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abstinence, sexual, 197 amphitheaters, 545–557 Academy (gymnasion in Athens), 164, 169, see also Colosseum; Forum Romanum; 170, 246, 299–300 Pompeii amphitheater Actian Games, 103, 241, 536, 567, 569 awnings in, 452, 549, 582 adaptation of facilities for spectacle, combined with theater, 554–555, 569 572–573 construction, 549–551 Aezani, 569 depictions of spectacle in, 430–431 age-classes, at athletic competitions, 25, 138, design of early versions, 549 179, 181, 183, 239, 241–242 earliest permanent amphitheaters, 548 Agrippa, 539, 563 eastern , 555–556 Agylla (Caere), 405 first permanent amphitheater in , 547 akoniti, definition of, 107 location, 551 Akragas, 141, 203 modified stadia and circuses used in see also Emmenids place of, 572–573 Akrotiri, 40–41 modified theaters used in place of, 572 number of, 554 attempted seduction of Socrates, 249, 255 religious elements, 597 wins Olympic victory, 171, temporary in Rome, 547 268, 326 terminology, 545–546, 548 , 283, 332, 334–335 western Roman empire, 554–555 Alexander III (the Great)COPYRIGHTED of Macedon, 327, amphora, MATERIAL Panathenaic, see Panathenaic amphora 339–340 anabates (type of horse race), 30 (in Egypt), 282, 350–352, 354–357 animal cruelty, see beast hunts staged Alexandria Troas, 103–105, 118, 371–372, 444 by Romans Amphictyony of Anthela, 178–179 animal hunts, see beast hunts staged by Romans Amphipolis, 336–337 anthippasia (mock cavalry battle), 82, 164

A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity, First Edition. Edited by Paul Christesen and Donald G. Kyle. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

0002024932.INDD 646 9/18/2013 3:51:54 AM Index 647

Antoninus Pius, 104, 368, 392, 512, supports athletic contests of Greek 538, 567 females, 270 apene (mule-cart race), 30, 202 supports Greek athletic contests, 536–537 Aphrodisias, 103, 372, 457, 563, 566–568 Autolykos (Athenian athlete), 170 apobates, 64 n. 2, 83, 88, 90, 162–164, 281 Autolykos (play by Eupolis), 249 definition of, 83 Autolykos (play by Euripides), 69, 74, 324 apodyterion (locker room), 290–291, 297 Archelaos (king of Macedonia), 335–336, 338 Balboura, 369–370 arete (excellence), 61–64, 72–73 ball games Argos, 31, 88, 103, 183, 572 Galen advocates, 608 Aristophanes, 324–325 played by ephebes, 239 Arkteia, 263–264 played by females, 261, 271 artificial lake, see stagnum played by Romans, 582, 608 aryballos, definition of, 85 , 148, 155 Asia Minor, 364–372 baths, 104–105, 297, 430–431, 538–539 Asklepieia Games at Epidauros, 32, 271 beast hunts staged by Romans, 388–390, associations, athletic, 104–105 505–516 clubhouse in Rome, 105, 538–539 see also executions, public in Roman world; Astylos of Croton, 25, 194–195 venator/venatores Atalanta, 261 animal cruelty, attitudes toward, 389, 508, Athens, 81–83, 159–172, 216–218 515–516, 604 see also Academy; Lyceum; Panathenaic decline of, 382, 515–516 Games depictions of, 423–425 female athletes, 263–264 earliest known, 388–389, 506–507 athletes exotic animals, 389, 508–509 see also social status of athletes expansion in scale, 507–508, 510–511 beauty, 71–75, 84–87, 117, 246–252 held with gladiatorial combats, 389, 623 definition of, 1–2 imperial control, 509, 512–513 athletics, definition of, 1–2, 21 military supplies animals, 512–513 audience, see spectators origins and development, 505–509 , 551, 554, 556, 562, Romanization, 623–626 564, 571–572 sites of, 389 Augustine on spectacle, 419, 610–611 supply of animals for, 511–516 symbolic significance, 389, 506, 509, 626 bans gladiatorial combats to the death, 386 terminology, 507 constructs facilities for spectacle, 536, 563, timing of, 509 567, 569–571, 596 beauty of athletes, 71–75, 84–87, 117, founds Actian Games, 103, 241, 536, 567, 246–252 569 imposes imperial control over , Beroia gymnasion inscription from, 100–102, 593–594 240, 280, 337–338 legislation on clothing of spectators, betting, 392, 468, 469, 500 487–488 boat races, 31, 164–165, 181 legislation on seating at spectacles, 456, Bourdieu, Pierre, 152–153 487, 553 boxing see also lex Iulia theatralis Etruscan, see Etruscans Sebasta in Naples founded in honor Greek, 29, 68–78 of, 203, 567 Minoan, 40–41 stages beast hunts, 509–510 Mycenaean, 44–47 stages naumachiae, 390–392, 569–571 boys’ sport, 85, 147–150, 236–243 stages spectacular public execution, 525 bread and circuses, see Juvenal

0002024932.INDD 647 9/18/2013 3:51:54 AM 648 Index

bull-leaping, 37–41, 44–47 spectators at, 499–502 byes, 29 support personnel, 582–583 Byzantine spectacle, 634–637 top speeds, 495 see also Byzantine under ; Chiusi, 400–403 pantomimes choral dancing, see dance riots associated with, 637–641 choruses, see dance state controlled, 635 chrematitic games, 31–33, 103, 352–353, 367 definition of, 22 Callimachus, 69, 269, 351–352 Christians , 103, 271, 392, 479–480, critics of Roman sport and spectacle, 533–534, 537, 567 610–613 Capua amphitheater, 425, 430–431, 549, 553 Greek sport, 23 chariot drivers martyrdom in arena, 598 Byzantine, 635 victims in Roman sport and spectacle, 525, Greek, 30, 83, 90, 116, 278–279, 281 527, 624–625 Roman, 382–384, 444–445, 495–498 chariot racing critique of Greek sport, 540, 609 Byzantine, 635–641, involvement in procuring animals for beast see also Nika riot hunts, 512 decline of, 636, 642 on spectacle, 388, 415–416 factions, 636–639 Circus Flaminius in Rome, 561, 569 , 635–641 in Rome, 383, 493–495, , 635, 638 563–564 popularity of, 633 Agrippa’s renovations, 563 Etruscan, 401–402, 406 Augustus’ renovations, 563 Greek, 30 coins showing, 446, 538, 563–564 see also Alcibiades; apobates; Kyniska of Etruscan influence, 397, 493 Sparta euripus (spina), 383, 562, 563 Bronze Age, 46–48 ’s renovations, 537, 563 Deinomenids and Emmenids, 198 , 383, 494, 563, 596 depictions in vase painting, 54–56, pulvinar, 563 87–88, 90–91, 196 religious elements, 596–597 depictions on coins, 90, 198–199 seating capacity, 564 elite activity, 30, 171, 196, 325–326 site for varied events, 493, 537 Homeric poems, 60–62 size of track, 562 opportunity for female athletic Trajan’s renovations, 563–564 competition, 267–270, 335 circuses (Roman sites for equestrian contests), owners as victors, 30, 278 493–495, 562–566 Posidippos poems about, 283 see also Circus Maximus in Rome Ptolemies, 268–270, 352 euripus/spina, 385, 562 Spartan females, 263, 267–269 Lepcis Magna, 564 Roman, 382–384, 492–502 modified to serve as amphitheaters, see also ludi 572–573 decline of, 392 numbers of, 564 depictions of, 427 obelisks, 563 distances, 495 origins of, 562 factions (, , etc.), 382–384, sites for varied events, 493, 561 495, 583 size, 562 popularity of, 492–493, 499–502 starting gates, 564 religious elements in, 493–494, 596, 599 terminology, 562, 566

0002024932.INDD 648 9/18/2013 3:51:54 AM Index 649

civic games, 31–33, 115 critics of sport, 320–328 see also Croton, 194–195, 279 coaches, see paidotribes/paidotribai; trainers, crowd, see spectators athletic crown games, definition of, 22, 103, coercion through spectacle, 454 352–353, 367 coercion through sport, 151–154 crucifixion, 522, 526 coins curse tablets, 315, 383, 440–441, showing spectacle and related facilities, 598–600 446–447, 538, 563–564 Cyrene, 202, 572 showing sport, 31, 89–90, 102, 198–199, 368, 372 damnati, see condemned criminals collegia iuvenum, 484 damnatio ad bestias, see executions, public in Colosseum, 551–554 Roman world awnings, 549 dance, 147–148, 152–153, 163, 164 capacity, 553 Deinomenids, 197–203 coins showing, 446 Delphi, 180–181, 276 date of, 551 see also oracles; decoration, 453 dedications at, 304 dedicatory inscription, 551 western Greek involvement at, 201–202 design and construction, 551–553 Delphi charioteer, 180–181, 199 finishes (?), 552 Demetrias (city in Macedonia), 336 dramatic effects in, 452 democracy, see democratization flooded?, 390–391, 552–553, 571 democratization, 72–76, 211–230 Martial’s poems for dedication, 418, 514 see also social status of athletes protection for spectators, 568–569 in society, 213–217 seating, 456, 487, 553–554 in sport, 105–107, 115–116, 170–171, Titus dedicates, 551 217–221, 253–254, 280–282 Vespasian begins, 551 Diagoras of Rhodes, 70, 71, 72–73, 185, combat , 29–30, 107–108 293 n. 4 see also boxing; ; wrestling (type of footrace), 26–27 , 368, 417, 510 diet, 74, 195, 448, 581 competitions, athletic Dipylon oinochoe, 57–58 see also Olympics, ancient discus throw, 27–28 number of, 102–104, 365–369 see also pentathlon timing of, 103–104 doctor/doctores (trainers for ), 387, competitiveness, 62–63 581 condemned criminals, 523, 527, 528, doctors, see medicine, sports 579–580 (type of footrace), 26–27 consensus achieved through sport, 151, 154 Domitian, 452, 480, 514 Constantinople, 633–642 builds stadium in Rome, 524, 534, 567 hippodrome, 635–641 completes Colosseum (?), 552 floods Colosseum for spectacle, 571 amphitheater at, 548, 556 founds Capitoline Games, 271, 392, circus at, 565 533–534, 537 curse tablets from, 315 punishes spectators, 580 relationship with Isthmia and Isthmian stages naumachia, 390 Games, 31, 181, 183 stages public executions, 525–526 theater flooded for spectacles, 572 stages spectacle involving females, 479 vase painting at, 84, 88 supports athletic contests for females, 272, critics of spectacle, 499, 603–614 479–480

0002024932.INDD 649 9/18/2013 3:51:54 AM 650 Index

drama funeral games, 404–406 Byzantine, 634–635 influence of Greek sport, 396, 407 not discussed in detail, 5 influence on Roman spectacle and sport, Roman, 385–386 270, 493, 507, 534 dwarfs, in Roman spectacle, 478, 480, 485 nudity, 402 pentathlon, 402 education, 100–102, 117, 236–243 Phersu game, 397–399 in Sparta for females, 261–263 prizes, 403 in Sparta for males, 147–150 religious elements in, 405–406 Egypt, Greek sport in, 118, 136, 349–360 social context of contests, 404–406 eiselastic games, 371–372 social status of athletes, 403–404 Elis, relationship with Olympia and the spectators, 404 , 23–24, 133–142, wrestling, 397, 399, 401–402 277–278 euandria (contest in manly excellence), 163 Emmenids, 197–203 Euripides, 74, 253, 261, 303, 324 emperors, Roman executions, public in Roman world, 389–390, cult of, 368–369, 594, 620–621, 625 520–530, 579–580 involvement with Greek sport, 370–372 see also prisoners of war involvement with spectacle, 454–458 condemned criminals (noxii), 523, 527, ephebeia, 239–241 528, 579–580 ephebes, see ephebeia damnatio ad bestias, 389–390, 425, ephedros (bye), 29 522, 530 Ephesos, 104, 142, 243, 365, 371, 556, depictions of, 425–426, 433–434 567, 572 female victims, 526–527 gladiatorial cemetery, 447–448, 485 forms of, 521–527 Epidauros, 32 functions of, 521 see also Asklepieia Games at Epidauros later history of, 528–530 epigrams, 69–78, 417–418 mythological re-enactments, 524–527 definition of, 69 popularity, 527–528 epinikia, see epinikian poetry Romanization through, 623–626 epinikian poetry, 68–78, 193, 198 definition of, 68 facilities, for spectacle, 545–574 Epitaphia, 166 see also amphitheater; circuses; Forum equestrianism, see chariot racing; hippic events; Romanum facilities, for sport, 295–305 erastes/erastai, definition of, 247 see also gymnasion/gymnasia; palaistra/ eromenos/eromenoi, definition of, 247 palaistrai; stadium/stadia eros, see pederasty factions, see Roman under chariot racing ethnicity and spectacle, 453–454, 585–586, familiae, see gladiatorial troupes 604–614, 619–628 fans, 382–383, 492 ethnicity and sport, 113, 134–136, 282–284, female athletes, 116, 258–272 332–342, 349–360, 364–372, female gladiators and venatores, 478–488 585–586, 607–609 female spectators, 266–267, 487–488 Etruscans, 395–407 Flavian Amphitheater, see Colosseum see also entries for specific tombs flogging, see punishments boxing, 397, 399, 401–402 footraces, 26–27 chariot racing, 401–402, 406 Forum Romanum dedications at Delphi, 202 awnings over, 547 desultores, 401 spectacle site, 487, 525, 547, 561 facilities, 406 Foucault, Michel, 152–153

0002024932.INDD 650 9/18/2013 3:51:54 AM Index 651

funeral games graffiti, Greek, from Nemea, 184, 250 Etruscan, 404–406 graffiti, , see inscriptions as evidence Greek, 46, 54–57, 160, 311 group closure, achieved through sport, 226–229 Galen, 327, 581, 607–609 Greek sport in Rome, 391–392, 533–540 Geertz, Clifford, 222–223 see also Capitoline Games Gela, see Deinomenids attitudes toward, 118, 270–271, 539–540 Gelon (Sicilian tyrant), see Deinomenids Augustus, 391–392, 488, 536 girls, see female athletes; initiation rites criticized, 607–609 gladiatorial combat (munus/munera), deleterious effects of athletic training, 386–388 608–609 see also gladiators depictions of, 428 decline of, 392 Domitian, 392 depictions of, 426–427 earliest Greek athletic contests in Rome, form of sport, 468–471 391, 535–537 held with beast hunts, 389, 623 effeminacy associated with, 607–608 origins of, 399 Julius Caesar, 391 religious elements in, 592–595 , 392 restrictions on expenses, 443–444, 528 nudity as problem, 391, 488, 536, 607 rules, 386–387, 469–470 pederasty as problem, 249–250, 540, 607 support personnel, 581–584 popularity, 539–540 gladiatorial troupes (familiae), 388, venues, 537–538 580–581, 583 guilds, athletic, see associations, athletic gladiators gymnasiarch, 100, 239–240, 356 as athletes, 468–471, 628 see also Beroia gymnasion, inscription from burials, cemeteries, epitaphs, 447–448, 471, females as, 269 484–485 gymnasion/gymnasia, 84–87, 99–102, depictions in art, 445–446 238–240 dwarfs, 478, 480, 485 design of, 297–301 equipment, 387–388, 440 Egypt, 355–358 exemplars of Roman virtues, 415–417, 455, site of homoeroticism, 85, 87, 246, 249 603–604, 627 slaves at, 240, 281–282 fatality rates, 386, 454–455, 627 gymnikos agon, definition of, 23 female, 478–488 Gymnopaidiai, 147–148 freeing of, 388, 627 graffiti about, 442–443, 454–455, Hadrian 470–471, 473, 483, 584 founds city and athletic contest in Egypt, injuries, 447–448 357 missio, 386, 454–455, 627 games at Puteoli in honor of, 567 prizes for, 388 gives land to association of athletes, 105, rankings of, 388 538 religious beliefs, 597–598 letters from Alexandria Troas, 104–105, Romanization through, 626–628 118, 371–372, 444 social status of, 388, 416, 443, 472–474, regulations on gladiators, 484, 627 482, 487–488 stages giveaways at spectacles, 500 sources of, 388 Halicarnassos, gladiatorial relief from, training of, 387 480–482 types of, 387–388 halteres (jumping weights), 28 Glaukos of Karystos, 68, 74, 76, 281 heavy events, definition of, 29 gloios, definition and use of, 87 Hellenization, see ethnicity and sport

0002024932.INDD 651 9/18/2013 3:51:54 AM 652 Index

Hellanodikai (judges at Olympia), 24–26, Iberia, popularity of chariot racing in, 564 137–141, 242, 277–278 , see Homeric poems see also officials infibulation, 254–255 Heraia games at Olympia, 264–266, initiation rites, 40–41, 45–46, 219, 227, 253, 311–312 263–266, 311–312 Herod, 586, 604, 609 inscriptions as evidence Herodes Atticus, 292, 568 spectacle, 441–445 heroization of athletes, 150, 316 see also Pompeii Hieron, see Deinomenids sport, 98–108 hieros games, definition of, 353 intellectuals at athletic festivals, 280 himantes (thongs worn by boxers), 29 isolympic games, definition of, 103, 352, 367 hippic events, 30 isopythian games, definition of, 103, 367 see also chariot racing; horse racing Isthmia, 181–182 hippikos agon, definition of, 23 see also hippios (footrace), 31, 181, 183 Isthmian Games, 31, 114–115, 181–183, Hippocratic writers, 325 270–271 hippodrome, see circuses Romans allowed to participate, 283 Constantinople, 635–641 Delphi, 180 javelin throw, 27–28 design of, 30, 185–187, 296, 383 see also pentathlon Isthmia, 182 Jews, 585–586, 609–610, 613–614 Mount Lykaion, 185–187 Jockey of Artemision, 93 Nemea, 184 jockeys, 30, 83, 278, 401 Olympia, 305 n. 2 Julius Caesar terminology of hippodrome vs builds temporary stadium in Rome, circus, 562 536, 567 hippotrophy as elite activity, 325–326 installs temporary awnings in Forum, 547 Homeric poems, 22, 58–64, 259–261, 321 renovates Circus Maximus, 537, 563 date of, 53 stages beast hunts, 508 homoeroticism, 246–255 stages first naumachia, 390, 522, 569–570 hoplite (type of soldier), 30, 214, 221 stages Greek athletic contests, 391, 536 hoplites (type of footrace), 26–27 stages multi-faceted spectacle in 46 bce, (type of footrace), 26–27 381, 536 horse racing, 30 jumping, 27–28 see also chariot racing see also pentathlon as elite activity, 30, 325–326 Justinian, 392, 530, 633, 635, 637, 638–640 Deinomenids and Emmenids, 198 Juvenal owners as victors, 30, 278 bread and circuses, 412, 622 Posidippos poems about, 283 critique of performers, 496, 581, 606 Ptolemies, 268–270, 352 on females, 483–484, 487–488 venue for female athletic competition, on spectacle, 412, 417–418, 500 267–270, 335 House of the Tragic Poet in Pompeii, 433 kalos (tag on vases), 71, 72, 87, 250–251 houses, Roman, depictions of spectacle in, kalpe (type of horse race), 30, 202 433–434 keles (type of horse race), 30 hunters (at staged beast hunts), see venator/ Kimon (Delian League general), 170, 299–300 venatores Kimon (sixth-century Olympic victor), 169 hunting corporations, 511 Kleonai, 183 hysplex (starting gate in stadium), 27 , 182, kleos (fame after death), 61–64, 107 184, 289–290 Knossos, 39–43

0002024932.INDD 652 9/18/2013 3:51:54 AM Index 653

Koroibos of Elis (first Olympic victor), 27, 281 military elements in Greek sport, 30, 60, 63, Kos, 89, 241, 367–368 106–107, 221, 240–241 Kyniska of Sparta, 267–269 , 29, 194–195 Minoan sport, 37–43 Ladas, 93–94 missio, 454–455 Lagos, son of Ptolemy, 185 definition of, 386 lamps, clay, Roman, showing spectacle, mock naval battles, see naumachia/ 445–446 naumachiae lanista/lanistae money games, see chrematitic games see also gladiatorial troupes; ludus moral excellence of athletes, 72–73, 75–76 definition of, 388, 580 moral exemplars in spectacle, 413–415, social status, 580–581 453–456, 603–604 Laodicea ad Lycum, 569 Motya charioteer, 199–200 Larinum, senatus consultum from, 443, 482, Mount Lykaion, sanctuary of Zeus at, 184–188 487–488 mule-cart race (apene), 30, 202 lebetes (cauldrons), 56–57 munus/munera, see gladiatorial combat Lepcis Magna, 434, 550, 554, 562, 564 munus legitimum, definition of, 389 lex Iulia theatralis, 456, 487, 553 music contests Lichas of Sparta, 137–138, 141, 268, 278 Greek, 5, 31, 32, 161–162, 165–166, light events, definition of, 106 178–180, 181, 183, 296, 370 Livy on spectacle, 414–415 not discussed in detail, 5 local games, see civic games Roman, 392, 533, 535–537 locker rooms, 290–291, 297 musicians ludi (festival games), 382, 591–593 Etruscan contests, 401 ludi circenses, see Roman under chariot Greek athletic contests, 279 racing spectacles, 385, 453, 469, 494, 582, , 382, 493, 591–592, 593 583–584 ludus (gladiatorial school) Mycenaean sport, 43–48 definition of, 387, 389 personnel, 580–582 naumachia/naumachiae (mock naval battles; see also lanista/lanistae for artificial lakes, see stagnum), Ludus Matutinus, 389, 513, 583 390–391 Lugdunum, 553, 554, 594 Augustus, 390, 570 Lyceum (gymnasion in Athens), 170, 220, Claudius, 390, 570–571 299–300 Colosseum, 390–391, 571 Lykaian Games, 184–188 Domitian, 390, 571 first staged by Julius Caesar, 390, 522, Macedonia, 117, 136, 332–342 569–570 spectacle in, 338–341 Nero, 390, 571 Magerius , 425, 453, 458, 623–624 participants, 390 Magnesia-on-Maeander, 368 see also prisoners of war race, 27 terminology, 569 Marcus Aurelius Titus, 390–391, 571 critique of spectacle, 605 Trajan, 570 imposes restrictions on gladiatorial shows, Naples, 534, 536, 566–567 443–444 see also Sebasta Games Martial on spectacle, 417–418 Nemea, 183–184, 290–292 medicine, sports, 195, 279, 514, 581 see also meritocratic status competition, 223–224 Nemean Games, 31, 114–115, 183–184, Miletos, 185, 239, 368, 371, 372 270–271

0002024932.INDD 653 9/18/2013 3:51:54 AM 654 Index

Nero date of first, 23 see also Neroneia Games eligibility requirements, 25, 134, 136, constructs wooden amphitheater in Rome, 137–138 548, 569 end of, 23, 119 executes Christians, 525, 527 females at, 266–267 fan of Greek sport, 271, 392 see also Heraia Games at Olympia founds Neroneia Games, 536–537 origins, 310–313 idolizes charioteers, 496 Panhellenic?, 23–24, 134–136 stages beast hunts, 510 political elements, 140–142 stages giveaways at spectacles, 500 prizes at, 26 stages naumachiae, 390–391, 571 program of events, 26–31 stages spectacles involving females, 479, 486 ritual elements in, 313–314 stages spectacular public executions, 525 Rome, held in, 535 supports contests for female athletes, 272 timing of, 23, 31 Neroneia Games, 392, 536–537, 567 truce, 23–24, 135–137 New Historicism, 70 western Greek involvement, 201–202 Nika riot, 633, 638–639 Olympics, modern, relationship to ancient, Nikopolis, 357, 536, 569 21–22 see also Actian Games oracles, 178 noxii, see condemned criminals see also Delphi nudity, athletic, 25, 117, 135, 154, 226–229, 488 Oschophoria, 165–166 Ostia obelisks in circuses, 383, 429, 494, 538, baths with , 428, 431, 539, 574 563, 596 inscription about female gladiators Odyssey, see Homeric poems from, 482 officials theater, 572 see also gymnasiarch; spondophoroi; xystarch Ovid on spectacle, 414–415, 417 administrators responsible for arranging spectacle, 512–514, 580 paiderastia, 117, 247–254 administrators responsible for arranging definition of, 247 sport, 160, 170, 276, 277, 337, 356 paidotribes/paidotribai (athletic trainer), 117, athletic association, 104–105 147, 167, 220, 238–240, 299, 608 athletic contests, 242, 277–278 palaistra/palaistrai, 84–87, 238 see also Hellanodikai definition of, 298-299 gladiatorial combats, 469–470, 582 design of, 297–301 Oinoanda, 369–370, 372 pale, see wrestling Old Oligarch, 165, 171–172, 219, 300, 326 Panathenaic amphora, 87–90, 160–165, 196 Olympia, 133–142 Panathenaic Games, 31–33, 81–83, 115, dedications at, 304 160–165, 241 stadium, 217, 279, 290–292, 295–296, see also amphora, Panathenaic 304, 314 panem et circenses, see Juvenal size of, 136, 279 Panhellenic, definition of, 23–24, 134–136 treasuries, 202 pankration (type of combat sport), 29 western Greek involvement, 201–202 pantomimes, 634–635 Olympics, ancient, 23–31, 113–114, 133–142 Patroklos, funeral games of, 59–64, 71–72 see also Elis, relationship with Olympia and pederasty (paiderastia), 117, 247–254 the Olympic games; Hellanodikai; (Athenian tyrant), 169–170 Olympia; statues, victor; victors, Pella, 336 Olympic pentathlon, 27–28, 85 age-classes, 25, 138, 242 Perge, 567, 572

0002024932.INDD 654 9/18/2013 3:51:54 AM Index 655

Pericles, 159, 170, 219, 300, 309 Panathenaic Games, 31–32, 87–90, periodonikes, 107–108 160–165 definition of, 31 Ptolemaia Games, 352–353, 355 periodos, 114–115, 134–135, 176 Ptolemies, 118, 185, 268–270, 283, 349–360 definition of, 23, 103, 353 pulvinar (seating for emperor), 494, 563, 596 formation of, 31 punishments, 29, 138–139, 153–154, 278, 444 hierarchy within, 181 Puteoli, 430, 548, 553, 566–567 Petronius on spectacle, 417, 433, 483, 582 pygmachia, see boxing, Greek Phaiakians, 59–64 pygme, see Greek under boxing Phayllos of Croton, 93–94, 194 pyrrhic dance, 163 Phersu game, 397–399 Pythagoreans, 195 Philip II of Macedon, 335–336, 338–341 Pythian Games, 31, 114–115, 177–181, Piazza Armerina, 537 201–202, 270–271, 276 “Bikini girls,” 259, 271, 539 pyx, see Greek under boxing Great Hunt Mosaic, 512–513 , 69–78, 102, 119, 248 record-breaking, 107–108 Platanistas (in Sparta), 148–149 referees, see Hellanodikai; officials Pliny the Younger religion critique of Greek sport, 540 Etruscan sport, 405–406 letter about gymnasion, 100 spectacle, 590–600 letters about prizes, 371 sport, 22–23, 117, 309–316 on spectacle, 416, 457, 486, 493, 499, 605 Rescritto di Spello, 405 Polyzalos, see Deinomenids rewards, financial, 33, 63, 102–104, 141–142, Pompeii 169, 321–322 amphitheater, 424, 431, 546–549, 551 criticisms of, 322 depictions of spectacle in, 422–427, riots at spectacles, 458, 548, 633, 637–639 431–433, 442, 548, 549, 582 see also Nika riot graffiti and inscriptions, 442–443, 454–455, ritual elements in sport, 221–223, 309–316 473, 483, 584, 597 Roman attitudes toward Greek sport, see riot, 458, 548 Greek sport in Rome , 593 Roman forum, see Forum Romanum stages beast hunt, 508 Romanization through spectacle, 453–454, stages Greek athletic contests, 391, 535 619–628 stages musical contests, 535 Porta Marina bath in Ostia, 431 sacred games, definition of, 353 Posidippos of Pella, 74, 269, 283, 351–352 sarcophagi, Roman, showing spectacle, 429 pre-nuptial rites, see initiation rites Sebasta Games (in Naples), 103, 203, 270, prisoners of war 536, 567 execution of, 426, 431, 522–523, 579 secularization, of Roman spectacle, 593–595 gladiatorial combats, 388, 627 Seneca naumachiae, 390, 434 n. 2, 522–523 on spectacle, 416, 579–580, 606, 611 triumphs, 506, 585 on sport, 609 prizes for athletic contests Septimius Severus see also chrematitic games; Diplyon bans female gladiators, 482 oinochoe; lebetes; Panathenaic amphora; changes legal status of communities in stephanitic games, definition of; tripods Egypt, 358 civic games, 31–32, 169, 194, 195, rebuilds Byzantion, 565, 635 321–322, 403 stages , 446 Homeric poems, 60 supports athletic contests for females, Olympic games, 26 271–272

0002024932.INDD 655 9/18/2013 3:51:55 AM 656 Index

slaves, involvement in sport, 281–282 provisions for, 291–292, 301–302, 399, social capital, 224–226 404, 452, 480, 549 social history of ancient sport, 4 seating arrangements, 399, 456–457, 553 social status, sport as source of, 61–64, 223–224 sphairomachia (Spartan ball game), 148 social status of athletes spondophoroi, 23, 136, 277 see also Greek sport in Rome definition of, 23 Etruscan world, see Etruscans sport Greek world, 60, 71–78, 105–108, 115–116, compared or contrasted with spectacle, 2, 166–168, 217–221, 253–254, 280–282 466–468, 622–623 social status of performers in spectacle, 388, criticisms of, 320–328 416, 443, 472–474, 479, 482, definition of, 12 487–488, 495–497 entertaining, 466–468 socialization through sport, 151–152 popularity of, 326 Solon Roman world, see Greek sport in Rome figure in Lucian’s Anacharsis, 309 vs sports (definitional difference), 1–2 institutes political reforms, 216–217 sport history, of the ancient world, institutes rewards for Athenian athletic development of, 2–3, 112–120 victors, 169, 321 (foot race), 26–27 sophists at athletic festivals, 280 stadion (measure of distance), 27 Spain stadium/stadia Sparta, 115, 146–155, 183, 215–216, 218, see also hysplex 236–237 built in Roman period, 566–569 banned from Olympia, 137, 141 civic, 293 females involved in sport, 261–263, Delphi, 180, 276, 304 267–269 design of, 27, 287–293 role in invention of athletic nudity, 227–229 Isthmia, 181–182 spectacle lengths of, 27, 287 see also Romanization through spectacle modified to serve as amphitheaters, Byzantine, see Byzantine spectacle 572–573 contrasted with sport, 2, 622–623 Mount Lykaion, 185–187 criticism of, 603–614 Naples, 567 definition of, 1–2 Nemea, 184, 290–292 effects on spectators, 419, 465–474, 606, Olympia, 136, 217, 279, 290–292, 610–611, 622–628 295–296, 304, 314 elite financing of, 453, 507 Perge, 567 entertaining, 452–453, 456, 465–466, Puteoli, 567 499–502 rare in western Roman empire, 538 literary representations of, 412–419 Rome, 534, 537–538, 566–567 moral exemplars in, 413–415, 453–456 seating, 291–292 popularity of, 453 temporary versions in Rome, 566–567 secularization of, 593–595 western part of Roman empire, 524, 566–567 support personnel, 511–514, 580–584 stadium of Domitian, 534, 567 types in Rome, 381 stagnum (artificial lake), 390, 569–572 spectators, 40, 381, 456–458, 468–469, see also naumachia/naumachiae 488, 500 Augustus, 390, 570 effects of sport and spectacle on, 419, Circus Flaminius, 569 465–474, 606, 610–611, 622–628 Colosseum, 390–391, 571 female, 266–267, 270, 487–488 Domitian, 390, 571 numbers of, 279, 493, 553 Julius Caesar, 569–570 participants in spectacle, 454–459, 621–628 terminology, 569 protective measures for, 568–569 theaters, in, 572

0002024932.INDD 656 9/18/2013 3:51:55 AM Index 657

Titus, 390–391, 571 Thera, see Akrotiri Trajan, 570 time (honor), 61–64 Statius, 480, 485, 515 Titus (emperor) statues, victor, 71, 83–84, 91–94, 99, 102, 142 dedicates Colosseum, 534, 551 stephanitic games, definition of, 22, 103, floods Colosseum, 571 352–353, 367 punishes Jews for revolting, 585 Stoics, see critics of spectacle stages beast hunts, 510 strigil, 84–87, 196, 197, 250–252, 261–262, stages naumachiae, 390–391, 571 336, 402–403 stages public executions, 525–526 definition of, 25 stages spectacle involving females, 479, support personnel for spectacles, 511–514, 485–486 580–584 Tomb of Poggio al Moro at Chiusi, 402 swimming races (absence of), 31 Tomb of Storax in Pompeii, 432 synoris (two-horse chariot race), 30 Tomb of the Augurs at Tarquinia, 397–399, see also Greek under chariot racing 403, 507 Syracuse, see Deinomenids Tomb of the at Tarquinia, 399–400, 402, 404–405 Tacitus, 413, 496, 499, 527, 540, 580, Tomb of the Inscriptions at Tarquinia, 399 605–606 Tomb of the Master of Olympiads at Taras, 195–197 Tarquinia, 401–402 Tarquinia, 397–402, 404, 406 Tomb of the Monkey at Chiusi, 400–401 see also Etruscans Tomb of the Olympics at Tarquinia, 399 Tarraco, 554, 564 Tomb of Vestorius Priscus at Pompeii, 426, Termessos, 369 432–433 tethrippon (four-horse chariot race), 30 tombs, Roman see also Greek under chariot racing depicting spectacle, 426, 432–433 Theagenes of Thasos, 33, 71, 74, 76, 93–94 spectacle performers, 443 theaters torch races, 27, 81–82, 163–164 added to gymnasia, 239 trainers, athletic, 76–77, 116, 278–279 Aigai, 336 see also paidotribes/paidotribai Athens, 296 training, 84–87, 105–108, 253–254, awnings in, 549 608–609 combined with amphitheater, 554–555, 569 subsidizing of, 106, 167, 194, 243, 268, Delphi, 180, 296 282, 352 Demetrias, 336 treasuries, 202 Dion, 336 see also Delphi; Olympia Etruscan structures, 406 tripods, 54, 56, 60, 88 Isthmia, 182, 296 triumphs, Roman, 381, 388, 420 n. 4, 439, lacking at Olympia, 303 441, 453, 506, 536, 566, 585, lex Iulia theatralis, 456, 487, 553 591–592, 593 modified to serve as amphitheaters, 572 truces for athletic contests 23–24, 30, 31, Nikopolis, 357 114, 135–138, 176, 180, 183, 310, Ostia, 572 367–368 Paphos, 572 see also truce under Olympics, , 391, 535–536, 547 tunnels in stadia, 290–291 seating in Rome, 456, 487, 553 tyrants, 169–170, 323 Stobi, 568–569 themides, definition of, 369 umpires, see Hellanodikai; officials see also chrematitic games Theodora, 634, 638 vase painting, 54–56, 81–94, 250–252 theoroi, definition of, 136 Veii, 403, 405

0002024932.INDD 657 9/18/2013 3:51:55 AM 658 Index

vela/velaria (awnings), see amphitheaters hippic, 30 venatio/venationes, see beast hunts staged by Ptolemaic Egypt, 357 Romans religious status of, 315–316 venator/venatores (hunters in venationes), 389, social status of, 4 514–515 see also social status of athletes depictions of, 425 violence, allure of, 465–474 female, 478–488 vivaria (animal enclosures), 506, 513 physicians for, 514 training of, 389, 513 wreaths, 22, 26, 31, 91, 103, 114, 176, venues for spectacle, 545–574 180, 181, 250, 264, 309, 312, 314, see also amphitheater, circuses 453, 495 venues for sport, 287–305 wrestling, 29, 107 see also gymnasion/gymnasia, palaistra/ palaistrai, stadium/stadia Xenophanes, 322 Verona, 551, 571–572 xystarch, 104–105 victor statues, see statues, victor victors, depictions of, 90–94 Zanes (statues at Olympia), 26, 139, 314 victors, Olympic zeugos (type of equid race), 163–164 females, 267–268 Zliten mosaic, 423, 425, 433, 469–471, 579, heroization of, 150, 316 583–584

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