Migrant Workers in a Corner of the Growth Triangle By: Ace Partadiredja

Introduction opments in Batam have progressed at a Twenty kilometres southeast of significant pace. Singapore, or about 25 minutes by ferry, Approved foreign investment in there is an Indonesian island, Batam. This Batam topped US$ 295 million in 1990 415 sq km island, with reddish yellow while approved domestic investment in podzolic soil, is agriculturally good for creased by seven-fold, from Rp 53 million nothing but tropical shrubs, snakes and in 1989 to Rp 354 million in 1990. Singa monkeys, and some would add, is finan pore is still the main foreign investor in cially a loss to the Indonesian government. Batam; Indonesian investors, notably the Until the mid-1970s, this island was rather SalimGroup,have alsomadetheirpreserice tranquil, somewhat backward, and like the felt on the island. The investments, foreign other islands in Riau, was practically un andlocal, havelargely goneinto real estate, inhabited except by a handful of farmers tourism and electronics. All the same, and fishermen. growth has accurred on all fronts. In December 1989, the then Deputy This paper is intended to expound Prime Minister of Singapore Goh Qiok the issues and prospects in supplying Tong put forward the idea of a Growth workers, especially at lower skill levels, to Triangle involving Singapore, the nearby the flourishing manufacturing sectoronthe Malaysian state of Johor and the Indonesian island. It is also envisaged that the lessons island of Batam. Malaysia and Indonesia learned through the Batam experience can haveendorsedtheGrowthTri angleconcept be applied to the other parts of Indonesia. ASS 600 million jointventure to develop The next section of this paper offers a an industrial paric on Batam island was historicalsketchofisland'sdevelopmentas announced in January 1990. In July 1990, well as an outline of the comprehensive an Indonesian working group was formed master plan for Batam. The third section. -to coordinate the development of Riau Province. On28 August 1990, aMemoran- *) The authors would like to thankthe officials dum ofUnderstanding was signed between of Batamindo Industrial Management Pte Ltd for their assistance in this project.Theywouldalsoliketo express Indonesia and Singapore to promote the theirgratitude toSingapore EcononicDevelopment Board development ofRiauProvince. Thedevel for arranging the sitevisit to the BatamIndustrial Park.

Prof Dr. H. Ace Partadiredja adalah Dosen Fakultas Hconomi UGM YogyakatU dan Universitas Nasional Caroline Yeoh,S ingapura. whichforms the coneofthis research project, tourist activities. analyses the profile and other characteris Batam's rapid development, how tics ofthe workers, their reasons for taking ever, did not begin until the mid-1970s. up employment in Batam, and their ThefirstmasterplanforBatam wasprepared expetations. The lessons that can be drawn by Nissho-Iwai, a Japanese consultancy from this projectare discussed in the fourth firm, and Bechtel ofthe United States. The section while the concluding remarks are study was commissionedby the Indonesian taken up in section five. state-owned oil company, Pertamina, to A questionnaire survey was con develop the island into a base foroil and gas ducted over a two-month period, from exploration, and related downstream February to March 1991. The respondents processing activities. The marine bases at were, at that time, undergoing training in Batu Ampar and Sekupang are the resultof Singapore before taking employment with thisinitiative.The masterplan was approved various companies in the Batam Industrial by the President, who concurrently issued Park. Five hundred questionnaires were Decree No. 41 of 1973, which provided for sent through Batamindo Industrial Man the establishment of Batam island as an agement Pte Ltd. A total of 498 question industrial area. naires were returned, duly completed. This By the late 1970s, it was clear to represents a response rate of 99.8%. Indonesian planners that Batam can offer Before we move on to discuss our more than justlogistic bases forthe energy research findings, an overview of the de industry. The original master plan was re velopmentson Batam island is presented in viewed by an Americanconsultant; CRUX thenextsection. This is to facilitate a better in 1977. This study considered the decline appreciation of the manpower issues fea in oil and oil-related activities, and rec tured in this paper. ommended guidelines for a more broad- based development of the Batam Island. The Transformation of Batam Thedevelopmentstrategyembraced a wider Unlike the mainland (RiauDaratan) visionoffuture growthfor the island, which of Riau Province, the 3.214 islands of the is strategicallylocatedsome 20km southof Riau archipelago {Riau Kepulauan) are Singapore. Studies were conducted to help muchunderdeveloped, sparsely populated, develop Batam into an industrial, commer but potentially rich in mineral resources, cial and tourist centre as well as to expand tourist spots, and strategically located. its traditional role as a warehousing and Batam is one of them. Batam's geographi transhipment centre. cal positionat the crossroadofinternational A new Presidential Decree, No. 45 shipping routes between the Indian ocean of 1978, was issued to encourage the de- andPacific ocean, makes it,like Singapore, velopmentofexport-oriented industries and a strategic site for the processing and dis to streamline the importation of materials tribution of commodities, and its close required by manufacturing industries on proximity to Singapore underscores its the island. Thecniire island was designated potential as a centre formanufacturing and as a bonded zone. In 1979, a review of previous planning studies led to Uie fomiu- Baiu Ampar area, in the north, has been lation of a comprehensive master plan for designated forlight and medium industries the island up to the year 2006. as well as transhipment activities; the The 1979 masterplan focused on the Sekupang area, as a centre for agro-based development oftranshipment facilities, the industries, and for export processing and establishment of industrial estates, the de transhipment activities; The Tanjung velopment of areas for the import and ex Uncangpeninsula(southeastofSekupang), port of goods, the construction of tourist as acomplexfor wood processingindustries; activities and the provision of the east coast asthe main industrial complex infrastructural support such as offices, for light and medium industries; and, the shoppingcentres, recreational facilities and Nongsa area, in the northeast, as a holiday residential units. The masterplantakes into resortand touristcentre. Batam Centre will account Batam's relations with Singapore be the island's administrative and com in almost every aspect. In particular, it mercial hub. focused on Singapore's almost exhausted The Batu Ampar area, comprising capacityfor furtherecpansion which would, the sub-regions of Batu Ampar and Muka of course, be Batam's comparative advan Kuning, is being rapidly developed into a tagefor thefuture. Atthesametime, Batam region for light and medium-scale indus is well-positioned to take advantage of tries. Some 30 to 40 industries, mostly of Singapore's established business and fi medium size, will be accommodated in the nancial services network as well as the city- planned industrial zone. Some existing state'sefficientfacilitiesforcommunication, heavy industries, situated for the most part transportation and other services. Batam's close to the present harbour facilities, are potential as an investment location is now also located in this area. duly recognised: Mukakuning, a landlocked area ad "Batam is extremely attractive for jacentto Batu Ampar, will also be used for industrial, trade and tourist enterprises due light and medium industries, government to its strategic location and its very close and commercial offices and housing. A proximity to Singapore's excellent trading, large scale industrial development project banking, transport and business service taking shape in the Mukakuningsub-region facilities". is the 500-hectare Batam Industrial Park. Professor Dr Ing. B.J. Habibie The Sekupang region, comprising (Indonesian State Minister for Research Sekupang, Tanjung Uncang and Sagulung, and Technology). has alreadyundergonesignificantdevelop ment. Office buildings have been con The 1979 comprehensive master structed, water supply lines have been in plan, which servers as the buleprint for stalled, and electricity generation and Batam's development to the year 2006, transmission system have been laid down. divides the island into four major devel This zone will be the focal point for a core opment areas, with each region playing a of lighl-to-medium sized industries. The different role in Batam's development. The development plan for Sekupang includes provisions forsmall-scaleshipy^andship Tering Bay,isbeingdeveloped into admin repairindustries, agricultural activities and istrative and commercial coreofthe island. fisheries. The port facilities at Sekupang Batam Centre is set. to be the downtown are being expanded to service the island's area of the island, containing government export-based industries as well as inter- offices, educational institutions, shopping island trading, cattle exporting, tranship centres,commercialcomplexes,hotels, and ment and other shipping activities. leisure and recreationfacilities. Residential AS$ 1billionpropertydevelopment districts will be arranged around this urban project, said to be the biggeston the island, core to accommodate those working here. is being developed here; the 2000-hectare Some 147000 out ofthe 700 000 projected resort, to be developed over a 10-year pe for the entire island are expected to reside riod, comes complete with a theme park, in this region. country club, golf and shooting ranges, Thepriority given by the Indonesian duty-free shops, supennaiicets, restaurants government to Batam is evident from the and nightclub. setting up of three special agencies to The East Coast region; which com oversee the island's development, an envi prises the sub-regions ofKabil-Batu Besar, able position not given to any of the other Duriangkang-Tanjung Piayu and Nongsa, 13700more islands throughout Indonesia. is slated to be the "heart and core" of the Themostprominentagency is BIDA which island. The developmentplan has allocated has been given almost a free hand to steer some4000hectares intheKabil-BatuBesar Batam's industrial development BIDA's vicinity for medium-scale and heavy in Chairman, Prof Dr Ing. B.J, Habibie, is dustries, with a smaller area aside for in widely regarded as a brilliant technocrat tegrated wood industries. A US$ 400 mil personally drafted into the Indonesian lion industrial park is under construction Cabinet by President Suharto, to oversee here; the 365-hectare Batam Kuang Hwa the island's development. Industrial Zone is strategically located with Asia Port at its doorstep and is only a Development with "Unlimited" Supplies five-minute drive from the airport. of Workers Thesub-regionofNongsa is setto be Today, eight business groups have the island's tourist centre. Nongsa already been given green light to develop industrial bo^ts a number of world class hotels and estates on Batam island. The proposed in recreational facilities while several more dustrial estates vary in size from 20 to 500 hotels and motels, golfcourses and marinas hectares.Theseincludethe 20-hectareFirst are under consluction in 1991, will have TriangleIndustrialPark atTanjungUncang; sea-sport facilities and resort accommoda the 30-hectare ThomasTechnology Park at tion spread over 11 hectares of waterfront. Batam Centre; the Kabil and Tanjung A road network connects these tourist fa Uncang industrial estates, at Kabil and cilities to airport, harbour and ferry temii- Tanjung Uncang, covering 200 hectares; nais, and other centres on the island. the 100-heciareSpinindo Industrial Area at Batam Centre, looking out across Tanjung Uncang; tlie 350-hectare Seafront Industrial City at Sagulung; the 365-hec- for work in the factories. The workers re tare Kuang Hwa Industrial Zone at Kabil; quired to support the various industrial and the 170-hectare Kabil Indonusa Estate projects on the island have to be sourced which isdesignated forboth light andheavy from otherparts of Indonesia, mainly from industries. Java-Indonesia's most densely populated The centre-piece of Batam's indus island. trial development is the S$ 600 million The focus of this study is on the Batam IndustrialPark(BIP).This industrial Indonesianworkers recruited forthe tenants park is a joint-venture between two Sin at the BIP; in this instance, the task of gapore government-owned companies, sourcing the workers is relegated to Tunas Singapore Technologies Industrial Corpo Karya, an Indonesian-Singapore Joint- ration and Jurong Environmental Engi venture based in Jakarta. neering, and the Salim Group, Indonesia's largest business conglomerate. An initial The Supply ofLabour 500 hectares is being developed over the The number of unemployed people next five years with another 1000hectares in Indonesia is high, close to what Lewis reserved for future development. called an "unlimited supply of labour". The The development and management consist of the uneducated (illiterate); el of BIP have been configured to provide ementary school. Junior and senior high total support services for hassle-free busi school graduates, and even university ness start-ups. P.T. Batamindo Investment graduates. From this pool of Job seekers. Corporation(BIC), incorporated inJakarta, Tunas Karya shortlisted only those with a is responsible for developingthe logistics, minimum of senior high school (SMA) or communications and other services to equivalent qualifications (SMEA, STM). support the park's operations. Batamindo Thesalaries forproductionoperators Industrial Management Pte Ltd (BIM), in startfromS$90 permonthforthe firstthree corporated in Singapore,is responsible for months,S$ ICQ permonth forthe nextnine the planning, designing and marketing of months and S$ 115 per month for the sec BIP; BIM will also manage the industrial ond year. In addition, the workers are pro estate and handle all logistics, manpower vided with meal allowances ofS$ 4 perday and licensing requirements of the park's while training in Singapore. The workers tenants. arealsoprovidedwithfreeaccommodation BIP, when completed, will provide and medical services. These workers are employment and housing for 50 000 to 80 trained in Singapore before they start work 000 Indonesian workers. The current in Batam. The training stints of 3 to 8 population ofBatam, estimated at 100000, months are distinct attractions to prospec is clearlyinsufficient to support thepace of tive workers. There appears to be consid industrial development on the island. erably more applicants than what the Moreover, the local residents in Batam are companies could absorb. Thissuggests that mostly farmers and fishermen, without the theemploymentpackageofferedbyTunas requisite skills and "industrial discipline" Karya are sufficiently attractive. The Provile of the Workers The Other information channels, such Since Batam the surrounding asBCAandTunasKarya,werementioned islandsaresparselypopulated, andtheedu by about4 to 5 % of the respondents. cational levels of the local population are The Javanese and Sundanese are rather low, Tunas Karya has to recruit well-known for their reluctance to leave most of the workers from other parts of their home villages. This is especially so Indonesia. Table 1 shows the various with the older generation. This attitude is sources of information for prospective job typically expressed in a world outlook applicants, viz,DepartementofManpower, among them ; "We should get. together Bank Central Asia (BCA), P.T. Tunas whether we have something to eat or not" Karya, newspapers, friends, and other {Mangan ora manganwaton kumpul). Ta sources. The most popular source ofinfor- ble 2 shows the origin of the workers ac mation appears to be newspaper cording totheprovinces ofthebirth place. advertisements, as indicated by 46% of The fact that many of the workers at BIP therespondents. Incontrasttothis "modem" camefrom Java begsthe question: is there way ofinformation dissemination, there is a change in outlook ? also the "traditional" channel ofcommuni cation through friends which, in Javanese, Table 2. Home Provinces of is called "getok tular" method, i.e. "mouth- Respondents to-mouth news". This personal method is Provinces stillusedin therecruitment of illegalwork Number of workers (%) Jakarta ers for plantations in Malaysia, and is still 138 ?7 7 West Java . 86 17.3 regarded asbeing effective. As much as 8% Central Java 69 1.3 9 of the respondents identified friends and Yogyakarta Special Region 31 6.2 East Java 8 1 R neighbours as their sources ofinformation Sumatraprovinces 120 24,1 about Batam. The local offices of the De Other provinces 35 7(1 Not specified partment-of Manpower (Departemen 11 . 2.2 Tenaga Keija) is another majorsource of About 39% ofthe respondents came information on employment opportunities from Java (excluding the Jakarta Capital in Batam; in this case, for 31.5% of the SpecialRegion). Formanyof them,Batam respondents. is a far away place unknown to their par Tabel I. Sources ofJob Information ents, or even to themselves. Yet, unlike Sources of Information . Number of Respondents {%) theirparents, theyare willingtoleave their home villages to seek employment else Newspapers 229 46.0 Local offices of Man where. The respondents' reasons for ac power Dept. 157 31.5 ceptingworkinBatam are varied :to become Bank Central Asia 21 4.2 independent (mandiri), to getnew experi P.T.Tunas Karya 25 S.O Friends 40 6.0 ence. to supplement the family income, to Other sources 23 4.6 see Singapore, lo support the government No response 3 0.6 program in developing Batam as an indus Total 498 100.0 trial area. This is an interesting phenomenon Table 4. Working Experience of in thesense that, unliketransmigration, this Respondents process of labour migration is a shift of resources from the traditional agricultural Number (%) sectorto the modem industrial sector. This Have not worked before 354 71.1 structural transformation is, in the context Have worked before 135 27.1 of Indonesia's development aspirations, a Not specified 9 1.8 change in the desired direction. Those who were attracted bythe offerwere not always It appears that the employers prefer SMA graduates, but also SMEA {Sekolah fresh and inexperienced workers. One possible explanation is that it is easier to Menengah Ekonomi Atas, Economic Sen ior High School), STM {Sekolah Teknik inculcate industrial discipline and work Menengah, Technical Vocational School), ethics to those without prior working ex D1-D3 (one to three yeardiploma program perience. In any case, the previous working at universitylevel), andotherSMA equiva experience may not be all that relevant to lents. Table 3 shows the profile ofworkers the kind of woric they are having now. Do these woricers intend to stay on in terms of education. and work in Batam ? This question is im It is interesting to note that univer portant for the companies as they need "a sitygraduates werealso attracted to factory continued supplyofworicersto sustaintheir jobs in Batam. Thesejobs were clearly not manufacturingoperations.Forthemoment, designated forthem. It is possible thatthey it is notpossibleto gaugewhatare the plans could not get job i their hometowns. How of the respondents at the end of their two- ever, on a more optimistic note, it is likely year contracts. that, as the industries in Batam develop, more executive positions will be opened to Table 5. Plans After Termination of these university graduates. Contract Table 3. Highest Educational Level of Number of workers (%) Respondents Plan Renew the contract with Scfiools Number of workers (%) the same company 75 15.1 Move to another company SMA 352 70.7 in Batam 0 0 SMEA 69 13.9 Go back home 32 6.4 STM 17 3.4 Wait and see 358 71.9 D1-D3 30 6.0 Others 29 5.8 Universitygraduates 3 0.6 Not specified 4 0.8 OUiers 27 5.4

Another interesting characteristic of the As shown in Table 5 above, most of respondents is that most of them (70%) do the respondents (71.9%) are adopting a not have any working experience. This "wait-and-see" attitude; for these respond may be gleaned from Table 4. ents, important considerations would in- elude the salaries offered after their two to take on more responsible positions in the years ofworking experience, the prospects factories in Batam. for promotion, family and/or marriage, The workers who were, employed employment opportunities elsewhere (in- were the lucky, ones. They have been se cludingin theirhomevillage ortowns); etc. lected from thousands of applicants. When In any case, it is too early forthe respondents asked whether there might be others who to think seriously about renewing their were willing to work in Batam, they gave a employment contracts as they just started wide range ofresponse. Table 7 shows the woricinBatam. Interestingly, though, none numberofworkers saying "there aremany", of the respondents indicated a change of "there are a few", "does not exist", and employmentto anothercompanyin Batam; "don't know". this reflects, to an extent, a sense of,loyalty to the companies they belong to. Table 7. Number of Respondents Reporting on the Existence ofProspec The lure of going back home is al tive Workers in Their Home Villages ways great, especially forthose who left the home village for the first time. So, there is "niose saying: Number of workers {%) always the possibility that these workers There are many 235 47.2 would return home if there are employment 'There a few 34 6.8 opportunities there. To what extent is this Does not exist 21 4.2 Don't know 151 30.3 thecase ?Table 6 offers anindicationofthe Not specified 57 11.4 intention of the respondents, ifindeed, there are employment opportunities at home. Alniost halfofthe respondents indi cated that "there are many" who wereseek Table 6. Plan IfThere Are ing employment in Batam. This is a reflec Employment Opportunities At Home tion of the fact that there was large pool of unemployed people in Indonesia, or sim Number of workers (%) ply, that the incentives given to workers in Batam are more attractive than in the other Would go back 80 16.1 Would not go back 57 11.4 parts ofIndonesia, orboth. More than 85% Wait and see 349 70.1 of the respondentsindicated that they were Not specified 12 2.4 willing to help others to get jobs in Batam iftheywereapproachedbytheircompanies. About 16% of the respondents indi cated that they would like to retum to their Some Lessons from The Project home towns and villages if there are Job opportunities. A more interesting observa this is a simple, but infonnative. tion is, even at this early stage, at least 11% survey. We can draw insights from this of the respondents have decided not to study which might be applicable to other return home even if they are offered em areas in Indonesia. For instance, it is a well ployment. ThI.s pioneering group of work- known fact that the Indonesian population en* could perhaps be identified and groomed is unequally (li.stributc(l. Since the Dutch

TO colonial days, various types of transmigra date around 250 families or 1,250 persons tion have been attempted, and yet popula under a transmigration project, whereas tion imbalance persists. The Interregional this same land area could accommodate Labour Force Scheme (Angkatan Kerja around 15,250 persons under industrial Antar Daerah or AKAD) for plantations projects such as BIP. Moreover, friction outside Java has also been implemented between the newcomers and the local with limited results. However, it appears population would be less likely as the BIP- that the BIP-type of manpower recruitment type of industrial projects do not require has the potential, not only to alleviate the that much land area, relatively speaking. problems of unemployment, but also to Thirdly, in transmigration, the gov- redress related problems such as population ermnent expects the migrants to become imbalance in Indonesia. entrepreneurs who bear the risk and un There are several advantages to this certainty oftheir business ventures. Not all method ofmanpower recruitmentoverand farmers are risk lovers; most of them are above transmigration. Firstly, unlike risk averse. In the BIP-typeofemployment, transmigration, the employment creation the workers do nothave to bear such risks. process is interregional, and intersectoral. Although these workers are employees, The workers not only leave the densely their incomes are high enough that they are populated areas of Java for scarcely popu even obliged to pay taxes. lated Riau, but they also move away from the traditional agricultural sector to the Fourthly, the cost of recruitment and modem industrial sector. Thus, unlike settlementofworkers to the governmentin transmigration which involves moving the BIP-type of employment creation pro poverty from one placeto another, the BIP- gramme is relatively low. This is because type ofmigration is definitely notthe case. private sector companiesbear most of the The workers would have done their calcu costs of infrastructral development within lations (e.g. salaries, fringe benefits, etc) theindustrial townships. In markedcontrast, before leaving their home towns and fortransmigratlon projects, the govermnent vilalges. The agricultural sector in Java, must budget not only for the cost ofrecruit Bali and several provinces in Sumatra are ment and settlement, estimated at US$ already overcrowded; the marginal physi 16,000perfamily(atlate 1980s'pricelevels) cal product of the agricultural workers is in the Bengkulu, Jambi, West and South approaching zero. The BIP-type of migra Sumatra bedol desa project, but also for the tionwillraise the incomesoftheIndonesian cost of living for several years. workers. Finally, from a sociological perspective, Secondly, the BIP-type of employ industrial projects such as the BIP will ment creation does not need a lot of space broaden the horizon ofworkers and signal for each and every person. In a typical to Indonesians that employment opportu transmigrationprogramme, afamilyoffive nities exist outside their home towns and is provided with only two hectares of land. villages. An area of 500 hectares could accommo It may not be fair to compare the

11 large scale transmigration projects countries. Set within the context of a large throughout Indonesia with the more mod country, with a population of over 180 est attempts at employment creation in million, the industrial and otherprojects in B atam. Indonesiamustcreatedozens ofthe Batam maynotimpactthatsignificantly on BIP-type of employment scheme in order employmentlevelsin Indonesia. Neverthe to absorb the present level and rate of less, the BIP-type of employment creation unemployment and underemployment in can serves as a model for developing other thecountry.Nonetheless,wecanleamfrom parts of Indonesia, providing employment the BIP experience that there is certainly to the unemployed and underemployed, another way to alleviate population creating indirect employment and other unbalance and unemployment at the same spin offs as well as generating extra tax time. revenues and foreign exchange. Impor tantly, the BIP experiment symbolises the The Future Prospect determined efforts of two neighbouring The developments in Batam are too countries, Indonesia and Singapore, in recent for an evaluation. The BIP started combining their resources, experience and recruiting workers in 1990. It is beyond the expertise to create - for both countries - a scopeofthispapertodiscuss the operational competitive edge to attract international bottlenecks, social issues and political investments. sensitivities that have aleady surfaced in the Batam experiment. However, the very Daftar Pustaka speed with which the developments in Amdt,H. W. "ReviewofIndonesia'sTrans Batam have unfolded is itself evidence of migration Programme :A Special the commitment of the governments of Report" (TheEcologist, Vol. 16,No. Indonesia and Singapore to translate the 2/3, 1986). BIES. Vol. XX. No. 3. Batam'-Singapore connectionofthe Growth Amdt, H.W. and R.M. Sundrum "Transmi Triangle into an economic reality. It is gration :LandSettlementorRegional ASEANcooperationin action. Ifthisproject Development?" Vol. XIII. No. succeeds, ASEANcouldcreateothergrowth 3. triangles or rectangles, as for example, a BadanPengkajiandanPenerapanTeknologi northern growth triangle incorporating and Otorita Pengembangan Daerah NorthSumatra, North Malaysia, and South Industri Pulau Batam Penempatan Thailand,orpcrhapseven agrowth triangle Tenaga Kerja Khususnya Wanita spanning Indonesia's North Kalimantan, dalam Rangka Pengembangan Malaysia's Sabah and Mindanao in the Industri di Pulau Batam 1990, Philippines. (monograph). Batam Industrial Development Authority Conclusion Development Data, 1991. This study is onlypreliminary. Vari , BatamIsland: Indonesia'sGateway ous aspects oflife in Batam must be studied to Asia (Guide for Investor), various and monitored by the three participating issues.

12 BusinessTimeTuesdayFebrua^26,1991. F. Papanck, and Ace Partadiredja. Special issue on The Growth Trian Technological Change, Productiv gle. ity and Employment in Indonesian ConstructionIndustry DevelopmentBoard Agriculture. Boston : Boston Uni (Singapore). Batam Outlook J990 : versity (monograph). 1980. Identifying Business Opportunities Yeoh, Caroline, et al "Batam :A New 1989. Dimension in ASEAN Economic EconomicDevelopmentBoard (Singapore) Cooperation", paperpresented at the Information Note on Batam 1990. International Conference on Indus Gondowarsito, Ria. "Transmigrasi Bedol trialandTradePoliciesforthe1990s Desa". BIES. Vol. 26 No. 1 (April : Prospects and Implications for 1990). Developed and Developing Coun Guinness,Patrick. "IndonesianMigrantsin tries .19-21 September 1989, Johor: An Itinerant Labour Force". Maastricht, The Netherlands. BIES, Vol. 26 No. 1. (April 1990). Yeoh, Caroline "The Batam-Singapore- Hardjono, Joan M. Transmigration in In Johor Growth Triangle :A New donesia. Kuala Lumpur : Oxford Dimension in ASEAN Economic University Press. 1977. Cooperation" Asia-Oceania Report KPMG PeatMarwickInvestmentinBatam No. 18 (Daiwa Research Institute) Island Republic ofIndonesia 1990. 1990. SriHandoko,Budiono,GillianHart,Gustav

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