A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

Vol. 30, No. 28j July 13, 1987 Freshwater fishfarming. Wu Zongchang

Ducks. Xu Xiangjun HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

VOL. 30, NO. 28 JI 1.^' \y. 19X7

CONTENTS

NOTI^I'ROM THE EDITORS 4 Towards a Fair Solution in the Middle East p. 16 EVENTS/TRENDS 5-9 Resistance War M iiscum Inaugurates Deng's Speech on Political Reform Republished Chinese and Israeli Communists • All Chinese major newspapers republished Deng's Renew Tics 1980 speech on political reform on July 1. It was considered an Deng Speakslbr Political Reform important preparation for the coming 13th National Congress Jimmy Carter Sees Truth of the Party (p. 6). About Middle-Agcd fntclleclual.s in Forest Fire Scorches Bureaucratism Poor Health • Students Protest I-actory on • The worst forest fire in the Greater, Hinggan Campus Mountain since 1949 broke out on May 6. Food, medicine and other necessities were air-dropped in the affected area and tens iNTERNATIONAL 10-13 of thousands of people, including PLA soldiers, forest policemen and rangers fought the blaze. On June 2 the fire was South Korea: Chun Accepts finally put out. The fire, which killed 193 people, wounded 200, Demands of Dissidcius left 50,000 homeless and caused enormous economic losses, OPEC: Seeking Oil M;irkct exposed a great deal bureaucracy. The forestry minister and a Stability vice-minister were dismissed and five people directly Soviet Union: Radical Reform responsible for the fire were arrested (P. 23). Under Way USA: Democrats" Budget Challenges Tibetan Leaders Speak Reagan • In a recent press conference with foreign journalists, Tibetan leaders, the Bainqen Lama and Ngapoi Ngawang Questions and Answers on Tibet 14 Jigme, talked about the economic gap between Tibet and Traditional Tibetan Culture on 's interior, the work of the newly-founded Tibet Display Ifi Development Fund, Tibet's need to fight bourgeois liberalization, personal ordeals during the "cultural What I See on the 'Roof of the revolution," and the policy towards the Dalai Lama. Also in World' 21 this issue, an article on the exhibition of traditional Tibetan forest Fire Scorches culture in the minorities palace (p. 14). Bureaucratism 23 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 2627 China Favours Mid-East International Conference BUSINESS/TRADE 28-29 CULTURE/SCIENCE 30-32 • If the proposed international conference is to solve the BOOKS 33 major problems of the Middle East, it should bring together all TOURISM 34 the parties concerned, including the PLO on an equal footing with the others, besides the five permanent members of the UN RIONT COVER: The Potata Palace in Security Council. Also, Israel must commit itself to withdraw Tibet, from all the Arab territories it has occupied since 1967 and Xu Xiangjun recognize the national rights of the Palestinian people (p. 4).

vfffyiisht^ every Monday by Cjcrcrai Editorial OHice Tel: 893860 SufescfipHon prices (1 year}: USA US$23.eO ! ni sh DeDoifmonf Tel: 390951-^46 REVIEW Aitttratia A.fS2.0e Conada Can.$j!1.00 )i li l,jti-d by China International Beek 24 fiaWonzhuang Road, Itew Zooland NZ.$30.00 Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUOIAN) Tti« Pet^le'i 8«pub.ic of Chirto f O. Bu. 399, Beiiing, China UK £13.00 •i NOTES FROM THE EDITORS Towards a Fair Solution in the IViiddle East by Our Special Guest Commentator Wan Guang

he Middle East is one of the hopes have time and again been resolution, would form an appro• Tworld's flash-points. The pro• dashed by the Israeli authorities, priate and important basis for a longed unrest there has not only who have obstinately refused to solution to the deadlock. The brought destruction and suffering return occupied Arab territory resolutions of the conference to the region, but also poses a and continue to attack and invade should be authoritative and serious threat to world peace and Arab nations. Because of Tel binding on the countries con• security. Hence the rising call Aviv's denial of the national rights cerned and should lead to a fair worldwide to explore ways and of the Palestinians and its non- and comprehensive solution to the means to find a peaceful solution recognition of the PLO as their Palestinian and other Middle East to the Middle East problem. representative, the peace process questions. In response to the call, the in the Middle East has reached an Other conditions are also United Nations sponsored an impasse. indispensable for the success of the Asian Regional Symposium on It should be obvious that to proposed conference. First, the the Question of Palestine in New reach a just and comprehensive Arab states and the PLO should Delhi, June 8-12. Chinese repre• settlement of the Middle East co-ordinate their efforts and speak sentatives attended the discussion issue, the following principles with one voice. Second, the Israeli and shared their views with other must be observed: authorities must undertake oblig• participants, with the sincere hope • Israel must withdraw its ations to withdraw from all the of finding a way to the just and troops from all the Arab Arab territories it has occupied peaceful settlement of the Middle territories it has occupied since since 1967 and recognize the East question. 1967, including Arab Jerusalem. national rights of the Palestinian The root cause of the unrest in • The national rights of the people. The United States, which the Middle East lies in Israel's Palestinian people, includng the is in a unique position to influence expansionism and its conflicts right to set up an independent Israel, should persuade Tel Aviv with the Arab nations. The national state, must be restored. to do so. Third, the superpowers superpowers, taking advantage of • All the countries in the Middle should abandon their attempts to these conflicts to scramble for East have the right to inde• use the proposed conference to spheres of influence in the pendence and survival. This can be seize spheres of influence in the strategically important region, realized only when the sovereignty Middle East. And finally, world have made the issue all the more and territorial integrity of the opinion should be mobilized to complicated and precarious. Arab countries are respected and give the conference powerful The crux of the Middle East the national rights of the support. The third world, Western question is the Palestine issue. Palestinians are safeguarded. Europe and other regions can all Millions of Palestinians have An international peace confer• play a role in promoting the fallen victim to the policy of ence under the auspices of the UN, settlement of the Middle East aggression and expansion fol• as proposed by the Arab states issue. lowed by the Israeli authorities and the PLO, is being increasingly China has persistently stood on with the backing of the United accepted by the international the side of the Palestinians and States. Displaced and homeless, community as a way out of the other Arab peoples and supported the Palestinians lead miserable Middle East impasse. Such a their just cause. The Chinese lives as refugees in other countries. conference, if it is to be successful, government is in favour of holding The Arab states and the should bring together all the an international peace conference Palestine Liberation Organization parties concerned, including, of on the Middle East under the (PLO) want to see a fair and course, the PLO on an equal auspices of the UN. As a comprehensive solution to the footing with the others, and the permanent member of the UN Middle East question through five permanent members of the Security Council, China is pro• peaceful negotiations. The Fez UN Security Council. The relev• moting the conference proposal resolution adopted by the 12th ant UN resolutions that embody and striving for a just and Arab Summit in September 1982 the three principles mentioned comprehensive solution to the proves their sincerity. But their above, along with the Fe/ Middle East question. •

4 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 28 m EVENTSARENDS •••••••••••••••••••••• Resistance War Museum Inaugurates

n inauguration ceremony was Chinese history. It was the first mixture of a traditional decorated A held on July 6 at the Memorial complete victory over foreign roof with simple modern lines. Hall of the Chinese People's Anti- aggressors since the 1840 Opium The building looks substantial, as Japanese War, located near Lugou War, and the first time China well as handsome, with white (Marco Polo) Bridge just south• participated as a key ally in a marble outside walls and dark west of Beijing. The occasion world war. China made a big green granite interior floors. marked the 50th anniversary of contribution to the allies, victory Outside the main building, there is China's War of Resistance over fascism. a large sculpture of a lion Against Japan (1937-45). Among awakening from a long slumber, the top Chinese officials attending Yang said the construction of while the inside lobby features an the ceremony were Vice-Premier the museum is one of the many 18- by 4-metre relief showing a , , ways that China will promote group of angry Chinese people. Political Bureau members Wang research into and publicity about Eight rectangular bells hung on Zheng and . the war. He urged historians, the ceiling. theoreticians and the media to General Yang Shangkun, vice- educate people, especially the The museum has three exhi• chairman of the Central MiHtary young, in the lessons of the war bition halls with pictures, docu• Commission, said in his speech, and to criticize fallacies that ments and objects showing the "As we mark the 50th anniversary distort its nature. outbreak of the war, the attacks of Japanese troops against Chiense of the Lugou Bridge Incident, it is Also present at the inaugur• significant and gratifying to have troops and civilians, the accompl• ation ceremony were two officials ishments of leaders of both the the inauguration ceremony of this from Japanese Embassy in Beijing memorial museum." and the and some former Kuomintang Kuomintang and their troops, as Fifty years ago, occupying officers. well as the foreign friends who Japanese troops fired on Chinese The museum, when completed, helped China win the war. The forces holding the bridge and will cover 20,000 square metres. first stage of construction, cover• sparked the eight-year war that The total cost of construction will ing 5,400 square metres, has been took millions of Chinese lives. The be 30 million yuan. The archi• completed. And the museum is victory over Japanese fascists is tectural style, according to one of scheduled to open to the public in regarded as a turning point in the designers, Cai Heng, is a October. •

state should be recognized. Chinese & Israeli Communists Renew Ties Vilner said the Middle East e re-establishment of relations Middle East. question can be solved through an rbetween the Israeli Commu• The two sides hold identical or international conference held nist Party and the Chinese similar views on many of the under the auspices of the United Communist Party is one result of questions discussed, while differ• Nations and attended by all his visit, Israeli Communist Party ent views were expressed on other parties concerned, including General Secretary Meir Vilner issues, he said. Israel, the Palestine Liberation said at a press conference in Discussing the Middle East Organization, which is the sole Beijing on July 6. question, Vilner said, peace in the legal representative of the Palest• Vilner also said that from now Middle East can be achieved on inian people, Arab countries and on, the two parties will have more the basis of respecting the rights of the five permanent members of the contacts and exchanges. all states and peoples in the UN Security Council. Vilner, head of an Israeli Middle East, including Israel and He told Chinese and foreign Communist Party Delegation, the Palestinian Arab people. reporters that he was not said the delegation has held He stressed that Israel should representing the Israeli govern• extensive discussions with officials withdraw from all the Arab ment or authorities, and the from the Chinese Communist territories it has occupied since discussions between his delegation Party on the current international 1967, and that the rights of the and the Chinese side were only situation, the world communist Palestinian people to self- party-to-party discussions, which movement, bilateral relations determination and establishment had nothing to do with the Israeli between the two parties and the of an independent Palestinian government. •

JULY 13, 1987 5 EVENTSARENDS

Deng Speaks for republication of the speech "as an State leadership systems) are important ideological preparation conscientiously reformed, we can Political Reform for the 13th National Congress of hardly expect to meet the urgent the Party." Many observers expect needs of modernization, and we that an overall plan for the reform are liable to become seriously of China's political set-up will be alienated from the masses," he n July 1, the 66th anniversary formulated at the meeting, which said. Oof the Communist Party of opens in October. He said the reform of the Party China (CPC), the major Chinese In Deng's speech at the enlarged and State leadership systems is newspapers repubhshed a 1980 meeting of the Political Bureau of aimed at establishing an effective speech by entitled the CPC Central Committee in working system at the various "On the Reform of the System of 1980, he cited the major defects in levels of government and promot• Party and State Leadership." (An the leadership and cadre system's ing a better exercise of government English version of the speech is of the Party and State as functions and powers. printed in Selected Works of Deng "bureaucracy, over-concentration Deng's speech addresses the Xiaoping, English edition, pp. 309- of power, patriarchal methods, life questions of bringing an increas• 317). tenure in leading posts and ing number of younger and In a commentary, Renmin Ribao privileges of various kinds." professionally more competent (People's Daily) describes the "Unless they (the Party and people into leading positions.

6 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 28 solving problems of the current with a critical eye, drawing on understanding of the region. Party and State leadership and successful experience from other When talking about the two cadre systems, and eliminating the countries. • amendments adopted on June 18 influence of feudalism and by the House of Representatives, bourgeois thinking, as well as one on "the violation of human outlining the major reform Jimmy Carter Sees rights in Tibet" and the other on measures planned at the time. Truth About Tibet "human rights" in China, Carter An article in the latest issue of told Xinhua that members of the the overseas edition of the weekly US government can say anything Outlook says that in recent years ormer US President Jimmy they choose. Sometimes their Deng has systematically outlined FCarter said it is obvious that comments are constructive and China's political reform. Tibet's progress in industry, sometimes they can be "erroneous In 1985, the article says, Deng agriculture, education and culture or destructive." pointed out that urban economic has benefited the Tibetan people. Carter said the representatives reform involves more than Carter made these remarks on who voted for the amendments economic aspects. "Without polit• June 28 in an exclusive interview probably have no first-hand ical reform, we will not be able to with Xinhua on his flight from experience of Tibet and obtained push forward economic reforms," Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, to information from other sources. If he said. Beijing. He said he has long been he relays what he saw in Tibet to interested in the region. Last year, Deng outlined the the members of the Senate and the Carter had paid a two-day visit general objectives of China's House of Representatives, they to the . poHtical reforms as consolidating will have a different view on the There he visited monasteries, the socialist system; expanding amendments, he added. temples, a university and a socialist productive forces; and hospital for traditional Tibetan On June 29, Deng Xiaoping, carrying forward socialist democ• medicine. He found that many chairman of the Central Advisory racy so as to stimulate the previously damaged monasteries Commission of the Communist initiative of the people. and temples have been renovated Party of China, met the former US According to Deng, the short- by the Chinese central and local president. During the 105-minute term goals of the political reform governments. He said he was meeting. Carter told Deng he had are to maintain the vigor of the pleased to see that freedom of seen many renovated temples in Party and State; to improve religion and freedom of worship Tibet, and people there can engage efficiency by overcoming bureauc• are flourishing there. in religious activities freely. Carter racy; and to arouse the initiative of said that as a farm owner himself, grass-roots organizations and of One June 27, the Bainqen the agricultural development near individual workers, farmers and Lama, a respected Tibetan Lhasa had impressd him. intellectuals. religious leader, met with Carter Deng said Tibet has great In recent years, he has and his party. He told Carter that potential for development. summarized the main aspects of since the Third Plenary Session of China's poUcy is based on the the reform as separating the the 11th Party Central Committee equality of nationalities. Since functions of the Party from those in 1978, the central authorities New China was founded in 1949, of government; transferring power have corrected all the "leftist" there has been no ethnic to lower levels; simplifying errors made during the "cultural discrimination in the country, he administration; reforming the revolution" (1966-76) in Tibet. said. China has 55 minority State and Party functionary and Freedom of religious belief is now nationalities, which account for personnel systems; and enhancing ensured, he said, adding that the only 6 percent of the country's socialist democracy and improv• people's hfe has greatly improved. total population. But the percen• ing the socialist legal system. The Bainqen Lama said some tage of minority nationality cadres American friends in the US House in the People's Congress and He said political reform must of Representatives do not know administrative organs at all levels not be carried out in such a way as the Tibetan situation. They passed is much higher than 6 percent.. to launch a political movement, some amendments inconsistent After the downfall of the "the but should be promoted const• with actual Tibetan conditions, gang of four" in 1976, Deng said, antly along with the growth of the saying there are violations of the central government took many productive forces. human rights in Tibet. The measures to develop the minority He also called on the whole Tibetan people are unhappy about nationaHty areas and decided that nation to be both bold and discreet this, he pointed out. The Bainqen it will be a long-term project for in carrying out the political Lama said he hopes Carter can the country's relatively developed reform, and to proceed from advise more American friends to provinces and municipalities to China's actual conditions while. visit Tibet to get an overall help the development of Tibet.

JULY 13, 1987 7 m EVENTS/TRENDS

Natural resources are plentiful in these regions have good prospects make up what they lost during the minority nationality areas, so for development, Deng said. • that chaos. They have been in a situation of what he calls "overload." However, their aver• age living standard is lower than Middle-Aged Intellectuals In Poor Health that of the whole society. According to official statistics, iddle age is becoming a focus teachers over 45 are unhealthy, Yang said, the average monthly Mof attention as more middle- suffering from an average of three income for a four-person family in aged intellectuals are encounter• health problems each. And at Beijing is more than 300 yuan, ing health problems and even Wuhan University, 40 percent of more than the income of dying. the teachers who died in the past comparable families of middle- Zhang Guanghou, 50, one of three years were middle-aged. aged intellectuals. Also, the intellectuals' housing is worse China's leading mathematicians, This trend, if it can be called a than that of other people. "It is a died of cirrhosis of the liver in trend, started several years ago, misunderstanding to think that Beijing in January. On April 12, when some middle-aged high-level the status of intellectuals is very 49-year-old Zhong Jiaqing, ano• scientists broke down from high and that their living ther famous mathematician, died constant overwork and died of conditions have much improved," unexpectedly of a heart attack diseases. At that time, some older Yang said. while visiting Columbia Univers• scientists described, with sorrow, ity in the United States. the abnormal phenomenon as Wang Zhiqing, an official at the That is not all. A stream of bad "those with grey hair taking part ASC headquarters in charge of news has come from the Academy in the funeral of a black-haired labour protection, agreed with of Science of China (ASC). In the person." They hoped such Yang, and added that there are Beijing area alone, 11 outstanding tragedies would not be repeated. some invisible enemies that are middle-aged scientists, including Unfortunately, the phenomenon gobbling up the intellectuals' lives. Zhang and Zhong, have died so has continued and has caught the Chemical materials, for instance, far this year, following last year's attention of the whole society, are harming and killing people tragic loss of 38 ASC members, 23 especially intellectuals themselves. gradually, not in chemical fac• of them middle-aged. Meanwhile, People are appealing to save their tories, where the pollution is many others are in poor health, precious middle-aged intellec• visible and protection is complete, some in hospital. For example, tuals. but in many laboratories. "In a Chen Jingrun, a well-known Yang Le, head of the Mathema• lab," Wang said, "you don't know mathematician, is being treated tics Research Institute of the ASC where and when a new hazardous for several health problems at the and a close colleague of the late material will be produced because China-Japan Friendship Hospital Zhang and Zhong, has called for you are experimenting; the enemy in Beijing. the improvement of intellectuals' is invisible. The most unfortunate The Beijing-basd ASC is the living conditions. He said most thing is that we don't have leading national science organiz• middle-aged scientists have poor sufficiently effective protective ation in China. It has 81,500 physical records. When they were devices. Otherwise, we might have employees, nearly 50,000 of them young, they were undernourished saved many scientists." In a with a college education. Known because the country was in chemistry lab in Shanghai, Wang as China's "scientists storehouse," economic difficulties. Zhang, said, five college graduates came it commands vast reserves of Yang recalled, had a very good to work in 1964. When they scientific knowledge and appetite, but he had to remain reached middle age, four died of experience. half-hungry during the 1961-62 cancer and only one survived. "It's The premature health break• period, the most difficult time for time to improve our protective down and death are not limited to New China's economy. "When devices before it's too late," he the ASC. According to a random Zhang graduated and got a job, he said. survey, the incidence of disease had a salary of only 69 yuan a Besides natural hazards, some among middle-aged intellectuals month to support his family people point out, harmful social in Shanghai is very high. Another including both parents and practices also account for the survey by the China Education children. Life was very hard for unhealthiness of some middle- Trade Union shows that 75 him, as it was for most middle- aged people. A recent article by percent of the 340 middle-aged aged scientists," Yang said. Yu Yingjie in Renmin Rihao teachers in Beijing Teachers' After the "cultural revolution," (People's Daily) said it has been a College have various diseases. At (1966-76), Yang continued, most traditional rule, and a bad one, to Metallurgy College in middle-aged intellectuals have promote people or give them south China, 54 percent of the worked diligently in an attempt to better pay and treatment accord-

X BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 28 ing to seniority. An exception may rion. By using this criterion, we Minstry and China's People's be made in a few cases when can promote many talented Bank in 1953. Besides, the plant younger people work extremely younger people and prevent those causes much pollution in the hard and obtain academic distinc• who can't bear overwork from northwest of Beijing where most tion. So, Yu said, younger people falling by the wayside." universities lie. must overwork if they are to have Yu's idea has partly come true. On the campus, tobacco fumes a chance for promotion and better At the end of June, the State are everywhere and noise from treatment. "In my opinion," he Science and Technology Com• machines and trucks is heard day concluded, "if we really want to mission announced that 915 and night. "Noise has almost stop the sad premature health middle-aged and young exjjerts in driven me mad since I entered this breakdown and death of the the fields of science, technology college three years ago. Besides, middle-aged and young people, we and management have been dust caused by the works is also should not only improve their selected to be granted better resented by the students," said one living standards, but also, and housing, salary and medical student. more importantly, break the rule treatment. This is a step towards "Housing at this school is OK," of promotion according to solving a serious and complex said another student, "only we seniority. People of all ages are problem. can't emotionally accept a factory equal before an academic crite- by Li Haibo looming at the front gate as if this campus doesn't belong to the school at all. I was much disappointed the first day I Students Protest Factory on Campus stepped into this school." Another student said, "I feel everything about this school is kept from students. Only when ie student strike at China's 1,000 students went on strike, Deputy Mayor Zhang Baifa spelt Central Finance and Banking mostly first-year students, Wang T out the moving plan could we see College in Beijing caused a great said. The strike was over one the reasons why the works stir. According to the students' specific demand — the tobacco couldn't move out on time." petition, the object of the boycott, works should move from the According to Wu, deputy which lasted from June 10 to June campus on time, according to director of the tobacco works, the 15, was to get the Beijing Tobacco agreements signed in 1981, 1984, State Council decided in 1984 that Works off the campus by the end 1985 and 1986 between the college the works should move off the of this year. and the plant. The college was campus by the end of 1986; the restored on the campus in 1978, On the first evening of the final deadline was the end of June after being given to the tobacco strike, the students held a 1978. But, construction at the new works during the "cultural demonstration on campus and set site couldn't be completed in time, revolution," when all the univers• the signboard of the factory for reasons "we can't help." aflame. For the next two days, two ities were closed. In 1981 a meeting Because of arguments about the deputy ministers of Finance came was held to discuss the future of financial desirability of moving to the school but did not succeed the campus. Wu Shuqi, deputy the works and the difficulties of in appeasing the students. The director of the tobacco works, said designing the new plant, construc• strike ended on June 15 after the meeting hammered out a very tion was delayed until March Beijing's Deputy Mayor Zhang weak agreement that the works 1986. Completion of the plant, Baifa vowed the plant would be should move. But a prolonged which will have more than 40,000 moved by the end of 1987 or he quarrel ensued for financial metres of floor space, is scheduled would give up his office. reasons. The Construction Bank of China and the city government for the end of the coming Wang Wanyou, deputy director September. At normal speed, it of the college's Communist Party maintained that it would cost only 14 million yuan for the college to would have taken two and a half office, said the strike — the first years. since nationwide student de• move and build a new campus, but Deputy Mayor Zhang told the monstrations last December and 100 million yuan would be needed striking students on June 15 that January — was the result of a long for the works to move and the city government was to blame quarrel over the sovereignty of the establish a new plant in the eastern for the delay of the construction. campus between the college and suburbs of Beijing. He said that if the works hadn't the plant. It is interesting that the The college authorities argued moved off the campus by the end academic institution won the that the campus originally be• of December, he would step down quarrel. longed to the college when it was from his post. More than half of the college's co-established by the Finance by Zhao Zonglu

JULY 13, 1987 9 H INTERNATIONAL

SOUTH KOREA During the visit, he met political leaders including Chun, Kim Young Sam and Kim Dae Jung. Chun Accepts Demands of Dissidents Japan also welcomed Roh's proposal. Japanese Prime Mini• ster Yasuhiro Nakasone said on South Korean President Chun Du Hwan agreed on July 1 to June 29 that the plan is a big step towards the end of chaos in South accept the proposal ofhis ruling party chief for direct elections Korea. and democratic reforms to end nationwide protests. The struggle for democratic reform in South Korea centres on constitutional reform. Since Chun hun Du Hwan had a change of Kim Young Sam, chairman of took office in 1981, he has been Cmind after he conferred behind the Reunification Democratic running a military dictatorship, closed doors at the presidential Party (RDP), the main oppo• using the present constitution to mansion for 70 minutes with sition, said he welcomed Roh's try to hold on to the presidency. Democratic Justice Party (DJP) idea. On April 13, Chun announced Chairman Roh Tae Woo. Roh Kim Dae Jung, the most that the planned discussion with demanded in a surprise turn• prominent critic of Chun, said, "It the opposition about consiti- around on June 29 that Chun give is fortunate that the ruling party tutional reform would be post• in to opposition demands for has come up with democratic poned until 1988 and said he reforms. proposals which meet the people's would choose his successor on the Roh, who was named by Chun demands. But the public should basis of present constitution. This on June 10 as the DJP's not ease its vigilance over the was tantamount to denying the presidential candidate, put for• current regime before full democ• right of the opposition parties to ward an eight-point proposal on racy is achieved." run for the presidency and aroused June 29 which includes direct Meanwhile, the Reagan admini• strong protests from the oppo• presidential election, the restor• stration welcomed Roh's pro• sition forces. The RDP, under the ation of civil rights to leading posal. Gaston Sigur, the US leadership of Kirn Young Sam and dissident Kim Dae Jung, the assistant secretary of State for Kim Dae Jung, demanded that release of political detainees and East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Chun cancel his April 13 press freedom. Roh said that if his described the eight-point plan as announcement, revise the consti• proposal was not accepted, he "extremely encouraging" and "a tution and hold a free election. would retire from politics, quitting kind of breakthrough." Sigur, The party said that if Chun his post as chairman of the ruling the State Department's main refused to accept its demands, it party and rejecting the president• Asian policy maker, returned on would call on the people to ial nomination. June 26 from a visit to Seoul. overthrow his rule. The Christian organizations, which have great influnce in South Korea, also denounced Chun's autocratic rule University students demonstrating In Seoul. and called on the country's 1.6 million Christians to pray for the early realization of democracy. Students, artists and journalists also held demonstrations and rallies to oppose the dictatorship. But Chun, disregarding all opposition, chose Roh as his party's presidential candidate on June 10. The move met with strong opposition from students and social democratic organizations, and June 10 saw the biggest protests since Chun came to power. Thousands of students from more than 80 colleges and universities across the country took part in the demonstrations. In the following days, a total of 1

10 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 28 million students and others joined of the people to reform the years, OPEC lost half its exports demonstrations in 30 major cities. constitution and hold a direct and one-third of its markets. It was under this popular pressure presidential poll. In response, OPEC gave up its that Chun accepted the demands by Li Li shattered official price system and removed its production ceiling in the winter of 1985, letting both output and prices float freely. As a OPEG result, the market supply surplus rose to more than 2 million barrels a day and the oil price fell to US$9 Seeking Oil IVlarket Stability a barrel. The priCe war inflicted heavy losses on the oil-producing countries and OPEC's income was Based on past experience, the Organization of the Petroleum cut by more than US$50 billion. In Exporting Countries has decided to continue to limit its oil the meantime, however, the low- output to keep the oil market stable. cost OPEC producers were able to increase their share of the world market by 12 percent. High-cost producers, including Western oil t their 81st meeting in Geneva, many countries stepped up oil companies, had to cut production, Aoil ministers of the Organiz• exploration and production. At defusing the pressure of oversupp• ation of Petroleum Exporting the same time, oil-consuming ly. In this situation, last August Countries (OPEC) have agreed to countries sought ways to , save OPEC adopted a policy of limit production to 16.6 million energy and seek substitutes for oil. reducing output to boost prices and reached a provisional agree• ment to limit production. The oil price quickly climbed to US$15 a barrel. In December OPEC decided to further trim output and to restore the official price system, fixing an average price of US$18 a barrel. In the first quarter of this year, OPEC maintained unity and kept its daily output to 15.7 milHon barrels, foiling an attempt by the major consuming countries, in• cluding the United States and Japan, to use their stocks and refuse to sign contracts at the official price. This success en• couraged OPEC to keep the official price. The spot price, after falling slightly, gradually rose again to the current US$20 a The 8l5t meeting of OPEC oil ministers in Vienna. barrel. Comparing the past, it is clear that the oil market's stability barrels a day for the second half of This led in 1982 to an oversupply can be attributed to OPEC's unity 1987. The price of oil on spot of oil on the world market. In 1983 and self-sacrifice. And the group markets in the United States and OPEC had to pare the benchmark has gained confidence and expe• Britain is now higher than OPEC's oil price by 15 percent. It also rience from its recent struggle. official price, showing that the limited production in an attempt In this context, the 81 st meeting organization's policy of limiting to prop up prices. However, non- of OPEC oil ministers was held in output has lent stability to the OPEC producers — particularly Geneva on June 25-27 to discuss market. the big oil companies in the how to make progress in the The world oil market has been West — availed themselves of this second half of this year. Although relatively quiet in the first half of opportunity to increase their the West is experiencing a travel this year. After oil prices output and cut prices in a race for boom and needs a lot of oil, OPEC skyrocketed twice in the 1970s, new markets. In less than three decided that in view of stability in

JULY 13, 1987 11 I INTERNATIONAL

the market, it will not raise the effectively. The bitter lesson of the Discussion of the Issues Concern• price in the second half of the year. price war has led OPEC ing National Life. The laws aim to Daily output in the second half members — both radicals and speed up the economic reform and will be increased slightly to 16.6 moderates—to successfully read• promote democratization. The million barrels, cancelling the just their policy in accordance two-day plenary session of the decision to raise output to 18.3 with market conditions. The CPSU Central Committee also million barrels in the fourth three-day meeting was held in a adopted a Resolution on the quarter. spirit of taking the whole situation Cardinal Principles of Funda• Observers note that OPEC's into account, seeking common mental Reform of Economic decision is not only conducive to points and leaving differences Management. the stability of the market, but also behind, so an agreement was Some of the principles em• increases its capacity to control quickly reached. Of course, the bodied in these documents are the market. A price of US$ 15-20 a member states' interests will often very daring and exceeded the barrel dampens the enthusiasm of diverge, leading to differences of expectations of Kremlin watchers big Western companies to explore opinion. Iraq, for example, wants in the West. For example, oil and increase output, and to raise its output. But observers enterprises, the most important discourages consuming countries believe that OPEC can continue to component of the Soviet economy from saving energy and seeking oil display a spirit of unity and under the new law, will have the substitutes. The price suits the oil- consultation and rationally solve freedom to decide for themselves rich OPEC producers, whose its internal contradictions. At the how to allocate resources, provide production costs are low. Also, at same time, OPEC members incentives to workers and make this price level the oil supply will continue to strengthen co• themselves more efficient. In grow gradually to meet the needs ordination and co-operation with short, the enterprises — which of the slowly developing world non-OPEC countries. OPEC is used to be under strict and usually economy. also continuing a dialogue with rigid control of the state in an Differences on policy and consuming countries which aims over-centralized management ineffective implementation of to defuse contradictions and foster system — have been given more decisions have been a weakness in a joint effort to maintain market freedom, power and autonomy. OPEC in recent years, preventing stability. This is a major departure from the the group from playing its role by Dan Lin traditional system. Enterprises will be responsible for cost- accounting and for their profits and losses, as well as for their own SOVIET UNION fund-raising. The state will no longer provide capital construc• tion funds to enterprises free of Radical Reform Under Way charge. Income that remains after payments to the state will be used for the expansion of production, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev recently called for "radical divided among the workers or reform" of his country's economic management system and disposed of as the management sees fit. greater democracy in an effort to accelerate social and economic development. The State Planning Committee's work will be shifted to dealing with the fundamental tasks of social and economic ikhail Gorbachev seems de• as expected, was the economic and development and ensuring an M termined to stick to his fast- social reforms, that were launched overall balance in the national pace economic and social reforms two years ago after Gorbachev economy, instead of handling the despite the conservatism of some came to office. What may have day-to-day business of factories. of his comrades, and he appears surprised some is the pace set at Besides reforming enterprise man• victorious in this struggle. This the meetings. Three acts were agement, the planning, financing, conclusion is based on the passed at the Supreme Soviet and pricing systems are also to be outcome of two recent important session: The Law on State reformed. sessions of the Communist Party Enterprises, the Law on the The objectives of the reforms, as of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and Procedure of Appeal to Court stated by Gorbachev in his address the Supreme Soviet, the country's Against Illegal Acts by Officials to the CPSU plenary session, are paHiament. Violating the Rights of Citizens, "to accelerate the country's social The focus of these two sessions. and the Law on Nationwide and economic development, to

12 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 28 resolutely overcome the unfavour• cornerstone of Gorbachev's cam• interest and inertia. It will not be able tendencies in the economy, paign and are sure to accelerate easy to reform the Soviet and impart proper dynamism to it, economy, which has a more-than- the process of reform. But this and to increase the scope for the 60-year history of centralization initiative and creativity of the does not mean there are no of power, bureaucracy and low masses in order to bring about obstacles ahead. Gorbachev criti• efficiency. truly revolutionary transform• cized some officials for bureauc• by Hua ZhI ations in society." racy and conservatism, plus self- The economic reforms in the Soviet Union since 1985 are USA mainly in an experimental and preparatory stage. Gorbachev Democrats' Budget Challenges Reagan launched a campaign to rally support for his reforms and there President Ronald Reagan called the budget proposal approved have been heated debates about by both legislative chambers "an offer I can refuse." the measures, their necessity and objectives among people from all walks of life. As a result of these fter quarrelling for many won't —the Pentagon can have debates, and of the personal A months, the Democrats in an additional US$7 biUion. influence of Gorbachev, who went both the US Senate and the House A lot of politicking has gone into the streets to talk to citizens of Representatives have at last into the Democrats' budget. It about his proposals, the idea of come together in passing a includes several amendments that reform has been accepted by more congressional version of a one- have little to do with finances, and more Soviets, including the trillion-dollar budget for fiscal such as amendments on arms leaders. This laid a basis for 1988. The budget, which takes control, banning tests of nuclear Gorbachev's ambitious plans, effect this October 1, is expected to weapons, banning tests of space- which were put forward at the two draw battle line for a bitter based anti-satellite weapons and meetings. struggle with President Reagan delaying tests of an anti-satellite To give more effetive leadership over provisions which he says missile. One amendment orders to the reform, several of reform would overburden taxpayers and the president to abide by the supporters were promoted to gut the military programme. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Politburo memebership — a key The 1988 spending plan calls for (SALT) II treaty. post involving the daily work of a US$37-billion decrease in the The Reagan administration is the CPSU. Alexander Yakovlev, deficit from its current US$180 actively seeking ways to sign an Gorbachev's major aide in charge billion, although the cut would accord with the Soviet Union on of propaganda, and Nikolai still leave the deficit much higher reductions in intermediate and Slyunkov, another proponent of than the US$108-billion goal set shorter-range missiles in Europe reform, were promoted from by the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings before the approaching US candidate membership of the balanced budget act. While new presidential election. So the Politburo to full membership. taxes totalling US$19.3 billion are budget amendments are intended Viktor Nikonov, a secretary of the proposed, military spending will as a two-edged sword which will CPSU Central Committee who stay at this year's level, with force the president to either give since April 1985 has been adjustment for inflation. The up his tough defence policy or fall responsible for agriculture, Reagan administration had re• victim to the criticism that he is became a member of the quested US$312 billion for not serious about arms control. Politburo. And Dmitri Yazov, the military spending, but it got only But it is still in doubt whether new Soviet defence minister who US$296 billion. Congress also cut the budget plan can become a part replaced Sergei Sokolov after a foreign assistance and subsidies of the Democrats' war cry. The West German pilot landed a light for agricultural products and US$I9.3 billion in new tax money plane at Red Square, was health. will mainly come from gasoline, promoted from candidate to full In view of the administration's tobacco, alcohol and real estate, membership of the Central eagerness for a bigger defence which account for a large part of Committee and made an alternate budget to support its extravagant the consumer spending of low- member of the Politburo. military projects, including the and middle-income US families. It Besides the law on state Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI), won't escape the Democrats that a enterprises, two laws aimed at the budget makers have offered planned tax increase was a big promoting democracy and glas- the president a bargain. If he factor in Walter Mondale's defeat nost (openness) were passed at the accepts all their tax increases— in the 1984 presidential election. sessions. These three laws mark a there is strong possibility that he by Wan Di

JULY 13. 1987 13 m ARTICLES Questions and Answers on Tibet

The Preparatory Committee of the Tibet Development Fund (TDF), a non• governmental, non-profit organization, was set up recently in Beijing. Its chairmen are Bainqen Erdini Qoigyi Gyaincain and . At a recent press conference In Beijing, the two chairmen answered foreign journalists' questions.

uestion: Mr. Bainqen, you The per-capita income of the varies from place to place. There Qhave talked about the great Tibetan people averages 300 yuan, are many contributing factors, differences between Tibet and the which is low. China is a third including very harsh natural developed areas of the country. world country, and Tibet is the conditions, backward production Please outline the development "third world" region in this third facilities, low productivity and indexes of the Tibet Autonom• world country. In spite of good poor management, and some ous Region, such as per-capita economic conditions in some people are poor because they are income and illiteracy. areas in Tibet, the Tibetan lazy. Bainqen: Tibet is located on a economy is on the whole plateau. It is very cold and there is backward. Althought in the last Functions of the TDF less oxygen in the air. The vast 30-odd years Tibet has made great area is sparsely populated and progress in culture and education, Q: How many Tibetans are there handicapped by poor transport but between 70 and 80 percent of in the TDF leadership? facilities. Heavily weighed down the Tibetan people are still Bainqen: The Tibet Development under feudal serfdom, the pro• illiterate. Fund is composed of two ductivity of Tibet remained low. chairmen and 43 members. Five of In the last 30 years or so since the Q: According to statistics them are of the Han, Hui and peaceful liberation of Tibet in released by official Chinese Mongolian nationalities; 38 are 1950, under the loving care and sources, there are 80 million Tibetans. Since the fund has just help of the Party Central people In China who IWe below been formed, there is much work Committee and the State Council, the poverty line of 300 yuan a to be done. We are now raising Tibet has made great progress in year. How many people are there funds for the development of economic, cultural and other In Tibet whose Income is below Tibet. We plan to run schools to fields. Due to a poor starting the poverty line? train professionals, homes of position, however, Tibet is still Bainqen: People living below the respect for the aged, orphanages way behind the advanced regions poverty line make up 10 percent of and other welfare underta• in the country. Tibet's population. The situation kings. We also plan to renovate temples and monasteries and Bainqen and Ngapoi (on right) answering repoters' questions. preserve our cultural heritage and CHEN ZONGLIE historical sites. We are preparing to repair the Gandain Monastery, one of the largest lama monas• teries in Tibet. All this work will be done gradually. Q: Does the TDF expect to receive donations from govern• ments and private organs In the United States and West Eu• ropean countries? Will the Dalai Lama now in exile contribute? Ngapoi: The Tibet Development Fund is a non-governmental and non-profit public organization. The aim of the fund is to contact friendly personages, organizations and governments abroad as well as Tibetans abroad, compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao,

14 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 28 organizations of overseas Chinese, people will make unremitting things are indispensable and individual overseas Chinese and effort to put to rights the past complement one another. Tibet people in China as a whole. Efforts "left" practices and earnestly has its own special traditions, will be made to seek their financial carry out the correct principles habits and customs, way of life support. We welcome their and policies. The situation in Tibet and religious belief. The Tibetan support for our undertakings in will become better and better. people cleave to these; they do not Tibet so long as they do this of Q: What about 's role seek to copy the way of life of the their own accord and do not in Tibet and his mistakes? West. We need to learn advanced attach political strings. Whether Bainqen: Comrade Hu Yaobang science and modern management the Dalai Lama will make a visited Tibet on behalf of the Party from the West. But the Tibetan donation is wholly up to him. We Central Committee and the State people will never accept so-called invite all Tibetan compatriots Council in 1981 when Tibet was "complete Westernizaton." Bour• living abroad, including the Dalai celebrafing its 30th anniversary of geois liberalization is not a serious Lama, to provide financial peaceful liberation. On behalf of problem in Tibet. Nonetheless, it support based on their feelings the Party Central Committee, he is absolutely necessary for us to towards their compatriots and announced a series of major carry out positive education. their native homes. Of course, we principles and policies on the will rely primarily on the Chinese development of Tibet, principles government and people, Tibetans and policies which are well suited included. to the actual conditions of Tibet. 'Cuitural Revolution' They were put togther by the Party Central Committee collectively, Q: Mr. Bainqen was detained Progress not by Hu alone. Personally I hold during the "cuitural revolution," that during Comrade Hu i believe. What can you tell us Q: Mr. Bainqen has lamented the Yaobang's visit to Tibet, he did about this? many positive things for Tibet. Of inadequate number of Tibetan Bainqen: In the early 1960s, I course, as you know, he had his cadres in the local leadership stated my very critical opinions shortcomings and mistakes. His and the neglect of the Tibetan about what was being done in making mistakes does not mean language in Tibet. What pro• Tibet. At that time of "left" that the policies of the Party gress has been made in this deviationism, people who criti• Central Committee are wrong. On regard? Are there any other cized were often persecuted. I was the contrary, the Party Central problems? attacked for criticizing the Committee's policies have Bainqen: 1 did critici/e the "Tibetan work" in 1964, and the brought about many changes in government's work in Tibet in the "cultural revolution" broke out Tibet. We should continue to past. For a while, "left" ideology two years later. The "cultural implement the principles and and "left" policy held sway in revolution" brought disaster not policies of the Party and strive to Tibet, and therefore, rnany only to me but to the whole of do a better job. problems arose during the imple• China. I was put in custody right mentation of the policies of the at the start of the "cultural Party Central Committee in Tibet. Bourgeois Liberalization revolution." Although I was not For instance, the Tibetan lan• officially imprisoned, I was not guage was despised, the Party's allowed to come and go as I policy on religious affairs was not Q: Do you think Tibet needs to pleased. This lasted nine years implemented fully, and large combat bourgeois liberaliz• and eight months; I regained my numbers of monasteries were ation? What measures has Tibet freedom after the downfall of the damaged. After the Third Plenary taken in this regard? gang of four. My ordeal was not Session of the 11 th Party Central Bainqen: Bourgeois Uberalization unique during that time when Committee in December 1978, the must be combated in Tibet. The right and wrong were turned Party Central Committee cor• whole country, Tibet included, upside down. Many senior Party rected the "left" practices and must uphold the four cardinal and state leaders suffered cruel eliminated the impact of the "left" principles. Only by so doing can persecution. The Party and the ideology. It formulated principles we achieve socialist moderniz• Chinese people will remember the and policies based on Tibet's ations with Chinese character• lesson forever and work to avert realities, which have already istics. While emphasizing the four another tragedy. yielded good results. However, we cardinal principles and fighting Q: An American research in• are still not satisfied with the bourgeois liberalization, we must stitute recently accused the progress. I am convinced that the carry out the principles of reform, Chinese Government of per• Party, government and miUtary opening to the outside world and secuting the Tibetans and cadres in Tibet and the Tibetan enlivening the economy. These obstructing Tibetan people from

JULY 13, 1987 15 ARTICLES

Joining the local power organs. we have implemented the Chinese government and the What's your comment? government's policies on religion, Dalai Lama has deteriorated. Do Balnqen: There is no justification nationalities, united front and you have any comment on this? for saying that we are persecuting economic development. This has What do you see as the the Tibetans in Tibet. Here I brought about great changes in possibility of the Dalai Lama announce that there is not one Tibet and improved the living coming bacii to China? political prisoner in Tibet. But we standards of the Tibetan people. Bainqen: We have made public do have a small number of The Tibetan people love the new our policy towards the Dalai criminals who disrupt social policies from the bottom of their Lama and other Tibetans living order, rob and kill. Of course, hearts. You may have gone to abroad. This policy has not these people should be arrested Tibet and heard what the Tibetan changed and will not change. It is and punished according to the people have said. The Tibetan the Dalai Lama who has made a law. Following a humanitarian people believe the situation will be lot of changes. Sometimes he says policy we do not torture them. better while the current policies he will return, sometimes he says Since the Central Committee are not changed. Those people he will not. Sometimes he says a plenum in December 1978, we who accused us of persecuting the few nice words and sometimes he have been taking a two-pronged Tibetans have ulterior motives. says reactionary things. In all, if approach in Tibet. First, by They created rumours to divert the Dalai Lama wants to come resolutely eliminating the "left" international public opinion. back, he must abandon the idea of influence on the guiding ideology, an independent Tibet and of we have formulated flexible Policy Towards Dalai Lama separating Tibet from the mo• policies in conformity with the Q: It was recently reported that therland. This is a prerequisite for actual situation of Tibet. Second, the relationship between the any discussion. •

Traditional Tibetan Culture on Display A major exhibition of Tibetan cultural and scientific achievements has just ended in Beijing.

by Tang Chulyu*

ponsored by the Cultural wheels, bone needles and ceramic storey buildings of earth and stone SBureau of the Tibet Autonom• fragments. They are very similar were found there, buildings much ous Region and the Cultural to the stone finds of the same like those found everywhere in Palace of Nationalities, the period in central China. The Tibetan inhabited areas today. Exhibition of Tibetan Culture human skulls, dug up from the A 4,600-year-old ceramic Jar unearthed held in Beijing from April to June northeastern bank at the con• at Karub Village. CHEN ZONGLIE attracted many visitors with its fluence of the Yarlungzangbo colour and variety in nearly 1,000 River and the Nyang River in cultural relics, 300 colour photo• County in eastern Tibet graphs and large-scale models. in 1958, are of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Ages. They are A Long History Mongolian by race, much like the ancient people of central China. The exhibition introduced the All this suggests that the people in visitor to the artifacts of the New Tibet and their culture are closely and Old Stone Ages unearthed related to the culture on the upper since 1958 in Tibet. They include and middle reaches of the primitive stone cores, scrapers, Huanghe (Yellow) River. flakes, adzes, axes, spinning The 4,600-year-old village site unearthed in Karub Village in the Qamdo area of eastern Tibet in * The author is the deputy curator of the 1978 is one of the largest historical exhibition hall of the Cultural Palace of sites of the New Stone Age ever Nationalities in Beijing. discovered in Tibet. Many two-

16 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 28 The large, long-necked pottery Song and Yuan dynasties (960- artifacts discovered at the Karub 1368 AD), Tibetan culture had site are similar to the tripod progressed enough and it reached cauldron, ceramic basin and milk its zenith during the 14-18th jar still in use in Tibetan centuries. households. The continuity through time is clear. Historical records say that Scientific Achievements before the first Tibetan king appeared in 237 BC, a dozen or so After Tibet's unification by tribes inhabited the valleys along Songtsan Gambo, he sent his the Yarlung River — a aristocrats to study in ancient of the Yarlungzangbo River. India. Tunmi Sangbuzha, one of When the 32nd king of Tibet, those scholars, created the Tibetan Songtsan Gambo, unified Tibet in written language, drawing on the the early 7th century, he set up the writings of ancient India and other Tube Dynasty which ruled an area countries to the west of China. bordering present-day Qinghai Later Tibetan philologists gradu• Province to the north, India and ally perfected their written Nepal to the south and Sichuan language through many revisions. Province to the east. This marks Many Buddhist sutra and scient• CHENZONGLIE Statue of the Tibetan idng Tsrtsong the beginning of an important ific and technological tracts from Tsanbo. period of development in Tibetan inland China, India and Nepal history, during which Tibetan were translated into Tibetan, and area. When inscribed plate culture advanced greatly. By the hand-copied editions spread in the printing techniques became avail• able around 1270, many sutra Chart describing embryo development. printing workshops were established. Tibetan astronomy and chro• nology are the crystallization of the practical experience acquired by the Tibetan people over many years. In ancient China, people saw the earth as a flat square and the sky as a dome. On the earth were four continents and eight islands and in the dome the sun, the moon and stars moved. With the accumulation of knowledge, the Tibetans later acquired an initial understanding of the solar system and they could distinguish the planets Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, and Venus and the moon. By the 13-14th century, the Tibetan scholar Budun Renqin- zhuba was suggesting the earth was spherical. By the 4-5th century, people in the Loka area began to measure time with sundials. Later, based on measuring the length of the A «> V shadow, the Tibetans could "I determine not only the time, but also months and seasons. Around 724 AD, Tibetan scholar Lupan It/ Sangjiyixi created an instrument which could tell exactly when summer and winter solstices.

JULY 13, 1987 17 •1 ARTICLES

afford a general idea and the achievement of Tibetan medicine. With its long history, Tibetan medicine is a complete theoretical and clinical whole. It attributes illnesses to mental, climatic or dietary factors, or to fatigue. Diagnosis is made by asking, looking and feeling. Looking at the tongue, feeling the pulse and testing the urine are the most important. Drugs and antagon• istic therapy are used internally; bloodleUing, hot cupping, moxihusiion. massage, steam and medicinal baths are used exlcrnally. In Tibetan medicine, anatomy and orthopaedics are quite well developed. Its understanding of «««« the human body is thorough and

The 1,800-year-old Yubolakam Palace

in the Loka Area. CHENZONGLIE

Roofs at the Potala Palace, CHEN ZONGUE

spring and autumnal equinoxes were. For cloudy days and night time, the water clock was invented. The end result was that the Tibetans recognized a year as having 365 days, 15 hours, and just over 32 minutes. They set a long month at 30 days, a short one as 29 days, the 15th day as a full moon and the 30th day as a new moon. This all contributed immensely to their understanding of astronomy.

The exhibition had 17th- century medical charts on display, including those for medicinal herbs, medicinal ores, arteries and veins, embryo development and acupuncture points. By 1704, a total of 79 colour charts which were the sum of Tibetan medi(^i\ were completed. Although by 'iio means the earliest medical charts in Tibet, those on display did

18 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 28 its diagnosis and treatment of bronze zoomorphic ornaments Hntels and window frames are certain diseases are sophisticated. adding to their magnificence. carved and painted. The thick Most of the drugs are similar to Most of the temples and palaces walls are made of stone, painted traditional Chinese medicines and have frames supported by posts white or vermiHon. are classified according to their and columns with tenon and The Potala Palace in Lhasa is varied functions. mortise joints. Carved brackets probably the most magnificent of support the eaves from the Tibetan structures. With the main columns, and mulfi-layer rafters building towering 13 storeys high, Unique Architecture protrude over the buildings. All it has a total floor space of 130,000 the tops of columns, beams, door Tibetan architecture is best square metres and nearly 1,000 displayed in the temples and palaces, which necessitated a great Traditional Tibetan dance. deal of manpower, material and CHEN ZONGLIE financial resources. Most of them are built on the sunny side of slopes, with more floors at the front than at the back. Generally speaking, the temples are a large group of clearly defined buildings, with the Buddha and sutra reciting halls as the main structure surrounded by lamas' courtyards, the official buildings of living Buddhas, sutra printing workshops, lamas' dormitories and other buildings. The main buildings have glazxd tile roofs with flying rafters, with gold or

A mural of pasture in the Potala Palace. CHEN ZONGLIE halls and rooms. Divided into the red palace and the white palace, they are all covered with yellowish golden glazed tiles. It was first built in the 7th century and was destroyed by a combination of thunderbolts and a rebellion 200 years later. It was rebuilt between 1645 and 1693. Ordinary Tibetan houses are flat roofed square structures made of stone slabs or logs. Generally they are two or three storeys high. The first floor has no windows and is for cattle and fodder. The second floor is for the bedrooms, kitchen, toilet, and a big balcony for drying grains. If the house has three storeys, then the third floor is a storeroom with a balcony. These often surround a small open courtyard. Multi-eaved canopies painted in red, blue, yellow or national designs hang above the windows, which are opened on the front walls of the second-floor rooms and above.

JULY 13, 1987 19 ARTICLES

Murals and Sculpture depictions are delicate and vivid; among monks, civilians and the their rocks and scenery grand and upper strata of society. Each imposing; their palaces and opera is composed of an overture, Tibetan murals are known for pavilions magnificent. With broad the action proper and a happy their superb artistic techniques. A vistas in mind, tangka artists take ending. The rich melodies and number of distinct schools had a bird's-eye view and to place rhymed libretto are accompanied formed by the 13th century. The distant scenes, close shots and by drums and cymbals. The 500 "Han" school uses a few precise figures in a picture perspectively, years of history have produced a elegant lines and applies colours using gorgeous colour and sharp rich repertoire of traditional harmoniously. Its works are contrast. They draw in golden themes for Tibetan opera. mainly to be found in the Qamdo lines against a black background Tibet has also produced a noted area in Tibet and the Ganzi and to awe the viewer when dealing literature. The Sagya's Sayings Abar areas in Sichuan Province. with demons being subdued; and composed in the first half of the Another school is influenced by use red or golden backgrounds for 13th century is Tibet's first Indian and Nepalese art, the themes of happiness or collection of philosophical poems. characteristics of which are celebration. Numerous Songs (500) edited by compact composition, dark Mila Riba (1040-1123) is consi• colour and decorative effect. The dered one of Tibet's earliest most important school is the collections of poems. orthodox Tibetan school. By Tibetan mask. CHEN ZONGLIE Tsangyang Jaltso Love Songs absorbing the qualities of the written by the Sixth Dalai Lama other two schools, it gradually (1683-1745) have been translated formed its own style of bright into Han Chinese, English, contrasting and meticulous deline• French, Japanese and Russian. ation. Most of the therhes of The language of all the 66 poems is Tibetan murals are taken from fresh and lively, and the feelings Buddhist stories. Others draw on and emotions they convey are rich. history, notables' biographies, Some of them praise fidelity in medicine, astronomy, buildings love and the happiness it brings, and social custom. while others detail the torment religious restrictions bring to some The 301 frescoes of Tibetan lovers. history painted on the four walls on the second floor of the New The famous folk epic King Norbu Lingka Palace in Lhasa are Gesar deals with numerous heroic a rare example of such art. The images headed by Gesar, against history starts from the ancient the background of the war of legend of Luo Cha marrying the unification of the Tubo Dynasty Monkey God all the way up to the in the 7th century and its wars with deeds of the Dalai Lamas in neighbouring states. This 31- chronological order. volume epic exposes the violence Art and Literature of the rulers and the misery of the Tibetan artists use gold, silver, people. Its theme of eliminating bronze, stone, wood, clay and Tibet is known as a "sea of song evil has ensured its popularity dried butter for carving. Many of and dance," where different styles across the generations. the sculptured objects are expen• of songs and dances exist. Those The arts and crafts on display sive because they are inlaid with popular in the western and were attractive too. They included precious stones. Carving is used northern parts of Tibet use bold carpets, bright decorative aprons not only for architecture and and unrestrained movements. In and sharp swords with carved Buddhist statues, but also for the south the dances are light, slow sheaths. • articles of daily use. and graceful, the dancers' fore• Tangka is a scroll woven with arms never moving lower than the silk thread, embroidered on cloth, midriff Country people often or painted on paper. It is usually dance in circles, accompanying mounted on a brocade base and themselves with their singing. CORRECTIONS; The 6th line of Ihe 2nd decorated with tassles at both the Some dancers add acrobatics or paragraph. Icfl-hand column, on page 32 of our top corners. Like murals, tangka imitate animal movements with a lasl issue should read: "Yin Chengzong, a also evolved into different schools. touch of attractive humour. Gulangyu-lander. won a gold medal al Ihe piano competition of the 7th...." ' Generally speaking, tangka ar• An art form involving singing, The lOlh line of the paragraph in the middle tists' figure painting is accurate dancing and acting, Tibetan opera column on the same page should read; "There are and romantic. Their still life is popular in agricultural areas some 200 pianos on the island,..."

20 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 28 What I See on the 'Roof of the World' by Xiang Hongjia *

ast year I was invited to attend Lhasa, capital of Tibet, and is kept at the monastery. I was told Lthe first symposium on Tibet in about 25 kilometres east of the city that these people came at dawn, Lhasa and took the opportunity to proper. Built by the founder of the holding butter-oil lamps and visit some monasteries and attend Yellow Buddhist Sect in 1409, the Buddhist prayer wheels in their religious activities there. monastery was destroyed during hands. As the picture was The Gahdan Monastery is one the "cultural revolution" and unfolded, they prayed. of the three largest monasteries in rebuilt a few years ago. The day The government has spent when I arrived there was the grand considerable sums renovating "sunning the Buddha" ceremony. famous monasteries and sites of * The author, a Tujia nationality English Buddhists, men and women, old religious significance in Tibet. teacher at the Beijing Institute for and young, stood waiting to see Nationalities, is a Tibet specialist and has While in Lhasa, I saw written a dozen papers and three books on the picture of Sakyamuni, founder Buddhist statues and frescoes the history, religion of Tibet and of . The picture, 20 renovated or being renovated in archaeological findings in the region. metres wide and 10 metres long, is many well-known monasteries.

JULY 13, 1987 21 ARTICLES I

Some are encased in glass or iron gold-bronze statue of Maitreya mesh for protection. Buddha. It stands 26.5 metres tall In the library of the Sakya and was cast with 6,700 ounces of Monastery, located in a dimly lit gold and about 111,000 kilo• passage right behind the southern grammes of red copper. hall, there are over 10,000 well- The world-known Potala Palace preserved classic scriptures, most• stands on a hill in Lhasa. Built ly copied by Tibetan calligraphers some 1,300 years ago of earth, during the time of Qoijie Pagba, stone and wood, it is the oldest and the founder of the fifth generation largest castle intact in the region. of the Sakya Sect. Among them is It is the symbol of Tibet and is a "square scripture," one square visited by tourists and pilgrims metre in size and pressed between every day. All the frescoes, two protective boards. Altogether Buddhist statues and engravings there are about 40,000 Buddhist in the palace are priceless rarities. scriptures kept in the Sakya Its eight towers inlaid with agate, Monastery, making it an import• turquoise and rubies refiect the ant location for the study of the light of butter-oil lamps in the religion, history and culture of the evenings. It was reported that the region. Other monasteries, such as renovation team of the Palace Sera and Daipung, also store large Museum in Beijing will soon come collections of scriptures. The to wire the palace up for electricity Daipung Monastery, which used to replace lamps in case of fire. to be a Buddhist school, has over The government earmarks a large 100 annotated scriptures and sum of money every year for the several hundred manuscripts. up-keep of this majestic palace. In the Trashilhunpo Monastery built by the first Dalai Lama During my visit to the Tibetan during the 15th century in Xigaze, People's Publishing House, I was CHEN ZONGUE shown many beautifully designed which has since the 17th century The gilded stature of Maitreya Buddha in been the residence of the Bainqen and bound books of the Tibetan the Trashilhunpo Monastery. fami],y. there is a 48 pillar hall language, including King Gesar containing a five metre high gold- which tells of ancient wars, committee of the autonomous plated bronze statue of Sagya's Sayings which records region and relevant departments Sakyamuni. It was said that inside feudal morality and philosophy of organized a leading group and the statue there are relics of life in the form of folk songs, sent people among the inhabitants Sakyamuni, the hair of the Tibetan Calendar, Astronomy and to collect manuscripts and wood• founder of the Yellow Buddhist Star Chart and Four Medical block editions. Thus far they have Sect and the skull of the first Dalai Books. The Gesar, a Tibetan epic found 40 or so folk artists who can Lama's Buddhist teacher. In poem known as the Oriental Iliad, sing the narrative poem. another hall stands China's largest was almost lost. The Party The Sour Milk Drinking Festival, suspended for 20 years,

Sutras written in ancient Tibetan with paint on tree leaves. CHEN ZONGLIE was resumed coincidentally dur• ing my visit to Lhasa. The celebration took place in the heavily shaded park of Norbu Lingka in the western suburbs. Tibetans in traditional costumes came bringing food and tape recorders. Many put up colourful tents and drank barley wine and the sour milk while watching the dancing. Leaders at various levels in the autonomous region at• tended the gala, whose highlights were Tibetan opera performances of many professional and amateur troupes. •

22 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 28 Forest Fire Scorches Bureaucratism by Our Correspondent Wang Xiaobin

he worst forest fire since the Tfounding of New China was May 7 all the able-bodied people finally put out on June 2. The in the town went to fight the firei n blaze began in the Greater Hingan the mountains several dozen Mountain forest (53" north kilometres away. At about 7 latitude and 122" east longitude) o'clock that evening, the county's on the afternoon of May 6 and broadcasting station was still burned for 27 days, destroying calling on people to join the fire three towns including a county fighting. Only 10 minutes later town, claiming 193 lives, injuring flames a dozen metres high surged over 200 people and leaving into the town. People fled in panic. 50,000 others homeless. The fire Trucks, tractors, motorbikes, ravaged 1.01 million hectares of bicycles and refugees on foot the largest, newly developed blocked the streets. The flames timber base in China, destroyed quickly consumed houses, fences nine tree farms and burnt 855,000 and firewood piles. Most of the cubic metres of stored timber. people who hid in their cellars Other direct and indirect were smothered. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ economic loss and ecological ' damage is incalculable. WANG XIAOBIN Liu Wenhan of the regional fire- Flames spreading to the borders of fighting headquarters and deputy After the fire, the Forestry Arctic Villages. secretary-general of the Greater Minister Yang Zhong and Vice- Hinggan Mountain Administra• Minister in charge of fire tive Office in Jagdaqi several prevention Dong Zhiyong were ration has exposed bureaucratism for all to see. hundred kilometres away said the dismissed. The State Council also fire broke out in five places on instructed the pro• May 6. His office concentrated on vincial government to make a The May 7 Disaster the spots in Gulian since that is searching self-criticism. Five near Xilinji. They telephoned the people who were found directly Xilinji, the county town of Mohe county government in responsible for the fire have been Mohe, China's northernmost Xilinji often on May 6 and 7, and arrested and others responsible county, used to be the home of were reassured that everything will also be punished. 4,000 households and 20,000 was under control. On the evening people. It is lying in ruins. All but Soon after the fire broke out, of May 7 Xilinji asked for two of the 150 families living in the emergency help and ten minutes about 100 Beijingjournalists made southeastern comer of the town later its connection with the the 2,000 km journey to the spot. have been evacuated. The two administrative office was cut. Now, weeks after the fire was remaining families live in make• subdued, reports and commen• shift shelters built of iron sheets. Xilinji and two other forest taries on the fire still appear in the Fan Xizhang, a member of one of towns — Tuqiang and — lie capital's newspapers. The conflag- these families, described how on along a 100 km valley running east

XlllnJI after the fire. WANG XIAOBIN

JULY 13, 1987 23 m ARTICLES to west. The flames, whipped by a Council, was also in Tahe to help force 8 wind, raged from Xilinji organize forces battling on two eastward and soon engulfed fronts, one in Tahe County and Tuqiang. Because it was nighttime another in Mohe County to the there losses in Tuqiang were northwest. heavier than in XiUnji. Five hours Vice-Premier Tian Jiyun, in the later the fire burnt Amur. company of Chen Junsheng, The fire-fighting headquarters inspected the fire-stricken area on for Mohe is made up of Party and May 25. The commander of the government leaders of Mohe Shenyang Military Area Liu County. When the fire started the Jingsong and the Party Secretary county Party Committee was of the Heilongjiang Provincial holding a meeting, and one of the Party Committee Sun Weiben all subjects for discussion was fire came to the site personally to prevention. When they heard the direct the fire-fighting which first report about the fire in involved 2,100 forest policemen Gulian, none treated it seriously and professional fire-fighters, WANG XIAOBIN and they continued their meeting. 35,000 PLA soldiers, and close to Hre-flghters back from "the front." They considered forest fires 20,000 militiamen, forest rangers extinguishers, the fire raged common in that season. They did and volunteers. through some 60 kilometres in the not take any action until the Well-equipped and very ex• east fire zone and 31 kilometres in second report came in that the perienced, the forest policemen the west fire zone by May 13. Six Hewan Tree Farm several dozen were the "crack force" in the days later, the two fire zones had kilometres away was on fire. Only battle. Some of them were rushed become one. then did they begin to organize to Mohe by train from people to fight the fire at the two County in eastern Heilongjiang, The fire spread very fast, and places. 2,000 km away. When they had flames went up many metres high. The fire at Gulian was quickly put out surface blazes with strong The air was intolerably hot scores dampened, but no one was put to currents from their pneumatic of metres away from the flames, stand guard over the place. The extinguishers, other fire-fighters, but the fire-fighters fought next day they sent all the people in mostly PLA soldiers, came to tenaciously. They made a total of the locality to Hewan to help put eliminate hidden fires, clear over 700 kilometres of fire-breaks, out the fire there. A strong wind combustible materials and keep a which blocked the fire's advance rose on the night of May 7, watch on the ravaged area. from all sides. Cloud-seeded rain rekindling the ashes in Gulian, Traditional methods such as also helped. On May 25, the fire causing the worst forest fire in making firebreaks were widely had been brought under control. China in 40 years. used. All the visible fires and possible However, due to the high danger spots were put out in the temperature, gale-force winds, next few days. On June 2, a Fierce Rght inaccessibility, poor telecommun• downpour came to extinguish the On the afternoon of May 8, ication equipment and backward fire totally. deputy secretary of the Heilong- jiang Provincial Party Committee A woman and her children by the ruins of their home in Xilinji. WANG XIAOBIN Zhou Wenhua was taken by helicopter to Xilinji which was enveloped in black smoke, and the first consignment of relief food, medicine and clothes was air• dropped. This marked the beginn• ing of the major battle against the fire. On May 12, Vice-Premier flew to nearby Tahe County, urging local authorities to redo• uble efforts to put out the fire there. Chen Junsheng, secretary- general of the State Council and head of the fire-fighting co• ordinating group under the State

24 The story of the fire disaster in Hinggan area. To prevent further fire, there were others who Heilongjiang is a chronicle of lax fires, the Greater Hinggan Forest behaved corruptly and discipline, inefficiency, incom• Bureau had taken measures such bureaucratically. petence and bureaucracy. as banning the use of scrub- At Xilinji, there is a red tiled Five people have been arrested cutting machines, but the orders house intact, towering over a sea for their role in starting the fire. were ignored. A couple of years of rubble. There lived Gao, head One of them is Wang Yufeng, 19, a ago, a set of infra-red fire of Mohe County, and Qin, the farmer from Hebei, who came to monitoring systems was imported leader of the Mohe County Fire work at the Gulian Tree Farm (11 from the United States for the Brigade. When the fire came, Gao km from Xilinji) through the help Greater Hinggan Forest Bureau, was up in the mountain directing of a relative only 13 days before but they lay unused. Many the fire-fighting, but Qin called the accident. At four o'clock on lookout towers in the forests had out three of the six fire engines to the afternoon of May 6 when he been unusable for years. Meanw• protect the house. He even was refueling his scrub-cutting hile, the Greater Hinggan Forest ordered the surrounding houses be machine, a spark from the Bureau had less fire-fighting bulldozed ! machine started a fire. Wang was equipment and fewer firemen than After the fire started, the whole terrified. In panic, he ran over a much smaller forest zones in country was mobilized, yet the dozen metres through the forest, and in minister of forestry did not show dragging the flaming machine eastern Heilongjiang Province. up for about 10 days. He was reportedly in hospital receiving treatment for a chronic illness. "Well, he should have been brought here on a stretcher! It's not as if he were going to die," said many enraged fire-fighters and people in the area when they learnt of his dismissal. On June 6 the State Council met to discuss the fire. Wan Li, then acting premier, opened the meeting by saying, "This meeting is called to fight bureaucratism." Rre-fighters resting. WANG XIAOBIN On June 18, when the NPC Standing Committee was review• behind him. Fueled by the leaking Heroes & Bureaucrats ing the State Council's reso• petrol, the fire quickly spread into lutions, a standing committee a huge blaze. It is possible that the Yuan Ze, a young driver of the member warned against serious young man did not know that the Mohe County Fire Brigade, and widespread bureaucracy. He use of these machines in the dry worked very hard through the fire added, "The way to fight season had been banned last and thick smoke to transport bureaucracy is to strengthen the March. victims to safety. On several democratic legal system. While occasions, he drove past his own conducting economic structural Before the accident, there was a house which was on fire, but he did reform, we must engage in the floating population of some not have time to stop. Later, he reform of the political structure. 19,000 people in the Greater discovered his wife and two Our cadres must be put under the Hinggan Mountain area. They month-old son had perished. real supervisiort by the masses, had no fire prevention knowledge When Party Secretary of Mohe and the government under the and were badly disciplined. Like Township Kong Qinghe- learnt supervision of the National Peo• Wang, many came to work as that Xilinji had been destroyed, he ple's Congress. One of the best seasonal workers through connec• rushed to the place at the head of a method of doing so is to make the tions. Of the five people arrested, large number of medical workers most of the media to convey some had recklessly disposed of and relief volunteers. Two mem• criticism from the masses and the cigarette butts, or violated other bers of his family were killed and people's deputies to the govern• rules. Four of them were the rest were seriously burnt, but ment and cadres." unemployed who came there to he buried his pain and continued Indeed, it is unprecedented in look for a job within the previous to direct operations through a the 's journalism two months. crucial period. that this fire was given wide, Over the last 22 years, 881 fires While people like Yuan and timely, eyewitness coverage. This have started in the Greater Kong were selflessly fighting the is undoubtedly progress. •

JULY 13, 1987 25 •i FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

increasing number of provincial Environmental Protection: Much to Do governors and vice-governors, mayors and vice-mayors, and county magistrates personally "RENMIN RIBAO" figure is expected to rise to 5 take charge of environmental (People's Daily, Overseas Edition) percent in the early years of the protection. Along with this, next century. Environmental im• environmental conditions have provement in the West is based on improved rapidly. But, a few u Geping, director of the State high technology and big leading cadres still underestimate Q Bureau of Environmental investment. the importance of the environ• Protection, answered questions on China is a developing country ment, with the result that China's environmental protection with limited economic strength. pollution control and ecological in an interview on May 22. The state is not able to protection are neglected. Q: Many reports say China has immediately boost its investment Secondly, laws and regulations achieved great success in in environmental protection, on environmental and natural controlling environmental pol• which currently totals about 3 resources protection must be lution. But, people say the billion yuan a year. formulated one by one to give problem of environmental pol• •Our poUcy is mainly to focus on guidance to all trades and lution is still grave. What is your strengthening the administration professions. opinion? of pollution control. This policy Thirdly, we must strengthen A: It is true that China has made has achieved great progress in management organs, which great achievements in environ• recent years. should exercise supervisory auth- mental protection, but at the same Q: What measures are needed to ority strictly according to the new time, there are still serious strengthen environmental pro• laws and regulations. problems. During the period of tection in China? Naturally, the administrative the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980- A: First, governments at all levels measures required are not limited 85), China's industrial output must pay adequate attention to to these three. But they are the value increased by 65 percent. environmental protection and major ones. Industrial wastes declined in the place it on their agenda. Now, an same period. Moreover, while the (June 4, 1987) energy consumption of Chinese cities rose sharply, the air quality in urban areas has basically remained at the 1980 level. The Chinese Characters and Intelligence quality of water in the major rivers, lakes and seas, with some However, a wound in a parietal exceptions, has not deteriorated. "ZIRAN YU REN" (Nature and Man) bone does not reduce the ability While economic developments of Caucasians to write and have not brought a worsening of hinese and foreign psycholo• understand written language but environmental conditions in the Cgists recently gave an IQ test to can seriously impair the Japanese. cities, atmospheric, noise, water a group of Chinese and American Chinese patients with such a and solid-waste pollution in urban pupils in Shanghai. The Chinese wound completely lose their areas have not shown much children scored higher than the abiUty to cope with written improvement over the 1980 level, Americans on seven of the 12 parts language. which was very bad. The Chinese of the test, particularly in The experts concluded that people still face an arduous task to arithmetic, vocabulary and pic• because the races have different control environmental pollution. ture conception. language systems, these dif• Q: It is said that the developed Why did the difference of ferences in cerebral functions do countries spend a lot of money intelligence emerge? not necessarily reflect differences every year on environmental After thorough study and in the cerebrums of various races. protection. But, China is still observation of people who have The Chinese language uses poor, what policy should be been wounded in different parts of pictographs, which have no direct adopted? the cerebrum, experts found that a relations to phonemes and A: Environmental protection and wound in the temporal bone can hearing. So, Chinese people who improvement require a lot of destroy the written language are injured in the temporal bone money. The developed countries capacity of Caucasians. A similar are still able to write and in the West generally spend 1 to 2 wound has only a minor effect on understand written language. percent of their GNP each year on the capacity of Japanese people White patients' linguistic abilities environmental protection. The and no effect at all on the Chinese. I suffer a lot because English and

26 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 28 other alphabetic languages are their achievements to training in to manage the state affairs. based on phonemes and hearing. Chinese characters. The Chinese In 627, not long after Li The Japanese language combines written language creates a unique ascended the throne, he declared: pictographs and phonemic mode of thinking. Moreover, "A stable government needs letters. Therefore, the Japanese Chinese children have a good competent but not many off• patients' degree of impairment grasp of 3,000 common charac• icials." At the same time, he falls between that of the Chinese ters, which can constitute 40,000 adopted relevant measures and and Caucasians. to 50,000 words and phrases. So regulations. As for the Chinese children who the experts said, the splendid First, he carried out political scored well in the arithmetic, Chinese character system pro• reforms in the central and local vocabulary and picture concep• motes the intellectual develop• governments. U.nder the guidance tion sections of the recent ment of Chinese people. of a streamlined administration intelligence test, experts attributed (No. 2, 1987) policy, he strictly limited the number of administrative insti• tutions and officials at all levels. For example, the number of civil Scattered Minority People and military officials in central government departments was cut from about 2,000 to 643. In addition, the country was rediv- be found mainly in Yunnan, Gui- ided into 10 circuits. As a result, "MINZU TUANJIE" zhou and the three northeastern (National Unity) the number of local officials was provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and reduced greatly. Heilongjiang. There are 4 million hina has a minority nationahty minority people in Yunnan, 3 Secondly, a new penal code was Cpopulation of 67 million. A million in Guizhou and 5 milHon formulated. According to the large proportion — 49 million in the three northeastern pro• Exposition of the Tang Penal Code, people—Hve in the minority vinces. The remaining 6 million officials who set up institutions autonomous areas, while the rest people are scattered in the other without permission or illegal are often referred to as the provinces, autonomous regions courts were punished severely and scattered minority nationaUties. and municipalities directly under without mercy under the code. Members of minorities Uve in the central government. Thirdly, an inspection system more than 95 percent of China's By the end of last year, 11 was established to clarify the prefectures, cities and counties. minority nationalities, with a total nature and methods of inspection. Some have established compact population of 130,000, had not Li often sent imperial commis• communities, while others are established national auto• sioners to examine the work of scattered in the areas inhabited by nomous counties or townships. local officials. He also recorded on the Han nationality or in multi• Into this category fall the Achang, screens the achievements and national areas. Pumi, Jinuo, Benglong, Monba, errors made by major officials at By the end of 1986, more than Loba, Tartar, Russian, Uzbek, all levels and used the information 2,900 minority autonomous town• Hezhe and Gaoshan minorities. in deciding the officials' future. ships had been set up in multi• Minority nationalities with Fourthly, a retirement system national areas. They contain about half their population was set up. Li carried out a policy about 6 million people, one-third scattered around the country are of strictly limiting the age of of the scattered minority the Hui, Manzhu, Korean, Yao, government officials. For in• population. Lisu, She, Dongxiang and Tu. stance, administrative officials The scattered minorities are to (No. 4, 1987) had to retire when they were 70 years old. (No. 4, 1987) Good Government Needs Fewer Officials

which ruled China from 618 to "XUEXI YU YANJIU 907. An outstanding statesman (Study and Research) and military strategist, Li adopted a series of enlightened measures, i Shimin (599-649 AD) was the such as upgrading his staff and L second emperor and real simplifying administration. He founder of the Tang Dynasty, appointed people on their merits

JULY 13, 1987 27 • BUSINESSARADE I

US Department of Commerce adding that the development of China Expands found China not guilty in this case the open foreign policy and the Machinery Exports and ' the Chinese corporation's perfecting of China's laws should reputation improved. create better conditions for by Liu Jianjun foreign banks in granting loans etween January and May, and making investment. China's National Machinery B At present, the bank's represen• and Equipment Import and tative office in China is helping Export Corp. achieved exports France Develops five businesses in France, the worth over US$200 million, 81.1 United States and Northern percent more than the same period Chinese Business Europe to negotiate co-operative last year. projects with China. Letters of According to Tian Wenchao, an contract for lending China intent have been signed. If these official of the International Trade money for a 300,000 ton A projects work well for the bank, it Development Department of the ethylene project in Shanghai by a is also ready to invest or establish corporation, in the Spring Export consortium of international banks other joint ventures with China. Commodities Fair in May in including the Banque Indosuez of Guangzhou, the business transac• France was signed on June 15 in by Yao JIanguo tion of the Chinese machinery and Shanghai. equipment was US$40 miUion, The bank's representative office Export Commodities surpassing all previous fairs. in China is one of more than 180 foreign finance representatives in Trade Fair in Daiian China. Since its opening in November 1983, it has provided ortheastern China and Inner loans to the Beijing International NMongolia Export Commod• Trading Centre, the Guangdong ities Fair will be held from July 24 Nuclear Power Station, and power to August 2 in the Dalian stations in Hebei's Shijiazhuang International Exhibition Centre. and Jiangsu's Nantong. In 1986, the French bank The fair, which is the first provided 12 commercial loans to regional one to be held in China, Guangdong for importing equip• will be sponsored jointly by the ment and production lines, each provinces of Heilongjiang, Liao- valued at US$100,000 to US$1 ning and Jilin, as XUE CHAD million. In April this year, the well as the cities of , Electrical machines produced by bank was helpful in the Bank of Shenyang and Dalian. Hebei and Heilongjiang Province's Jiamusi ready for provinces will also be export. China's US$200 million bond issue in Singapore. invited to participate. This year the corporation has At the beginning of this year, Northeastern China and the already exported equipment in• the bank estabUshed a joint Inner Mongolia Autonomous cluding thermal power and hydro- venture, the Grape Wine Co. Ltd. Region cover a vast area and are power generating equipment, in Beijing, together with the China rich in natural resources, which ordinary machine tools, bearings, Industrial and Commercial include petroleum, coal, iron ore, electrical machinery, standard Economic Development Corp., and nonferrous metals, in addition parts and electrical meters to the the Beijing Grape Wine to a solid industrial foundation. In United States, the Federal Repub• Factory,the Pernod Ricard of 1985 the area's industrial and lic of Germany, Italy, France, France and the British Caldbecks agricultural output value totalled Britain, Japan, Pakistan, Macgregor in Hong Kong. 177 billion yuan, 15 percent of the Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore Angus C.W. Chau, deputy nation's total, and its intern• and Hong Kong. general representative of the bank, ational trade value reached 10 The reasons for this increase are said that the most glaring problem billion yuan, 27 percent of the that world demand is on the rise he saw was that Chinese nation's total. and the values of the yen, German enterprises knew so little about On display at the fair will be mark and the South Korean won new international financial busi• traditional exports such as are rising. Meanwhile, China has ness that they could not use machinery, electronics, chemical been encouraging the manufactur• international commercial loans goods, ships, nonferrous metals, ing of export products. boldly. textiles, cereals and oils, and In May a US company sued Mr Chau also said that in spite animal by-products, as well as China for dumping bearings in the of this he was confident of the some brand-famous commodities United States. But on May 20, the success of Chinese business. recently developed.

28 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 28 About 100 foreign trade will be another major link between companies, large industrial and Beijing Modernizes mainland China and Hong Kong, mining enterprises which have Transport Control Macao as well as Southeast Asian been given decision-making power countries. in matters of foreign trade and eijing is importing advanced • Sino-French Winery Co. Ltd., various foreign-funded enterprises Bforeign technology and equip• the first Sino-foreign joint venture will participate in the fair, in which ment to modernize its transport in Tianjin, celebrated its seventh cash, compensatory and barter control system. The first com• anniversary in late June. Over the trade will be adopted. In addition, puterized signal control system past seven years, the company's talks will be held at the fair on will begin trial operation on output has increased 11 times and import of technology, overseas October 1. the varieties of wine have risen to engineering contracts and labour The system, developed jointly six. The Dynasty wine produced co-operation. by China, Yugoslavia and Britain, by the company has won four by Yao Jianguo is expected to control lights in 92 quality product awards in China crossroads in the city. At present, and two gold medals in intern• France's Group Bull these junctions often suffer from ational fairs. The wine has been traffic jams, and the average speed sold to more than 10 countries, Holds a Symposium of vehicles is reduced to 11 including the United States, kilometres an hour. Britain, Japan, France, Australia, symposium on information The new system is a great Singapore and Malaysia, as well as Aexchange, (Infobull China) advance, compared with Beijing's Hong Kong and Macao. was held June 24-26 in Beijing. It current single-point system where Last year the company im• was sponsored by Group Bull, a lights at every crossroad are ported a new breed of grapes from French computer company. controlled independently. It will France, and both sides have "In helping China use advanced be able to respond to changes in agreed to extend their contract technologies, the major problem is the density of the flow of traffic, period from 11 to 21 years. training Chinese technicians," and co-ordinate with all the lights said J.C. Danes, president of the • The memorandum for jointly nearby to help keep the traffic as developing Channar Iron Mine in international business department easy as possible. of the group. He added that a Australia, the first large joint So far 45 underground and 10 venture abroad for the Chinese symposium on technology ex• overhead walkways across busy change is just one way of metallurgical industry, was rec• streets have been built in Beijing. ently signed in Beijing. spreading knowledge. by Yao Jianguo At the symposium, the com• Recoverable reserves of the pany introduced the latest data mine are estimated at 200 million processing techniques as well as tons. The first phase of the project the DPS 7000 computers, which Trade News in Brief is expected to be completed by the company developed two 1990 and produce 5 million tons of high-quality iron ore a year, while months ago, to Chinese • In order to improve commun• specialists. the second-phase project should ications between Beijing and the start operation by 1998, with an Group Bull, one of the first Shantou Special Economic Zone annual output of 10 million tons. Western computer makers to enter in Guangdong Province for the All iron ore produced by the joint the Chinese market, has been convenience of compatriots from venture will be sold to China. providing data processing systems Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, to China since the 1960s. Since and overseas Chinese as well as • The Qingdao General then it has concluded various co• foreign tourists, scheduled flights Refrigerator Factory recently beat operative and technical transfer between Beijing and Shantou will off foreign competitors and won a agreements with Chinese depart• begin on July 17 this year. The bid to export 1,540 Qingdao- ments, sold over 100 kinds of nights will also carry tourist Liebherr brand refrigerators, the products in China, and trained commodities, including fresh overseas edition of Renmin Ribao about 50 Chinese computer fruit, vegetables and seafood. (People's Daily) reported. The specialists. The booking office in Beijing is bidding was invited by the World The symposium is one and the in the Beijing Reliance Travel Health Organization (WHO). first of a series of technological Agency in Haidian District, and Experts said the refrigerators met forums the company plans to hold that in Shantou is in the Shantou the requirements specified by the in China in an effort to enhance its City Travel Agency. WHO. The refrigerators will be position in the country in the face The flights, which connect with used in rural areas of the of new and extensive competition. air services from Shantou to Hong developing countries to store by Yao Jianguo Kong, Singapore and Bangkok, vaccine.

JULY 13, 1987 29 J m CULTURE/SCIENCE

ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE Origin and Evolution of in Ciiina

ince its introduction into sarira in Sanskrit) lay, making S China in the wake of the stupa a special Buddhist place spreading of Buddhism to the where one could pay respects to country, the has evolved Sakyamuni. The sarira stupa was through the influence of Chinese then called a dagoba. traditional culture and aesthetics According to Buddhist legend, to become a new type of Chinese Sakyamuni's ashes were buried in architecture. eight separate dagobas, too few for the Buddhist disciples' needs. So a number of representative From Stupa to Dagoba dagobas were built. To facilitate the homage paying, stupas were Before the Wei (220-265) and even carved like shrines into the Jin (265-420) dynasties, there was walls of the small rooms where no such character as fa (pagoda) in monks practise their religion. Han Chinese. Before that, when translating works of Sanskrit the Courtesy ot HE NANREN Chinese just transUterated the Dagoba Turned Pagoda The oldest pagoda in , word stupa. Originally, stupa in Province. India just meant a mound for The propagation of Buddhism ashes, unconnected with Buddh• was carried out along two parallel tall towers of ancient China. ism. Only after the Nirvana lines: monks preaching Buddhist Chinese disciples did not feel right (death) of Sakyamuni was stupa paying homage to Buddha's ashes given a special stnse. Because in such a low building. So when Buddhist disciples could no longer the first dagoba was built in the pay their respects to Sakyamuni, in they turned to the stupa where the during the reign of Emperor Ming Buddha's ashes (she li in Chinese, of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25- 220), the builders placed the image of a stupa together with the wheel The wooden pagoda In YIngxian County, sign—significant in Buddhism— Shanxi Province. on top of a tall tower: creating a XIE JUN pagoda. As ostentatious multi• storey buildings were often built by ancient Chinese rulers as the XUE CHAO immortals' abode, Chinese Budd• The glazed tile pagoda In the hist disciples felt it was only Guangaheng Temple In Hongtong natural to build tall pagodas for County, Shanxi. the Buddha who is even more sacred than the immortals. sermons and the building of Poorer disciples could not build impressive dagobas and display of tall pagodas, so they combined the paintings of Buddha to awe the dagoba with the traditional visitor. When Buddhism was pavilion to build circular, square spread to China, stupas followed. or hexagonal pavilion-type However, they changed their pagodas topped with the wheel shape when modified by ancient sign. Chinese architecture. When dagobas were first By the Yuan Dynasty (1271- introduced into China, their 1368), the stupa made a re-entry grave-mound style did not com• into inland China through Nepal, pare well with the high palaces and engendering a new building phase.

30 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 28 Although these stupas still octagonal or even twelve sided the world. From the second storey retained the hemispherical mound pagodas were built. All were up, spacious covered balconies shape, they were not quite like the vulnerable to fire and the encircled by balustrades line the Indian stupa, being taller. The jin elements. By the Sui (581-618) and body of the pagoda and provide gang-type pagoda was introduced Tang (618-907) dynasties, they an excellent view. A model of this into China following the were gradually replaced by brick pagoda (one-25th the size) was emergence of the Esoteric Sect of or stone pagodas. Most of them shipped to Austria in February Buddhism in India. They were had staircases inside, and had 1987 to be installed in the Small often built after the Ming Dynasty more storey inside than could be World Park in Klagenfurt. (1368-1644) and retained more or discerned from the outside. Built less the Indian style — with one of brick or stone, these pagodas Glazed tile pagoda. One in bigger and taller pagoda in the often had imitation wooden perfect condition is to be seen in centre and four smaller ones at the doors, windows, pillars, beams Hongtong County, Shanxi Pro• four corners, all on pedestals. The and eave-rafters. The under• vince. The 47-metre-high pagoda Chinese, however, took jin gang- ground floor was the most is the world's oldest glazed tile type and gave it a much higher spacious and important one, with pagoda still in good condition. It pedestal and changed the propor• all the statues of Buddha and the was built, some 600 years ago, of tions of the five pagodas. shrines installed there. By the Liao brick covered with yellow, green (907-1125) Dynasty, a number of and blue glazed tiles on which solid pagoda with no interior were carved designs of human Pagoda's Evolution space emerged. figures, birds, animals and Floral pagodas, most of them flowers. The octagonal pagoda still glitters in the sunshine. Pagodas, be they the towering multi-storey, were very popular ones or the pavilion type, all derive during the 10th-12th century. Kaifeng's oldest pagoda. from ancient Chinese architecture, Here lotus flower petal designs, Located in Kaifeng in central the most representative being the shrines and statues of Buddha, of China's Henan Province, this towering kind. By the Song various Buddhist gods and hexagonal brick pagoda has a Dynasty (960-1279), pavilion type guardians as well as animals, magnificent pedestal supporting pagodas gradually disappeared, decorated the upper half of the the three remaining original while the towering multi-storey pagoda. Their emergence shows storeys. They are topped in kind multipled and branched out. that China's Buddhist pagodas tended to evolve from simplicity to clashing style with a small nine- China's early multi-storey ornateness, from the practicality storeyed pagoda. Why is it so? The pagodas were built of wood, just of allowing a view to story is that the fifth son of the like all the other traditional ostentation — evidence that first emperor of the Ming Dynasty buildings. Originally they were Chinese pagodas were increas• square, but then hexagonal, ingly influenced by the much This 1,400-year-oid stupa in Jinan, carved and decorated pagodas in provincial capital of Shandong, has four The highest pagoda in China, this 84- India and other Buddhist coun• entrances. It has been designated a key metre-high pagoda in Kaiyuan Temple in historical site by the state. Dingxian County, Hebei Province, was tries in Southeast Asia. TAO JUNf ENG built in 1001. The building of pagodas was ZHMG HESONG also influenced by the aesthetics of the time. The wooden pagoda in Yingxian County, Shanxi Pro• vince, for example, took getting view as their central purpose; while the vast numbers of pagodas built during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties are nothing but buildings for people to look at, and admire.

Varied Pagoda Types

Wooden pagoda in Yingxian County. Built in 1056 in Shanxi Province, this pagoda is the oldest all wood multi-storey pagoda in

JULY 13, 1987 31 CULTURE/SCIENCE

(1368-1644) Zhu Yuanzhang was over the water helps make a detour King of Zhou in Kaifeng. Day and for the river, decreasing the harm night, he spent in military training, done by a flood. hoping to seize the state power. In the city of Zhenjiang by the When the crown prince learnt this, river, there is a stone pagoda he told his father: Kaifeng is a which is rather oddly built. place where emperors of many According to Chinese tradition, dynasties originate. The reason is pagodas are usually built in or that the pagoda there is much near temples. Yet this pagoda is taller than those in other places. placed on a platform supported by So the top six storeys of the four columns over a pedestrian pagoda were ordered to be street. As religious rites may destroyed. The small nine-storey sometimes be simplified from the. pagoda was added on in later 10th century onward, it became years. accepted that just passing under a The present pagoda still retains pagoda meant paying respects to more than 100 kinds of carvings Courtesy of HE NANREN the Buddha. Later when the and some 7,000 shrines for China's oldest Buddhist pagoda (built in building of this kind of pagoda Sakyamuni, Bodhisattva, Mai- 520) In the Songyue Temple In Henan province. was combined with the archway of treya and Arhats. They are in very needed to build the base of a a city gate, it became known as a good condition and serve as riverside pagoda which projects "pass.' by Panbian valuable data for the study of Buddhist art and ancient sculpture. Australian Ballet Back in China udiences in Beijing and The pas de deux and variations, Pagodas along the Changjiang A Guangzhou welcomed the with their distinctive ItaHan folk () River. There are 21 Australian ballet's return to China flavour, reflect the liveliness and pagodas of different styles, their last month. The troupe, which joyfulness of the young people. bases projecting over the water, made a big impression at its The same dancers performed this along the river from Sichuan Chinese debut seven years ago by piece at the 1985 International Province's Chongqing on the its performance of Don Quixote, Ballet Competition in Moscow upper reaches to Nantong in again thrilled audiences with its and again in Moscow in 1986 and Jiangsu Province. novelty and vitality. The troupe earlier this year. Its choreographer In ancient China, pagodas were brought a varied repertoire Walter Bourke is one of the thought able to prevent floods. In including classic romantic ballets, founders of the visiting troupe. a way, this might be true. The large such as Giselle and Raymonda, Other contemporary works, amounts of rocks and bricks and also contemporary pieces such as Symphony in D, also such as the Webern Opus 5 by The octogonal, 13-storey, Iron pagoda In appealed to the audience. Kaifeng, was built In 1049 and Is 55.66 Maurice Bejart. Maina Gielgud, The tour is part of an agreement metres high. artistic director of the troupe, said on cultural exchange between YANG LIMING that he hoped this time there will China and Australia. Under the be something to please differing agreement, Chinese ballet dancers individual tastes. Zhang Weiqiang and Tang Min Chinese ballet experts have been will go to Australia as guest artists following the achievements of with the Australian troupe in their Australian counterparts in November this year. Zhang and recent years. Bai Shuxiang, a Tang have been awarded medals noted Chinese ballerina, said the on many occasions at intern• Australian troupe has made rapid ational ballet competitions. Zhang progress in both the training of said, "I am very glad that Chinese main performers and the all-round and Australian ballet dancers can mastery of the ballet techniques. promote friendship between the She also noted that the troupe is peoples of their two countries full of vigour and freshness and, through their art." He hoped that therefore, holds gteat promise. his November performance in Grande Tarantella, performed Australia will help give the by Elizabeth Toohey and David Australian people a better under• McAllister, was fascinating and standing of Chinese ballet. exciting for the Chinese audience. by Ziiang Wei

32 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 28 BOOKS

60 Years of Devoted Friendship

At 90, Memoirs of My China engineers in the Bailie School of Years Shandan in western Gansu. He lived and worked with the Written by: Rewl Alley students, most of them co• Published by: New World Press, operative apprentices and refugee Beijing boys from Henan. His maxim for Distributed by: China Interna• his students is practicality, tional Book Trading Corpora• "Analyse and Create." Now, tion (Guoji Shudlan), P.O. Box hundreds of his boys are directors 399, Beijing, China and engineers in factories and Price: RMB 7 yuan paperback, research institutes. 10 yuan hardback. In 1952, at the invitation of Premier , Alley came to t 90, Memoirs of My China Beijing and attended the World AYears, the long-awaited auto• Peace Conference, since then he biography of Rewi Alley, has just has been active in the world peace been published by the New World movement. Meanwhile he devotes Press. most of his time to writing and Now 89 years old, Rewi Alley is translating. Altogether, he has admired as a great man in China. pubHshed over 70 books and He was born on December 2, 1897 pamphlets in Chma and abroad, in Springfield, New Zealand. He both of them to go to Yanan and mostly in English. In all these fought in World War I and was join the war of resistance. Later, publications, he shares the wounded twice. In 1927, he came both boys became members of the sorrows and joys of the Chinese to Shanghai just nine days after Communist Party. people, informing the world of April 12th, the day Chiang Kai- In 1938, Rewi Alley with Edgar their struggles and accomplish• shek turned reactionary and saw and Peg Snow and some eminent ments and pointing out with hundreds of thousands of Chinese patriots such as Hu confidence what a strong and Communists arrested, tortured Yuzhi, Xu Xinliu and Hubert united China can do for and shot. Mr. Alley saw the Liang started organizing the safeguarding world peace and injustice and was outraged. Later, movement for Chinese Industrial furthering international co• he became acquainted with Lu Co-operatives (Gung Ho). When operation. Xun, Prof. Joseph Bailie of the National Association for the and other His autobiography recalls most• Advancement of Chinese In• progressives and under their ly his 60 years in China. I have dustrial Co-operatives (CIC) was influence, his indignation and known Rewi Alley for over 40 of established in Hankou, Rewi resentfulness turned into a force those years and had the privilege Alley was appointed its chief for change. He has become a great of working with him for the co• technical advisor and also the friend of the Chinese people and operatives during the War of regional director of its southeast dedicated his Hfe in China to the Resistance Against Japan. He has headquarters. Between 1938 and cause of the Chinese revolution. influenced me a great deal and I 1942, he threw himself into the have always regarded him as my In his book, he tells how in 1929 CIC movement, organizing respected teacher and friend. The and 1930 he took part in the relief thousands of refugees and techni• Chinese version of the autobio• work of the China International cians into over 3,000 industrial co• graphy has been published almost Famine Relief Administration operatives behind the Japanese at the same time by the People's and travelled widely in central and lines and also in the Japanese Publishing House of Gansu. I am north China. Everywhere, he saw occupied areas. They produced all sure readers in China and abroad people suffering, and irresponsible kinds of basic necessities and small will enjoy reading the book and officials. On his return trip, he arms to supply the resistance derive inspiration and an under• adopted two orphans from the war. standing of true internationalism famine areas. He looked after In 1942, he was relieved of his from this skilled and sympathetic them, sent them to school and responsibility at CIC and spent the man. college. In 1937, after the Japanese next ten years training and by Lu Guangmian invaded China, he persuaded ;I educating young co-operative (Vice-president of CIC)

JULY 13, 1987 33 New Tourist Spots in Nortliwest Sichuan ichuan Province has developed S 40 tourist spots in its northwest and started to receive visitors. These spots include the famous Qingcheng Mountain, the Dujiang Weir, Jiuzhaigou, a natural reserve park, karst caves and a place with writings by famous ancient scholars. • Stone Forest in Yunnan Province he Lunan Yi Autonomous TCounty in Yunnan Province attracted 850,000 tourists last year with its stone forest, one of the No. 1 state protected places in China. Desert Tour on Camelback The stone forest was the sea bed 270 million years ago. According to legend, Ashma falls in love with Ahei but is killed. She becomes a ouring the Tengger Desert on Safety is guaranteed with a special huge stone standing in the stone Tcamels and travelling down the car behind. forest, the place therefore attracts Huanghe (Yellow) River on a The raft tour starts from many lovers. sheepskin raft are two new tourist Shapotou in Zhongwei County. It The province has also devel• programmes offered by the sails 30 kilometres down river oped a new spot, the Naigu Ningxia Hui Autonomous accompanied by a boatman in ("black" in the Yi language) stone Region. national costume. On the way the forest, 11.5 kilometres away from One of the five minority ruins of the Great Wall, the Lunan stone forest. A nearby nationality autonomous regions, waterwheels, pottery and rural waterfall with a drop of 96 metres Ningxia is located in northwest scenery can be seen along the will also soon be open to tourist« China. It is mostly mountains and banks. Further east is a bridge, plateaus. But the Hetap Plain, an ancient temples, a bird island and alluvial area at the top of the Great 108 pagodas. The water is not Roof of World Bend of the Huanghe River,, is calm but it is safe with a motor Under Foot fertile and has abundant water. boat following. In autumn tours, The plain and the Tengger Desert pears, peaches and grapes can be ouring the "Roof of the which it borders offer spectacular picked in the orchards on the TWorld" on foot has become natural scenery of hills, desert and banks. popular. Over 50 tourist groups villages. The tombs of the emperors of plan to hike on the Tibetan Lei Congkang, deputy head of the Western Xia Dynasty (1038- Plateau this year. Last year it was the tourist bureau of the region, 1227) have opened to the public. 26 groups. The International explains that the camel tour covers About 20 kilometres to the west of Sports Tour Co. of the Tibet a 40-km-long narrow section of Yinchuan, capital of the region, Autonomous Region has devel• the Tengger Desert from Gaohu at the burial area covers an area of 40 oped four itineraries for the tours: the foot of the Great Wall to square kilometres and includes from Zham, a border city, to Tonghu. Tourists pass through a nine tombs for emperors and 140 Lhasa, the capital of the region, shelterbelt and can enjoy the tombs for the people and objects from Tingri County to a camping topography of the desert and buried with the dead. Each tomb station for climbers of Qomolan- special sand formations. During consists of a group of grand gma Peak in Rongbu, from the the three days of travel, they can buildings. Nyalam County seat to Xix- dig their own water and eat some abangma and from Nyalam to the meals as picnics in the desert. by Han Guojian Qinghai-Tibet Highway. •

34 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 28 ART PAQE

Spring.

Woodcuts by Ge Sha

Ge Sha, a Russian born in 1931 in Heilongjiang Province, now works as an artist at Jilin Ribao (Jilin Daily). Ge Sha, who is fond of sports, literature and drama, has himself acted in a range of roles in several films. His woodcuts are careful yet romantic.

An Oroqen

Camel Caravan Through the Woods The 3rd Shanxi Symposium on International Economic and Technical Co-operation, The 1st Shanxi Import/Export Commodity Fair,

The 1st Shanxi Folk Art Festival.

From August 26 to September 5 in Taiyuan, Shanxi

We would like to see all of our friends from trade, financial and cultural fields, both at home and abroad.

Look at the ways you can benefit! products of 50 types in the fields of coal, and other minerals, hardware, nonferrous metals, metallurgy, The 3rcl Shanxi Symposium on International medicine and handicraft will be exhibited in 16 Economic and Technical Co-operation will exhibition halls that cover a total area of 7,500 announce about 100 projects for economic and square metres. The provincial import and export technical co-operation and more than 1 00 projects corporations will have business discussions with for technical export and transfer in the fields of foreign businessmen on the spot. machinery, textiles, light industry, chemicals, metallurgy, building materials, coal, electronics, Our folk art festival is a guaranteed good agriculture, animal husbandry and medicine. We will utilize foreign funds, undertake the import and time! export of technology and handle International Located in the Huanghe River Valley, Shanxi economic and technical co-operation in various Province is the cradle of China's ancient culture. forms. Some examples are joint ventures, Shanxi's folk arts have a long history. At our first compensation trade, leasing, processing with ever Shanxi Folk Art Festival, well-known artists materials provided by clients, trading on account will perform colourful folk songs, dances and local and by cash purchase. We will offer preferential operas. Among them, "At the Night of the Lantern treatment to investors, partners and clients in Festival," "Waters of the River" and economic management, taxes, payment of foreign "Accompanying Wife to Her Parents' Home" have exchange, procedures for examination and won prizes from the state. There will also be other approval, providing, places, resources, labour art forms such as walking on stilts, a lion dance, service, building materials, communications and bangzi opera, yangge dance, puppet opera and transportation for joint ventures and co-operative acrobatics. All the performances reflect our local enterprises. culture. Exhibitions of fine arts, photography and handicrafts will also be held during the festival. Some of the works, such as Jiangzhou Chengni To help you make business contacts inkslabs, reproductions of calligraphy and steles The 1 St Shanxi Import/Export Commodity Fair from different dynasties, folk papercuts, dough will exhibit the industrial and agricultural products models, wood carvings, stone carvings and of Shanxi Province. More than 3,000 varieties of puppets will be sold at the exhibition.

SHANXI ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Tel: Secretariat 386044 Symposium 386695 Commodity Fair 441436 Festival 227963