Sustainable regeneration of unused transportation territories
Understanding land as a resource Sustainable Regeneration of Unused Transport Territories Understanding Land as a Resource
Project Director Stefano Recalcati associate, Arup Italia
Project Manager Zeynep Çelebi Besler senior architect, Arup Turkey
Research Team Serena Girani architect, Arup Italia Joana Mendo senior designer, Arup Germany Eylem Önal Şahin associate, Arup Turkey Ekim Ateşer senior Architect, Arup Turkey Gonca Akgül architect, YTÜ Chiara Fraticelli graduate planner, Arup Italia
Cover Ezgi Köksal, Arup
Graphic design Chiara Fraticelli, Arup Ezgi Köksal, Arup Serena Girani, Arup Zeynep Çelebi Besler, Arup
The author acknowledges from the onset possible unintentional omission of any credits
©2016 Arup, All rights reserved.
2 CONTENTS
a matter of equilibrium 4-5
worldwide emissions 6-7
human activity in atmosphere 8-9
climate change 10-11
spacial and temporal cross-cutting analysis 12-13
temporal framework 14-17
a specific focus: unused transport territories 18-19
1. the use of land as a resource 20-21 world land use: consumption of a resource 22-23 1900-2010 land use changes in europe 30-31 1900-2010 changes in urbanized europe 38-39 2010. brownfields in european cities 42-43
2. built-up land and socio-economic changes: focus on three countries 47-48 urbanization and transportation in germany 49-52 1900-2010. land use changes in germany 52-53 2010s. brownfields in germany 54-55 urbanization and transportation history in italy 57-60 1900-2010. land use changes in italy 61-62 2010s. brownfields in italy 63-64 urbanization and transportation in turkey 64-67 1990-2010 land-use changes in turkey 68-69 2010s. brownfields in turkey 70-71
3. built-up land and the environment 72-73 greenhouse emissions by sector and countries 74-75 buildings, energy and emissions in europe 76-77 the european building stock 78-79 regeneration/revitalization the existing 80
4. case studies 82
5. a framework for sustainable regeneration 102 roadmap 104 importance of brownfields for new developments in cities 106 challenges to the development of brownfields 108 ten strategies for the future 109 110 bibliography
3 A MATTER OF EQUILIBRIUM
Land is a finite and shrinking resource. Desertification is experienced on 33% of the global land surface and affects more than one billion people, especially concentrated in in Africa. Only 11% of the global land surface offers no or few limitations for practical use, which means that a global population of 7.4 billion people relies on this 11% for its food.
The co-signed document issued by the recent Conference of Parties COP21 - also known as the 2015 Paris Climate Conference - included a goal specifically focused on land as a resource. It says that the countries agree to: ‘protect, restore and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss’.
Undoubtedly, land is an environmental resource, but it is also an economic resource, which is influenced by socio-political changes regulated by urban laws and social changes. The vast majority of human activities depends on the use of land. We rely on urbanized land to live, we need land for our nourishment, forests are a fundamental element for the quality of the air, and soil play a very important role in natural water purification. Understanding land as a resource which is a compelling issue to plan a more sustainable future.
The implications for the building sector are significant, especially in urbanized areas where land-use changes occur frequently, land has a high economic values, and social changes are concentrated. Land in cities is heavily exposed to socio-economic changes, such as the industrialization or the de-industrialization processes. Intervening in the process of land-use changes means to regulate the consumpion of a resource, and brownfields are the occasion for urban planners to balance land-use development, social changes and environmental urgencies.
4 UNDERSTANDING LAND AS A RESOURCE IS A COMPELLING ISSUE TO PLAN A MORE SUSTAINABLE FUTURE.
BROWNFIELDS ARE THE OCCASION FOR URBAN PLANNERS TO BALANCE LAND- USE DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL CHANGES AND ENVIRONMENTAL URGENCIES.
5 WORLDWIDE EMISSIONS
MtCO2 EMISSIONS LEGEND
6 7 LAND USE CHANGE COAL
= 10 GtCO2 (cumulated emission in human history)
WHERE DOES IT GAS OIL COME FROM? FLARING
GAS CEMENT MORE THAN 2.000 GIGATONES CO2 HAVE BEEN RELEASED BY HUMAN ACTIVI- TY IN THE ATMOS- IN THE PHERE ATMOSPHERE
WHERE DOES IT GO?
ON LAND IN THE OCEAN
8 NORTH AMERICA POP: 480M ASIA EUROPE POP: 4.0B POP: 739M
= 10 GtCO2 (cumulated emission in human history) WHO PRODUCED IT? MIDDLE EAST CENTRAL AND POP: 313M SOUTH AMERICA POP: 502M
AFRICA OCENIA POP: 1,16B MORE THAN POP: 31M 2.000 GIGATONES CO2 1900s 1890s HAVE BEEN 1910s RELEASED BY 1880s HUMAN ACTIVI- 1920s TY IN THE ATMOS- 1870s 1760s 1770s PHERE
1860s 1780s 1930s
WHEN WAS IT 2010s EMITTED ? 1790s 1850s 1800s 1940s 1840s 1810s 1820s 2000s 1950s
1960s 1990s 1980s 1970s Carbon Atlas
9 CLIMATE CHANGE
World is getting warmer The climate of our planet has always The average temperature of the Earth’s changed, actually as a result of most of surface has increased by about 0,85°C, the natural factors like fluctuations in between 1880-2012 (IPCC 5th Ass. the climate system, Volcanic reasons, Rep.), a change mostly caused by carbon very little changes of Earth’s movement dioxide releases and other human sourced around the sun. But human being cause 40% WILDLIFE SPECIES COULD emissions into the atmosphere. a magnitude influence on the climate by According to the NASA and National burning fossil fuels, destroying the forests BECOME EXTINCT Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration which are absorbing CO2 and more. In (NOAA) analysis, 2015 was the warmest this case all global efforts are essential year since 1880. and pioneer for the future of human being. Global warming is primarly occurs because of too much CO2 concentration in COP 21 the atmosphere which is keeping the heat World leaders of 190 countries across the and warming the planet. whole world signed a groundbreaking Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is pledge in Paris. natural and essential for human being and other living on earth. Because greenhouse 21st Conference of the Parties to the effect is trapping some of the energy United Nations Framework Convention coming from the sun, keeping reflections on Climate Change (COP21/CMP11) 20% back into the space and ensure Earth hosted by France between the dates from SHRINKING THE GLOBAL livable. But CO2 amount is very important. 30 November to 11 December 2015. ECONOMY (REDUCING GDP) Industrialization, cutting down the forests, The result of the conference was a new burning fossil fuels, farming methods international agreement on climate and more are increasing the greenhouse change, applicable to all, to keep global gases quantities in the atmosphere. The warming below 2°C. concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is now higher than at any time in the last Under the agreement, every country 800,000 years. will implement its own climate action plan that will be reviewed in 2018 The effects and then every five years to ratchet up • Increase in average temperatures and ambition levels. Wealthier countries also temperature extremes committed to deliver significant flows • Extreme weather events of money and technical support to help • Ice melt poor countries cope with curbing their BY • Sea levels and ocean acidification greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to 2025 • Plants and animals climate change. TWO-THIRDS OF THE • Social effects WORLD’S POPULATION • Economical effects MAY FACE WATER • Health and well being issues SHORTAGES • Population risks and unsustainable development
10 1986-2005 to 2081-2100. Projected temperature change If greenhouse gas emissions peak between 2010-2020 and then decline substantially (RCP2.6) Increase in average temperatures and temperature extremes
If greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise throughout the 21st century (RCP8.5)
Paris Pledges 2,70 C
Current Policies 3,60 C
If the countries don’t act 4,50 C
20 C
11 SPACIAL AND TEMPORAL CROSS-CUTTING ANALYSIS
Land-use and brownfields redevelopment changes in history and geographical are central issues for planning and urban focuses. studies, but the purpose of this research The third chapter underlines the is to analyse and treat them with a new relationship between built-up areas and comprehensive perspective. environmental urgencies, while the fourth chapter is a case studies analysis of 3 FOCUSES: LAND In fact, understanding land as a shrinking brownfield redevelopment in Germany, resource requires a critical perspective, Italy and Turkey. AS A RESOURCE, which, analysing multiple layers and URBANIZATION, scales, is capable of operating changes. The results of this study as explained in SOCIAL CHANGES, THE chapter 5. Conclusions are a theoretical ENVIRONMENT The sets of research methods used are: framework useful to guide practical a literature review; a geographical and work, and a series of practical guidances statistic analysis; and a benchmark - defined through the framework and analysis. through case studies.
The theoretical framework used is sustainable planning. According to it three main issues were identified as representing the pillars to be balanced: economic sustainability of land-use 4 development; social changes and PERIODS IDENTIFIED IN urbanized areas; and their relationship THE HISTORY OF LAND USE between built-up land and the OVER THE LAST CENTURY. environment.
Every chapter mixes the methods, the scales and all the issues, with a methodology that creates spatial and temporal cross-cutting frames.
Chapter 1 ‘The use of land as a resource’ starts illustrating the quality status of land nowadays, and shows the geographical trends in land-use changes over 4 main phases - first industrialization, world wars, global capitalist industrialization, information society (see pages 7-8) - of the last century.
In Chapter 2 ‘Built-up land and socio- economic changes’, the geographical focus moves closer on three countries of the European area, Germany, Italy and Turkey to analyse deeply the interconnections between socio-economic
12 EAS AR ED E ENVIRONMEN IZ D TH T N AN BA D E R N C U LA R D P U N -U O A T S S IL E E U R G B A N S A A H C D L N A A I L C F O S O
E S
U
E
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13 TEMPORAL FRAMEWORK
“The maelstrom of modern life has can be identified as multifactorial reduction of available urban plots or been fed from many sources: great process: Geographical discoveries, increase of real-estate values; irresistible discoveries in the physical sciences, intercontinental trade and colonisation, tendency of change could meet with the changing our images of the universe and scientific discoveries and technologic reuse and regeneration issues that are our place in it; the industrialization of inventions, establishment of state- raised by environmental approaches. production, which transforms scientific nations and institutions, reforms and Modernisation transforms, regenerates knowledge into technology, creates secularization created a synergy that where it cannot demolish or it is not new human environments and destroys caused impulse19th Century. beneficial to transform in a different old ones, speeds up the whole tempo of context. life, generates new forms of corporate This impulse caused significant power and class struggle; immense changes on the types and means of the When the city spreads out, by the time, demographic upheavals, severing manufacture: There occurred a sharp large industrial and transportation millions of people from their ancestral break on agricultural activities and the areas that were in the periphery of the habitats, hurtling them halfway across production process stated to be made cities; becomes valuable inner-city the world into new lives; rapid and often through the machines that require plots in terms of their central locations. cataclysmic urban growth; systems of different technical organizations, Favourites of new investments due to mass communication, dynamic in their methods, investments. The location their large scale, such urban plots can development, enveloping and binding has changed as well: The production survive as long as they can be integrated together the most diverse people and also took place on urban settlements with other urban functions that exist societies; increasingly powerful national such as cities and settlements which in the immediate surroundings. If the states, bureaucratically structured and were different from medieval cities and integration cannot be achieved, or when operated, constantly striving to expand villages. the value of the plot becomes the most their powers; mass social movements This period can be named as the important criteria as it is in some cases, of people, and peoples, challenging transition to industrial society. the mobilisation of the function to the their political and economic rulers, Agricultural and industrial societies periphery of the cities is discussed. So, striving to gain some control over their are contradictory: While Agricultural how will these existing transportation lives; finally, bearing and driving all Society are stable, changes relatively areas will transform? Since unused these people and institutions along, an slowly, and do not need change or transportation areas and buildings are ever-expanding, drastically fluctuating propagation to continue its existence, mostly public property, a particular capitalist world market. In the twentieth Industrial Society needs change, growth regeneration approach, considering social century, the social processes that bring and movement to be existent. Such requirements needs to be established. this maelstrom into being, and keep it in movement that consist of social, financial Adaptive reuse notion of sustainable a state of perpetual becoming, have come and mercantile mobility is essential for design would trace a convenient path in to be called “modernization.” (Berman modern societies and distinctive in the this context. Marshall) formation cities, urban and interurban settlements. Physical environment is In this research, modernization process Do the facts and processes referenced affected by such multi factor mobility which spread all over the World as well by Marshall Berman take place in a and tends to be unstable. It changes as our 3 countries could be taken as a similar manner for every situation. due to the new investments, new subsidiary axis to analyse the subject. Definitely, every settlements in the world functions and requirements and new As a part of this approach, it has been geography has its own modernization planning purposes. Therefore, cities focused on the urbanization dynamics in process. Upending and discontinuous has a continuous action of growth, re- each country. Middle of 19th Century nature of modernization transformed functioning, revision, demolition and has been taken as the start point since every settlement in various levels. reconstruction. The only thing that do the influences of Industrial Revolution However, even though the periods of not change is the appetite for change. became evident in these dates. This modernization occurred in different approximate 170-year period extending manners and phases, they are similar To this appetite for change, from that date until today, would be in terms of the instruments and environmental concerns, facts related better reviewed and understood when it consequences. Cities and urban with sustainable development that will be classified in different sub-periods. settlements is one of most evident and became prominent in the last 20 years The key criteria of such classification outstanding area to trace the effects were added. The results of the depletion for all the World, Europe and discussed of modernization. In other words, of resources had been started to be 3 countries; would be the overlapping of modernization caused significant interrogated. Lead by such interrogation, international socio-economic, social and changes on the organization of the cities, the transformation of the existing political conjuncture with the local ones. urban and interurban settlements. was considered in a wider frame that Therefore, they are different in each includes urban scale, as well as the country but has the similar structure. The modernization, which the building, components and materials. incunabula can be dated on 16th Century, It is remarkable that, in case of the
14 15 The machine works of Richard Steam locomotive, Germany Aerial view of the Berlin Palace Hartmann in Chemnitz (1868) (1908) and the former dense urban old town core of the city (1891)
Berlin 1945 - After the Battle of Rotterdam 1940 - After the Istanbul 1930- View from Galata Berlin Bombardment of German Army Bridge
Berlin 1940 - East Berlin -1970 Milan 1970 – Mass Housing Istanbul 1970 - Construction of Bosphorus Bridge
Bundesarchiv Bild, Berlin 1980 Milan, 2016 İstanbul, 1980 Kaufhold, Reinhard Hemera/Thinkstock
16 1850-1920: From the Emergence of this period, particularly after 1870. Scientific steel production accelerated mercantile and Industrial Revolution Influences to 1st inventions and implementations were carried demographic movements. The competitive World War out by big scale establishments who were environment created by the international and supported by the states rather than individual political pressure burst with the start of the 1st Within the progress of industrial revolution, initiatives. Integration of natural resources World War. there had occurred a financial and with science increased mass production in all demographic conglomeration in the cities, areas. Urban infrastructure systems became Such International political and commercial social classes have been formed. There were prevalent in many cities, urban and inter- competition environment which was wired by remarkable efforts to overcome infrastructural urban settlements. Transfer of information all these developments ended by the 1st World and sanitary problems in the cities who were and knowledge had progressed due to the War. struggling to self-regulate itself through communication tools such as telegraph. The new arrangements and laws. Science and expansion of the railway network in the technology based improvements had shaped countries due to the increase and progress in
1920-1945: Between 2 World Wars economy, 1930’s by eliminating the effects of 1929 global economic crisis, 1940’s by Characteristics of post- war period, the depressed years of 2nd World War. Therefore, second phase of capitalist industrialism this period had been a time slot that the started to appear in this period. While Central efforts to maintain commercial activities and European countries were acting to develop uncertainties interlaced. their industries and trade in order to increase social welfare; USSR gained strength and became a remarkable party in bipolar balance of power. The conflicts caused by unresolved international issues set the scene of a new world war. During this period, 1920’s has been dominated by recovery efforts in
1945-1980: From 2nd World War to Global accelerated this transformation. International Integration Era political and economic institutions mediated the transformation. The years that followed 2nd World War was a period that capitalist industrialization was spread out globally, movement of commodity and money accelerated across the world and periphery countries were deeply influenced. Capitalist economic policies pioneered by United States transformed periphery countries to market societies. Competitive environment consolidated by the adverse-pole constituted by USSR and eastern bloc countries
1980-today: Establishment of Information frame of new relationships as an expression Society of cultural and economic integration, named globalisation. These factors constitute Post 1980 period is a slot of time that, dynamics of 3rd generation of modernisation electronic and informatics industries have or postmodern era. significantly progressed, relation and organisations have been re-identified due to the decentralisation caused by information technologies. Information technologies have reversed centralisation which caused re-identification of relationships and organisations. Political and economic relationships have been situated within the
17 A SPECIFIC FOCUS: UNUSED TRANSPORT TERRITORIES
One of the strategies that bring environmental gains in smart growth processes is the use of brownfields. This study shows how unused transport territories, among unused brownfields are extremely convenient and strategic sites to be developed in cities.
A comparative overview of the history of urbanization and of transport development in Europe and in three countries (Italy, Germany and Turkey) shows similar patterns, underlining the specificity of transport territories in cities.
In addition, as highlighted by the case studies analysis that was carried out, unused transport areas have often common features: firstly, land developed with transport functions is usually big; secondly, they are usually highly accessible areas; thirdly, they are central.
Thus, the reason why unused transport territories are fundamental is threefold: they foster the economic development of an area which is likely to be highly accessible; they are fundamental in regenerating central disused areas in cities, also increasing their connectivity; and finally, they help in limiting the consumption of new land and in densifying.
18 19 20 THE USE OF LAND AS A RESOURCE
21 WORLD LAND USE: CONSUMPTION OF A RESOURCE
Our world, everyday more urbanized and populated is consuming around 50% more natural resources than only 30 year ago. This happens with deep disparities, as people in rich countries consume up to 10 2,7% OF THE WORLD’S LAND times more natural resouces than those in the poorest countries. OCCUPIED BY URBAN DEVELOPMENT Among all scarce resources, land is one of the most important in order to guarantee life on the planet. The intense use of land for human activities is becoming a preeminent threat for our own survival.
All human activities require the use of land. With the increase of the population, the global socio-economic development framework requires to consume more land. 60 BILLION TONNES OF RAW Grasslands, forests and wetlands MATERIALS EXTRACTED are converted to other types of use, AND USED PER YEAR such as agriculture, breeding farms, infrastructures and urbanized areas. The overall quality of the converted soils generally decreases (level of organic matter and organisms) and its CO2 sequestration capacity falls down. For instance, the conversion of land to cropland has been responsible for the largest emissions.
The following chapter gives an overview of the global present land-use, of the main trends of the consumption of the 1,6 resource and it finishes with a map PLANETS NECESSARY TO showing contemporary land qulity. PROVIDE THE RESOURCES CURRENTLY USED BY HUMANITY
22 23 2000. Urban areas: building and infrastructure (built up sqm / total area)
NPP_ Net Primary Productivity (gC)
24 2000. HANPP by land use type (Gt C/yr) World land consumption
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Natural biomass, consumed by direct or indirect human activities, is a way to 6,0 measure the sustainability of current land- 5,0 use. Natural biomass, also named plant
4,0 GtC/yr biomass, is one of the most important resources the global ecosystem provides. 3,0 It is directly related to the production of 2,0 food, energy, construction material, and AFRICA 1,0 the well-mainteinance of other ecosistem- 0,0 services. “Net Primary productivity” is considered the whole amount of plant biomass available in the ecosystem.
Therefore, the HANPP (Human 6,0 Appropriation of Net Primary 5,0 Productivity) is an indicator which GtC/yr 4,0 reflects both the amount of land area 3,0 used by humans, and its intensity appropriation. It measures the humans’ 2,0 pressure on biodiversity. ASIA 1,0 0,0 The graphs on this page show the world regions’ HANPP trend (1960-2005) by land use type and human induced fires in giga tons of carbon per year.
6,0 What is interesting to highlight is the 5,0 negative trend which characterizes 4,0 GtC/yr Europe since 1990, in comparison with 3,0 the high increase Africa, Asia and Latin 2,0 America registered, in particular due to NORTH 1,0 processes of deforestation and over-use AMERICA of croplands. 0,0 The regions with the highest level of HANPP include within their boundaries BRIC countries, which are accounted for 1/4 of world’s land and up to 40% world 6,0 population. 5,0 GtC/yr 4,0 3,0 2,0 LATIN AMERICA/ 1,0 CARRIBEAN 0,0
6,0 5,0 GtC/yr 4,0 3,0 2,0 HANPP fires HANPP grassland 1,0 HANPP built up HANPP cropland EUROPE 0,0 HANPP forest
25 2008. Total biomass appropriation (Fg)
The total biomass appropriation is defined as the sum of used extraction (from primary crops, biomass harvested from grasslands and grazed biomass, wood harvest etc.) and unused (or indirect) extraction (the biomass killed through harvest and not economically used). This map shows the total plant biomass appropriation by countries. According to the 2008 data, the largest consumer of biomass is China (2,3 Pg), immediately followed by United Kingdom (1,9) India (1,8 Pg) and Brazil (1,2 Pg).
0 27,1 - 81 0,1 - 1 81,1 - 240 1,1 - 3 240,1 - 720 3,1 - 9 720,1 - 2100 9,1 - 27 > 2100,1
26 27 2010. Inherent Land Quality
Land quality can be defined as the capacity land has to perform certain functions without becoming degraded. This definition contains two different concepts: one is performance and the other one is resilience. The map shows global land as classified according to these two values and their combinations.
SOIL RESILIENCE LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM SOIL PERFORMANCE SOIL HIGH
28 29 1900-2010 LAND USE CHANGES IN EUROPE
Europe is the continent whose land is the most intensively used (up to 80%), for settlements, agriculture or other forms of human activities. This intense use is a richness because it generated a diverse and productive mosaic of landscapes 80% LAND USED IN EUROPE FOR transformed by human beings but it is at the same time a risk. ALL HUMAN ACTIVITIES
In fact, land-use change is the most important driver of loss of biodiversity and other forms of land degradation. Land over exploitation has consequences on the quality of life, on ecosystems and often it has also tragic consequences on climate change related issues.
Understanding the processes that in history brought to the present situation is fundamental to identify all the possible drivers that could be used to influence 20% and generate new positive changes in OF LAND IN BELGIUM land use. IS URBANIZED IN 2010, IT IS THE HIGHEST The following pages show maps of PERCENTAGE AMONG Europe in four historic periods: 1900, EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 1950, 1980, 2010. As it is visible in the maps, the two most significant drivers of change that can be identified are urbanization processes, and a reforestation programme made after WW2 because of a scarcity timber.
Interestingly, the two opposed processes were lead by economic growth the first one and by a policy the second one. 56% A zoom on all European countries shows OF LAND IN BELGIUM that urbanization occurred in different IS CROPLANDS IN 2010, moments and at different speeds in all IT IS THE HIGHEST the countries. This is certainly related to PERCENTAGE AMONG the different socio-economic processes EUROPEAN COUNTRIES experienced by the different countries.
30 31 MAP 1. 1900
MAP 3. 1980
32 MAP 2. 1950 1900-2010. Land cover trends in Europe
The maps in these pages show the geographical evolution of land-use in 1900, 1950, 1980 and 2010. Data was extracted from a study named HILDA (or HIstoric Land Dynamics Assessment, see references).
urban field forest grass n.s. water
MAP 3. 2010
33 34 2010. Land cover in Europe
The map in this page shows land-use in 2010, in a zoom of the previous page.
urban field forest grass n.s. water
35 1900 1950
AUSTRIA
BELGIUM
BULGARIA
CROATIA
CYPRUS
CZECH REPUBLIC
DENMARK
ESTONIA
FINLAND
FRANCE
GERMANY
GREECE
IRELAND
ITALY
LATVIA
LITHUANIA
LUXEMBURG
NETHERLANDS
POLAND
PORTUGAL
ROMANIA
SLOVAKIA
SLOVENIA
SPAIN
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
TURKEY unavailable unavailable
UNITED KINGDOM
36 1980 2010 2010. Land cover in Europe
Elaborating data from HILDA (or HIstoric Land Dynamics Assessment, see references), it was possible to make a comparison among percentages of land- use types in each EU27 country. In the diagram, the lenght of the bars represents the dimension of the country while the colours are the percentage of land-use type. 770 000 km2
urban field forest grass n.s. water %
unavailable unavailable
37 1900-2010 CHANGES IN URBANIZED EUROPE
In Europe from 1900 to 2010, urbanized areas grew of 200%. Throughout the last Century, urbanization has been one of the most significant land-use changes, and its exponential growth usually has been strictly correlated to industrialization 200% URBANIZED LAND GROWTH phenomena. Land up-take trend for urbanised areas slowed down in the FROM 1900 TO 2010 second half of the Century.
Throughout the last Century, European urbanized areas registered different patterns of growth in each country, according to different industrialization histories.
Clearly, population increase is another factor that influence land up-take for urban areas. However, while the growth of urbanized 120% land from 1900 to 2010 was 200%, the DENSITY OF URBAN density of urban population in the same POPULATION CHANGE period changed only of 120%. It means FROM 1900 TO 2010 that it is impossible to establish a direct dependance between population and urbanization.
In fact, looking at a comparison of the two variables of population density and percentage of urbanized land in different countries throughout the last century, it is clear how every context developed differently.
This means that population density in cities is one of the fundamental variables 6000 that can be changed in order to foster a ARE THE INHABITANTS sustainable development. PER KM IN TURKISH URBANIZED AREAS, IT IS THE HIGHEST DENSITY VALUE AMONG ANALYSED COUNTRIES
38 39 DIAGRAM A. 1900 1950 1980 2010
AUSTRIA
BELGIUM
BULGARIA
CROATIA
CYPRUS
CZECH REPUBLIC
DENMARK
ESTONIA
FINLAND
FRANCE
GERMANY
GREECE
IRELAND
ITALY
LATVIA
LITHUANIA
LUXEMBURG
NETHERLANDS
POLAND
PORTUGAL
ROMANIA
SLOVAKIA
SLOVENIA
SPAIN
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
TURKEY
UNITED KINGDOM
40 DIAGRAM B. Urbanization patterns in Europe
12 Diagram A. Population density of 10 urbanized area in the countries.
8 Urbanized territories in the country (% km2) (EEA, 2006) 6 1 4 5 2
0 15
-2 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20
Population density (ha/km2) per Urban Atlas (EEA, 2006) n.a.
500 - 1499
1500 - 2499 DIAGRAM C. 2500 - 3499 3500 - 4499
1900-1950 1950-1980 1980- 2010 4500 - 5499 >5500
Diagram B. Urbanized land up-take in Europe. The graph represents the land up-take every ten years as a percentage of change over the total urbanized land.
Diagram C. Urbanized land up-take in European Countries. Percentages of total European urbanized land up-take in each country.
41 2010. BROWNFIELDS IN EUROPEAN CITIES
The de-industrialization processes brought many brownfield areas across Europe and especially in its cities.
There are many types of derelict land in cities, according to characters such 150 THOUSAND LANDFILL as soil pollution, perceived pollution, previous uses, dimensions, localization SITES and accessibility.
The re-use and reconversion of these areas requires environmental, spatial and urban planning approaches.
Brownfields are a challenge for national, regional and urban policy makers because they represent an occasion to re-use urbanized areas instead of consuming new land. The map in the following pages, show 300 the density of derelict land in cities, THOUSAND HECTARES OF compared to their population dimensions. BROWNFIELD LAND This representation shows a field of intervention for European densely populated cities. 20 THOUSAND LARGE AND COMPLEX CONTAMINATED SITES
42 43
44 2010. Land with no current use in European cities with more than 100, 000 inhabitants
LUZ Population (Eurostat, 2010*)
0 - 250.000
250.000,1 - 500.000
500.000,1 - 1.000.000
1.000.000,1 - 2.000.000
2.000.000,1 - 4.000.000
4.000.000,1 - 8.000.000
> 8.000.000,1
% Land without no current use per LUZ 2004 (EEA, 2006)
n.d. (18)
0 - 0,05
0,051 - 0,1
0,11 - 0,2
0,21 - 0,4
0,41 - 0,8
> 0,81
1 : 25.000.000
45 46 BUILT-UP LAND AND SOCIO- ECONOMIC CHANGES: FOCUS ON THREE
47 URBANIZATION AND TRANSPORTATION IN GERMANY
1849
1881
1830-1920: Early Capitalism - from the beginning to WW1 1830-1840. 1840s. 1840s -1870s. The beginnings The railroad Railway of the industrial revolution transportation revolution beginnings
From the 1830s The rise of The first long and 1840s, Prussia, economic distance railway Saxony, and other development came was the Leipzig- states reorganized with the railroad Dresden route, agriculture, revolution in the completed in 1839. yielding 1840s, which In the following Fig. 1881: Ludwigshafen - The BASF chemical factories in 1881 a higher level of opened up new years many https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_ food production markets for local developments took history_of_Germany that enabled products, created place and in 1845, a surplus rural a pool of middle there were already Fig. 1849: The German railway network population to move manager, increased more than 2,000 in 1849 to industrial areas. the demand km of railroads The beginnings for engineers, in Germany. Ten Fig. 1902: Opening of Berlin of the industrial architects and years later that Underground revolution in skilled machinists number was above Fig. 1910: DELAG’s (world’s first Germany came in and stimulated 8,000. German airline) brochure the textile industry, investments in unification in and was facilitated coal and iron. The 1871 stimulated Fig. 1925: Frankfurt’s siedlung by eliminating political decisions consolidation, Westhausen tariff about the economy nationalization http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/ barriers through of Prussia (and into state-owned viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=john_ mullin the Zollverein, after 1871 all companies, and starting in 1834. Germany) were again brought a largely controlled rapid growth of the by a coalition of network. “rye and iron”, that is the Junker landowners of the east and the heavy industry of the west.
48 1925
1902
1910
1871. 1880’s. 1902. 1920s. 1920s 1919-30. The second Maritime Trade Garden Cities Post WWI, Railway The first decade industrial and the port of and other WW1 Hauszinssteuer transportation or airway revolution Hamburg antecedents and after WWI transportation
After national The Free Port, The rapid rate of Due to the In 1920 after The equipment unification in 1871, established in urbanisation destruction World War I, the used during the the government 1888, enabled and massive of WW1, the Länderbahnen first decade of played a powerful traders to ship industrialisation of country suffered were united to air transport was role in the and store goods this period changed a tremendous form the Deutsche adapted from the industrialization without going the German city housing shortage. Reichsbahn. It military aircraft of the German through customs, into an impersonal Cities were was transformed of the First World Empire founded further enhancing metropolis. dominated into German State War. By the end by Otto von Hamburg’s The escapist by the large Railway Company of the war, the Bismarck in 1871. position in theorists suggested Mietskasernen/ in 1924, a private aeroplanes in use It supported not sea trade with the creation rental barracks. As company, which had much higher only heavy neighbouring of new forms a result, during the was required to performance, load- industry countries. The of community. post- war years, pay reparations of carrying ability but also crafts and Speicherstadt, Leading this a more pragmatic about 660 million and reliability and trades because it one of Hamburg’s movement was the approach to Marks annually. were adaptable wanted to maintain architectural German Garden planning began. to civil transport prosperity in icons today, is a City Association, The Hauszinssteuer purposes. During all parts of the large wharf area founded in was a revaluation the first decade empire. Even of 350,000 m² 1902 which first of pre-war house of air transport, where the national floor area on the emphasised the mortgages which many small government did northern shore of need to preserve enabled the cities pioneer companies not act, the highly the river, built in rural values, to to gain funds gathered during autonomous the 1880s as part return to nature specifically for to form national regional and local of the free port, and to recreate a town planning flag carriers, e.g. governments responding to the craft/guild society. purposes. The Lufthansa. Until supported their growing quantity Over time these Siedlungen the end of the own industries. of goods stored in concerns were were large decade, Europe Each state tried to the port. replaced by a developments, was covered with be as self-sufficient desire to reform created as a comprehensive as possible. urban housing ‘daughter towns’ network of conditions and to attached to the government- develop satellite mother city by subsidised air cities. massive transit services. 49cords. URBANIZATION AND TRANSPORTATION IN GERMANY
1936
1926
1920-1945: Crisis of the Industrial Society - between WWs 1930s. 1920s onwards. 1939-45 Hitler and the Lufthansa WWII and 1945-1980: Stabilization of Industrial Society - from WW2 to the Oil Crisis Third Reich railway history
1980-today: Towards Information Society - from the Oil Crisis to the Digital Following the Lufthansa started During WW II, Revolution unstable 1920s in 1926 when austere versions (Weimar republic), Deutsche Luft of the standard the Nazi state took Hansa A.G. - locomotives were over the German Germany’s flag produced to speed governement. carrier until up construction Fig. 1926: Lufthansa’s first aircraft Convair 340 The Great 1945 - saw all its times and to Depression services suspended minimise the Fig. 1936: Steam locomotive which set a brought an following the use of imported world record of 200.4 kmh end to town defeat of Germany. materials. These planning and the In 1955, Lufthansa were the so-called Fig. 1939: Adolf Hitler experimentation won approval to war locomotives. http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~rdalton/ of the 1920s, as start scheduled The Germans germany/ch1/chap1.htm key theoretical domestic flights, relied heavily Fig. 1943: Berlin aerial view leaders started to linking Hamburg, on the railways, Uber Berlin Maps - http://people.umass. leave. No longer Düsseldorf, supplemented by edu/latour/Germany/ljennings/ was there a desire Frankfurt, slower river and to create new Cologne, and canal transport Fig. 1946: Emergency camps in communities. Munich. for bulk goods, as Nissenhütten Rather, the intent International flights no good highway http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/ photo-gallery-a-century-long- was to plan for the started in 1955, to network was projectfotostrecke-56372-6.html basic survival and London, Paris, and available in the economic revival. Madrid, followed country. Fig. 1996: Potsdamer Platz under The German by flights to New construction autobahnen were York City later that http://www.detail.de/inspiration/info-boxam- potsdamer-platz-in-berlin-107973.html the centerpiece year, and across the of a program that South Atlantic in Fig. 2014 - Frankfurt Airport, the third included public the following year. busiest airport in Europe works, large In 1958 fifteen housing projects, flights operated and other heavy each week to construction. Canada and the USA. 50 1946
1996
1939
2014
1960s. Airway 1990s to 2000s. 1990s to 2000s. Present. Present. Federal Spatial transportation Unification of The Railway The federalist German Airports Planning Act during political East and West Reform principle, regional Division policies
There was a The special status Following the In 1989, when According to the Frankfurt Airport is severe shortage of Berlin meant unification of the the Berlin Wall federalist principle Germany’s largest of apartments that Lufthansa was East and the West, came down, train the authority airport and a major and living space not allowed to fly emphasis has frequency rapidly of the German transportation in Germany after to either part of been on assistance increased on the state is divided hub in Europe, WW2. Many Berlin until 1989. to the former existing East/ between the one of the busiest, people had to The Division of East German West corridors. Federation and the alongside London live in emergency Germany turned states. Recent Closed links federal states. Heathrow and camps or in their out to be long, development crossing the border The federal states Paris-Charles de largely destroyed which gradually includes the were now open. have their own Gaulle. Germany’s homes. In 1965 led to Frankfurt determination When Germany authorities and second biggest the Federal Spatial Airport becoming in 2007 of was reunified, legislation. The international Planning Act set a primary hub. regions subject the railway Public Building airport is in out a framework East Germany to assistance for network was Law Munich, followed for planning. established the 2006-2013 not immediately is composed by an by Düsseldorf Regional policies Interflug as its period. The capital fully operable. A Urban Planning Airport. Berlin in West Germany national airline was relocated decision was made Law and a Brandenburg have evolved in 1963, which in Berlin, where to completely Building Airport is expected from the post-War coincided with many new urban re-organise Regulation Law. to become the reconstruction the East German developments and reconnect Urban Land- third largest that the Marshall Lufthansa being took place, e.g. the Germany’s Use Planning German airport by plan sustained, to shut down (after a restored Reichstag railways. The establishes that annual passengers the promotion of legal dispute with building, by Sir Railway Reform the states have no once it opens, economic west Germany Norman Foster, came into effect competencies for serving as single development Lufthansa). the adjacent in 1994, through their own building airport for Berlin. mainly in new government the establishment and planning laws. Originally planned agriculture and district or the of the current Nevertheless, to be completed the revitalization redevelopment German Railway they have their in 2011, the new of declining of Potsdamer Corporation own building building has been industrial areas. Platz bridging (Deutsche Bahn). regulations. delayed several the eastern and Ultimately, the times due to poor western parts of municipalities take construction the city. responsibility for management 51 urban land-use and technical 1900-2010. LAND USE CHANGES IN GERMANY
From 1900 to 2010, German population 1900. Land cover in Germany (CORINE Land Cover) has gone from 56 million to around 80 million. This time period included an era of massive destruction (two world wars) and large territorial losses for Germany.
Between 1871 and 1945, the impact of war on social and economic life was close to the one verified in France or Italy. The beginning of the century saw, nevertheless, a take-off of urbanization and Germany went from being a country where 2/3 of the population lived on the countryside to one in which almost 2/3 lived in communities of 2000 people or more. During the first half of the century, Berlin doubled its population, Hamburg and Munich tripled it and Leipzig and Düsseldorf grew four times its size. Germany had, in the beginning of the century, several cities with populations above 20.000 inhabitants.
WW1 ended with an overall decrease of 4.5 million inhabitants in Germany, with high rates of mortality and very low birth rates. Other 7 million lives were lost in Germany during WW2, which represented 10% of the population. 1950. Land cover in Germany (CORINE Land Cover)
After the wars, the development of Germany territory must be looked at separately with a Federal Republic, more successful and supported by the Marshall Plan and a Democratic Republic, in the soviet zone. It was not until the reunification in 1990 that Germany had the boundaries of its territorial map defined.
Germany is now an urban civilization with only 6% of its population living in the rural environment (populations of less than 2000 inhabitants).
Settlement
Cropland
Forest
52 1980. Land cover in Germany (CORINE Land Cover) 75% OF GERMANY’S POPULATION LIVES IN URBAN AREAS
357 THOUSAND KM2 OF TOTAL SURFACE
2010. Land cover in Germany (CORINE Land Cover) 31% OF GERMANY’S AREA IS CURRENTLY FORESTED
53 2010s. BROWNFIELDS IN GERMANY
22
9 According to the last statistical survey from 2005 Germany’s land is built up by 22 approximately 1/3 of cultivated area (land cultivated for crops like wheat, maize, and rice or permanent crops like citrus, SCHLESWIG 1 coffee, and rubber, flowering shrubs, fruit HOLSTEIN trees, nut trees, and vines) and 2/3 of non 9 MECKLENBURG HAMBURG VORPOMMERN arable area - any lands not arable or under 3 2 permanent crops, for example permanent BREMEN
NIEDERSACHSEN BERLIN meadows and pastures, forests and 6 woodlands, built-on areas, roads, barren 18 BRANDENBURG land, etc. NORDRHEIN 61 WESTFALEN SACHSEN ANHALT One of the main categories of built- 5 26 SACHSEN on land in Germany is represented by HESSEN THÜRINGEN 18 transportation and station territories. 2 43 RHEINLAND PFALZ
The other one is cities and urban centres. SAARLAND There are 11 officially recognised 10 BAYERN BADEN 45 metropolitan regions in Germany. The WÜRTTEMBERG denser area of the country is the Rhine- 16 Ruhr region with approx. 11.7 million inhabitants, including Düsseldorf, Cologne, Bonn, Dortmund, Essen, Duisburg, and Bochum.
2013. Number of dismissed railway stations per region in Germany
BOLZANO MILANO SESTO SAN GIOVANNI
VENEZIA TORINO BOLOGNA RAVENNA
GENOVA FIRENZE CESENA
PISA
ROMA BARI
NAPOLI
Legend.
PALERMO MESSINA xx number of stations
former airport
airport brownfield
waterdrome
54 4000 KM OF RAILWAYS DISACTIVATED BETWEEN 1994 AND 2004
5M NEW RESIDENTS IN FORMER INDUSTRIAL AREAS (RUHRGEBIET)
2016. Unused airports in Germany. 236 KM2 OF NON CULTIVATED LAND
55 URBANIZATION AND TRANSPORTATION HISTORY IN ITALY 1865
1900-1920: Early Capitalism - from the beginning to WW1 1839-1840. 1865. First urban 1920-1945: Crisis of the Industrial Society - Transportation law after Italian between WWs in Italy before Unification unification 1945-1980: Stabilization of Industrial Society - from WW2 to the Oil Crisis The transportation A national law 1980-today: Towards Information system has always recognizes to the Society - from the Oil Crisis to the Digital been one if the municipalities with Revolution strenghts and more than 10,000 drivers of Italian inhabitants the economy. In fact, power to develop Fig. 1865: Napoli - Basso porto 8500 Edit. Brunner & C., Como Italian ports were a urban plan. At http://www.tfsimon.com/postcard-collection- important gates the time of the tf-simon.htm from Europe to Italian Unification the Middle East. (1861), Naples is Fig. 1931: Milano Centrale railway The first railway the city with the station http://foto.ilsole24ore.com/SoleOnLine5/ in Italy was the largest population Notizie/Italia/2011/stazione-milano-centrale- Napoli-Portici line, (723,000), inaugurazione/stazione-milano-centrale- built in 1839 to followed by Milan inaugurazione_fotogallery.php?id=3 connect the royal (579,000) and Fig. 1945: The courtyard of the palace of Naples to Rome (542,000). Ospedale Maggiore of Milan (Ca’ the seaside. After As the former Granda) after bombing in 1943 the creation of the capital of the Archivio Fografico Milano Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of the https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ in 1861, a project Two Sicilies, Image:Ca%27_Granda_bombardata_01. jpg?uselang=it was started to build Naples have a network from the been an attractive Alps to Sicily, in destination for order to connect immigrants from the country. the countryside. In 1840, the second In 1885, it was Italian railway line also the first was built from city to apply the Milan to Monza. expropriation law in its overcrowded city center through a city plan.
56 1945
1931
1873-1900. 1905. Constitution 1920-1942. Urban 1931. 1939. 1942. First of the National regulations in Official First High Speed A law for the industrialization Railways (FS) Italian cities inauguration of Train. Urban General Central Station. Plans (1150/42).
In 1873, Rome In 1905 the Italian In the period The developmental The first high- In the XX becomes the new State takes the between WWI politics during speed train was Century, a debate capital and the control of the and WW2, and Fascism used the Italian ETR concerning second city after railway system especially with infrastructures as a 200, which in July Modernism, social the Unification from private the Fascism, fundamental driver. 1939 went from principles such to adopt an urban companies that major Italian cities However, unlike Milan to Florence as the existens plan - the first was developed it until adopt new plans: duing the first at 165 km/h (103 minimum, or the Firenze (1865). the Unification. in particular, industrialization, mph), with a top functional zoning, The beginning of It is a network of Bologna (1919), infrastructures speed of 203 km/h and visions of the XX Century more than 10,000 Catania (1923), were also viewed (126 mph).[4] comprehensive corresponds km that has been Palermo (1925), as a symbol With this service, and programmed also to a first developed since Ancona (1929), of power and the railway was planning, spread industrialization of the first half of Roma (1931). nationalism. able to compete around Europe. In the North West of the XIX Century. Developmentel Milano Centrale with the upcoming Italy, modernist the Peninsula. At the time of policies at a is an example: airplanes. The ideas penetrate As a result, Rome the Unification, national level push built in 1864 it Second World into the official and Milan are the network is a the building sector, was completely War stopped these discourses slowly, the cities whose patchwork of many promoting also replaced and services. and merge into population grow at different networks the foundation of inaugurated the law n. 1150 the fastest annual corresponding new towns. Fast in 1931 for a of 1942, which rate (5.4% and to the divisions growing cities are twosided reason: provides the 5.3% respectively) of the former a mixture of new to handle the new municipalities followed by Turin geo-political developmental traffic caused by with new planning and Genoa (3% framework. or infrastructural the opening of the tools such as approximately). plans and informal Simplon tunnel long term plans housing - which in 1906 and to and action plans. is often subject make it a symbolic Due to the war, to clearance element of the city. it will take years programmes to cities to adopt especially in city these generation of centres. plans.
57 URBANIZATION AND TRANSPORTATION HISTORY IN ITALY
1952-1955
1900-1920: Early Capitalism - from the beginning to WW1 1946. the ’50s. 1920-1945: Crisis of the Industrial Society - The birth of a Economic boom between WWs national airway and first General line Plans. 1945-1980: Stabilization of Industrial Society - from WW2 to the Oil Crisis Alitalia – Linee The period after 1980-today: Towards Information Aeree Italiane WW2 is named the Society - from the Oil Crisis to the Digital S.p.A. was Reconstruction. Revolution established on 16 Italy is governed September 1946 as by parties that Aerolinee Italiane sympathize for the Fig. 1952-1955: Quartiere Harar, Milano L. Figini, G. Pollini Internazionali. western world, and http://www.ordinearchitetti.mi.it/it/notizie/ Its popular name, takes advantage dettaglio/6886-la-casa-popolare Alitalia, was an of developmental Italian portmanteau policies such as Fig. 1978: PostMilano Gabriele Basilico, Quartiere Isola, Milano of the words the Marshall Plan. http://tysm.org/primo-moroni-milano/ ali (wings) and The first urban Italia (Italy). It plans based on Fig. 2010: Ex Falck, Sesto San started operations law 1150/42, Giovanni, Milano on 5 May 1947, are expression http://www.solidvortex.be/blog/post/82 in which year it of the economic Fig. 2012: Piazza Gae Aulenti, Mialno carried over 10,000 growth, and give Gaetano Virgallito, 2014 passengers. The importance to https://www.flickr.com/photos/ inaugural flight infrastructures gaetanovirgallito/14492554749/in/ was with a Fiat and industrialized photostream/ G.12 Alcione, areas. In a decade, Fig. 2013: Scalo Farini, Milano piloted by Virginio the economy grows http://www.gabrielemariani.it/gli-scali- Reinero from Turin of 84%, and the ferroviari-per-milano-piu-verde-e-mobilita- to Catania and built-up land of per-fs-alcune-opere-sulla-cintura-ferroviaria- quante-e-quali/ Rome. 27%. Rapid growth and economic differences between North and South cause inequalities and social division.
58 2012 1978
2010
2013
1957-1960 the ’60s and ’70s the ’60s and ’70s the ’80s and ’90s the ’90s 2000s. Intercontinental Urbanization and High speed trains Economic change Italian Globalization, flights housing shortage. and inadequacy transportation crisis and new of the laws. system changes plans.
The first Cities population High-speed trains In the post- Changes were also The last decade is intercontinental experience an were developed industrialization in transportation characterized by flight left a year unprecedented during the 1960s. period, cities needs. At the the globalization: later, flying growth, On 25 June slow down their beginning of the major Italian cities between Milan particularly due 1970, work was growth, and former ‘90s, the high state are connected and cities in South to immigration. started on the industrial areas debt decreased the with new high America. On 31 Milan in 15 years Rome–Florence become unused financial transfers speed railways and October 1957, has 460,000 Direttissima, the brownfields. The to the ports and airports to global Alitalia merged immigrated first high-speed urban body of a decrease in networks; national with Linee Aeree inhabitants, mainly line in Italy. It laws - still based productivity which and international Italiane and took concentrated included the 5.375 on law 1150/42, gave rise to a new investments are on the name of in peripheries. km (3.340 mi) but corrected organisational spent to transform Alitalia Linee Informal long bridge on and supported model (24 ports brownfields and Aeree Italiane. settlements, the Paglia river, by a multiplicity privately run). build new offices Alitalia was owned overcrowding and then the longest in of other laws In the 1990s, and housing until by the Italian housing shortage Europe. - is obsolete work started on the economic crisis Ministry of the increase. New and inadequate the Treno Alta (2008). After a Treasury (49%), laws furnish in regulating Velocità (TAV) semplification of other shareholders. cities with public fast changes. project, which the whole body of By 1960 Alitalia housing (167/62), Brownfields involved building laws, cities adopt was operating jet and regulate the redevelopment a new high-speed a new generation airliners on some contribution of occurs with network on the of plans designed European routes private developers special local plans routes. Most of to have a long and the Douglas to the costs of (agreements among the planned lines term view but DC-8 on several urbanization public and private have already been flexible, avoiding longer distance (infrastructures, stakeholders) as opened, while a rigid zoning and routes. 1960s. services) (765/67). variations of the international introducing new However, they unchanged General links with France, principles such as represent tardive Plans, without a Switzerland, as the participation attempts to address broad vision on the Austria and of stakeholders. the lacks of law cities’ destiny. Slovenia are n.1150/42.
59 1900-2010. LAND USE CHANGES IN ITALY
From 1900 to 2010, Italian population 1900. Land cover inItaly (CORINE Land Cover) doubled from around 30 to 60 million people, ehile the average density of urbanized areas in the country remained always the same, around 4,000 people per square kilometer.
This means that our pattern of growth required to double urbanized area in the country in order to support population growth.
The great amount of urban growth happened after WW2, in the years among the economic boom (1950) until the end of the industrial era (1980).
There is another trend that can be examined, that is re-afforestation. Italy has now 35% of its land covered by trees, more than it has had in modern times. It is probably due to the widespread abandonment of farmland, particularly in mountainous areas in the South of the country.
1950. Land cover in Italy (CORINE Land Cover)
Land use and land cover change has been the most visible indicator of the human footprint and the most important driver of loss of biodiversity and other forms of land degradation
Settlement
Cropland
Forest
60 1980. Land cover in Italy (CORINE Land Cover) 70% OF THE POPULATION LIVES IN URBAN AREAS
300 THOUSAND KM2 OF TOTAL SURFACE
2010. Land cover inItaly (CORINE Land Cover) 5% OF THE SURFACE IS COVERED BY SETTLEMENTS IN 2010
+83% INCREASE IN FOREST’S SURFACE FROM 1900 TO 2010
61 2010s. BROWNFIELDS IN ITALY
In 2014, the Italian Government issued 2008. Italian brownfields a new decree, named Sblocca Italia which means unblock Italy, whose aim was doublesided: modify and simplify building procedures and foster the reuse of existing buildings and urbanized land. MILANO TRIESTE
VENEZIA In Italy, there are 15 thousands TORINO PARMA brownfields that were former industrial BOLOGNA areas. The majority of these areas are GENOVA concentrated in metropolitan areas, and FIRENZE particularly in Naples, Milan, and Turin. Since the end of the Nineties, Italian Governments started to monitor polluted PESCARA brownfields, for a total of 39 sites that ROMA will need to be remediated. NAPOLI One of the main categories of former land-use of Italian brownfieldsMILANO is TRIESTE represented by transportMILANO territories. More MILANO TRIESTE VENEZIA specifically,TORINO the modernizationPARMA period leftTRIESTE BOLOGNAVENEZIA in ItalyTORINO a network of railwaysPARMA that with VENEZIA TORINO PARMABOLOGNA GENOVA the de-industrialization becameBOLOGNA unused. Especially railwayGENOVA yardsFIRENZE represent an GENOVA interesting category inFIRENZE Italian cities because usually they areFIRENZE located in highly BOLZANO PESCARA accessible and central areas inMILANO cities. SESTO SAN GIOVANNI PESCARA ROMA BOLZANO PESCARA VENEZIA TORINO MILANOROMA SESTO SAN GIOVANNI ROMA BOLZANOBOLOGNA NAPOLI MILANO VENEZIARAVENNA SESTOTORINO SAN GIOVANNI GENOVA NAPOLIFIRENZE CESENA Legend. NAPOLIBOLOGNAVENEZIA2015. Unused areas pertaining to the National Railways (RFI). TORINO RAVENNA PISA GENOVA FIRENZEBOLOGNA CESENA RAVENNA 2.500.000 mq GENOVA PISAFIRENZE CESENA
PISA ROMA BARI 5.000.000 mq BOLZANO ROMA MILANO SESTO SAN GIOVANNIBARI NAPOLI ROMA VENEZIA 10.000.000 mq TORINOBARI NAPOLI BOLOGNA RAVENNA NAPOLI GENOVA FIRENZE CESENA 112.000 mq PISA PALERMO MESSINA
PALERMO 500.000 mq MESSINA ROMA BARI PALERMO MESSINA
1.120.000 mq NAPOLI
SIN - Sites of National Interest
PALERMO former airport MESSINA
airport brownfield
waterdrome
62 2015. Territories that need to be reclaimed and cleaned up. 6977 KM OF DISUSED RAILWAY LINES
700 THOUSAND OF ABANDONED WAREHOUSES
2015. Unused airports. 15 THOUSAND OF INDUSTRIAL SITES
338 THOUSAND HECTARES OF NON CULTIVATED LANDS
63 URBANIZATION AND TRANSPORTATION IN TURKEY
German Consulate and its surroundings in Gümüşsuyu 1900
Site Works in Zonguldak Station Construction 1937
1900-1920: Early Capitalism - from the beginning to WW1 1850-1920. From the Emergence of Industrial Revolution 1920-1945: Crisis of the Industrial Society - Influences to 1st World War between WWs Beginning of Modernization in Ottoman Empire 1945-1980: Stabilization of Industrial Society - from WW2 to the Oil Crisis In this period, Therefore, the Istanbul, the 1980-today: Towards Information senior bureaucrats modernization Capital of Society - from the Oil Crisis to the Digital of Ottoman based on regular Ottoman Empire, Revolution Empire worked demographic had become an on realizing social growth and radical international and institutional transformation in finance centre Fig.1900: Istanbul - German Consulat reforms in order urban structure and a living and its surroundings in Gümüşsuyu. Data source: http://www.imageto.org/images/ to get over the had not occurred harbour city. The uGMi4.jpg financial crisis and during this period. population of the city increased Fig. 1937: Site Works in Zonguldak underdevelopment The effect of Station Construction. Data source: www. in several areas such partial in the beginning abc.com as well as to modernization had of 19th Century. be articulated become evident in The reasons of Fig. Logo: Anatolian Railways in developing harbour cities and this demographic Company. capitalist world intersection places growth was due the Data source: www.wikipedia.com Western methods of the railway new commercial Fig. 1856-1922: Railway Progress. had been network which and bureaucratic Data source: www.tcdd.gov.tr implemented connects this cities. classes as well Fig. Vecihi K-6: First Turkish Plane under the guidance In this period, as the internal Model of Western railway networks migrations of the Data source: www.listelist.com.com technocrats. Social were not connected Empire. The City Fig. 1959: Istanbul - Destruction in classes had been and could not has been growth. Karaköy for New Urban Planning re-formed based on form a continuous Works. new bureaucratic systems. This Data source: www.abc.com system and caused different Fig. 1940: Ankara Train Station. commercial regional economies Data source: www.abc.com developments and harbour cities caused partial such as Smyrna, modernisation Salonika, Beirut areas and and Basra. remaining traditional zones.
64 Destruction in Karaköy for New Urban Planning Works 1959 The Logo of the company that operated Anatolian Railways between 1888 - 1927
Vecihi K-6 , First Turkish Plane Model
Train Station 1940 Ankara
1856-1922
Railway Progress Chemins de Airway in Turkey 1920-1930. 1930-1940. Railway Progress in Osmanlı Fer Ottoman Constitution of Years of Turkish Republic Empire Period d’Anatolie the New Republic Depression Period (1923- (1856-1922) 1950)
In the late 19th In May 1889 Aviation in Turkey The new nation The New Republic Railways was century including the company formed in parallel state worked for started to nationalized with Germany, UK has started the with the general the constitution of discharge the debts the establishment and countries construction of trend of world. its own politic and remaining from of the Republic. like France, Italy, Ankara line; social structure. It Ottoman Empire For this purpose, Russia have led to Arifiye line was Military Aviation was struggling to in these years. Anadolu-Baghdad the development of completed in 1891, Undergo Italian maintain economic Meanwhile, the Railways was railways in Turkey the route to Ankara air strikes in relations between economic situation established in for different was completed in Trablusgarp War Western countries had strongly been May 1924, State reasons. December 1892. (1911–1912) while new social affected from the Railways and Ports The first railway The company had prepared the classes were global crisis called Administration in Turkey was has purchased ground for the being formed. great depression. was established constructed by Chemins de start of work on The initiatives Istanbul and other May 1927. Thus between İzmir- fer d’Anatolie military aviation. took place in harbour cities construction Aydın under the Baghdad in Thus,in 1912 first order to accelerate such as Smyrna and operation of privilege granted partnership with aviation studies industry-specific had lost their railways began to an English new Turkish began in a small development. economic central to run together. company in 1856. Republic. square consisting The construction position due to As of 1923 to The construction 4000 km section of of two hangars activities in the interruption 1940 railways on of the 130 km line railway which was and facilities in urban scale was of international Anatolian lands was completed in constructed from Sefaköy right near supported by the trade. In contrast had reached from 1866. The İzmir foreign companies by the Ataturk government. due with the previous 4559 km to 8637 (Kasaba)-Turgutlu- is remained in the airport today. to the demographic period, Istanbul km with conducted Afyon line and 98 national boarders incline after and Smyrna faced operations. km of the Manisa- after proclaimed the war, with depression Bandırma line of republic. urbanisation was and desolation. were constructed This number not considerable In this period by another English corresponds to half except Ankara, of deceleration, company granted of the railways the new Capital of constitution of privilege and put in now in Turkey. Turkey. legal structure for service in 1865. urbanisation had progressed.
65 URBANIZATION AND TRANSPORTATION IN TURKEY
TOMTAŞ, First Airplane Factory
City Planning Works according the Urban Plan of Henri Prost 1940 Istanbul
1900-1920: Early Capitalism - from the beginning to WW1 First Private Cabotage Law 1940-1950. First Aircraft Airline Company, and Maritime 1920-1945: Crisis of the Industrial Society - Before the Boom Order - Sky between WWs Vecihi Hürkuş Progress Schools
1945-1980: Stabilization of Industrial Society - from WW2 to the Oil Crisis Vecihi Hürkuş The right to carry Despite the Nuri Demirağ, the 1980-today: Towards Information established the between our ports continuation of the first contractor’s of Society - from the Oil Crisis to the Digital first private airline was given only to previous period’s Turkey Rebublic Revolution company and the Turkish ships condition and the Railways wanted made first civil and with the Treaty of depressed years to produce aircraft. military aircraft. Lausanne and with of 2nd World War, Demirağ agreed Fig. Tomtaş: First Airplane Factory Data source: www.sanalbasin.com TOMTAŞ The first the Cabotage Law positive progresses with Hürkus and he aircraft factory was which was entered had been made due made Vecihi K-16 Fig. 1940: Istanbul - City Planning established from into force in 1926. to the integration model which was Works according the Urban Plan of National Defense Maritime of domestic market named Nuribey. Henri Prost. Data source: www.abc.com Ministry. Factory transportation and industrial In 1938 The Fig. 1960: Istanbul - Opening of New agreed with developed with enterprises. factory received Boulevards. Data source: www.abc.com Hürkuş for aircraft the establishment Capital had first order from construction. of the Turkish started to being Turkish Aircraft Fig. 1980s: Istanbul - Housing Hürkuş made Maritime Bank accumulated in Association. Constructions and Bosphorus & one 14 seater Corporation in cities. At the end Demirağ’s aircraft Skyscrapers Constructions. Data source: www.abc.com Junkers G-24 and 1957. Available of this period, factory delivered a single-engine ports were urbanisation had order which was Fig. 2015: Istanbul - Skyscrapers. Data airplane Junker developed and comparatively contain 65 glider in source: www.abc.com Fig. YHT: A westbound train. F-13 model which new ones added started to gain a short time. Data source: www.tcdd.gov.tr one for 6 person to them. Thus momentum, as the Demirağ also in 1927. TOMTAŞ Turkey had a herald of the next established sky bankrupted in modern fleet. The period. schools which 1928. In a period average of the last were educated 290 of 3 months, ten years’ foreign pilot until 1943. Hürkus started trade transport He continued to work on made with a rate to work in the constructure of %88.1 by sea. aviation industry, of first Turkish And importance of performing civilian aircraft our ports gradually national parachute called Vecihi increases. in 1939. K-14 in his timber
66 Opening of New Boulevards İstanbul 1960 Bosphorus & Skyscrapers Constructions 1980 Istanbul
A westbound train waiting to depart Ankara station
Housing Constructions, 1980 Istanbul
1950-1980 Railway 1980-today. Aviation High Speed Rail Radical Modernization Construction Establishment Investments After II. World of Information War Society
In 1945, Turkish While % 20 of In spite of the The most While High-speed rail Republic had left population was difficulties significant transportation is in Turkey began the Protective - living in the cities and economic development conducted by a service in 2003. Statist policies in in 1950, the rate scarcity, railway in this period single company A subsidiary of order to replace raised to %30 in construction had is the change (THY) until mid Turkish State those with Liberal 1960, % 37 in 1980 continued until II. in urban forms 1980s, the number Railways, Yüksek and import- and % 45 in 1980. World War. After and construction has become 17 Hızlı Tren is the substitution The growth had 1940 construction forms. Small- in 2010, and in sole commercial type economic taken place mostly had began to slow scale housing parallel to that, operator of high strategies. The in Western regions because of war. supply had ended. huge increases speed trains in economic support and centre cities of 3.578 km railways The government have been Turkey. YHT program, Marshall these regions. *11 was constructured had created new observed in the currently operates Aid had been Population of between 1923- laws/regulations. capacity number of on two lines: the stipulated by USA İstanbul was; 1960. Construction in aircrafts and seats. Ankara-Eskişehir as a must for the 975.000 in 1950, 3.208 km long urban settlements, These favorable portion of the participation to 2.141.000 in1970, section of this lines particularly conditions seen in İstanbul-Ankara Europe Recovery 5.000.000 in1980. had been finished large scaled the industry have high-speed railway Programme. from Due to the populist until 1940. housings became especially brought and the Ankara- 1950’s, agricultural urbanisation But after 1950 commodities where great increases Konya high-speed products increased policies, Despite developing merchandising in passenger railway, which and became Istanbul had new technology and and management transportation, and opened in August integrated transportation financial resources activities were while number of 2011. High-speed with domestic strategy based on after 1960, was involved too. total passengers rail in Turkey is market due to highways network. constructed just 39 Therefore, a was around 13.5 still developing, the highways New boulevards km railway. The transformation in million in 1990, with two lines network. Industrial was made by main reason for the public space this number has under construction development demolishing the disposal of the had taken place first passed 100 and many more in cities gained existing historical railways was the in the context million with an planned. momentum. Urban urban settlements state’s changed of: Shopping increase of %654 settlements started in order to transportation centres, hotels, at the end of 2010. to change with an provide roads for policy. entertainment unexampled rate. motorcars. centres which became new public 67spaces of the city. 1990-2010 LAND-USE CHANGES IN TURKEY
1900. Land cover in Turkey. Data unavailable.
Turkey has approximately 780,000 square kilometres area and with an 8,000 kilometer coastline extending along the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.
The country is a bridge between Europe and Asia with the population of 77.69 million people.
Following 1950s a rapid population growth occured in Turkey regarding to the migration from rural areas to urban areas.
In 1980 urban population increased to 44%, the ratio was 65 % in 2000. In 2012 urban population growth was 77 % while it was 25% in 1950.
1950. Land cover in Turkey. Data unavailable.
Settlement
Cropland
Forest
68 1990. Land cover in Turkey (CORINE Land Cover) 71,6% OF THE POPULATION IS URBAN IN TURKEY
134% DENSITY OF URBAN POPULATION CHANGE FROM 1990 TO 2010
2006. Land cover in Turkey (CORINE Land Cover) 1,5M HA FORESTLAND INCREASE HAPPENED IN THE RECENT 40 YEARS IN TURKEY
129% DENSITY OF URBAN POPULATION CHANGE FROM 1990 TO 2010
69 2010s. BROWNFIELDS IN TURKEY
In Turkey, there is a huge demand 2015. Unused airports. for regenerating the brownfield sites. However the studies are very limited for this issue.
Turkey total surface area is 77.846.000 ha including 34% agricultural land, 27% forest, 27% pastures and meadows, 11% settlement areas and other areas, while 1% consists of lakes.
In the recent 40 years forestland of the Turkey increased 1,5 million ha.
According to the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs inventory results forestland amount is as below;
• 1963 - 1972 - 26 % of country general (20.199.296 ha), • 1997 - 26,7% of country general (20.763.248 ha), • 2004 - 27,2% of country general (21.188.747 ha) • 2012 - 27,6% of country general (21.678.134 ha)
Legend. 2015. Unused areas pertaining to the National Railways (RFI).
Lenght of unused railway line
0-20 21-40
41-50
51-60
unused airport unused harbour
70 2015. Unused harbours 8619 RAILWAY LINES OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE BETWEEN THE YEARS 1856 - 1922
55 CIVIL AIRPORTS ARE EXISTING IN TURKEY
13 HARBOURS ARE BEING RUN IN TURKEY
71 72 BUILT-UP LAND AND THE ENVIRONMENT
73 GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS BY SECTOR AND COUNTRIES
More than 2.000 Gigatones of CO2 have The EU has set itself targets to reduce the been released by human activity in the emissions and energy efficiency as below: atmosphere. • 2020 climate and energy package • 2030 climate and energy framework Fossil fuel burning and land transformation The European Commission is looking at from forests primarly are the two major cost-efficient ways to make the European 2°C TARGET HAS BEEN AGREED CO2 emissions sources. economy more climate-friendly and less energy-consuming. LIMIT TO DANGEROUS North America and Europe are responsible Its low-carbon economy roadmap suggests GLOBAL WARMING for half of all CO2 emitted since the that: beginning of the Industrial Revolution. By 2050, the EU should cut emissions to The emerging economies China and India 80% below 1990 levels account for 14% while the rest comes Milestonesto achieve this are 40% from the remaining 150+ countries. emissions cuts by 2030 and 60% by 2040 All sectors need to contribute Emissions from Top 10 countries The low-carbon transition is feasible & contribute 72.78% to global emissions affordable. (excluding land use change and forestry) Europe - COP21 The energy sector is the dominant source The EU wants ambitious emissions OVER of greenhouse gas emissions. The energy reduction targets for COP 21: 70% sector contributes more than 75 percent of • limit global warming to a global TOTAL EMISSIONS ARE global greenhouse gas emissions. average increase of 2°C BEING MADE UP BY • get a commitment to reduce THE TOP TEN EMITTER In Europe Greenhouse gases by at least 60% by COUNTRY Europe is a leading region against climate 2050 compared to 2010 change. • decarbonisation of the world economy by the end of the century Europe is looking for solutions to tackle climate change as the all global economies are doing. Reducing the emissions is the major objective and understanding the sources of emissions are is an essential contributor to this goal. Regarding to the OECD Data, Energy is the biggest source of CO2 emissions with 31% share in Europe. Manufacturing and households 30% are the next highest, at 22% of total RISE IN CO2 LEVELS emissions. After that comes transportation SINCE THE INDUSTRIAL and sewage at 12%. REVOLUTION
74 Global top 10 emitters, WRI 2012/CAIT China 25,36 % USA 14,41 % EU 28 10,16 % India 6,96 % Russia 5,36 % Japan % 3,11 Brazil 2,34 % Indonesia 1,76 % Mexico 1,67 % Iran 1,65 %
Energy Agriculture Industry Waste
CO2 emissions by sources in Europe , OECD
2% 1% 5%
31% 12%
22%
22%
Other Agriculture Households Water supply Energy Wholesale and retail Transportation and Construction trade Mining and quarrying Industry storage
75 BUILDINGS, ENERGY AND EMISSIONS IN EUROPE
Energy consumption by the buildings consume about 25 litres on average. Some sector has been increasing in recent buildings even require up to 60 litres. decades. Currently, about 35% of the EU’s buildings Regarding to the energy efficiency in are over 50 years old. By improving the buildings impact on the climate change energy efficiency of buildings, decreasing 200 THOUSANDS SQUARE mitigation EU has remarkable actions. total EU energy consumption by 5% to 6% and lower CO2 emissions by about KILOMETERS OF BUILT-UP Energy Performance of Buildings 5% could be possible ”. LAND IN EUROPE Directive (EPBD) in 2002 (revised in 2010) and most recently with the 2012 European Commisson gives information Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) is about EU actions in the offical website for the main legislation directly prepared buildings as below. for reducing the energy consumption of buildings. “According to the EU 2050 low-carbon roadmap; EPBD has been so many implications Emissions from houses and office and improvements on the new buildings buildings can be almost completely cut – energy efficiency over time. Meanwhile by around 90% in 2050. Europe existing building stock which is almost over 90% of the total has been Energy performance will improve 40% affected by the requirements of energy drastically through: PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY performance. • passive housing technology in new CONSUMPTION FOR buildings WHICH BUILDINGS ARE European Commisson declares that; • refurbishing old buildings to improve RESPONSIBLE IN THE EU “Buildings are responsible for 40% of energy efficiency energy consumption and 36% of CO2 • substituting electricity and emissions in the EU. renewables for fossil fuels in heating, cooling & cooking While new buildings generally need less than three to five litres of heating oil per Investments can be recovered over time square meter per year, older buildings through reduced energy bills ”. 36% PERCENTAGE OF CO2 EMISSIONS FOR WHICH BUILDINGS ARE RESPONSIBLE IN THE EU
76 Share of total energy consumption per type of the building, BPIE survey
6% 6% 26%
10%
12%
12% 28%
Other types of energy Offices Educational Hospitals consuming building Wholesale and Hotels and restaurant Sport facilities retail trade
Breakdown of energy consumption by end use in the EU residential and commercial buildings
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
7% 16% 11%
4%
5% 52%
57% 25% 14%
9%
Lighting and appli- Space Heating ances Cooling Water Heating Cooking Other Uses
77 THE EUROPEAN BUILDING STOCK
Buildings occupy a vital place in our lives. The architectural and aesthetic features, According to the data taken from also technical standards have influences the “Europe’s Buildings Under the on our life quality, effciency in works, Microscope” report, it is estimated that health and wellbeing also relations with there are 25 billion m2 of useful floor other people. At the same time energy space in the EU27, Switzerland and 35% PROPORTION OF EU’S consumption by a building, heating, Norway. cooling and ventilation demans create the The gross floor space could be BUILDINGS THAT ARE OVER environmetal wellness. concentrated in a land area equivalent to 50 YEARS OLD that of Belgium (30,528 km2). Half of It’s the fact that buildings are one of the total estimated floor space is located the major reasons of the greenhouse in the North & West region of Europe emissions; especially CO2. Renovation while the remaining 36% and 14% are and revitalization of the existing buildings contained in the South and Central & is very crucial on the way of the climate East regions. change mitigation, also life quality The total residential floor area in the improvement. EU-27 is approximately 17.6 billion m2. Of this 15.1 billion m2 is estimated to The European Building stock with be heated. Almost three-quarters of this, historical and modern architecture 72%, lies in the ‘big six’countries; Spain, patterns can ensure both advantages and Italy, France, Germany, UK and Poland. 70% disadvantages. OF TOTAL ENERGY Effective policies and incentive regulations The total office floor area in the EU-27 CONSUMPTION IN THE making about this issue requires a definite is approximately 1.25 billion m2. Of BUILDING SECTOR IS FOR understanding and analyse of the current this 1126 million m2 is estimated to be RESIDENTIAL USE existing building stock with all aspects. heated and 846Mm2 cooled. Almost three quarters of the total floor area, 71%, lies The Building Performance Institute in the same six countries that dominate Europe has studies and reports including the residential stock; Spain, Italy, France, current data, analysis, facts and figures of Germany, UK and Poland. the Europe building stock with the aim of contributing to evaluate the information of EU stock. However the availability of this kind of data is far from ideal and update is unavoidable at regular intervals regarding to the dynamic process. 1/6 ENERGY THAT AS AN AVERAGE NEW BUILDINGS NEED IN PROPORTION COMPARED TO OLD ONES
78 Building stock (m2), BPIE survey
RESIDENTIAL NON RESIDENTIAL
11% Non 25% Residential 4% 28%
75% 7%
11%
36% 23% 36% 17%
Apartment Non-residential blocks Offices Educational Hospitals Other Single family Residential Wholesale and Hotels and restaurant Sport facilities houses retail trade
Floor space distribution by Regions, BPIE survey
NORTH & WEST
AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, FI, FR, IE, LU, NL, NO, SE, UK Population 281 million
50% SOUTH CY, GR, ES, IT, MT, PT Population 129 million
36%
36%
CENTRAL & EAST
BG, CZ, EE, HU, LT, LV, PL, RO, SI, SK Population 102 million
79 REGENERATION/REVITALIZATION THE EXISTING
Rodwell suggests in his study named 21, Energy Efficiency Directive Europe `Conservation and Sustainability and much more activities promoting in Historic Cities` that to achieve a building energy efficiency and mitigating sustainable world, initiatives must start building-related GHG emissions; all with the city, since cities are the focus earlier and newly studies and analysis state of consumption and degradation in the about, long term strategies and actions 50% OF GLOBAL WEALTH IS natural environment. Moreover; he related to the climate change mitigation informs about the aim of sustainablitiy in which building and construction sector has DUE TO BUILDINGS AND a city can be ensured with the decrease already have a large amount of impacts on CONSTRUCTION SECTOR of non renewable natural resources and it. waste production; also at the same time In brief, there are two aims and ways with the improvement for liveability of to ensure the criterias and agreements the city. regarding to the GHG mitigation actions for this sector. New developments ’ energy requirements, New developments and constructions land usage and material consumption requires new and energy efficient needs to be replaced with renovation and technologies; even more Nearly Zero revitalization of existing buildings. Energy Buildings are mantadory to fit in According to the Balaras et al., the existing these criterias. building stock has the greatest potential to Deep refurbishments, new technologies lower the environmental load of the built implemented and energy efficient 90% environment significantly within the next revitalizations, reuse and regeneration CUT CAN BE FOR 20 or 30 years. of disused properties are the unavoidable EMISSIONS FROM HOUSES solutions to provide sufficient GHG AND OFFICE BUILDINGS IN Buildings day emissions cut. 2050. For the first time “Buildings Day” was held as a part of the official programme Building and Construction sector will at the COP 21 organization in Paris this definitely have significant contributions year. The aim was provide an event to for climate change mitigation; also at the the particiants presenting building and same time ensure social benefits. construction sector ability to tackle with the climate change. The indicatiors to dominate thıs sector Peter Graham declares in his article in The can be well designated policies and Global Buildings Performance Network regulations, low energy technologies and (GBPN) that “Buildings and construction ambitious renovation solutions, most sector, which is responsible for about 30% importantly awareness and knowledge. of global greenhouse gas emissions, 50% of global wealth, and provision of urban Sustainable new buildings/developments habitat for more than 60% of humanity, and sustainable regenerated existing has been given a mandate and global buildings/developments will siginificantly framework for helping to achieve these provide economic, social, cultural, health goals”. and well-being benefits.
United Nations Environment Programme Sustainable development can be created explains why buildings matter as; building with the implications of revitalization and construction sector related emissions of existing built environment instead of could double by 2050 if we carry on our demolition and replacement. activities as usual. Also rapid urbanization will accelerate the effects. Renovation will be a great oppurtunity for Currently Europe Road Map 2050, COP regional and global construction industry
80 81 82 CASE STUDIES
83 1990-2004 OLD PORT IN GENOA.
Opening During the Roman Empire, Genoa was a roman municipium and a military port, thanks to its natural harbor. During the 12th and 13th centuries Genoa played a leading role in the commercial revolution that Europe was undergoing, and the port fluorished. In the 20th century, Genoa experienced great urban development, and its commercial port expanded. Photo BEFORE Urban features Genoa is the sixth largest Italian city, with a population of 588, 688 people. Historically has been a prosperous port and an industrial city. Its famous historic centre, protected by the UNESCO for many of its parts, has been separated from the sea during the industrialization. After the occasion of the Expo ‘92 and the reconversion of the old port into a tourist attraction under the artistic Area dimension: direction of Renzo Piano, the historic 250,000 sqm total area reconverted from 1990 to 2004; 130,000 of which from 1995 to 1997 city centre completely changed its Properties: officially 100% public after the Expo’92 relationship with the sea, and the whole Municipality (51%), Chamber of Commerce (39%), Port Authority (10%) city benefited of this transformation.
Architectural features The revitalization of a dismissed area of the commercial harbour, was undertaken under the artistic direction of Renzo Piano, who also designed part of the public spaces and buildings. The new area which gives the city access to the sea, is made with few architectural interventions, mainly in the design of public spaces and in the light renovation of old buildings. Photo AFTER Policy and design strategies • International events to boost the transformation. • Incremental development and design • Public and Private partnerships. • Subsidiariety.
Previous functions: commercial harbour. New Functions: 28% Cultural and scientific, 25% Conferences and exhibitions, 12% Recreation, 11% Services and parking, 7% Educational, 5% Technological plants, 8% Retail, 4% Offices
84 20 25 +3 YEARS TO COMPLETE THE THOUSAND SQUARE MILLION VISITORS PER REVITALIZATION. METERS IS THE AREA OF YEAR THE OLD PORT THAT WAS RECONVERTED.
The Process
1990-1992. 1994. Foundation 1991-2000. 2000-2013. 2003. 2004. Preparation of a society for the Darsena, Ponte Transformation of Inauguration of Genoa ‘European of 1992 EXPO EXPO legacy. Calvi and Ponte the Ponte Parodi the metropolitan City of Culture’. named ‘The sea Morosini. for services. stations. and navigation’
Fifty-four countries Under the direction The localization In 2000, a project After the Another took part to the of Renzo Piano of the Faculty made by the UN pedestrianization international event event that attracted the Società Porto of Economy and Studio Van Berkel of the majority of took the attention 1.700.000 visitors. Antico S.p.A. Commercial & Bos wins the the area, also the to the Italian port Renzo Piano was owned by the Studies revitalized international opening of a metro again. It was the appointed to design Municipality the Darsena(1995). competition to station represents occasion of many the intervention (51%), by the convert Ponte a symbolic investments such in the port. The Chamber of A development Parodi into a moment for the as the revitalization revitalization of the Commerce (39%) project with leisure oriented whole process. of Galata with a historic city centre and by the Port touristic functions development In fact, one of new museum, and and of the old port Authority (10%) revitalized Piers designed to attract the criticalities of the conversion of costed 689 bilion invested 31 billion Ponte Calvi and tourists. However, Genoa Old Port the Calata Darsena Lira, 585 of which in the revitalization Ponte Morosini. despite a project was exactly the into a Sailing given by the State. project. As a finicing was signed lack of pedestrian Institute. legacy, it left and funds were access from the an Aquarium, a dedicated, the city to the sea. Congress Centre, project is still on a library and many hold.
85 1983-2008 EX PIRELLI - BICOCCA AREA IN MILAN.
Opening Bicocca is an area in the North-east which was formerly the first Pirelli manufacturing site for the production of rubber and tyres.
Urban features Milan is the major industrial, commercial and financial centre in Italy. Having been the heart of the economic Photo BEFORE boom in the XXth Century, the de- industrialization left around 10 millions square meters to be reconverted in the Province. Nowadays, the area Bicocca is transformed into an attractive university campus which hosts mixed functions, such as housing, commercial, leisure, and green areas.
Architectural features The area revitalizes a brownfield of the city, generating new attractivenness in Area dimension: the outskirts of the city. The masterplan 663,000 sqm total area reconverted and all the buildings - including housing, Properties: 100% private university and a new venue for the Pirelli 100% famous Teatro alla Scala - were designed by Professor and Architect Vittorio Gregotti, who was appointed by Pirelli, the owner and the most influencial stakeholder in the process.
Policy and design strategies • Public-private agreements and synergy. • Top-down and comprehensive planning. • Unitary design. Photo AFTER
Previous functions: industrial area. New Functions: 20% Residential, 20% Offices, 42% Private services, 11% Productive areas, 3.2% Retail
86 20 663 30 YEARS TO COMPLETE THE THOUSAND SQUARE THOUSAND STUDENTS REVITALIZATION. METERS IS THE AREA THAT EVERY YEAR. WAS RECONVERTED.
The Process
1983-1989. 1990-1997. First 1997-1998. The 1996-2002. 2000-2002. A 2003-2008. From the first construction university of Arcimboldi variation to Last agreement agreement to a phase. Milan Bicocca. Theatre. agreement Z4. definition. development plan.
After the first In 1990, starts the The University In 1996, Pirelli From 2000 The agreement agreements among first construction of Milan Bicocca and the Teatro to 2002, the for Variation Pirelli, the Region, phase. Gradually, borns officially in alla Scala sign University, the Z4 is signed: the Province and from the beginning 1998 with State’s an agreement Besta Institute, because of the the Municipality, of the 1990s, the budget revenues. to realize an Milan Municipality public functions a final legal University of auditorium with first and Lombardy (university and document named Milan starts to be a 3000 seats;Gregotti Region and Health health) developers ‘Zona Speciale Z4- major stakeholder is appointed as the Ministry stipulate a do not need to give Bicocca’ is issued and to discuss with architect. Being it contract to build in any other facility in 1989, and the the developers. a public facility, a new area named except for primary area is defined as a Italian laws would Variation Z4. In services and future Technopole. have required a 2000, starts also infrastructures. In 1986, Gabetti e public competition. the construction Isola, Gregotti and The European of a commercial Gino Valle won Court of Justice development at the the architecture verifies the bidding Northern borders competition. procedures. by Pirelli Real Estate.
87 1993-ONGOING EX OGR AREA IN FLORENCE.
Opening Florence is one of the most famous and attractive Italian cities. Ex OGR area was a former railway yard and station, out of the historic centre.
Urban features The ongoing transformation would convert it in an attractive area and a sustainable neighbourhod, with mixed Photo BEFORE functions. It is the first Italian former railway yard whose redevelopment is regulated in the City Plan. The next -and final- legal step will be in 2016, when the owners (Sistemi Urbani, a branch of the national railways) will sign an agreement with the Municipality of Florence. The completation of the project would need private developers to buy and transform the area. Final urban targets are: • Foster public transportation with new Area dimension: lines and stops. 100,000 sqm total area reconverted • Generate a new attractive pole for Properties: officially 100% public after the Expo’92 the city. Municipality (51%), Chamber of Commerce (39%), Port Authority (10%) • Regenerate the green infrastructure (a canal). • Connect residential areas with green areas. • Generate a new residential and commercial development with a functional mix.
Architectural features The architecture shows a fundamental dialogue between urban landscape and this new attractive pole in the city. For instance, the New Opera Theatre builds a sequence of public terraces which design Photo AFTER the horizon and offer new view points on the city.
Policy and design strategies • Public-private synergy. • Regeneration of green infrastructures in cities. • System synergies. • Design permeable spaces. • Adaptive re-use of old buildings. Previous functions: industrial area. New Functions: total gross floor area 54.000 sqm • Functional mix. 60% Housing (20% of which is Social Housing), 16% Tertiary activities, 9% Retail, 15% Hotel
88 20 100 1800 YEARS SINCE THE THOUSAND SQUARE SEATS AT THE TEATRO BEGINNING BUT STILL METERS IS THE AREA THAT DELL’OPERA. ONGOING. WAS RECONVERTED.
The Process
1993-1996. 2009-2014. 2010-2014. 2015. Adoption Ongoing. Revitalization of Construction of a Adoption of the of the Urban Leopolda Station. new venue for the Structural Plan of Regulation Plan. Opera Theatre. Florence.
Since 1993, the In 2014, a new In 2014, identifies The document The design and former train venue for the the area as an foresee and redaction of the station had been Opera Theatre of opportunity regulates all the Action Plan is on- used as a space Florence (Teatro area for the city, building indexes going. for expositions. In del Maggio), was allowing its and all the 1996, Gae Aulenti completed. It redevelopment. quantities admitted designed the added a new venue in the area. ezternal piazza. and attractive area in the periphery of the city. Overall, considering Leopolda and Teatro del Maggio, the total amount of square meters of new public spaces are 15 000.
89 ATATÜRK AIRPORT, ISTANBUL, TURKEY
Opening/Construction Date Construction began in May 1949 and was completed on May 1953. The controls of facilities were given to the Ministry of Transport. After the necessary tests and checks of Turkey’s largest and first international airport was opened on August 1953.
Architectural Features Atatürk Airport is the main and the biggest international airport serving İstanbul with the total number of passengers, destinations served and aircraft movements. With its 200 thousand / ton annual capacity cargo terminal, air traffic control tower, fire departments, health care and first aid units, aircraft hangars, catering buildings, business premises and safety buildings, Ataturk airport has a complex structure.
Urban Features Atatürk Airport located on 6.552.066 square meters area. The urbanization impact of Istanbul Airport has three runways; one 2600 meters long 60 meters wide, two 3000 meters long 45 meters wide. Car parking capacity is 8110 with its outdoor parking and storey car parking area. Ataturk Airport was first seen in the International terminal building is 264.500 square meter, domestic terminal building is 70.000 square Bakirkoy district. Bakirkoy lost %37 meter. of the population but between the year 2000-2012 the county’s population increased by %5 and reached 220.336 people. Also urbanization in Atakoy was formed by proximity of the airport and 50 hectare touristic area near by the sea after 1945. Today, Atakoy with its blocks has population as much as medium- sized city. Also the first shopping mall of Turkey is located here since 1988.One of the world’s most comprehensive world trade center IDTM constructered close to airport because of access possibilities.
Policy and design strategies • Systems revitalization • Runways to be regenerated. • Regarding to the functional changes of the airport, buildings can be reused for another function.
The TAV Istanbul Ataturk Airport departures area is the defining space of the project; its 240 by 168 metre roof structure is easily identifiable from the air and clearly expressed in the interior.
90 6.5M 200 60M SQUARE METER LOCATED THOUSAND / TON ANNUAL APPROX. TOTAL AREA OF ATATÜRK CAPACITY PASSENGERS IN 2015 AIRPORT
The Process
1912-1933 1944-1971 1983-1985 Ongoing. First Aviation Yesikoy Airport Ataturk Airport Facilities
First aviation After the Chicago The new facility The master plan According to the studies began in Civil Aviation opened in 1953. wasn’t fully classification made a small square Agreement was As air traffic realized but the by the International consisting of signed in 1944, it increased, the new terminal Civil Aviation two hangars and become necessary airport once building was Organization facilities in 1912 to establish an again became opened in 1983. (ICAO), airport has right near by the international airport too limited in its Named İstanbul CAT II (category Ataturk airport in İstanbul. A project capacity. In 1971 Atatürk Aiport in 2) today. By the end was prepared in Hayati Tabanlıoğlu 1985, the facility And Constructure of the Balkan War, 1947 to improve the designed a with new additions of International the construction Yeşilköy Airport, masterplan was reopened terminal of the airport which despite being comprising four in 2000. SALT building,the main and education used mainly for terminal buildings Research, Hayati terminal building department was military activity had along with Tabanlıoğlu and scaffolding completed and managed a limited technical facilities Archive designed for began operation number of civil and parking lots. individually in 1913. During flights since 1933. and together the first World development. War, airport was known as Yesilkoy Airplane Station. Airport’s facilities used for military purposes until 1933.
91 TRAKYA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FINE ARTS, EDIRNE, TURKEY
Opening/Construction Date As a consequence of a concession to build a railway from İstanbul to Vienna between Ottoman Empire and first a Belgian company (1868) then a German born financier Baron Maurice de Hirsh (1869), a station was built in the plot on 1872. Then on the same spot a railroad terminal construction has started in 1911/2 with the design of Architect Kemalettin. The construction was completed in 1914 but could not be opened to service till 1930 due to several politics and wars. The terminal complex was renovated in 1959.
Architectural Features Karaagac Terminal was designed by architect Kemalettin along with three The Ground Area 186,400 m² other terminals in Plovdiv, Thessaloniki Terminal building area is 1.250 m² and Sofia for the same railway line. The complex comprising a great number of service buildings, social facilities and accommodation covers a large area. In the majority if not in all the design flair of Kemaleddin Bey can be observed. The large scale main building extends in an east-west plane and has an axial design. The wing structures with a central corridor extend along both sides of the large waiting room. The centrally placed magnificent waiting hall is given emphasis by stair towers rising on both sides.
Urban Features The terminal area was first developed as a railway station, then converted into a railway terminal for a new railway line to connect Istanbul to Vienna. After the change of border lines, the railway from Istanbul needed to pass through Greek borders in order to reach this terminal and thus the region has become popular for foreign representative offices, causing Karaagac to be a popular entertainment center in Edirne as well as Balkan Peninsula.
Policy and design strategies • Unused railway building adaptive reuse to education building • function change and socialization • Urban and social effects of University 92 171 80M 4KM ARTISTS’S WORKS ARE LENGTH, THREE FLOORS DISTANCE TO THE GREECE BEING EXHIBITED IN THE AND RECTANGULAR BORDER ILHAN KOMAN MUSEUM IN PLANNED, BUILDING WAS THE COMPLEX DESIGNED ACCORDING TO NEOCLASSICAL STYLE The Process
1869 – 1971 Railway station 1977 - Ongoing Education Building
Concession The grounds were Due to the changes The land has Starting from The “Museum of between Ottoman decided to be used of border lines, been bought by 1998, the terminal Contemporary Empire and Baron as a railway terminal original internal the Ministry of redecorated Sculpture and Hirsh to build and the construction railway route was Finance in order to and served as Painting”, first a railway from was between passing through be assigned to the supplementary opened in the İstanbul to Vienna 1911/14. However Turkey/Greece National Academy unit for the Medicine Studies was made. The first several wars and border and a new of Architecture Trakya University part of Sultan use of this land has international politics terminal with a and Engineering Presidency until Bayezid II Social been for a railway held the terminal new railway line use. Throughout 2011. Finally, Complex in 2002, station with the from opening until has been opened in years the the grounds were was moved to opening date of 1930. On 1959 1971, causing the university used the rearranged for the Karaağaç Campus, 1872. the building was terminal building grounds, terminal Faculty of Fine to one of the renovated faithful to be closed. and additional Arts and currently residences near the to the original plan In 1974 terminal buildings as hotel, in service of the train station with scheme of Architect building was used social facility, faculty. In 1998 a different name Kemalettin. While as forward edge of guest house, with the presidency as “İlhan Koman serving as a terminal battle area during classrooms, decision, addition Sculpture and until 1971, the Cyprus peace presidency and of Lausanne Painting Museum”. building itself has operation. currently Faculty Treaty Museum, served as barracks of Fine Arts. The Monument, square during the war and university’s School and tree nursery as Kepirtepe Village of Tourism and has been made to Institute between Hotel Management the grounds. 1938/39. used the grounds as a practice hotel between the years of 1992-1998.
93 KONAK PIER, IZMIR, TURKEY
Opening/Construction Date After an English company takes permission from the grand vizier to build a dock and a tramway line on 1867, the construction begins following year with the participation of a French enterpriser, Dussaud. On 1876 the first phase was finalized and with an additional permission taken on 1878, second phase (including the French customs building) ended up at 1880. The other additions coming with the third (1880-1905) and fourth phases (1905-1913) gave the spot its final form.
Architectural Features The focused area’s development, which is the southern pier of the port, has started with the French custom house construction on 1880. With the change Land area: 16800 and increase in demands, additional Construction area: 21500 (app 50 shops, restaurants, cafes and movie theater) building constructions were to be seen Main function: entertainment center up until 1913. Functions were in a Project design: 1995-97 variety from warehouses and halls, to Construction period: 36 months offices and customs, with various types of constructions such as stone buildings, steel trusses and cast iron columns.
Urban Features Izmir is a metropolitan city in the western extremity of Anatolia and the most populous city in Turkey after Istanbul and Ankara. Trade through the city’s port had a determinant importance for the economy of the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the 19th century and the economic foundations of the early decades of Turkey’s Republican era were also laid here in Izmir. Presently Izmir economy is based on 30.5% industry, 22.9% trade & related services, 13.5% transportation & communication and 7.8% agriculture. Today 85–90% of the region’s exports and approximately one fifth of all Turkish exports are made through the Port of Alsancak with an annual container loading capacity of close to a million.
Policy and design strategies • Reuse of old maritime buildings • Revitalizing the area and socialization • Urban and ecenomical effects of new shopping and entartainment functions
94 365K 50 21K TONES OF STEEL STORES; ALSO APPROX. BUILDING SITE CONSTRUCTION WAS RESTAURANTS, CAFES AND AREA CLEANED FROM RUST FOR CINEMA FUNCTIONS REGENERATION WORKS
The Process
1867-1876 – Dock constructions 1880-1974 Changes for the status of the On-going: area and function Entartainment Center
1838 - free 1878 additional West pier: addition 1880 – the 1934 – the 1996 – until then, trade agreement permission is taken, of coal yard tramway between company is bought partly used by (capitulations) according to which: South pier: the train station by the government ESHOT (public 1850 - trade North pier: addition addition of customs and the docks 10 August 1951 transport of the houses of 20 of quarantine, warehouse, related completed, the – transferred city) as warehouse different countries, lighthouses, post offices and the French customs to the Turkish and workshop, 17 different and telegram French customs house is finalized Corporation of partly used by consulates. administration, house 1880-1905 Denizcilik Bankası Tansaş as transport On 1867, an passport and (Because of the additional 1954 – until then, chief office, and English company wholesale fish steel structure warehouse blocks used as customs partly as car park. takes permission market (Burns and its geometry, are constructed on house 1995 –drawing from the grand in the big fire of the design of the the west end of the 1955-60 – south building surveys vizier to build 1922, on 1923 new warehouses is south pier part used as a dock and a republic decides to believed to be one 1905-1913 – as wholesale fish 2004 – regarding tramway line, in be built again. On of Gustave Eiffel’s) last, one large hall market the assigned area 1868 Dussaud is 1926, passenger hall is added 1960 – starting to the navy, the involved and the opens) 1876 – completion 5 May 1925 – the from, assigned shopping mall construction starts. of Basmane train customs house to Türkiye Deniz is opened to the In time, Dussaud station is transferred İşletmeleri public becomes the only from the French 1974 – starting landlord. company to the from, north part is 2010 – Navy quits 1876 dock İzmir Port and assigned to Turkish the assigned area construction is Gulf Operator Naval Force and restoration of completed that area begins
95 2008-ONGOING TEMPELHOF IN BERLIN.
Opening/ construction date In 1922, a new central airport was planned, originally marked for the construction of a trade fair area. Instead, a small airport with two 1,000 square metres wooden buildings, was built. Tempelhof was designated as an airport in 1923. The old terminal was built in 1927, when the first commercial flights started. After the Nazi took over power in 1933, Adolf Hitler began expansion of the airport to accommodate the rapidly growing volumes of passenger traffic.
Architectural features Tempelhof was once the largest and busiest airport in Germany, and one of Europe’s iconic airports of the pre- World War II era. The large canopy-style roof was able to accommodate most contemporary airliners in the 1950s, 60s and 70s. It had two parallel runways over Area dimension: 2 km long. 1.500,000 sqm total airfield area to be reconverted Properties: officially 100% public Urban features Municipality (100%) The airport’s grounds were originally a parade field for the Prussian army, and later by unified German forces, from 1720 right up to the start of WWI. Shortly after reunification and return to German control in 1993, the Berlin Senate announced plans to close Tempelhof and transform it into a business, living, park and sports area.
Visual and numeric data The park area has a 6 km cycling, skating and jogging trail, a 2,5 hectare barbecue area, a dog-walking field covering around 4 hectares and a large picnic area for the visitors.
Policies and Design strategies The main terminal building is listed as heritage site. A participatory instrument, enables users and stakeholders to engage in the planning process. The project is based on three dynamic phases - design steps to allow public access to the site, Previous functions: airport. New Functions: the development of new city quarters 25% of the area will be built (170,000sqm residential, 180,000sqm mixed use, 230,000sqm commercial as part of IBA, and also new types of and 130,000sqm still to be planned) and 75% will be left as park experimental landscape where technology and nature come together. 96 8 1,5 +2 YEARS SINCE THE SQUARE KILOMETERS MILLION VISITORS PER CLOSURE OF THE AIRPORT. PARK IN THE CENTER OF YEAR THE CITY.
The Process
1996. 2008-2009. 2009-2010. 2011. Ongoing. Decision to Airport closure Competition results and Renaming of Tempelhofer Park build Berlin and competition proposals. Park opening. the area as in Berlin. Brandenburg launch. Tempelhofer Park. International Airport The partners After the airport The winning and also new types In June 2011 Impacting closed in 2008, proposal featured of experimental Tempelhof interventions have a competition a participatory landscape where was renamed happened since was launched in instrument, which technology and Tempelhofer Park. 2011- gardening early 2009, which enabled users nature would come The main terminal communities, a received more and stakeholders together. It also building is listed as greenhouse school, than 80 entries to engage in the suggested that heritage site, so its play equipment, from world-wide development the area could be permanence in the etc - along with practices. The process. The transformed into city is protected. the practice of winning proposals project was based an alternative Contracts have sports activities should form on three dynamic power plant, been signed with like kite or wind the basis of the phases, a series as a communal several parties skateboarding. masterplan being of design steps space supplying about renting Several initiatives created by the to allow public renewable energy the hangars. The have been taking new development access to the site, for the adjacent runways were also place, to keep the agency of the development of districts. The kept intact and discussion around Tempelhof. new city quarters park opened to marked with large this large urban as part of IBA, the public in May X’s. development alive.
97 ONGOING TEGEL IN BERLIN.
Opening/ construction date In 1948, approximately a month after the start of the Berlin blockade, the French sector agreed on the construction of a new airport, thought to help the Berlin Airlift. In only 90 days Tegel airport was built on the former military training site, featuring a runway of 2428 metres, the longest in Europe at the time. The first aircraft landed in Tegel on the 5th November 1948. Civil aircraft began offering passenger flights at Tegel Airport in 1960. Five years later, renovation plans motivated a competition, which new design was completed at the beginning of the 1970s. Many further extensions have been carried out since, most notably in 1998 when extensive reconstruction work was completed.
Architectural features Amongst the current facilities in Tegel Airport is a meeting point, internet services, and three airline lounges. There Area dimension: are also different eateries and bars, 4.950,000 sqm total airfield area to be reconverted spread across three floors in the building Properties: Municipality (100%) complex. The main shops at the airport are located within the main hall and the duty-free shops in the waiting areas. There is a popular visitor viewing area, directly above the airport departure ring, with a near view to the airplanes.
Visual and numeric data The airport was built to handle 6 million passengers a year in a city that was then an island surrounded by the former East Germany. Tegel now handles 20 million passengers. The plans for the Tegel urban space redevelopment anticipate the creation of 17,500 jobs and the installation or re-location of 800 to 1,000 companies to the site, along with a turnover for the city of Berlin of approx. 2.2 billion Euros per year.
Policies and Design strategies The area is being planned as a research/ industrial park for urban technologies. Previous functions: airport. The plan includes facilities for 5,000 New Functions: ‘Urban Tech Republic‘- total gross floor area 4.950,000 sqm students and a new residential quarter. 45% Building space, 49% green/ landscaped area, 6% roads
98 5 4,9 +17 YEAR PLANNING PROCESS SQUARE KILOMETERS THOUSAND NEW JOBS (ESTIMATED) TOTAL AREA OF DEVELOPMENT
The Process
1996. 2008. 2009-2013. Urban 2013. Ongoing. Ongoing. Decision to Berlin TXL - Masterplan Urban Design Regeneration plans Regeneration build Berlin’s Urban Tech Guidelines - technology park plans - urban International Republic neighbourhood Airport
The partners The Project Group Starting with a The Project Group Tegel Airport will Around 5,000 Berlin, Tegel started workshop with Tegel released be closed approx. appartments Brandenburg working on six leading urban a tender for the 6 months after the will be built in and the Federal proposals for the planning offices, development of opening of the the Schumacher Republic of regeneration of the the Berlin Senate design guidelines, new international Quarter (current Germany agreed to site - a technology Department which was won by Berlin Brandenburg airport building build BBI (Berlin park was proposed, for Urban TOPOTEK 1 and Airport. The area location) in a Brandenburg together with Development has MVRDV in May is being planned neighbourhood International housing and the developed an urban 2013. The purpose as a research/ with high energy Airport) on the site creation of parks master plan for of these guidelines industrial park for standards and new of Schoenefeld and woodland. the transformation was to highlight urban technologies, mobility models Airport. Airports The project was of the site, the innovative, with approx. 1,000 - among others Tegel and named ‘Berlin envisioning the technology companies moving a carbon neutral Tempelhof should TXL - Urban Tech zoning of the focussed profile to the area. The energy supply consequently be Republic’ and area in terms of through creative plan includes scheme. closed. should be based on usage and urban means, and create a facilities for 5,000 a five-year process. development unique identity for students and a new prospects. the area. residential quarter.
99 1992- ONGOING RIEM IN MUNICH.
Opening/ construction date Construction of Munich-Riem Airport started in 1936 and the first airplane landed in 1939. It replaced the airfield at Oberwiesenfeld, now the site of the Olympic Village.
Architectural features The integration of the residential areas in the light rail network has been justified economically by the relocation of the New Fairgrounds. In 2005 a religious center was open, with a protestant and a catholic churches.
Urban features Willy-Brandt-Allee is the central east- west axis. To the north are the trade fair, the technology park west and commercial east areas. The residential areas, Riemer Park and a promenade Area dimension: with infrastructural amenities are in the 5.600,000 sqm total airfield area to be reconverted south side. Approx. 20 minutes by public transportation connect the Messestadt West to the centre of Munich. The mix of different uses such as trade fair, business, living and retail, means cooperation as well as conflict - e.g. created by traffic (deliveries, parking) in residential areas.
Visual and numeric data The plan envisioned the employment for 13,000 people and housing for 16,000 families. Covering approximately 560 ha, Messestadt Riem is located in the east of Munich, just 7 km from the historical old town district. On the west side of the big trade fair, the Messesee (Fair lake) was created, 390 m long and 46 to 94 m wide, with a water area of 2,600 square meters.
Policies and Design strategies The regeneration project built up on the interaction of three ideas: • Compact - space-saving planning, with short travel distances; • Urban - varied, dynamic mixed-use; • Green - parks and play areas close to housing areas and preservation of Previous functions: airport. valuable open spaces. New Functions: total gross floor area 5.600,000 sqm 33,3% new fairgrounds and business, 33,3% housing, 33,3% green/ landscaped area
100 24 5,6 18 YEARS OF CONTINUOUS SQUARE KILOMETERS THOUSAND RESIDENTS PLANNING AND TOTAL AREA OF DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
The Process
1992. 1998. 1998 onwards. 2002. 2004. Ongoing. Munich- New Exhibition Housing Riemer Park Riem Arcaden 4th construction Riem Airport Center completed developments phase operations end
An international In 1998, the trade In the southern An international The Riem Arcaden, The 4th phase planning fair moved out of part of the site a competition was the third largest finishes the competition was their exhibition residential area held in 1995 for shopping mall in western edge of launched in 1990. halls on the was developed. the “Landscape Munich, opened in the residential After the flight Theresienhöhe to Shopping Park Riem” further March 2004. With (approx. 110,000 operation was the new building facilities were south on the site. It three floors and sqm), with around moved to the in Riem. Many provided, together was built in 2002. 46,500 m2 retail 870 homes. A new new International other companies with numerous After hosting the space, it includes district centre is Munich Airport also moved pedestrian zones, National Garden parking, office being built at the in 1992, the old and established kindergartens Festival, the park space, apartments Messestadt east airport in Riem themselves on and three primary opened to the and a hotel. Since station. The new was emptied. The the site. On the schools. The first public in 2006. its construction centre will have construction of west side of the multi-family Another artificial no shops or a central square the new exhibition fair entrance, a passive house lake was created in supermarkets were featuring varied center started, large artificial lake and the first its center, which built or planned usage and high together with (Messesee) was multifamily zero- can also be used in the surrounding quality space. 430 the rapid transit built, with an area energy house in for bathing. areas. homes are also connections in the of 26,000 sqm. Munich were also being built there. following years.
101 102 A FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE REGENERATION
103 104 105 I. IMPORTANCE OF BROWNFIELDS FOR NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN CITIES
106 1. STRATEGIC LOCATION BROWNFIELDS IN URBAN TERRITORIES, ESPECIALLY WHEN DERIVING FROM PREVIOUS TRANSPORTATION USES, TEND TO BE CENTRALLY LOCATED, WELL CONNECTED TO THE EXISTING URBAN PATTERN.
2. OPEN BARRIERS IN THE URBAN GRAIN OF CITIES REGENERATING BROWNFIELDS IN CITIES MEANS TO REPLACE ‘BARRIER’ TERRITORIES WITH SPATIAL INFRASTRUCTURE THAT CONNECT THE URBAN AREAS AROUND.
3. WELL-ACCESSIBLE BROWNFIELDS THAT ARE CENTRALLY LOCATED IN URBAN CONTEXTS ARE GENERALLY LINKED TO A PRE-EXISTENT MOBILITY NETWORK OR EVEN A TRANSPORTATION FABRIC.
4. INFRASTRUCTURED BROWNFIELDS THAT ARE CENTRALLY LOCATED IN URBAN CONTEXTS ARE LIKELY TO BE CONNECTED TO A WIDER INFRASTRUCTURE OF BASIC FACILITIES, WHICH CAN, IN BEST CASES BE EASILY REACTIVATED.
5. FUNCTIONS TO BE REGENERATED IN SOME CASES, BROWNFIELDS ARE AN OPPORTUNITY TO RE-THINK PRE- EXISTENT URBAN FUNCTIONS OR TO UPDATE FUNCTIONS TO CURRENT TRENDS, TECHNOLOGIES AND CONTEXTS.
6. DENSIFICATION THE APPROPRIATION OF BROWNFIELDS FOR URBAN REGENERATION CAN BE A SUSTAINABLE WAY OF DENSIFYING PARTS OF CITIES, WITH A MORE OR LESS LARGE IMPACT IN ITS URBANITY, DEPENDING ON THE SIZE OF THE DEVELOPMENT.
7. SECURITY
8. ATTRACT INVESTMENTS NEW, DISOCCUPIED LAND, WHICH IS WELL CONNECTED TO THE URBAN FABRIC, IS ATTRACTIVE TO INVESTORS AND CITY PLANNING INITIATIVES WHOSE ACTIONS CAN GENERATE BUSINESS AND NEW CONSTRUCTION.
107 II. CHALLENGES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BROWNFIELDS
• UNDERSTAND THE CAUSES OF DECOMMISSION • FOLLOW THE FAST PACE CHANGE IN URBAN USES • ACCOMPANY AND MODERATE SOCIAL CHANGE, EVENTUALLY GENTRIFICATION • ACHIEVE POPULATION CONSENSUS • DEAL WITH ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES (SUCH AS LAND REMEDIATION) • PROTECT OR RE-DEFINE THE IDENTITY OF PLACES • MANAGE CONTROVERSIES AMONG INHABITANTS AND NEW-COMERS • BALANCE ECONOMIC ISSUES SUCH AS PROPERTY NATURE (PUBLIC/ PRIVATE/ FRAGMENTED/ UNITARY), INVESTORS, MANAGEMENT
108 III. TEN STRATEGIES FOR THE FUTURE
1. URBAN LEVEL REGENERATION 2. SMALLER SCALE INTERVENTIONS, WITH ATTENTION TO THE URBAN SYSTEMS (TRANSPORTS, FACILITIES, ETC) 3. REGENERATION BASED ON A PHASED PROGRAM OF ACTIONS 4. RECONNECTION WITH THE CITY 5. CONSERVATION AND RE-USE OF BUILDINGS 6. CREATION OF NEW ATTRACTIVE FUNCTIONS 7. PLANNING OF FLEXIBLE USES FOR SPACES 8. PROMOTION OF A ‘FUNCTIONAL MIX’ 9. INTRODUCTION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT STRATEGIES 10. PROMOTION OF RESILIENCE STUDIES AND RESILIENCE PLANNING ACTIONS
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