassociations Adam May with the Midwest. local the through Ian’s,acompanypizza company Madison inmany ways,that, an became However, models by which from those afar could doso. on Facebook, orsending amessage internet through andmainstream media provided the Anonymous’sWisconsin of protests. boycott goods, posting animagelikethatinFigure 17 removing the tape and gaining back thehuman right to speakis to take action in the the symbols of democracy and the dream for abetter world, she insinuates that the first step in mouth her“Save Wisco, Heal World”the in Figure 18. Through this action, whichinvokes Donating states and countries are listed in the chalkboard image in Figure 19. In addition to these short-term demonstrations of combined of action, short-term demonstrations In addition these symbols to protesters Along with methods,these one of mostthe commonpractices for sending supportwas 31 59 provoking such exclamations“Democracy as CEU eTD Collection Figure 19:Ian'sPizza chalkboard of donations ( 60 Ian's Pizza FacebookPage ) CEU eTD Collection motion, offering it different meanings. Coercion and frustration join freedom as motion is motion as freedom join frustration and Coercion meanings. different it offering motion, inflect ‘friction’ of kinds These homes. our bombed they’ve when only town leave we and processes of friction. As Tsing (2005) connections broke, ordissent arose: states, whatmay be considered double-sided the coin of the “Some of thefailed, time, translation inwhich protests we Wisconsin don’t in the moments the note to want relevant now to go at all, coalesced around appropriation andthe of combination symbols from arangeof SAFs, itis 5.2 translations responded with message:their own they understood. in these implicated fields global and American, Wisconsin, the from actors Madison, in protests the at up showing even support, of letters writing pizzas, donating Through action. themeaning of translated and protests the many called at upon samethe actors time totake another to cuingthrough multiplemoving symbols and scales, such actors Morelloas like tosee, thekind like of world we’d toseeand fightfor let’s that.”Shiftingfrom SAF one like we’d we’d like see, kind see,the country kindwe’d kindthe state of to that of of world encompass and rally membersnarrative world of a better andjustice for all.Morello extended (2011) thisvision to of all fields with hislooking narrative, “let’s out make idealsa checklistfor ofeach American to of“civil particular symbols thefrom shifted McClurg Dave Similarly, other…trying active. society,” politically more to expressrecalling this Wisconsin icon to suggest that Wisconsinites, and citizensin general should behopeto forhelp “a more other ishuman-basedProgressive, saidit democracy 2011), i.e.that a life, constantly” Forward-movie goes (in on people” society, Wisconsin great M. Lathe Follette, “Robert John stated, Nichols protests, of the implications that where youconnected are with the global AnAlternativeUse of Cultural Tools: Cultural Differenceand Dissonance Having theways nowillustrated in which a massive number of actors successfully 61 CEU eTD Collection image of Ronald Reagan on a horse, insinuating that the American dream of the open-range the of dream American the that insinuating horse, a on Reagan Ronald of image carrieddependence individual Oneprotester an government. on dream not was about pursuit, American the insinuating leeching, 2012), “Stop Kreisman teaching” that team, (in and start suggestingprotest thatto “standing bill the Wisconsin” was not with playing but for other the Kreisman 2012), (in team” Football] Fans Illinois areBears [the Senators “Democrat was viable pursuit to followWalker’slead. Governor Thesecarried protesters read signs that protesting thebill beingwere nonsensical, were violating “the rules” of field,the and thatthe those how signal to way: new entirely an in fields various the from tools cultural familiar protestingexpressandbeyond used cametocontention those bill.with the actors These way perhaps may participation havethat the from of discouraged fields.actors other of in boundaries their SAF the a delineated protesters these difference, and exceptionalism (in 2011).In Wisconsintoday such voters” narrativesof employing Stopera are making claims like“I AM a Wisconsin areyou?”taxpayer and many“how Tea Partiers here 2011).Stopera Many signs also questioned thebelonging in of protesters Wisconsinthe field, (in 14” Fab thanks fun, be can’t Illinois in weekend “A and Wisconistan” not “Wisconsin stated signs other SAFs, global and in American going was what from inWisconsin on going was what off cordoned that exceptionalism Wisconsin of form in adifferent Additionally, in from Wisconsindifferent (Emma Smith). with” workers whatthe dealing lot were on a different plane” (Dave Kreisman) or “we’re united in the struggle but their struggles are a about makingtrepidation between Middle the connections Eastand Wisconsin “we’re saying close off flows, demarcate the boundaries of an SAF, or pursue contrary lines of action. deployed actors to culture Insome protests, intheWisconsin (p.6). socially informed” cases On day the of Tea the Party rally, 12March 2011, protesters from Wisconsinthe field Indeed, during several instances in my interviews, actorsexpressed Alex Hanna’s 62 CEU eTD Collection of culture as it is activated through action. is through asitof culture activated (1984)mightcall “thebricolage”— Certeau andfriction, creativity—what conflict faultiness, field, to in their make others as narratives and symbols, themes, same sense very the from drawing way, different of and entirely navigatein an situation the together pieced actors some Additionally, dissent. alternativeexpress and lines fieldsother through common symbols, used others of culture to draw boundaries, differentiate, action. Such examples with and coalescedmade in together connections While this actors some protests section. the reveal thein resonance carries particular that argument an and contradictory, complicated but system from other states because the union had the funding and the resources to bring in people.” andtaxes, like things Icouldlegitimately that, that see. Butalot actually wereof protesters were and“if whopeople actually Wisconsin, stating,lived inthestate paid protesters the Kellycounterparts, implied also thatthis wasanissue within concerningactors the field of her Like of debate. of the some she coverage “one-sided” in voice sawasavery herwhat “standing with Walker” as a way defendto her civicchoice of votingfor Walker and express applyingfor jobs atpublic She schools. also saw heract own of protesting and protesters, the for ateacherlike a degree, stand “to likea Master’s her,with chancein else” anybody the elimination of collective bargaining rights, and the weakening of union power, to be a way equality the against by and democracy bill. the expressed Thatis,protesters she understood images echoed in of narrative that “levela field,” asplaying actions the a way to governor’s Walkerin andsupported protests the attended TeaParty the rally,justifiedher she and the realization. and free individual (consistent with the American image of the cowboy) was on its way to As Mische (2003) andSwidler (1986) have both emphasized, is culture nota unified Additionally,in myinterview with Kelly aself-describedGilbert, independent who 63 CEU eTD Collection Association (Acar, Grainger, Luft et al 2011), they expressed the reconfiguration andcreation reconfiguration expressedthe et al they Luft2011), Grainger, (Acar, Association and actors. forms later fields would have were created, an that other As aresult, newcultural on effect protests. can in Wisconsin field that of beseen the aprocess the field, newly to the emerged newinnovate waysof organizing by social space, adapting their understanding of fields other fieldthe in Figure 20indicate. However,Fligstein and McAdam alsoargue thatactors (2011) doing sobring along their cultural tomaketoolkits sense of field,the asthearrows goinginto surrounding SAFsofWisconsin,America, and worldactin the come to andin protests, the from howactors Indeed, Ihavepreviousthe chapters showninthe 12). who‘migrate’” (p. likelyare emerge nearby to SAFs”“theyexisting and that likelyare beto populated by groups 6.1 actors and their fields, inciting processes of cultural transformation and transmission. for consequences has SAF new this how show will I Additionally, chapter. in this further allows for a new Figure 20 on nextthe page, Ihave how shown intersection this and of cultural actors toolkits field to also emerge—the SAFs, In and nature organization of for the implications environment. field the carried particular global and American, Wisconsin, the from action the shaping Wisconsinwith along actions, protests of thisHowever, series modes of action. and alternative detachment andaction, sometimes SAF—a process andprotests how actors from fieldsnumerous form coalitions and complementary lines of I will explainmotivations” (Swidler 1986:284) of cultural cometoolkits, toparticipate in Wisconsinthe A Newly Formed Field ANewlyFormed In an written article by sociology from students UW the Assistants Teaching In fields,explaining emergent Fligstein McAdam and “new (2011) arguethat SAFs Thus far, I have illustrated the ways in which actors, through the “moods and “moods the through actors, which in ways the illustrated have I far, Thus 6. OUTCOMES: INNOVATIONAND 6. OUTCOMES: RETOOLING 64 CEU eTD Collection Figure21: The "Capitol City" ( create a new field Figure20: Wisconsin, American, and global strategic action field Lawsonry.com ) 65 s intersect to s intersect CEU eTD Collection 33 32 able reach to Governor Walker via telephone by pretending tobe DavidKoch 2011), (Elliott was in call,”The tale New York, “Koch from of which IanMurphy,the brothers ajournalist protests. the of memory the capture to helped thereby and offered protest the that inspiration the from songs and films prints, poetry, paintings, creating began Artists emerged. heroes continues), still that from actors protests the sang songs protest atnoon everyday in Capitol the (a rotunda practice up first aid stations. Additionally, rituals such as the Solidarity Sing-Along, during which andfood setting feltpeople bringing with “itlike acommunity” that described Onawa Powell meta more“I’ve never peaceful and group amazing of (in people” M. Davis and 2011), noviolence“bad in or actors womanthe group,” the drove from who Missouri commented keep spacecleanthe andpeaceful. his Fred Rissercommented on surpriseabout therebeing tried toshow respect to buildingthe and protestersby other making rules and schedulesto itlike “they that stated DaveKreisman ahome”andthatprotesters my interviewees. treated noviolence here” 2011), (in a viewStopera space protest of the was also that referenced by Capitol the building that said“Home sweet (in home” Kreisman 2012) and claimed “there’s the of order newly the signs space.Thisethicemerged further wasexpressedin through hung in from fields shaping of other actions those the credited and welcomed in Madison, they also expressed While thestudents association geographic the of this SAFwith Capitol the building of culture in a new toolkitfor the Wisconsin protests SAF: I learned of this from Dave Kreisman and was a participant-observant of the practice See Figure on 21. one day in April 2012. In addition to these narratives and practices of the field, new images, anecdotes, and field, of newimages,anecdotes, the and to In addition narratives practices these (P. 54-55) backers from provided [bylocalit was restaurants]…but also deliveredevery compliments of state organizations,firefighters, police, andothers, did….plentyin was food of the U.S. andstudents, members various of unions, disability environmental groups, rights many countriescould come andlive in Capitol,the hundreds of and includingpeople, aroundCity’ ‘Capitol space its with own rules, language, symbols, and rituals, into meanings. Anyone the world…transformed was Capitol the us, To 33 were routinized actions that worked to establish order in the field. 66 32 —a newly defined CEU eTD Collection directed into fielddirected the in thoseinvolved Figure20indicate, whowere could“borrow” the opportunity to spacein meaningful—encounteredacting and theprotest alsoencountered protests thus the learn new ways of acting.protests, actors—through motivation the of already established cultural thatmadetoolkits That is, in Wisconsin caseof in shape In fields. the nearby fieldthe come other to a new created entering the space, as the arrows 6.2 individual in perceptions, a process of cultural transmission. protestthe how explain I section, next the In field. the of out and fieldwithin others’ of “re-tooling” came toWisconsin have protests a did“ripple not onlymodels narratives: that could provide abasis for how to navigate field.the However, the result in the emergenceeffect” of a forms, and new art by new toestablish practices, creating rules, sought of asense order actors cultural ontoolkit, the but also organizationa newa cultural toolkit. In adjusting to the unfamiliar dynamics of the Wisconsin protests SAF, of otherfor his act of fleeing the state, saying, “we were treatedfields, like heroes.” field in the those from idolatry a similar felt Risser Fred yeah!!!” like, was everybody Ian’s and on institution, acelebration field protest the of that hesummed upwith “if phrase the yousaid and that some that Ian’s the page grew from Facebook 4,000 to15,000fans in span short the weeks of two of those action. becamesymbolsalso andheroes myof protest the In Adam,interview with hestated who donated memory The “Ian’spizzaguys” as of protests. my interviewsthe inprominent several times pizzas allies,andmentioned event andthe all memes, andwas Walker’s signs corporate referencing later madewas commonly throughout protests. the referenced This a roused series ofjokes,internet a point of pilgrimaging to the Adding tothe Toolkit (BothCollective and Individual) Fligstein and McAdam forms (2011) arguethat organizingof cultural action,forms, or Such examples illustrate that with the emergence of this field, came the emergence of emergence the field, came of this with emergence the that illustrate Such examples 67 CEU eTD Collection protests SAF to the other fields, what gainedactors suchnew toolsfor understanding and openingthus more for action. possibilities can be SAF, termed protests the encountering Through understand.” they level, local a the at “spillover”involved they’re and exactly know they Now, was. rep (Fligsteinstate their who know even didn’t issues...People fiscal and and McAdam votes, down and up and committee, conference understand And now. works government waystate the actually understand “People as experiences explaining: lesson,” a “acivics it exactly you're payingwhen go?” wheredoes taxes, Dave Kreisman such summarized about, I don’t want to too feltmore politically say engaged: “I did startreading alotmore...and learning alotmore just collective worksbargaining, in the United States. Similarly, Kelly Gilbert, althoughbut a supporter on of the bill,politics politics said hewasmuch flipped” more that way a“switch so of aware was the that and corporate she on the whole, check my news andandevery moremorning…gathering more research” andAustin Brian said just Daveincited forfelt a and engagement. civic more McClurg passion empowered said “I hadprotesting andthat now, political more they that were stated my also of interviewees him,Wisconsinhe closer” to hadanew aninsinuation that field. of understanding the Many living through Wisconsinthe Mark Fraireprotests. mentioned experience thatthe “brought them fields.to other an new experience for understanding within protests, tools Wisconsin they the carry with elaborate on process this of cultural transmission and learning, showinghow actors acquire as thearrows pointing outof SAF protest the in Figure20illustrate. In section,this I sphere, and global America, the SAFs such of as Wisconsin, other toolkit cultural collective of fields.other Indoing so,they consequently addedto theirtoolkits, own aswell as the (Fligstein drawfromand McAdam 2011: 13)or cultureSAF, of protestthe the tomakesense On a collective level, those who protested brought cultural tools acquired in the acquired tools cultural brought protested who those level, acollective On a expressedfeelingMany inlearningor of protesters a the process of transformation 68 CEU eTD Collection part of the broader American experience, as a symbol of asasymbol civic action. American experience, broader part of the became as perceived The culture of Wisconsin(Time protests 2011). the was “theprotester” Time for chosen was 14” “Fab the apoll, through when emphasized further was field American the understand national (inAriosto2011). the experience” The importance of symbolsthese in how Americanscollect in participate try politicalprocess…we the helpsto everything that to museum’s archives. She stated, “This is part of the museum’s long tradition of documenting curator from the Smithsonian“theprotests…in American largest history”North (Forward-movie 2011).In March 2011,a came to the protests one asoneof Wisconsin narrative of wasthe events the of includewhich of protests, symbols to collect signs to be incorporated in the allowed them maketo sense of participating in the recall campaign altogether. and infuture union For manyefforts. my interviewees,of memory the isof protests the what couldunderstand what belearnedfrom protestsandthe whereit could take inthem recall the History entitledSociety “It’s conferenceNot Iattended, Over,”members worked to Labor Wisconsin the In campaign. recall the to relevant especially memory been has the protests the of Additionally, Society. Historical State Wisconsin the to donated was eventually, and 2011)in (ProjectLodge breath recognized the“incredible of voice” protests creative the Lodge, began two Madison gallery the organizingProject 34 onartrelated protests. tothe exhibition March 2011, Sarah Stolte, an art history student atUW, came upwith idea the tocurate an Wisconsinites, memory of collective of the formed part becamenarrative that a protests the Wisconsin, already and 2011: 10), a“re-tooling” thus American, Wisconsin, global of cultures. and SAF In commemorated in books, films, and exhibitions. For example, in Ilearned about this exhibition through my research and spoke with Sarah about how planning the unfolded. magazine’s list of 100mostthe influential people of 2011, of which person-of-the-year The collective cultural toolkit of the American SAF also became reconfigured to 34 Sharingideacurator of Sonia her the Kubica, with 69 SolidARTity , an exhibition that exhibition an , CEU eTD Collection symbols, stories, and practices, tobe drawn upon by actors in future social processes. new imagination collective the to adding SAFs, global and American, Wisconsin, surrounding terms, of adding tothecultural toolkit. In this retooling, brought actors shifts within the and a“lesson,”“switch,” “opening” or away,in understanding: an of doors, Swidler’s of This fieldperceiving offerednew ways of andacquiredforms new culture. new created all world. the over this memory and foldinginto it a global narrative fighting of protesters dominance corporate resituated this story learningof and awareness, calling on people to“defend and celebrate” understanding andpursuingwhole new action. linesof Inanother piece, Harvey (2011) for tools the him gave Wisconsin in happened what how expresses Harvey song, this Through movement, wrotea songhow about Wisconsininspired him, singing: in Occupy involved heavily became later who and 2011, in May in Barcelona movement Harvey, an musicianAmerican was partwho of Wisconsinthe Indignados the protests, Kreisman also otherpeopleMidwest…why can’t havebiggeroccupations?” This is ideaan thatDave articulatedpeople’s faith in movement...theythe itdid before is…this littletiny city in the saying, the“I thinkWisconsin you from she that wasappropriated mentioned thought the of that public space tactic occupying can protestsargue that world. Emma abetter andasymbol of creating movement international beOccupy the later andthat described started here.” its useRyan for inspiration, stating, “I’m sure it helped Thus, through their encounter with the emergent Wisconsin protests SAF, protesters Globally,many protesters situated the Wisconsin protests as a precursor to what would How itHow gave us all some guidance. (Harvey 2012) itHow shaped afuture movement… italteredHow public consciousness itHow empowered its participants… It was so important what you did… sparked somethingYou andyou opened adoor… gave meYou hopewayyou the fought But hey Wisconsin,you my captured heart 70 CEU eTD Collection our livesour andhow we (sometimes unintentionally)move and change. into in itMore broadly, theroleinsight social on culture of other offers protests processes. of Wisconsin the effect” “ripple the for understanding potential the highlights also SAF, but not protests the only explains the“ripple effect” of action infiltrating Wisconsin the protests practices,images, and understandings to take with them to other fields. Such an imagining of were to exposed field:so, “pleasure”new of the knowledge protest narratives, the of the and familiarity of recognizing the meaningful cultural of tools their own andin SAFs, doing field andits cultural Actors toolkit. enteredthus thisfield newlyemergent through easethe and helpmoods motivations also alongcreating to new the with the participate, shape protest in found Actors among viablepathsclearly these others. articulated that, a discursive process moving forward,protecting the American dream, and making abetter andmore just world, solidarities. formed fieldsallactors which andthrough to three was translated “the amessage that rules,” dispossession of rights weremore a than theactions ofthegovernor that andunderstood communicated and resources, they werenewly an attack emergent on a way protestof lifeand consequent legislative of the billand a new “strangeness” the of ways understanding or space.a violation In enactingof and global offered the America, in fields of formedWisconsin, sphere, action strategic the the symbols and practicesindiscussed this thesis. Indeed, like the metaphor, a type of symbol, cultural the toolkits of their fields,I have that Wisconsin tothe processesrelated protests the hereAristotle saidcaptures What actors As such, actors in these spaces navigated the situation in the ways that they knew how: which gives us most of this pleasure. (Aristotle, pleasure. most of this us gives which words have nomeaning for us; common terms we know already; itis Benson 1988: and Prosser 245) andwords arepleasantest sothose which us give All men a take natural inpleasure learning something; denote quickly; words CONCLUDING REMARKS 71 Rhetoric new knowledge. Strange knowledge. 3:10,quoted in metaphor CEU eTD Collection are enacted. Where culture takes us from there, I leave for future translation. forI leave future usfrom takes there, Where culture are enacted. relation this study, exploring which symbols from Wisconsinthe SAF protests spill over and election in Wisconsin on 5 June to 2012, or internationalthe inOccupy movement in 2011, recall governor tothe related processes at look movement social mightthe one outcomes, toolkits enablehandful followingof protesters, the fields in which andthey ifact, overlapping cultural the use of of a might thetrajectories analyze more micro-study a In addition, associations. professional certain symbols enactedprotests from fields,other including the andprominent more formalized unions and more than mesuggests to that aremanythere moreothers. symbols tobe andpractices foundin Wisconsinthe Furthermore, habits),(referencing of stereotype “cop” an eating that signexample common the support of in a with studyBrian Austin, he explained of to me how police officersCheddar Revolution, ormore complexly itsexamine effects on fields.other brought Inmy interview donuts to the protests as a Indeed, further studies might examine how other cultural toolkits came to penetrate the further examine mighthowothercultural cametopenetrate studies Indeed, toolkits 72 CEU eTD Collection A. List of Interviewees andBackground Information 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Tony Tony Castaneda Dave Kreisman Dave Dave McClurg Onawa PowellOnawa Kelly Gilbert Brian Austin Brian Name Alex Hanna Mark Fraire Fred Risser Fred Adam May Date of Interview Date April 26, 2012 April 10, 2012 April 10, 2012 April 20, 2012 April 26, 2012 April 30, 2012 April 18, 2012 April 26, 2012 April 9, 2012 May 1, 2012 APPENDIX 73 We Are Wisconsin and Wisconsin We Are and co-president of the co-president and Wisconsin Legislature Political Organizer for Wisconsin Arts Board Marketing Director at Director Marketing Musician, Radio HostRadio Musician, Services Specialist at Specialist Services Grants Program and Program Grants Wisconsin-Madison Teaching Assistants Graduate Student at State Senator in the Madison East High Association (TAA) Association Teacher atprivate School during the market/Senior at market/Senior Police Officer Police Police Officer Police (state agency) Photographer University of Cashier ata Ian’s Pizza Ian’s Profession protests school in and around the Capitol the around and in employee involved in the in and around the Capitol the around and in affected public employee public affected fled to Illinois in order to building in Madison and contributions from pizza art show on the protests, the on show art events in and around the protester, in the protests Led the student walkout “Cops for Labor” group Labor” for “Cops involved in the protests Square in February and inFebruary Square involved in the protests Republican who joined who Republican Positionin the Protests “Fab 14” member who member 14” “Fab Long-time activist and Capitoland camped in the Capitolthe building in attended the Tea Party Tea the attended Madison; spearheaded Madison; protests in and around and in protests around and in protests Self-described former “Cops for Labor” and Labor” for “Cops at Madison East High Involved in the initial the in Involved donation campaign at who documented the throughout February demonstration at the February and March building in Madison Rally on the Capitol School support in of the the Capitol building the the Capitol building prevent bill passage page, messages and Facebook Managed photographer, not a not photographer, Self-described as a as Self-described Long-time activist supported billthe Independent who Exempted public Ian’s throughoutIan’s Valentine’s Day Capitol building Self-described SolidARTity teachers CEU eTD Collection How/where doyou see this protest in scheme broader ofhistory? If the recall campaign is unsuccessful, doyou think it still carries relevance? didHow affectyour this ownpersonallife? protest What doyou think this did? protest Didit have anyeffect? world? Did you feel like this respondedprotest toanything else on going in nation,the andthe Why youdo think people other participated? was it about? Whatdo you think thisaddressed? protest Whatdid mean it toyou inor your opinion, what Who did you interact with at the protests? protest? Was there a particular piece of literature, music, art, image, etc. that spoke to youin this event? or moment Was thereanything memorable from protest the sticksthat in mind?your A particular How many times did you attend? Was there any particular day that was memorable? how? Didyoufeel you could that offer something tothe movementwith your participation? If so, Did anyone/anything influence you tojoin? What compelled you tojoin? Why you did feel thisthat momentwas important? Where wereyou during the protest? Didyou stay in place one did or move around? didHow you become involved? wereyouHow involved? them? of heard What were you doing when the protests began in Madison? What was the first news you B. Sample Interview Guide 12. 11. Emma Smith Emma Don White March 7, 2012 April 30, 2012 74 European University European Student atCentral Teacher atpublic middle school in Madison Drove from New York to York New from Drove who was involved in the protests in and around and in protests Self-described former moderate Republican moderate Madison in March to the the Capitol building passage of the bill ofthe passage the against protest CEU eTD Collection C. Wisconsin as a “Swing State” shouldHow be protest this remembered? Source: NewYorkTimes 75 CEU eTD Collection Anonymous. “Press Release: #OpWisconsin.” Anderson,“’Blue Jonah. 2003. Working Shirt’: heritage rightly of a source pride.” Campbell, Greg.2011.“Those whoinbelieve democracy Wisconsinshouldsupport Buhle, Mari Jo and Paul Buhle. 2011.“Angry Badgers.” Appadurai, Arjun. 1991.“Global Notesand QueriesEthnoscapes: for a Transnational Alonso, Ana Maria. 1988. “’Progress’” as Disorder and Dishonor: Discourses of Serrano Barton, Gina.2011.“Madison thousands.” recall rally draws Buhle, 2011. “The Mari Jo. Wisconsin in Idea.”Pp.11-26 Benson, Thomas W. andProsser, Michael H. 1988.“Aristotle: TheRhetoric,” by translated Bad At Sports. 2011. “The Visual Culture of Wisconsin Protest.” Bachmann, Michele. 2011. “Transcript: Bachmann’s response to State of the Union.” David.Ariosto, 2011. “As history unfolds in Wisconsin, Smithsonian sends curator.” Acar, Taylan, Robert Chiles, Garrett Grainger, Aliza Luft, Rahul Mahajan, João Peschanski, Barrett, Patrick. 2011.“An Interview with Ben Manski Wisconsinthe of Wave.” Pp.67-87 Breckenridge, Jenn. 2011. “BREAKING: Wisconsin “BREAKING:Breckenridge, HaveJoinedWisconsin InsideState 2011. Police Jenn. Protest Barden,“Wisconsin Saturday, Patricia. 2011. February Protests, 19, 2011.” 7, 2012( Milwaukee JournalSentinel edited by R. Fox. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press. protesters.” Printed Letter to the Editor of by M.J. Buhle and P. Buhle. Brooklyn, NY: Verso Press. ( November 19.RetrievedNovember 23,2011 Anthropology.”191-210 in Pp. Resistance.” Retrieved May 7, 2012( Press. inside-state-capitol/). (http://understory.ran.org/2011/02/25/breaking-wisconsin-police-have-joined-protest- R.C. Jebb. Pp. 240-250 in 19-2011 ( February May 19. Retrieved 14, 2012 22. Retrieved2011 November( 12, express?_s=PM:POLITICS 25/politics/sotu.response.bachmann_1_unemployment-national-debt-tea-party- CNN.com workers?_s=PM:POLITICS 08/politics/wisconsin.smithsonian_1_labor-history-budget-impasse-state- CNN.com Occupation.” Chelsea Schelly, Jason Turowetz, and Ian F. Wall. 2011. “Inside the Wisconsin protesters/article_e2129134-46b8-11e0-9450-00127992bc8b.html editor/those-who-believe-in-democracy-should-support-wisconsin- kick-off-madison-rally-pu34cfr-134174313.html in Capitol.” Press. http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/feingold-signs-walker-recall-petition-to- http://www.prwatch.org/news/2011/02/10091/wisconsin-protests-saturday-february- It StartedinWisconsin ). http://anonnews.org/?p=press&a=item&i=585 , January , January 25. Retrieved April 5, 2012( , March 8. Retrieved November 14,2011 ( The Understory Critique ofAnthropology Contexts 10 (3): 50-55. 10(3): http://www.stltoday.com/news/opinion/mailbag/letters-to-the- , edited byM.J., edited Buhle P.Buhle. and Brooklyn, NY:Verso ). , March 4. ). Readings in Classical Rhetoric , February , February 25. Retrieved November 17,2011 REFERENCES Recapturing Anthropology: WorkingRecapturing inthePresent http://badatsports.com/2011/03/page/2/ 76 8(1):13-33. AnonNews.org ). http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01- St.LouisPost-Dispatch Academe http://articles.cnn.com/2011-03- ). , February , February 28. Retrieved May It StartedinWisconsin Milwaukee JournalSentinel Milwaukee 97 (4): Pp. 1-6. BadAtSports.com . Davis, Hermagoras CA: ). PRWatch.org ). , March 4. , March , edited , , , CEU eTD Collection Edelman, Marc.2001. “Social ChangingMovements: Paradigms and Forms of Politics.” Derby,Kalk. Samara 2011.“Around Protesters rail Town: against Walker plan for state Ciaccio,Project.” Nichali M.2011.“PostcardstoEgypt Eberly, Don Eberly, Don E. 2000. “The Meaning, Origins, andApplications ofCivil Society.” Pp. 3-27 Davis, Michael. 2011. “Columbia woman inempowered Wisconsin protest.” Davis, Ben.2011.“Artist Rally Protesters WisconsinBehind Unions in a Show of Solidarity Daniel, Susanna. 2011. “Living in Midwest:the Doesitmake you complacent andlikely to Lane. Crothers, 2010. Cronon, William. 2011.“Wisconsin’s Radical Break.” Couchsurfing. 2011.Homepage. Retrieved November19,2011 Cornbleth, Catherine. 2002.“Images of America:WhatYouth "Do" Know about Unitedthe Chivvis,“Wisconsin Dana. 2011. Stay Schools ShowSupport.” Closed; NewYorkers Certeau, Michel de. 1984. Dennis, Brady Wallsten.and Peter 2011.“Obama joins Wisconsin's budgetbattle, opposing Timeline.” of Protest the Dane Year “Wisconsin’s 101.2012. Conniff,“The Ruth. WaronSchools.”in Pp. 47-57 Collins, Jane.2012.“TheorizingWisconsin’s Community-based 2011protests: unionism ( Annual ReviewAnthropology of Inc. Publishers, & Littlefield workers.” 2011 ( ( Retrieved 19,2012 May Retrieved March 13, 2012( in ( Missourian SolidARiTy.” and SolidARTity, and — ( wear clogs?.” ( States.” Buhle andP.Buhle. Brooklyn, NY:VersoPress. project/ show- support/ ( Huffington Post Press. California 11e0-9c6a-001cc4c002e0.html dyn/content/article/2011/02/17/AR2011021705494.html involved-madison-protest/ wisconsin- unions-in-a-show-of-solidarity-and-solidartity-and-solidarity/ 2011 ( Republican anti-union bill.” February 22, 2012( Publishers. &Littlefield Rowman confronts accumulation by dispossession.” http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt_and_politics/article_3ecf4d04-37f5- http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/22/opinion/22cronon.html http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2011/03/14/columbia-woman-gets- http://www.slate.com/articles/life/family/2011/04/living_in_the_midwest.html http://www.couchsurfing.org/ http://www.aolnews.com/2011/02/18/wisconsin-schools-stay-closed-new-yorkers- The Essential Civil Society Reader Civil Society The Essential ). American EducationalResearch Journal , March , March 14. Retrieved March 4, 2012 http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/37165/artist-protesters-rally-behind- ). Madison.com , February 18. Retrieved November17,2011 http://www.dipity.com/dane101/Wisconsins-Year-of-Protest/ Globalization and American Popular Culture Slate.com The Practice ofEverydayLife ). Washington Post , February , February 14. Retrieved May 7, 2012 ). ). http://nichaliciaccio.wordpress.com/postcards-to-egypt- 30: 285-317. , April 11. Retrieved May 20, 2012 , edited by D.E. Eberly. Lanham, MD: Rowman 77 ARTINFO American Ethnologist , February , February 18. Retrieved November 17, It StartedinWisconsin 39(2):519-552. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- , March 9. Retrieved November 15, . Berkeley, CA:University of New York Times ). The SmoothDiscursive ). Dipity.com 39 (1): 6-18. . Lanham, MA: , edited by M.J. ). , March 21. . Retrieved Columbia ). blog. ). CEU eTD Collection Harvey, Ryan. 2012. “Wisconsin.” 2012. Ryan. Harvey, of Fist Wisconsin The Enter Symbol: a Needs Movement “Every 2011. Megan. Gibson, Hanna, Alex. 2011. “An Egyptian Spring and aWisconsin Winter.” Hall, Stuart. 1992. “The Question of Cultural Identity.” Pp. 596-632 in S.of Weak Ties.” Mark “The 1973. Strength Granovetter, Walker“Governor BudgetRepair.” 2011. Introduces Goodwin, Jeff and James M. Jasper, eds. 2003. Goffman, 1974. Erving. Gingrich, Newt and Calista Gingrich. 2011. “Reagan Remembered: Gingriches Recall a Clifford.Geertz, 1973. Gantz, Jeremy. 2009. “Labor Scores Long-Sought History Victory in Wisconsin Schools.” McAdam.aGeneral “Toward Fligstein, and Doug Strategic Action Theory Neil of 2011. in 2009.“TheFiegerman, Seth. States Drunkest America.” NYC#2.” Rally “Cheesehead Fertik, 2011. Bob. Fantasia, Rick andKim Voss. 2004. Elliott, Justin. 2011.Walker prank-caller:“I waswildly unprepared.” Greenhouse, Steven. 2011. “DeliveringGreenhouse, Steven. 2011. in Moral Support a Steady Stream of Pizzas.” fleeon to avoid“Democrats state vote 2011. Stein Marley. andBill, Patrick Jason Glauber, Fantz, Ashley. 2011.“Ohio, Wisconsin, 'Kill Indiana protesters: bill!'”the ( ( February 11. Madison, WI.Retrieved 21,2011 October ( 23. Retrieved May 31, 2012 August 19. Retrieved April 26, 2012( ( ( Solidarity.” Inc. Books, Retrieved May19,2012( 25, 2012( Futures University Cambridge: Harvard Press. Politician.” Citizen wisconsin-fist-of-solidarity/ sought_history_victory_in_wisconsin_schools/ ( Times In These Fields.” states-america wisconsin-indiana-protesters-kill-the-bill/ February May 23. Retrieved 28, 2012( egyptian-spring-and-a-wisconsin-winter/ ( York Times 78 (6):1360-1380. ( budgetbill.” Berkley, CA: University of California Press. http://ryanharveymusic.wordpress.com/ http://walker.wi.gov/journal_media_detail.asp?prid=5622&locid=177 http://www.salon.com/2011/02/23/ian_murphy_scott_walker_prank/ http://www.aolnews.com/2011/02/02/reagan-remembered-a-citizen-politician/ http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/02/22/every-movement-needs-a-symbol-enter-the- http://www.inthesetimes.com/working/entry/5125/labor_scores_long- http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/26/us/26madison.html http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/116381289.html Concepts , edited by S. Hall, D.Held, and T.McGrew. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Sociological Theory . Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. http://www.jobparty.us/cheesehead_rally_nyc_2 Milwaukee JournalSentinel ). , February November, February 25. Retrieved 17,2011 The Interpretation ofCultures: Selected Essays Frame Analysis:AnEssay ontheOrganization ofExperience Time AOL News AOL , November 2.Retrieved May 19, 2012 , February 22. Retrieved May 14, 2012 ) 29 (1):1-26. http://www.mainstreet.com/slideshow/lifestyle/drunkest- , February , February 2. Retrieved April 23, 2012 Hard Work: RemakingtheAmerican LaborMovement RyanHarvey.com 78 The Reader:CasesSocial Movements and ). ). , February November17. Retrieved 18,2011 ). http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/02/23/ohio- JobParty.us ). http://blog.alex-hanna.com/2011/08/an- Office of Governor Scott Walker . Retrieved May 31, 2012 American MainStreet.com , February 20. Retrieved May ). ). ). Modernity andIts Blog — Alex Hanna Journal of Sociology Salon.com . New York: Basic ). ). , December 10. , February CNN.com ). . New , , , . CEU eTD Collection Kaufman, Dan. 2012. “How Did Wisconsin Become the Most Politically Divisive Place in Juris, Jeffrey S. 2008. Kreisman, Dave. 2012.“Madison Gallery.” Protests Johnston, Hank and Bert Klandermans. 1995. “The Cultural Analysis of Social Movements.” Inda,Rosaldo. Jonathan 2002. X., andRenato “Introduction: AWorldin Motion.” Pp.1-34 Levinson, Alexis. 2011.“Danny MarkDeVito, Ruffalo, Michael andMoore more: Twitter- Leonard, Andrew.2011. “Why FDR would Wisconsinthe support protests.” Lasky, Samantha. 2011. “Economic Mobility and the American Dream: Where Do We Stand -----.2008. “Franklin DelanoObama?” Krugman, Paul. 2011. “Wisconsin Power Play.” Kroll,Andy. “Cairo 2011. inWisconsin: Eating Egyptian inPizza Madison.” Downtown Klein,“Culture Naomi. 2005. Jamming.”in Pp.437-444 Kenney,Padriac. 2002. Kennedy, Tyler C. and David Null. 2009.“Notes -----.2011. on Cheddarthe Revolution. “The History of 20th Century Protests & Social “‘Globalization’-----2011. IsComing Home.” ( America?.”Globalization New York Times, May 24. Retrieved May 24, 2012 ( Retrieved 2011 October to May 2012 Klandermans. Minneapolis, MN:University Press. Minnesota of edited by L. Moore. London, UK: Routledge. 2012 ( Pp. 3-24in in Retrieved November 18, 2011 ( protests.” Wisconsin on in weigh celebrities happy ( February 18. RetrievedMay 7, 2012 2012 ( 21, in Recession?” Wakeof Great the the May 7, 2012( Truth-out.org University Press. Princeton archives/exhibits/protests/1960s.html Retrieved May 20, 2012( UW-Madison.” Action at on-the-cheddar-revolution.html 2011 ( October 25, america.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all&fb_source=message politically-divisive-place-in- %E2%80%9D-is-coming-home out.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=3901:%E2%80%9Cglobalization 2012 ( ruffalo-michael-moore-and-more-twitter-happy-celebrities-weigh-in-on-wisconsin- 85899378421 american-dream-where-do-we-stand-in-the-wake-of-the-great-recession- egyptian-pizza-in-downtown-madison out.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=98:cairo-in-wisconsin-eating- http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/27/magazine/how-did-wisconsin-become-the-most- http://www.davekreisman.com/madison_protests_gallery http://www.salon.com/2011/02/18/fdr_and_wisconsin/print/ The Anthropology of Globalization: AReader of The Anthropology http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/10/opinion/10krugman.html Social Movements andCulture Social Movements , February 28. Retrieved March 4, 2012 ( . Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ). http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/21/opinion/21krugman.html http://www.pewstates.org/research/analysis/economic-mobility-and-the- http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2011/02/notes- Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989 Networking TheMovements Futures: Against Corporate UW-Madison Libraries Archives andOral History ). ). New New York Times http://dailycaller.com/2011/02/22/danny-devito-mark- ). ). Pew Trusts Charitable 79 Truth-out.org New York Times , edited by H. Johnston and B. The New Yorker Dave Kreisman Photography . Malden, MA Blackwell Publishers. , November 10. Retrieves March 26, http://archives.library.wisc.edu/uw- , October 11.Retrieved May 7, The Global Resistance Reader The Global Daily Caller ). ) , February 20. Retrieved , February Retrieved, February 22. ). , May 19. Retrieved May ). . Princeton, NJ: , February 22. http://truth- http://truth- Salon.com ). website. , . , CEU eTD Collection -----.1998. “’It Was Like a Fever…’ Narrative and Identity in Social Protest.” Packers. 2012. -----. 2011 Global.”Goes Art “Street Rachel. Metz, 2005. Polletta, Francesca.Polletta, 1999.“Snarls, Quacks,and inQuarrels: andStructure Culture Political Ozanne, Robert W.1984. Obama, Barack. 2004. “Transcript: Illinois Senate Candidate Nichols, John.Barack 2011 Obama.” Morello, Tom. Michael.Moore, 2011. 2011.“America IsNOT Broke.” “Frostbite and Freedom:Mische, Ann. 2003.“Cross-Talkin ReconceivingMovements: the Culture-Network Link.” Tom Morello on the Battle of Madison.” McAdam, 1994.“Culture Doug. and Social Movements.” Marley, and Patrick Don Walker.2011. “Supreme collective Courtreinstates law.” bargaining McCarthy, John and Mayer Zald. 1977. “Resource Mobilization and Social A Movements: Mad City Mike. 2011.“Saturday,Rally March5,2011,Wisconsin’s at Protest Capitol.” the at Wisconsin “Snowmen Capitol.” the protest areseennear Angeles the 2011. Los Times. SeymourLipset, M.1996. Linkins, Jeremy. 2012.“AtObama WisconsinAppearance, Reporter Confused By State ( ( Minneapolis, MN: Tasora Minneapolis, MN:Tasora Books. Problems ( Society. Historical Wisconsin Workers.” April 25, 2012( Process Theory.” Post ( Rolling Stone Press. University Action inPp. 258-280 ( Sentinel Milwaukee Journal wisconsin-protests-lhuu7gnc,0,762501.photo politico_n_1281920.html ( protests/ dyn/articles/A19751-2004Jul27.html rally-saturday-worker-rights the-battle-of-madison-20110225#ixzz1wHQAriCW Partial Theory.” ( MadCityMike Times Los Angeles NY: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Flag.” Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. University PA:Temple Philadelphia, Ideology toIdentity http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/04/67317 http://www.thenation.com/blog/158872/we-are-all-wisconsin-hundreds-thousands- http://www.packers.com/ http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/frostbite-and-freedom-tom-morello-on- http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/123859034.html http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/16/obama-wisconsin-master-lock- http://madcitymike.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html b , July , July 27. Retrieved May 21, 2012( . “Upwards of 125,000 March in Madison, as Activists Rally Nationwide to Back , edited by M. Diani and D.McAdam.Oxford and NewYork: Oxford ). 45(2):137-159. The Official Websiteof theGreenBayPackersThe Official Huffington PostHuffington a Blog, March7. Retrieved May25,2012 . “Foreword.” Pp. 13-18 in Social Movements and Social Movements Networks:Relational Approaches to Collective http://www.michaelmoore.com/words/mike-friends-blog/americ American Journal ofSociology , February 25. Retrieved April 25, 2012 Sociological Forum , March 10. Retrieved March12,2012 ( , edited by E. Laraña ,H. Johnston, and J.R. Gusfield. The Labor Movement in Wisconsin. American Exceptionalism: ADouble–Edged Sword ). Nation ). ). , February Retrieved May 16. 19, 2012 , February , February 2011 26. Retrieved November 18, , June14.Retrieved November 23,2011 ). 14(1):63-70. 80 Wired ). We Are Wisconsin MichaelMoore.com 82 (6): 1212-1241. , April 27. Retrieved May 25, 2012 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- ). New Social Movements:From Madison, WI: Wisconsin Stat . Retrieved May . Retrieved 19, 2012 http://www.latimes.com/la- ). ). ). , edited by , E. Sagran. , March 5. Retrieved Social . New York, Washington ). CEU eTD Collection Richmond, 2011. “Filmmaker Todd. Moore rallies Wis. pro-union protesters.” Sherman, Jeannine. 2011. “I’m In: The 2011 Polar Bear Plunge.” Scipes, Kim. Pp.149-158 “Wisconsin and USLabor.” in Snow, DavidSnow, A. 2007.“Framing Processes, Ideology, Discursive and Fields.” Pp.380-411 Nate. Silver, 2011. “Wisconsin in WaysIs aSwing State More ThanOne.” Scott, James. 1990. Schumacher, Mary Louise. 2001. “Art world keeps eye on 'Shirt': Oppenheim waits to see if Schneider,“Wisconsin’s Christian. 2011. Incredible Shrinking Protest.” say?” evidence the What does “Is asocialist? 2010. Obama Ron. Scherer, Ryan, Paul. 2011. “Transcript: Ryan’s response toState of the Union.” Rommell, Rick. 2008.“Drinking in deeply ingrained Wisconsin’s culture.” Lodge. 2011.Project “SolidARTity.” Stolte, Matthew and The People of the WI Protests. 2011. Schaper,David. “Wis. 2011. Exempts Public Bill Budget-Repair Safety Unions.” America.” in Latin Movements Social “Women’s 1990. Helen. Safa, Saenz, Arlette. 2012. “Santorum Visits Birthplace of Republican of Party.” Birthplace 2012.“Santorum Republican Arlette. Visits Saenz, ( June 15. Retrieved 23,2011 October ( January 5. Retrieved November 4,2011 ( March 6. Retrieved November 20,2011 Haven, CT: Yale University Press. M.J. Buhle and P. Buhle. Brooklyn, NY: Verso Press. 25. Retrieved April ( 5, 2012 2011 ( Madison, WI. Self-published zine. in more-ways-than-one/). (http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/07/wisconsin-is-a-swing-state-in- March 7. RetrievedMay 18, 2012 2012 ( rescindsboard deal.” protest-christian-schneider does-the-evidence-say ( Monitor Safety-Unions visits-birthplace-of-republican-party/ spending?_s=PM:POLITICS 25/politics/sotu.response.ryan_1_deficit-and-debt-union-speech- ( Journal Sentinel michael-moore-rallies-wis-pro-union-protesters/ and H.Kriesi. UK:Blackwell Oxford, Ltd. Publishing ( Public Radio 354-369).(3): 2. Retrieved May 18, 2012( http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/269681/wisconsins-incredible-shrinking- http://www.visitmilwaukee.org/blog/view/2011-polar-bear-plunge http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41932578/ns/politics- more_politics/t/filmmaker- http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0701/Is-Obama-a-socialist-What- http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/31237904.html http://www.npr.org/2011/02/22/133955153/Wis-Budget-Repair-Bill-Exempts-Public- The Blackwell CompaniontoSocial The Blackwell Movements http://www.theprojectlodge.com/?p=460 http://www.jsonline.com/entertainment/arts/42159847.html , July 1. Retrieved May 25, 2012 ). Domination andthe Arts of Resistance: HiddenTranscripts , February 22. Retrieved November20,2011 , October, 19.Retrieved May20,2012 ). Milwaukee JournalSentinel ). ). http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01- ProjectLodge.com http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/04/santorum- ). 81 ). ). , March 2. Retrieved November 12, , edited by D.A. Snow, S.A. Soule , February , February 15. Retrieved May 19, It StartedinWisconsin ). Don’t Cut: WI ProTestPo VISIT Milwaukee Gender andSociety CNN.com ). ). Christian Science National Review ABC News ABC New Times, New York , January Milwaukee , edited by Blog, MSNBC National . New , April 4 . , , CEU eTD Collection University Wisconsinof System. 2011.“Impact10 of Act (Budget Repair32 Bill) Act and Tsing, Anna. 2005. Touraine,Alain. 1983. Time Staff. 2011.“The 2011TIME 100 Poll.” Movement in Social Identity 1992. “Collective andWhittier. NancyE. Verta Taylor, -----.1986. “Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies.” Swidler, Ann. 1995. “Cultural Power and Social Movements.” Pp.. 25-40 in Weigel, David.2011.“Cheddar Revolution.” Weber, Max. 1992[1904]. Walker, 2011. Scott. “Transcript: Gov. ScottWalker's budgetaddress as preparedfor Walker, 2011.“Present, former Don. Packerssay they back AFL-CIO.” ------. 2010 CensusU.S. Bureau.2010 Tocqueville, Alexis De.[1835] 1994. Stopera, Matt. 2011. “The 100 BestProtest Signs at the Wisconsin Capitol.” Weidemann, 2011. Dennis. Wisconsin Labor History Society. 2011. “Wisconsin’s Labor Heritage at Stake!.” Williams, Rhys H. 2004. “The Cultural Contexts of Collective Action: Constraints, ( Governments Retrieved May 10, 2012( (2011-13 Biennial Budget Bill) UW on EmployeeSystem Benefits,” October19. University Press. Princeton ( Bureau London: Cambridge University. London, UK: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ( Press. University Movement Theory Communities: Lesbian Feminist Mobilization.” Pp.104-129 in 273-296.(2): MN: University Press. Minnesota of Movements andCulture Stevens Point,Stevens WI:Manitenahk Books. delivery.” ( Sentinel 0007,00.html protest-signs-at-the-wisconsin-capitol February 21. Retrieved April 6, 2012( ution.html ( 22, 2011 11e0-b6e7-001cc4c03286.html NY: Routledge. ( Labor History Society Social Movements Companion to Opportunities, and Symbolic Lifeof Pp.91-115inSocial Movements.” http://www2.census.gov/govs/apes/10stlwi.txt http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55000.html http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2058044_2060338_206 http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/116231984.html http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2011/02/the_cheddar_revol http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/article_217dffce-444e- b . “Wisconsin.” . Retrieved November17,2011 , February 25. RetrievedNovember 18, 2011 ). Wisconsin StateJournal ). . Retrieved November 20,2011 Friction: An Ethnography of GlobalConnection Solidarity: a The Analysis Social Movement: of Poland 1980-1981 , edited by A.D. Morris and C.M. Mueller. New Haven, CT: Yale a Website. Retrieved October 8, 2012 . “Wisconsin.” The Protestant Ethic and theSpirit ofCapitalism Cut From PlainCloth: The 2011 Wisconsin Workers Protests Public Employment andPayroll Data,Stateand Local , edited by H. Johnston and B. Klandermans. Minneapolis, http://www.wisconsin.edu/hr/benefits/repairbillfaq.pdf ) Democracy inAmerica . Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. , March 2. Retrieved April 3, 2012 ). 82 Wisconsin QuickFactsWisconsin From the U.S.Census http://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/the-best- Slate.com Time ). American Sociological Review American Sociological , February 22. Retrieved November , April 4. Retrieved May 31, 2012 ). , translated by Francis Bowen. Francis by , translated ). Frontiers in Social Milwaukee Journal . Princeton, NJ: Social Buzzfeed.com The Blackwell . New York, Wisconsin ). 51 , . . CEU eTD Collection Ziff, 2011.“On Deborah. Campus: UW-Madison students to Walker:Break My ‘Don't Van Gelder, Sarah. 2011.“Wisconsin: in Stop TheFirst An American Uprising?” WKOW. protest 2011.“Students Gov. Walker's budgetrepair bill.” -----. 2012 Wisconsin State Historical Society. 2012 ( Wisconsin StateJournal ( Society 13. Retrieved May ( 7, 2012 ( Magazine ( Wisconsin Historical Society ( http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/education/on_campus/ar/ http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-060/?action=more_essay http://www.yesmagazine.org/blogs/wisconsin-the-first-stop-in-an-american-uprising http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-022/?action=more_essay http://www.wisconsinlaborhistory.org/?p=527 b . “Tommy Thompson and the Conservative Revolution.” Website. Retrieved May 18, 2012 , February 18. Retrieved May 7, 2012 Website. Retrieved May 18, 2012 http://www.wkow.com/Global/story.asp?S=14019932 , February 14. Retrieved October21, 2011 a . “Wisconsin and the Republican Party.” 83 ). WKOW.com Wisconsin Historical ). ) ). , February Ɔ ). Yes .’” ).