Sustainable Ecotourism Development in South Coast Area in Malang District, East Java Province

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

Sustainable Ecotourism Development In South Coast Area In Malang District, East Java Province

Indra Gunawan, M Pudjihardjo, Devanto Shasta Pratomo

Abstract: The development of sustainable ecotourism in the southern coast region of Malang Regency should be based on the concept of sustainable tourism in this case ecotourism. This is intended so that the development of ecotourism is able to provide value benefits in the present while maintaining the preservation of existing resources for the benefit of the benefits in the future. Related to this, a further study will be carried out on a number of southern coastal tourism attractions in Malang based on the conception of sustainable ecotourism development. This study on the development of sustainable ecotourism in the south coast region in Malang Regency refers to the conception of sustainable tourism development by determining 5 (five) dimensions, namely: Environmental Dimensions, Economic Dimensions, Social and Cultural Dimensions, Dimensions of Accessibility and Utilities; and Institutional Dimensions.

Keyword : Ecoutourism Development, Rap-Eco Beach ——————————  ——————————

1 INTRODUCTION integrated approach to development that combines at the Development is a conscious and continuous effort aimed at same time the pillars of economic development, social achieving the welfare of Indonesian people, both materially development, and environmental protection. The term and spiritually. Development activities are activities that cannot sustainable development has entered the vocabulary of be stopped in order to improve human welfare. However, experts and the public after the publication of a report on considering that development itself is an effort to combine the development and the environment and natural resources. This potential of natural resources and human resources, it is report was published by the World Commission on almost certain that this development process will have an Environment and Development - UN (UN World Commission impact on disrupting environmental balance. Therefore, the on Environment and Development - WCED) chaired by Harlem existence of environmentally sound development is the only Brundtland, in the report defined the term sustainable choice in an effort to reduce the negative impact of the development, which is development that can meet the needs development process itself. Environmentally sound of the current generation without sacrificing future generations development is a development policy by prioritizing to be able to meet their needs (Siregar, 2004). environmental sustainability by integrating natural resources into the development process to ensure the ability, welfare, 2.2 Sustainable Development Goals and quality of life of the present and future generations. The Sutamihardja (2004), states that sustainable development management of the environment is an integrated effort to targets include efforts to realize the occurrence of: preserve the function of the environment which includes 1) Equal distribution of benefits of inter-generational policies on the arrangement, utilization, development, development results (intergenaration equity) which maintenance, recovery, supervision and control of the means that the use of natural resources for growth environment. Environmentally sound development is often needs to pay attention to reasonable limits in the referred to as sustainable development (Sugandhy, et al., control of ecosystems or environmental systems and 2009). Explanations related to ecotourism provide an directed at natural resources that are replaceable and understanding that conceptually ecotourism is a concept of emphasize the lowest possible exploitation of natural developing sustainable tourism with the aim of supporting resources which is unreplaceable. environmental (natural and cultural) conservation efforts and 2) Safeguarding or protecting the preservation of natural increasing community participation in management, thus resources and the existing environment and preventing providing economic benefits to the local community. If viewed the disruption of ecosystems in order to ensure the in terms of management, ecotourism can be defined as the quality of life remains good for future generations. organization of responsible tourism activities in natural places 3) Utilization and management of natural resources only and / or regions created based on natural principles and for the sake of pursuing economic growth in the economically sustainable that supports efforts to preserve the interest of equitable distribution of sustainable use of environment (natural and cultural) and improve welfare local natural resources between generations. community. 4) Maintaining the welfare of the people (community) which is sustainable both now and in the future (inter temporal). 2 LITERATUR REVIEW 5) Maintaining the benefits of development or the management of natural and environmental resources 2.1 Sustainable Development that have long-term or sustainable long-term benefit The concept of sustainable development initially emerged impacts between generations. because of attention to the environment. Especially natural 6) Maintaining the quality or quality of human life between resources that cannot be renewed while exploitation is carried generations in accordance with their habitat. out continuously. On the other hand, the concept of sustainable development was born based on the fact that 2.3 Principles of Sustainable Development human needs continue to increase. Sustainable development The concept of sustainable development is based on 4 (four) is a new development paradigm that agrees on an integrated / 2970 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

four basic principles (Angelevska-Najdeska & Rakicevik 2012), (2016), Simon Suddin (2017), Muhsoni (2017). namely: 1) The principle of environmental preservation, whereby 3 METHODOLOGY the development should be adjusted to maintain ecology, biodiversity and biological resources. 3.1 Data and Methodology 2) The principle of social sustainability, is a development The data used in this study include primary data and that is adapted to traditional values and strengthening secondary data. Data analysis was carried out according to the identity of the community. sequences of research objectives so that the determination of 3) The principle of cultural sustainability, provides cultural data analysis methods was adjusted to those needs. Multi- development that is adapted to the cultural values of the Dimensional Scaling (MDS) Rap-EcoBeach approach community. (Modified RAPFISH), Leverage Analysis (Sensitivity Analysis) 4) The principle of economic sustainability, economic and Methods for the Formulation of Sustainable Ecotourism development using cost and effective resources to be Development Strategies for the South Coast Region in Malang managed with the goals of current and future Regency. generations.

2.4 Tourism 4 RESULT The etymology of the word "tourism" is identified with the word "travel" in English which is defined as a trip that is made many 4.1 Index and Status of Sustainable Ecotourism times from one place to another. On the basis of that also by Development in the South Coast Region in Malang looking at the current situation and conditions of tourism can Regency be interpreted as a planned trip carried out individually or in The measurement of the index and the status of sustainable groups from one place to another with the aim to get ecotourism development in the three locations, namely satisfaction and pleasure (Sinaga, 2010: 12). Ngliyep beach, Ungapan beach and Balaikambang beach is done by first determining the sustainability dimensions along 2.4.1 Sustainable Tourism Development with their attributes to then be analyzed using the The development of tourism management raises a lot of Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) Rap-approach method thoughts, including the thought of developing sustainable EcoBeach (Modified RAPFISH). The dimensions and tourism, which begins with thinking about mistakes in the past attributes of sustainability itself are as follows: (1) and creating awareness for future conditions. The idea of Environmental dimensions, the number of attributes is 10; (2) sustainable tourism development was first coined by the Economic dimensions, the number of attributes is 8; (3) Social International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural and Cultural Dimensions, the number of attributes is 10; (4) Resources (IUCN 1980) with its World Conservation Strategy. Accessibility and Utility Dimensions, the number of attributes is Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of tourists 10; and (5) Institutional Dimensions with 8 attributes. and receiving areas today while maintaining and increasing opportunities for the future. All of this is considered as a guide 4.2 Index and Status of Sustainable Ecotourism for managing all sources in such a way that economic, social, Development Environmental Dimensions cultural, and aesthetic value needs are met while maintaining Seen from an environmental point of view, ecotourism cultural integrity, basic ecological processes, biological activities in coastal areas must meet the requirements of diversity and life support systems (Liu, 2003). coastal geomorphology, coastal processes related to sea waves, coastal erosion, distribution of suspended solids, 2.5 Ecotourism distribution of surface bottom sediments, ground water and the One part of sustainable tourism development as a derivative of extent of coastal plains (Susana et al. 2004). Tourism activities the concept of sustainable tourism development is the concept to be developed must be adjusted to the potential of existing of ecotourism development. Ecotourism is more than just a resources. Each tourism activity has its own resources and dedicated group of nature lovers, as a combination of various environmental requirements according to the tourism object to interests that arise from a concern for social, economic and be developed. Resource and environmental requirements are environmental issues. How to get foreign exchange back so grouped by type of tourism activity. The parameters that are a that nature conservation can finance itself is at the core of this prerequisite in the suitability of marine ecotourism are physical new branch of green economics of sustainable development. parameters and biological parameters. The physical The term new ecotourism emerged and began to be widely parameters of the beach and waters are the more dominant discussed by tourism actors based on reflections of past travel prerequisites for beach tourism, while for marine tourism activities, such as Darwin to Galapagos, Humbolt, Bates, based on ecosystem biological parameters are also Wallace. The journey of Marcopolo, Tomi Pires, Weber, considered. Physical parameters considered in the suitability Junghuhn and Van Steenis which is inter-island and inter- of tourism, namely beach sand, base substrate, sea water continent which is full of challenges to study natural conditions brightness, depth, current speed, beach width, beach slope, at a macro level, but the trip is still categorized as adventure tides, waves, and fresh water. Biological parameters tourism and is commonly carried out by researchers and other considered in the suitability of tourism, namely coastal adventurers, so that it is the same as other terms such as vegetation, coral, reef fish, mangrove, seagrass, and other nature based tourism, cultural tourism, back to nature tourism, marine biota (Yulius et al, 2018). without conservation values, respect for nature, endangered species (Chafid, 1994). There are several previous studies 4.3 Index and Status of Sustainable Ecotourism related to this study. There are Andronicus et Andronicus Development in Economic Dimensions The economic dimension refers to the understanding of the 2971 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

development of the southern coast region that has sustainable Electricity; (8) Health facilities; (9) travel promotion; and (10) economic activities with a fair value of long-term benefits and tourism marketing. Rap-EcoBeach analysis results show that is able to provide economic benefits to stakeholders fairly and Ngliyep Beach has a less sustainable status (49.54), equally. The attributes of this dimension, namely: (1) Increase Balaikambang Beach has a fairly sustainable status (53.21), in family income; (2) Contribution of the regional economy; (3) and Ungapan Beach has a fairly sustainable status (56.61). Job opportunities; (4) business diversification; (5) Statistical parameters shown by a stress value (S) of 15.4% Development of local products; (6) Development of other stated goodness of fit (S <25%) and a coefficient of tourism services; (7) tourist charges; and (8) Increasing the determination (R2) = 94.6% giving a confirmation of good purchasing power of tourists. The results of the Monte Carlo conditions (close to 1). This gives an understanding that all statistical and simulation parameters provide an understanding attributes are quite accurate and provide better and that the quantitative and rapid Rap-EcoBeach analysis (rapid accountable analysis results in assessing the status of the appraisal) is good enough to be used as an evaluation tool in Accessibility and Utility Dimensions in the development of determining the status of the economic dimension in the sustainable ecotourism in the south coast region in Malang development of sustainable ecotourism in the southern coast Regency. The results of the Monte Carlo statistical and region of Malang Regency. simulation parameters provide an understanding that the quantitative and rapid Rap-EcoBeach analysis (rapid 4.4 Index and Status of Sustainable Ecotourism appraisal) is good enough to be used as an evaluation tool in Development Social and Cultural Dimensions determining the status of the Accessibility and Utility The socio-cultural dimension refers to the understanding that dimension in the development of sustainable ecotourism in the the development of the south coast region will continue to southern coast region of Malang Regency. maintain and respect the authenticity of the social and cultural values of local communities, preserve the values of existing 4.6 Index and Status of Sustainable Ecotourism cultural and cultural heritage, and contribute to increasing Development Institutional Dimensions tolerance and understanding between cultures. The attributes The institutional dimension refers to the understanding that the of this dimension, namely: (1) The level of public education; (2) development of the south coast area is supported by unemployment rate; (3) Cultural preservation; (4) Educational regulations or legal umbrella and the participation of content; (5) Community participation; (6) Application of science institutions / institutions including its human resources. and technology; (7) Tourism education and training; (8) Support is also related to the management of tourism in a Environmental cleanliness; (9) social conflicts; and (10) destination, both from government, private or community Security level.Rap-EcoBeach analysis results show that elements (Sunaryo, 2013). The attributes of this dimension are Ngliyep Beach has a fairly sustainable status (53.91), as follows: (1) Central government regulations; (2) Local Balaikambang Beach has a fairly sustainable status (64.76), government regulations (PERDA); (3) Customary norms / law; and Ungapan Beach has a fairly sustainable status (4) The role of government institutions; (5) The role of the (61.45).Statistical parameters shown by a stress value (S) of private sector; (6) Role of Research and Development; (7) The 15.2% stated goodness of fit (S <25%) and a coefficient of Role of NGOs / Academics; and (8) The role of local determination (R2) = 94.8% giving a confirmation of good community institutions. Rap-EcoBeach analysis results show conditions (close to 1). This gives an understanding that all that Ngliyep Beach has a less sustainable status (46.59), attributes are quite accurate and provide better and more Balaikambang Beach has a fairly sustainable status (52.90), accountable analysis results in assessing the status of the and Ungapan Beach has a fairly sustainable status (50.21). Social and Cultural Dimensions in the development of Statistical parameters shown by a stress value (S) of 17.3% sustainable ecotourism in the southern coast region of Malang stated goodness of fit (S <25%) and a coefficient of Regency.The results of the Monte Carlo statistical and determination (R2) = 93.8% giving a confirmation of good simulation parameters provide an understanding that the conditions (close to 1). This gives an understanding that all quantitative and rapid Rap-EcoBeach analysis (rapid attributes are quite accurate and provide better and more appraisal) is good enough to be used as an evaluation tool in accountable analysis results in assessing the status of the determining the status of the Social and Cultural dimension in Institutional Dimension in the development of sustainable the development of sustainable ecotourism in the southern ecotourism in the southern coast region of Malang Regency. coast region of Malang Regency. The results of the Monte Carlo statistical and simulation parameters provide an understanding that the quantitative and 4.5 Index and Status of Sustainable Ecotourism rapid Rap-EcoBeach analysis (rapid appraisal) is good enough Development Dimensions of Accessibility and Utilities to be used as an evaluation tool in determining the status of The accessibility and utility dimensions provide an the Institutional dimension in the development of sustainable understanding that the development of the southern coast ecotourism in the south coast region in Malang Regency. region has the support of easy access, both access to information, infrastructure, facilities and other infrastructure so 4.7 Index and Status of Multidimensional Sustainable as to provide convenience and comfort for tourists. Utility Ecotourism Development refers to the understanding that the development of the Measurement of multidimensional sustainability status is a southern coast region can provide direct benefits to users of measurement carried out on multidimensional sustainability in coastal recreation tourism services, such as lighting, clean the development of sustainable ecotourism in the southern water, waste management, and so on. The attributes of this coast region in Malang Regency. The intended dimension, namely: (1) Tourism facilities and infrastructure; (2) multidimensional is a combination of all dimensions of Access to transportation; (3) Access to information; (4) Access sustainability, namely the Environmental Dimension, the to communication; (5) Accommodation; (6) Clean water; (7) Economic Dimension, the Social and Cultural Dimensions, the

Accessibility and Utility Dimensions and the Institutional current speed (1.69). Dimensions. Rap-EcoBeach analysis results show that b. The sensitive attributes of the economic dimension Ngliyep Beach has a less sustainable status (51.17), are: local product development (2.05), development of Balaikambang Beach has a fairly sustainable status (60.21), other tourism services (2.04), business diversification and Ungapan Beach has a fairly sustainable status (56.42). (1.95), and employment opportunities (1.37). Statistical parameters shown by the stress value (S) of 13.6% c. Sensitive attributes of social and cultural dimensions, stated goodness of fit (S <25%) and the coefficient of namely: environmental cleanliness (2.95), educational determination (R2) = 95.6% gave a confirmation of good content (2.82), and application of science and conditions (close to 1). This gives an understanding that all technology (2.81). attributes are quite accurate and provide better and d. The sensitive attributes of accessibility and utility accountable analysis results in assessing the multidimensional dimensions, namely: clean water (3.95), status in the development of sustainable ecotourism in the communication access (2.72), health facilities (2.48), south coast region in Malang Regency. The results of the access to information (2.40), tourism marketing (2.24) Monte Carlo statistical and simulation parameters provide an , and transportation access (2.05). understanding that the quantitative and rapid Rap-EcoBeach e. The sensitive attributes of the institutional dimension, analysis (rapid appraisal) is good enough to be used as an namely: District PERDA (0.92), role of LITBANG evaluation tool in determining the multidimensional status in (0.77), central government regulation (0.74), the development of sustainable ecotourism in the south coast Provincial PERDA (0.73), role of government region in Malang Regency. institutions (0.72) , and the role of the private sector (0.67). 5 CONCLUTION On the basis of the explanations made in the previous chapter, 3. The strategy to improve the status of sustainable conclusions can be drawn as follows. ecotourism development in the southern coast of Malang can be done by making improvements to the sensitive attributes of 1. The status of sustainable ecotourism development for each dimension, namely; environmental dimensions, each dimension is as follows: economic dimensions, social and cultural dimensions, a. The status of sustainable ecotourism development in accessibility and utility dimensions, and institutional the environmental dimension shows that Ngliyep Beach dimensions. The strategy of developing sustainable is quite sustainable (62.91), Balaikambang Beach is ecotourism in the environment dimension of the southern sustainable (77.73), and Ungapan Beach is quite coast region in Malang Regency is carried out by improving sustainable (57.68). aspects of the beach slope, the width of the coast, the b. The status of sustainable ecotourism development in dangerous biota, and the speed of the current. Improvements the economic dimension, Ngliyep Beach has a less to the economic dimension include aspects of local product sustainable status (33.64), Balaikambang Beach is quite development, development of other tourism services, business sustainable (51.73), and Ungapan Beach is less diversification, and employment opportunities. Improvements sustainable (45.03). to the Social and Cultural Dimensions, including aspects of c. Status of sustainable ecotourism development in social environmental hygiene, educational content, and the and cultural dimensions, Ngliyep Beach has a fairly application of science and technology. Meanwhile, sustainable status (53.91), Balaikambang Beach is quite improvements to the Accessibility and Utility Dimensions can sustainable (64.76), and Ungapan Beach is quite be carried out in the aspects of clean water, communication sustainable (61.45). access, health facilities, information access, tourism d. The status of sustainable ecotourism development in marketing, and transportation access. Furthermore, for the the dimensions of accessibility and utility, Ngliyep Beach Institutional Dimension, improvements can be made to District has a less sustainable status (49.54), Balaikambang Regulations, Role of Research and Development Institutions, Beach is quite sustainable (53.21), and Ungapan Beach Central Government Regulation, Provincial Regulations, Role is quite sustainable (56.61). of Government Institutions, and Role of private parties. e. The status of sustainable ecotourism development in the institutional dimension, Ngliyep Beach has a less 6 REFERENCES sustainable status (46.59), Balaikambang Beach is quite [1]. Abdul Wahab Solichin. 1997. Analisis kebijaksanaan, sustainable (52.90), and Ungapan Beach is quite dari Formulasi Ke sustainable (50.21). implementasi kebijaksanaan Negara, Jakarata: Edisi f. The status of multidimensional sustainable ecotourism Kedua, Bumi Aksara. development shows that Ngliyep Beach has a less [2]. 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