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IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2016 172 Geographical Overview | EU’s Mediterranean Countries Panorama 1 growth in 2015 in country. eurozone growth other any than more showing Spain 2015,and growth, positive 2013)and (2010) near-zero or growth 2014 in and, 2011, (2009, GDP in growth negative of years 2012 five after growth economic of recovery to the led The labour reform and social and budget cutbacks insecurity.nancial employment and growing levels and fi of inequality to inability find parties’ solutionsand political to un crisis by the caused situation political and nomic eco the corruption, of tiring are seem, would it ple, 1977 2015 in (73.2% 2016). in 69.8% and peo The since lowest the of one points, three than more by turnout in afall than other December, in those to different no were 26 on June However, results the polls. to the called again once were citizens country’s the expired, had theOnce deadline provided for in the Constitution agovernment. to form needed majority mentary parlia 2015 the to produce 20 December failed on elections after months six in second the Spain, in held were Senate the and Deputies of gress Con to the 2016, 26 June On elections general University ofBarcelona iMas Segura Antoni in Spain? The End of the Two-Party System Countries Mediterranean |EU’s Overview Geographical on unabated after the third quarter of 2007, of it quarter when third the after unabated on ciety. In fact, the decline in employment figures went so of sectors vulnerable more the in crisis the of es consequenc negative the to offset enough not were economic growth and decrease in unemployment (4,779,500 However, unemployed). population the 2015 in active the of at 20.9% although stood still it falling, was rate unemployment the to this, Parallel National Statistics Institute (INE) and Eurostat: http://www.ine.es/ Eurostat: and (INE) Institute Statistics National 1 ------

; http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database elections. both between difference little such was there why explains which context, social and economic certain un and 2016 adepressive in interpreted be must 2015 of results and election the Consequently, 2013. of as towards women until 2011, the relation reversing tilted was hand, other the on poverty, of risk The 2015. in underway was recovery the after points) (1.62 difference 2015, and highest its reaching higher than male unemployment between 2008 fema of effects the addition, In at 23.8%. stood it 2008 2015, in 29% at in around while remained and 2014 in peak its reached rate at 29.2% poverty of Spanish Meanwhile, thehouseholds. at-risk-of- power purchasing 13.2% the in and 9.4 between of adrop representing and 2009 in €30,045 €28,787 2015 in with and 2008 in compared as €26,092 reaching to fall, continued household per to improve living and average conditions, incomes 2014 in began enough that revival strong not was economic The wages. low and insecurity job ment, high rates of unemployment and part-time employ population: the on toll its taken had crisis of years seven of effect the but rising, not employment un and decline in not was economy the when time 2015 the at aOverall, 2016 and came elections crisis. to the prior figures the 2015of 12.8% still below employed, at 18,094,200 late 2014 in upturn 2015 and end the for total the set 16,950,600, representing an 18.3% decline. The 2014 of quarter first at the in registered was point lowest The people. 20,753,400 of atotal reached the crisis have been clearly gender-specific: le unemployment was on average 0.73 average on was points unemployment ­le . - - - 09/09/2016 12:23:46 05_PANORAMA_Geographical_Anuari_2016_EN.indd 173 2 voting. in changes over major seats, fewer with most votes, in constituencies with especially parties the favours law, which d’Hondt the of effect the number of seats owe more to the redistributive in variations The refounded. being of process the in a CDC of votes’ supporters of ‘tactical the won ty par republican the while byvoting’ C’s supporters, ‘tactical from benefited PP conservative The votes. lost parties political other the while spectively), 2016votes in 2015 in than re 4.6% and (9.3% more won ERC and PP the only seen, be can As Source: INE. Source: CC, 78,080 (81,917); EH-Bildu, 92,046 (109,563); C’s, 97,618 (87,863). Reworking of electoral data. data. electoral of 97,618 (109,563); C’s, 92,046 (87,863). Reworking (81,917); 78,080 EH-Bildu, CC, UP, 463,392); 71,123 IU (61,615); (66,865); and 75,547 69,922 63,820 2015 ERC, (in Podemos PSOE, (70,907); 60,230 CDC, (58,837); the Balearics, where UP came second), in the the in second), came UP where Balearics, the and Valencia Navarra, Madrid, in (except PSOE the second the and PP the was voted party most the communities other the in While noting. worth is Country Basque the and Catalonia between iour behav electoral in difference the hand, one the On into account. taken be should 2016 that in factors results other The revealed and Bildu. PNV CDC, for fluctuations downward with results, their repeated parties other the Finally, coalition. in 1986) of as not IU were initials the (under Spain of tothe successors the historic Party Communist 2015, and with Podemos when compared votes, 1977; since 1,089,760 of results loss UP’s the and worst its had which seats, PSOE in votes; drop the 390,749 lost which C’s decline, noting worth is CHART 6 CHART The number of votes that each political party needed in 2016 to gain a seat was: EAJ-PNV, 57,243 PP, 57,709 (2015, 50,386); vot EAJ-PNV, was: aseat 2016 in gain to needed party political each that votes of number The -4 - -3 - -2 - -1 - 0 - 5 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 2008 Annual GDP Growth (%) Growth GDP Annual 2009 2010 2 Lastly, it 2011 - - - tionalist). In 2015 In tionalist). 2016, and however, with won UP na Basque left-wing the of version (an electoral to AMAIUR place second and PNV to went the tory 2011, In place. into second PNV the ty, forcing vic voted par most the 1977 was PSOE the 2008 and in PP), by the while beaten were they when 2000 in (except place second in PSOE the with won, PNV 2015.til 1979 2011 in and Between 2004 and the un voted parties most the as alternated always had PSOE and PNV the where Country Basque the in similar is situation The even sixth. or fifth fourth, came often and party political strongest third the PP, was the the of at best those edly, which are and 2016. The most results, significant undoubt 1979, in except to went CiU, always 2015place Second won. 2016 Podemos and Común En when 2015 and won, –UDC) Catalonia of Union cratic Demo the and by CDC formed coalition electoral (CiU, 2011until Union and Convergence when PSOE) the of version Catalan the (PSC, Catalonia of Party Socialists’ to the gone always had tory vic Catalonia, In parties. socialist and nationalist with more electoral options and a of prominence system, political adifferent presented have always (1977), elections first nations country’s two these the ever since phenomenon; a new not is This place. second in respectively ERC the and PNV EAJ- with won, UP Catalonia, and Country Basque 2012 2013 2014 2015 o s ------09/09/2016 12:23:46

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IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2016 174 Geographical Overview | EU’s Mediterranean Countries Panorama Source: INE. Source: ‘indig the of assemblies the from party apolitical as percentage to little more Podemos than rose 50%. this C’s reduced 2016, and and Podemos of rise the However, votes. 2015 total in of 80% 70% or than 1977), in (63.8% them more won often between and votes the of 65% than more won always parties ed 1977 Between 2015, and onwards. vot most two the characterized the Spanish political system from 1977 which system, two-party the in decline aclear cate 2015 in results the 2016 and hand, other the On indi position. fifth or to fourth relegated been has occasion, on and, 2000) in (except place third 1977 since from rising of incapable been has party conservative the Again place. second in PNV the INE. Source: CHART 8 CHART 7 CHART 24,000 - 25,000 - 26,000 - 28,000 - 29,000 - 20,000 - 31,000 - 27,000 - 30 - 30 15 - 20 - 25 - 10 - 5 - 0 - 2008 2008 Average Income per Household (€) Household per Income Average (%) Quarter 4th Rate, Unemployment 2009 2009 2010 2010 Men 2011 2011 - - - Women break up the two-party system, making it crucial, at at crucial, it making system, two-party the up break to able were parties both short, In to corruption. end an put and State the of administration the streamline and reform life, political to regenerate intended is PP, the of immobility to the contrast in which, option represents discourse, its a anti-Catalan centre-right through grown had and 2006 since Parliament alan Cat the in present been already had which C’s, bloc. leftist the of hegemony the to dispute and PSOE to the alternative an as intended was It by Brussels. erty, etc.) and against the austerity policies imposed (unemployment,crisis job insecurity, evictions, pov of against the the consequences economic social 15 on nants’ (15M) May 2011, protesting were who 2012 2012 Total 2013 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015 - - 09/09/2016 12:23:47 05_PANORAMA_Geographical_Anuari_2016_EN.indd 175 3 Source: INE. Source: lanisme. De l’autonomialanisme. a la independencia democratizador proceso del inicios Los España. en Transición la de toria Catalan Parliament. However, in view of the PSOE’s PSOE’s However, the of view in Parliament. Catalan by the supported and Generalitat the of ernment gov by the forward pushed a referendum, in proved ap was Catalonia of Autonomy of Statute a new the State of the Autonomies in Catalonia. in Autonomies the of State the of failure the demonstrates that panorama political Spanish the in appeared has factor a new Lastly, reached to win a government majority. to be agreements for future, immediate the in least UP (Podemos +IU) (Podemos UP PSOE PP EH-Bildu CC Unity in (IU-UPeC). Common TOTAL DEPUTIES C’s Basque Nationalist Party. Party. Nationalist Basque or* Parties electoral coalitions that representation. obtained parliamentary ERC Source: Spanish Government. Interior Ministry: http://resultados2016.infoelecciones.es/99CO/DCO99999TO.htm?lang=es Podemos; in Valencia, Podemos-Compromiso; in Galicia, Podemos-En Marea. In each of these cases the coalition already included IU in 2015. 2015. in IU included already coalition the cases these of each In Marea. Podemos-En Galicia, in Podemos-Compromiso; Valencia, in Podemos; EAJ-PNV CDC TABLE 5 TABLE 9 CHART Antoni Antoni 30 - 30 10 - 15 - 20 - 25 - 35 - IU Podemos 7 0 - 5 - 3 2 4 S 6 5 egura 1 2008 Political Party* , «Un balance del Estado de las Autonomías en España (1976-2002)» en Rafael (1976-2002)» Rafael en España en Autonomías las de Estado del balance , «Un 6 Euskal Herria Bildu. Left-wing Basque nationalist. 3 Election Results 2015-2016 Results Election (%) Rate At-Risk-of-Poverty Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC). 2009 5,545,315 7,236,965 3,514,528 5,212,711 , Barcelona, Angle, 2013. Angle, , Barcelona, 2010 926,783 302,316 567,253 601,782 219,125 Votes 4 81,917 Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC). In 2015, they adopted the name Democracy and Freedom (DL). (DL). Freedom and Democracy name the adopted they 2015, In (CDC). Catalonia of Convergence Democratic - 1 Results 20 December 2015 December 20 Results They ran under different names depending on the social movements that led the candidacy in each territory. In Catalonia, En Común Común En Catalonia, In territory. each in candidacy the led that movements social the on depending names different under ran They Total 7 Canarian Coalition. Canarian 3 In 2006, 2006, In % 2011 Votes 22.00 20.68 13.94 28.71 2.39 3.68 2.25 0.32 0.87 1.20 - - - Women ticles and reinterpreted 24 articles and three addi three and 24 articles reinterpreted and ticles 14 annulled ar partially or totally and effect legal no had Catalonia” of reality national “the and a nation” as to “Catalonia Statute’s the of preamble erences ref the that 2010, 28 ruled June (TC). On court the tutional before challenge the Court Constitutional State the throughout tures the new Statute – against acampaign began PP the response, passive Crònica del Crònica cata and 331-352 2007: Nueva, Biblioteca , Madrid, 2012 Congress of Deputies Congress Seats 350 123 90 40 69 2 6 2 1 8 9 -

5,049,734 5,424,709 7,906,185 3,123,769 2013 Men 629,294 184,092 481,839 286,215 Votes 78,080 Q - - 2

In 2015 they participated under the name United Left, Popular Popular Left, United name the under participated 2015 they In which included collecting signa uiro s a Results 26 June 2016 June 26 Results -C heyrouze % – and brought aconsti brought – and 2014 Votes 33.03 20.90 22.66 13.05 0.33 2.63 2.01 1.20 0.77 - -

y M uñoz 5 Euzko Alderbi Jeltzalea- (Coord.), His (Coord.), 2015 Seats 350 137 85 32 71 - - 5 2 1 8 9 ------09/09/2016 12:23:47

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IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2016 176 Geographical Overview | EU’s Mediterranean Countries Panorama map towards achieving independence. aroad preparing began Generalitat the of ernment gov the votes and the of 60% ate) than more won elector socialist the of part and Podemos of version Catalan the (including Catalonia of future the on areferendum holding of favour in parties the case, votes). (48% the of any In majority voting insufficient (outan 72 135) of with with seats time although first the for Parliament the in majority absolute an won parties 2015,27 September pro-independence the of Catalonia of Parliament to the elections the In system. political Catalan the in changes sensitive produced that to self-determination) (the right cide to de right its of support in Catalonia in movement abroad of beginning the was It provisions. tional data. electoral of reworking Source: CHART 10 CHART 150 - 150 - 250 - 300 - 350 100 - 200 - 50 - 50 0 - 1977 1979 The Two Most Voted Parties, 1977-2016 Parties, Voted Two Most The 1982 1986 1989 Votes (%) 1993 - - - - 1996 state territory. state of management the transition, political the from ing finally, an urgency a in pend major addressing issue and, poverty; of at risk people of number the in rise job insecurity,creased and a great inequality social in State, welfare the of far, to aweakening led so have, which crisis, economic the to address cies poli to revise aneed institutions; public and State the of administration the modernize and streamline to aneed peddling; influence and funds public of mismanagement the party-funding, illegal tion, to corrup end an putting sphere, political the of tion system;ty the need for a comprehensive regenera two-par the in adecline indicate elections Spanish 2015 the of results the 2016 and conclusion, In 2000 Seats 2004 2008 2011 2015 2016 ------09/09/2016 12:23:48