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LOCKHEED CONSTELLATION L-049 CONSTELLATION © 2016 A2A Simulations Inc A2ASIMULATIONS CAPTAIN OF THE SHIP L-049 LOCKHEED CONSTELLATION L-049 CONSTELLATION © 2016 A2A Simulations Inc. All rights reserved. Published by A2A Simulations Inc. ATTENTION! L-049 Constellation, including sounds, aircraft, and all con- tent is under strict, and enforceable copyright law. If you suspect anyone has pirated any part of L-049 Constellation, please contact [email protected] RISKS & SIDE EFFECTS Ergonomic Advice • Always maintain a distance of at least 45cm to the screen to avoid straining your eyes. • Sit upright and adjust the height of your chair so that your legs are at a right angle. The angle between your upper and forearm should be larger than 90º. • The top edge of your screen should be at eye level or below, and the monitor should be tilted slightly backwards, to prevent strains to your cervical spine. • Reduce your screen’s brightness to lower the contrast and use a flicker-free, low-radiation monitor. • Make sure the room you play in is well lit. • Avoid playing when tired or worn out and take a break (every hour), even if it’s hard… Epilepsy Warning Some people experience epileptic seizures when viewing flashing lights or patterns in our daily environment. Consult your doctor before playing computer games if you, or someone of your family, have an epileptic condition. Immediately stop the game, should you experience any of the following symptoms during play: dizziness, altered vision, eye or muscle twitching, mental confusion, loss of awareness of your surroundings, involuntary movements and/or convulsions. L-049 LOCKHEED CONSTELLATION CONTENTS 6 LOCKHEED L-049 CONSTELLATION 76 DEVELOPER’S NOTES 78 FEATURES 80 QUICKSTART GUIDE 82 ACCU-SIM AND THE L-049 CONSTELLATION 86 ACCU-SIM AND THE COMBUSTION ENGINE 92 PROPELLERS 96 CAPTAIN OF THE SHIP 104 2D PANELS 110 THE L-049 CONSTELLATION 122 FLIGHT OPERATIONS 136 OPERATING DATA 142 EMERGENCY OPERATIONS 146 CREDITS 4 5 LOCKHEED L-049 “CONSTELLATION” By Mitchell Glicksman © 2016 6 A2ASIMULATIONS ::: L-049 CONSTELLATION www.a2asimulations.com FOR SIMULATION USE ONLY o, what is the most beautiful piston engine airliner? Pose this question amongst two or more aviation enthusi- asts and you may be sure that a lively, possibly heated discussion will ensue. S However, I would be quite surprised if most, if not all, would ultimately agree that the Lockheed “Constellation” was the most beautiful, graceful if you prefer, or at least amongst the top two or three.1 The “Connie,” as it was universally and affection- ately called (much to the dismay of Eddie Rickenbacker of WWI fame who, as the owner of Eastern Airlines, thought the name to be too effeminate) was a spectacular and sin- gular aeronautical design from the first rude sketch of “Excalibur” to the last L-1649 “Starliner.” Gathering many firsts and breaking many records in its almost five decades-long useful lifetime, Constellation con- sistently stands out from her sister airliners both visually and functionally. Sadly, the many luminous stars embody- ing this “Constellation” were ultimately eclipsed when at their brightest by the urgent, inexorable force of progress which saw the end of the age of the long-distance piston- engine airliners and the birth of the big, jet-powered trans- ports. This new era of air-transportation in the U.S. began on 26 October 1958 when Pan American Airlines (Pan Am) flew a Boeing 707 with 111 passengers from New York to London. Soon, the jet-powered Douglas DC-8, Convair 880 and Sud Aviation “Caravelle” joined the 707 and long-range piston airliners were through. Even so, there are many, this writer amongst them, who posit that even whilst swifter, no kerosene burning alumin- ium tube has ever come close to matching Connie’s superb Some astute aviation historians might claim the Republic XF-12 1 “Rainbow” to be most beautiful, and beautiful it certainly was; how- ever, only two of them were built. One crashed and the survivor served solely in the U.S. Air Force for a very short time. Although plans were made for “Rainbow” to go into civilian service, it was never an airliner. WRITER’S NOTE The story of commercial aviation in the U.S. leading to Lockheed’s inimitable L-049 Constellation takes us through the most dynamic, creative and exciting years in aviation, 1927-1947. The changes over these years in aeronautical concepts and design, public awareness and acceptance of aviation, vast developments in the piston engine as well as in metallurgy, aircraft structure methods and materials, electronic and hydraulic systems, radios for communication and navigation, etc. is greater than in any other period of a similar length. There’s a great story to tell and I hope that you will enjoy reading about it. www.a2asimulations.com L-049 CONSTELLATION ::: A2ASIMULATIONS 7 FOR SIMULATION USE ONLY LOCKHEED L-049 “CONSTELLATION” A confident-looking Charles Lindbergh standing in front of Ryan NYP, “The Spirit of St. Louis”, a redesigned 1926 Ryan M-2 mail- plane powered by a 223 hp (166 kW) Wright Whirlwind J-5C radial engine. In order to make room for the extra fuel necessary for the cross-atlantic flight from New York to Paris and to maintain a stable centre of gravity, fuel tanks were built into what was formerly the pilot’s and passengers’ areas and the new pilot’s compartment was located aft of them at the trailing edge of the wing. Special oil canisters were attached to the engine to keep it well-oiled during the flight. grace and poise. Her story is full of ironies and surprises, of which won him the Orteig Prize of $25,000.00. Geniuses, Presidents and Pioneers. You see, there once was Lindbergh’s purpose-built Ryan NYP carried 450 US gal- this fabulously wealthy, incandescently brilliant, eccentric lons of gasoline (1,700 L; 370 imp. gal.) which weighed 2,710 movie mogul, aviator and airline owner who had an idea for pounds (1,230 kg), giving it an expected range of 4,000 an airplane... miles. Fuel was stored in five fuel tanks: three wing tanks (153 US gallons total), the most forward fuselage tank (88 MODERN COMMERCIAL AIR- US gallons), and behind it the main fuselage tank (209 US TRANSPORT ARISES IN THE U.S. gallons). The oil tank was placed behind the main fuselage When discussing development of commercial aviation, there tank and served as a most questionable “firewall” for the is a distinct break point separating the relatively primitive, cockpit. The fuel tanks in the forward fuselage completely early days of single-engine, two or three passenger trans- blocked any kind of forward view for the pilot which was port and the rising of the modern airliner. As it happens, only very slightly compensated for by a small, retractable this break point is not only one of aviation’s but is also one periscope on the port side of the cockpit. Altogether this of the world’s most significant events — the solo cross- aeroplane was surely a handful to fly even when moderately atlantic flight of Charles A. Lindbergh2, 20-21 May 1927 loaded and must have been quite a bear when full. Roughly dating photographs of the Spirit of Saint Louis as I think it would be remiss not to make mention of some facts about 2 Charles Lindbergh that are quite unpleasant but true: While Lindbergh had many Jewish friends, some of them influential and First,” urging U.S. non-intervention in the war against the Nazi’s in Europe well-known, he and his wife, Anne Morrow Lindbergh were held by many and wrote articles in popular publications stating these views on dozens of people to be anti-Semites from the evidence of Lindbergh’s close asso- occasions including a speech at Madison Square Garden on 23 May 1941. Of ciation with and open admiration for Nazis as early as 1935 and as late as the Jewish people he wrote, among many other similar things; “Their great- September 1941; He was an admitted fervent and unrepentant supporter of est danger to this country (U.S.) lies in their large ownership and influence in Adolph Hitler and the Nazis; He and Anne were the guests of Field Marshal our motion pictures, our press, our radio and our government.” and “There Goering (Hitler’s “paladin”) and his wife at his home on numerous occa- are too many (Jews) in places like New York already. A few Jews add strength sions; He accepted “The Service Cross of the German Eagle,” a Nazi medal in and character to a country, but too many create chaos.”; He was a friend of October 1938; He advised the Luftwaffe and flight-tested numerous Luftwaffe Joseph P. Kennedy and a close consultant to Henry Ford, both notorious anti- aircraft; As a leader of “America First,” a pro-Nazi organization in the U.S., Semites; Considered by President Franklin Roosevelt to be a Nazi, Lindbergh Lindbergh strenuously opposed U.S. entry into WWII against the Nazi’s. was refused permission to serve in the U.S. armed forces during the war; “America First” held that the Nazi’s were essentially preserving Europe for After WWII when revelations about the Holocaust came to light, Lindbergh “the white race” and cleansing it of its surplus flotsam populations (Jews, still refused to change his favorable views about Hitler and the Nazis or to Gypsies, colored minorities, homosexuals, etc.), that the U.S. should favour apologize for his former pro-Nazi activities. Sorry if this tarnishes anyone’s the Nazi’s efforts in this regard and at least allow them to finish the job lofty opinion of Lindbergh, but despite his truly heroic flight, this is also who without interference; He gave dozens of speeches as a leader of “America he was.
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