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(Hrsg.) Strafrecht in Reaktion Auf Systemunrecht

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(Hrsg.) Strafrecht in Reaktion Auf Systemunrecht Albin Eser / Ulrich Sieber / Jörg Arnold (Hrsg.) Strafrecht in Reaktion auf Systemunrecht Schriftenreihe des Max-Planck-Instituts für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht Strafrechtliche Forschungsberichte Herausgegeben von Ulrich Sieber in Fortführung der Reihe „Beiträge und Materialien aus dem Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht Freiburg“ begründet von Albin Eser Band S 82.9 Strafrecht in Reaktion auf Systemunrecht Vergleichende Einblicke in Transitionsprozesse herausgegeben von Albin Eser • Ulrich Sieber • Jörg Arnold Band 9 China von Thomas Richter sdfghjk Duncker & Humblot • Berlin Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. DOI https://doi.org/10.30709/978-3-86113-876-X Redaktion: Petra Lehser Alle Rechte vorbehalten © 2006 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. c/o Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht Günterstalstraße 73, 79100 Freiburg i.Br. http://www.mpicc.de Vertrieb in Gemeinschaft mit Duncker & Humblot GmbH, Berlin http://WWw.duncker-humblot.de Umschlagbild: Thomas Gade, © www.medienarchiv.com Druck: Stückle Druck und Verlag, Stückle-Straße 1, 77955 Ettenheim Printed in Germany ISSN 1860-0093 ISBN 3-86113-876-X (Max-Planck-Institut) ISBN 3-428-12129-5 (Duncker & Humblot) Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem (säurefreiem) Papier entsprechend ISO 9706 # Vorwort der Herausgeber Mit dem neunten Band der Reihe „Strafrecht in Reaktion auf Systemunrecht – Vergleichende Einblicke in Transitionsprozesse“ wird zur Volksrepublik China ein weiterer Landesbericht vorgelegt. Während die bisher erschienenen Bände solche Länder in den Blick nahmen, die hinsichtlich der untersuchten Transitionen einem „klassischen“ Systemwechsel von der Diktatur zur Demokratie entsprachen, ist die Einordung der Volksrepublik China schwieriger. Noch am ehesten wird man ge- willt sein, das in diesem Landesbericht behandelte vergangene Geschehen der Kul- turrevolution als Systemunrecht zu bezeichnen. Doch wie verhält es sich mit dem politischen Systemwechsel? Die Volksrepublik China versteht sich auch noch heu- te als eine kommunistische Gesellschaftsordnung. Wäre es allein deshalb richtig, sie aus der Transitionsforschung auszublenden? Mit der Einbeziehung der Volksrepublik China in unser Projekt wurde der Weg gegangen, auch Systemwechsel zu untersuchen, die innerhalb einer bestehenden Grundordnung stattgefunden haben. Der Autor des Landesberichts für China spricht insoweit von einem politischen Richtungswechsel. In den Sozialwissen- schaften wird China trotz der weiterhin uneingeschränkten Herrschaft der kommu- nistischen Partei explizit als postsozialistisches System diskutiert. Damit wird der Erkenntnis gefolgt, dass moderne Transitionen nicht ausschließlich mit Vorstellun- gen der Diktaturforschung zu erklären sind. Berücksichtigt werden muss auch die DYnamik der Veränderung politischer und ökonomischer Verhältnisse – was heißt, daß innerhalb eines bestimmten politischen Systems auch die gesellschaftlichen Wandlungs- und Umbruchsprozesse eine Rolle spielen. Für die Strafrechtswissen- schaft geht es dabei um die Frage, wie diese sich wandelnden Gesellschaften auf ihr eigenes Systemunrecht reagieren. Die Berücksichtigung Chinas bei unseren Forschungen über Systemunrecht steht im Kontext mit der Intensivierung der deutsch-chinesischen Wissenschaftskoopera- tion, die auf deutscher Seite nicht zuletzt vom Max-Planck-Institut für ausländi- sches und internationales Strafrecht, auch in Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Max- Planck-Instituten und mit der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, vorangetrieben wird. Zahlreiche deutsch-chinesische Kolloquien und Forschungsprojekte, etwa zu Zwangsmaßnahmen im Ermittlungsverfahren, zur außergerichtlichen Beendigung von Strafverfahren und zur Wirtschafts- und Umweltkriminalität, belegen dies in spezfischer Weise. Autor des Landesberichts für die Volksrepublik China ist Dr. Thomas Richter, der seit vielen Jahren mit großem Engagement als wissenschaftlicher Referent an Vorwort der Herausgeber VI unserem Institut tätig ist. Er hat aufgrund seiner langjährigen Erfahrung als Refe- ratsleiter für Ostasien einen Landesbericht vorgelegt, der hervorragende histori- sche, politische und rechtliche Kenntnisse vereint und die strafrechtlichen Bezüge in anschaulicher Weise darstellt. Wir danken Herrn Dr. Richter dafür sehr herzlich. Unser Dank gilt auch den Mitarbeiterinnen der Veröffentlichungsabteilung des Max-Planck-Instituts, insbesondere Frau Petra Lehser, für ihre sorgfältige und um- sichtige redaktionelle Arbeit. Freiburg, im Januar 2005 Albin Eser, Ulrich Sieber, Jörg Arnold InhaltsverzEICHNis Vorwort DER HerausgEBER .............................................................................................. V AbkürzungsverzeICHNIS .................................................................................................. X EInführung in das Gesamtprojekt .................................................................................. 1 ProJEKtsKIzze ................................................................................................................... 17 Vorwort des Autors ........................................................................................................ 23 StrafveRFOLgung von Systemunrecht DEr Kulturrevolution ........................................ 27 A. VorverständNIS ....................................................................................................... 27 A.I. Historische Entwicklung ................................................................................ 27 1. Das nachkaiserliche China: Zwischen Republik, Regionalismus und Bürgerkrieg ....................................................................................... 27 2. Gründung und Aufbau der Volksrepublik............................................... 29 3. Kulturrevolution ...................................................................................... 35 4. Tod und Nachfolge Maos ........................................................................ 43 5. Politischer Durchbruch der Deng-Fraktion ............................................. 45 A.II. Politischer Systemwechsel ............................................................................. 48 1. Kein klassischer Systemwechsel ............................................................. 48 2. Politischer Richtungswechsel .................................................................. 48 a) Mao und Mao-Zedong-Gedanken ................................................... 49 b) Politische Ausrichtung unter Deng Xiaoping .................................. 51 c) Bewertung ....................................................................................... 55 A.III. Politischer Kriminalitätsbereich ..................................................................... 56 B. Rechtslage und Verfolgbarkeit ............................................................................. 61 B.I. Normative Strafbarkeit .................................................................................. 61 1. Allgemeiner Überblick über die Rechtslage ............................................ 61 2. Verfassungsrechtliche Entwicklung ........................................................ 61 3. Strafrechtliche Entwicklung .................................................................... 66 a) Überblick ......................................................................................... 66 b) Konterrevolution ............................................................................. 67 c) Sub-kriminalrechtliche Sanktionen ................................................. 69 d) Post-kulturrevolutionäre Entwicklung ............................................ 70 B.II. Faktische strafrechtliche Verfolgung und Bestrafung ................................... 71 1. Der „Fall der konterrevolutionären Vereinigungen um Lin Biao und Jiang Qing“ ...................................................................................... 74 2. Weitere Strafverfolgung .......................................................................... 79 VIII Inhaltsverzeichnis a) Strafverfolgung vor der gerichtlichen Verhandlung des Lin-Jiang-Falls .......................................................................... 80 b) Strafverfolgung nach der gerichtlichen Verhandlung des Lin-Jiang-Falls .......................................................................... 80 B.III. Rechtliche Schranken der Strafbarkeit und Verfolgbarkeit............................ 81 1. Rechtsstaatlichkeit ................................................................................... 81 2. Rückwirkungsverbot ............................................................................... 83 3. Absehen von Strafe ................................................................................. 85 4. Verjährung ............................................................................................... 86 5. Prozessuale Ausschlussgründe ................................................................ 87 a) Tod .................................................................................................. 87 b) Haftunfähigkeit ............................................................................... 87 c) Immunität .......................................................................................
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