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Sustainable Regeneration of Unused Transportation Territories

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Sustainable Regeneration of Unused Transportation Territories Sustainable regeneration of unused transportation territories Understanding land as a resource Sustainable Regeneration of Unused Transport Territories Understanding Land as a Resource Project Director Stefano Recalcati associate, Arup Italia Project Manager Zeynep Çelebi Besler senior architect, Arup Turkey Research Team Serena Girani architect, Arup Italia Joana Mendo senior designer, Arup Germany Eylem Önal Şahin associate, Arup Turkey Ekim Ateşer senior Architect, Arup Turkey Gonca Akgül architect, YTÜ Chiara Fraticelli graduate planner, Arup Italia Cover Ezgi Köksal, Arup Graphic design Chiara Fraticelli, Arup Ezgi Köksal, Arup Serena Girani, Arup Zeynep Çelebi Besler, Arup The author acknowledges from the onset possible unintentional omission of any credits ©2016 Arup, All rights reserved. 2 CONTENTS a matter of equilibrium 4-5 worldwide emissions 6-7 human activity in atmosphere 8-9 climate change 10-11 spacial and temporal cross-cutting analysis 12-13 temporal framework 14-17 a specific focus: unused transport territories 18-19 1. the use of land as a resource 20-21 world land use: consumption of a resource 22-23 1900-2010 land use changes in europe 30-31 1900-2010 changes in urbanized europe 38-39 2010. brownfields in european cities 42-43 2. built-up land and socio-economic changes: focus on three countries 47-48 urbanization and transportation in germany 49-52 1900-2010. land use changes in germany 52-53 2010s. brownfields in germany 54-55 urbanization and transportation history in italy 57-60 1900-2010. land use changes in italy 61-62 2010s. brownfields in italy 63-64 urbanization and transportation in turkey 64-67 1990-2010 land-use changes in turkey 68-69 2010s. brownfields in turkey 70-71 3. built-up land and the environment 72-73 greenhouse emissions by sector and countries 74-75 buildings, energy and emissions in europe 76-77 the european building stock 78-79 regeneration/revitalization the existing 80 4. case studies 82 5. a framework for sustainable regeneration 102 roadmap 104 importance of brownfields for new developments in cities 106 challenges to the development of brownfields 108 ten strategies for the future 109 110 bibliography 3 A MATTER OF EQUILIBRIUM Land is a finite and shrinking resource. Desertification is experienced on 33% of the global land surface and affects more than one billion people, especially concentrated in in Africa. Only 11% of the global land surface offers no or few limitations for practical use, which means that a global population of 7.4 billion people relies on this 11% for its food. The co-signed document issued by the recent Conference of Parties COP21 - also known as the 2015 Paris Climate Conference - included a goal specifically focused on land as a resource. It says that the countries agree to: ‘protect, restore and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss’. Undoubtedly, land is an environmental resource, but it is also an economic resource, which is influenced by socio-political changes regulated by urban laws and social changes. The vast majority of human activities depends on the use of land. We rely on urbanized land to live, we need land for our nourishment, forests are a fundamental element for the quality of the air, and soil play a very important role in natural water purification. Understanding land as a resource which is a compelling issue to plan a more sustainable future. The implications for the building sector are significant, especially in urbanized areas where land-use changes occur frequently, land has a high economic values, and social changes are concentrated. Land in cities is heavily exposed to socio-economic changes, such as the industrialization or the de-industrialization processes. Intervening in the process of land-use changes means to regulate the consumpion of a resource, and brownfields are the occasion for urban planners to balance land-use development, social changes and environmental urgencies. 4 UNDERSTANDING LAND AS A RESOURCE IS A COMPELLING ISSUE TO PLAN A MORE SUSTAINABLE FUTURE. BROWNFIELDS ARE THE OCCASION FOR URBAN PLANNERS TO BALANCE LAND- USE DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL CHANGES AND ENVIRONMENTAL URGENCIES. 5 WORLDWIDE EMISSIONS MtCO2 EMISSIONS LEGEND 6 7 LAND USE CHANGE COAL = 10 GtCO2 (cumulated emission in human history) WHERE DOES IT GAS OIL COME FROM? FLARING GAS CEMENT MORE THAN 2.000 GIGATONES CO2 HAVE BEEN RELEASED BY HUMAN ACTIVI- TY IN THE ATMOS- IN THE PHERE ATMOSPHERE WHERE DOES IT GO? ON LAND IN THE OCEAN 8 NORTH AMERICA POP: 480M ASIA EUROPE POP: 4.0B POP: 739M = 10 GtCO2 (cumulated emission in human history) WHO PRODUCED IT? MIDDLE EAST CENTRAL AND POP: 313M SOUTH AMERICA POP: 502M AFRICA OCENIA POP: 1,16B MORE THAN POP: 31M 2.000 GIGATONES CO2 1900s 1890s HAVE BEEN 1910s RELEASED BY 1880s HUMAN ACTIVI- 1920s TY IN THE ATMOS- 1870s 1760s 1770s PHERE 1860s 1780s 1930s WHEN WAS IT 2010s EMITTED ? 1790s 1850s 1800s 1940s 1840s 1810s 1820s 2000s 1950s 1960s 1990s 1980s 1970s Carbon Atlas 9 CLIMATE CHANGE World is getting warmer The climate of our planet has always The average temperature of the Earth’s changed, actually as a result of most of surface has increased by about 0,85°C, the natural factors like fluctuations in between 1880-2012 (IPCC 5th Ass. the climate system, Volcanic reasons, Rep.), a change mostly caused by carbon very little changes of Earth’s movement dioxide releases and other human sourced around the sun. But human being cause 40% WILDLIFE SPECIES COULD emissions into the atmosphere. a magnitude influence on the climate by According to the NASA and National burning fossil fuels, destroying the forests BECOME EXTINCT Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration which are absorbing CO2 and more. In (NOAA) analysis, 2015 was the warmest this case all global efforts are essential year since 1880. and pioneer for the future of human being. Global warming is primarly occurs because of too much CO2 concentration in COP 21 the atmosphere which is keeping the heat World leaders of 190 countries across the and warming the planet. whole world signed a groundbreaking Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is pledge in Paris. natural and essential for human being and other living on earth. Because greenhouse 21st Conference of the Parties to the effect is trapping some of the energy United Nations Framework Convention coming from the sun, keeping reflections on Climate Change (COP21/CMP11) 20% back into the space and ensure Earth hosted by France between the dates from SHRINKING THE GLOBAL livable. But CO2 amount is very important. 30 November to 11 December 2015. ECONOMY (REDUCING GDP) Industrialization, cutting down the forests, The result of the conference was a new burning fossil fuels, farming methods international agreement on climate and more are increasing the greenhouse change, applicable to all, to keep global gases quantities in the atmosphere. The warming below 2°C. concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is now higher than at any time in the last Under the agreement, every country 800,000 years. will implement its own climate action plan that will be reviewed in 2018 The effects and then every five years to ratchet up • Increase in average temperatures and ambition levels. Wealthier countries also temperature extremes committed to deliver significant flows • Extreme weather events of money and technical support to help • Ice melt poor countries cope with curbing their BY • Sea levels and ocean acidification greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to 2025 • Plants and animals climate change. TWO-THIRDS OF THE • Social effects WORLD’S POPULATION • Economical effects MAY FACE WATER • Health and well being issues SHORTAGES • Population risks and unsustainable development 10 1986-2005 to 2081-2100. Projected temperature change If greenhouse gas emissions peak between 2010-2020 and then decline substantially (RCP2.6) Increase in average temperatures and temperature extremes If greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise throughout the 21st century (RCP8.5) Paris Pledges 2,70 C Current Policies 3,60 C If the countries don’t act 4,50 C 20 C 11 SPACIAL AND TEMPORAL CROSS-CUTTING ANALYSIS Land-use and brownfields redevelopment changes in history and geographical are central issues for planning and urban focuses. studies, but the purpose of this research The third chapter underlines the is to analyse and treat them with a new relationship between built-up areas and comprehensive perspective. environmental urgencies, while the fourth chapter is a case studies analysis of 3 FOCUSES: LAND In fact, understanding land as a shrinking brownfield redevelopment in Germany, resource requires a critical perspective, Italy and Turkey. AS A RESOURCE, which, analysing multiple layers and URBANIZATION, scales, is capable of operating changes. The results of this study as explained in SOCIAL CHANGES, THE chapter 5. Conclusions are a theoretical ENVIRONMENT The sets of research methods used are: framework useful to guide practical a literature review; a geographical and work, and a series of practical guidances statistic analysis; and a benchmark - defined through the framework and analysis. through case studies. The theoretical framework used is sustainable planning. According to it three main issues were identified as representing the pillars to be balanced: economic sustainability of land-use 4 development; social changes and PERIODS IDENTIFIED IN urbanized areas; and their relationship THE HISTORY OF LAND USE between built-up land and the OVER THE LAST CENTURY. environment. Every chapter mixes the methods, the scales and all the issues, with a methodology that creates spatial and temporal cross-cutting frames. Chapter 1 ‘The use of land as a resource’ starts illustrating the quality status of land nowadays, and shows the geographical trends in land-use changes over 4 main phases - first industrialization, world wars, global capitalist industrialization, information society (see pages 7-8) - of the last century.
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