Design and Analysis of Bio-Inspired 3D Printing Body Armor for Neck Support and Protection by
Lei Xia
B.S.B Management Information Systems University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, 2013
SUBMITTED TO THE INTEGRATED DESIGN & MANAGEMENT PROGRAM IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
June 2018
2018 Lei Xia. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature redacted Signature of Author: Integrated Design & Management Program Signature redactedway 12, 2018 Certified by:
Morris Cohen Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Thesis Supervisor
Accepted by: Signature redacted Matthew S. Kres y Executive Director, Integrated Design & Management Progra MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY JUN 2 0 2018
LIBRARIES ARCHIVES This page intentionally left blank.
2 Design and Analysis of Bio-Inspired 3D Printing Body Armor for Neck Support and Protection by
Lei Xia
SUBMITTED TO THE INTEGRATED DESIGN & MANAGEMENT PROGRAM IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
Abstract
The thesis presents the design and analysis process of a bio-inspired 3D printing body armor for neck support and protection. There are numerous examples of the structural skin or body armor among animals that generates both cranial protection and torso support.
In this thesis, the mechanical behavior of the natural structure regarding the specific animal subject will be reviewed and studied using bio-inspired, flexible, design-for- manufacturing armor prototypes designed using computational 3D modeling to tackle a particular problem in real-life body protection.
The design process will be demonstrated following the design thinking methodology with the emphasis on user empathy and experience design. Analysis of the prototype's flexibility and strength will be investigated to show how morphometry can enhance the architecture of material. And the accessibility will be researched under quantitative testing and qualitative interviews to the potential beneficiary.
The thesis will also explore how the computer aid design can be improved based on bio-inspired analysis and potential mechanical testing. The long-term objective is to use bio-inspired design to develop an additive manufacturing technique for product design to accelerate the iteration process and increase product efficiency.
3 Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Introduction and Review on Researches of Bio-inspired Body Armor
1.1 The Living Fossil Polypterus Senegalus 1.2 Structure of Polypterus Senegalus Scale 1.3 Background: Design Principle of Polypterus Armor 1.4 Design Decision for Specific Body Part: Neck 1.5 Overview of 3D Printing and its Social and Economic Value 1.6 Thesis Structure
Chapter 2: Potential User Needs Analysis & Market Research
2.1 Preliminary Research with Products on the Market 2.2 Potential User Identification 2.3 User Interviews 2.4 Need Analysis 2.5 Stakeholder Analysis
Chapter 3: Material, Testing Methods and Future Steps
3.1 Material Design Principle 3.2 Fabrication Method 3.3 Review of Testing Methods 3.4 Discussion and Future Directions
4 Chapter 4: Design Research and Prototype Result of Bio-inspired Body Armor 4.1 Biomechanism of Human Neck 4.2 Brainstorming and Generating Basic Ideas 4.3 First Design Prototype and Testing Part 4.4 Feedback Gathering and Iteration 4.5 Final Design Prototype and Testing Part
Chapter 5: Future Implementation and Social Impact
5.1 Future Beneficiary of Current Design Solution 5.2 Fabrication Method 5.3 Historical Context 5.4 Discussion and Future Directions
Chapter 6: Future Implementation and Social Impact
6.1 Conclusions 6.2 List of Figures 6.3 Bibliography
5 Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to:
Professor Christine Ortiz, for her support and guidance throughout the whole process, for her leading me out side of my comfort zone in traditional user experience design into thinking scientific research methodology into my design research and ideation. I am thrilled and grateful to have worked on this project to be part of the bio-inspired community.
Katia Zolotovsky, for her mentoring and guidance, for her insight and knowledge of the subject. Her ideation and inspiration were enormous help for my design when I am confused for the subject.
Matt Kressy, for his trust in me, in believing me I am worthy to be admitted into the best graduate school in the universe while I always have doubted myself.
And most importantly my family - mom, dad, Meixi - for their support and trust.
6 Chapter 1
Introduction and Review on Researches of Bio-inspired Body Armor
7 In this chapter, the mechanical performance and biological form of the living fossil
Polypterus Senegalus will be introduced as the inspiration for this thesis, and all the
work the Ortiz lab have done in the past regarding the bio-inspired body armor are
based on Polypterus Senegalus.
This chapter will explore the history context of Polypterus Senegalus and other fish with natural predator resistance skin and armor, understand the fundamental element: scale, study the design principle for Polypterus armor, review the design decision of selecting as the specific body party to tackle, and review 3D printing for its social and economic value for future discussion. The thesis structure will also be discussed at the end of this chapter.
1.1 The Living Fossil Polypterus Senegalus
Polypterus Senegalus belongs to the ancient family Polypteridae, which first appeared 96 million years ago during the Cretaceous period. (Ortiz, 2008) While most of the Polypterus Senegalus still retains many of the characteristics that appeared 96 million years ago, dermal armor in fish first was discovered at the beginning of the
Paleozoic period during the Ordovician with the rise of the Ostracoderms which is about
500 million years ago. (Hoedeman, 1974)
8 Figure 1: P. Senegalus Skeleton (Ortiz, 2008)
Based on all the fantastic work done by the Ortiz group, this thesis will work further on the magnificent model system, the scales from Polypterus Senegalus which contains the following characteristics: interlocking, quad-layered, mineralized as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
The historical context of the fish armor could be traced back to the era when the ancient fish became more predaceous (Anderson, 2007), their armor evolved in both multilayered material structures and overall geometries. (Ortiz, 2008) For the backboned animal, as large plates broke up into smaller ones, the thickness of various layers decreased, and the number of layers decreased. These affected the weight, flexibility, speed, and maneuverability. (Colbert, 1955)
9 3
Ganoine
Peg
Anterior process 500 pM
Figure 2 Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of outer scale surface (Ortiz, 2008)
Throughout the history, similar samples regarding the balance between protection and mobility are also found between the evolution of armor in the animal world and human-designed engineered body armor to maximize survivability.
(Arciszewski, 2006)
10 Figure 3 : SEM of the Inner Scale Surface (Ortiz, 2008)
When discussing about armor, it will always come to impression that mobility won't stack with impenetrability. One will have to give up the dynamics and mobility for defensive enhancement and impenetrability. However, that is not the case with
Polypterus Senegalus. As shown in Figure 4, the top part of the figure shows the strong protective and impenetrability aspects of the armor of Polypterus Senegalus. The bottom part of the figure shows the mobility and curvature of how the armor enables the fish to move and swim.
11 -.1 ------______
/r I Figure 4: P.Senegalus's Unique Armor System (J.Song & S.Reichert 2011)
1.2 Structure of Polypterus Senegalus Scale
This section will discuss the will focus on the understand and review scale to better understand how the basic element plays a key role in the protective property and the mobility mechanism of the Polypterus armor.
To understand the "armor" of Polypterus Senegalus and its perfect design of nature that provides protection from predatory attacks yet still allows the fish to swim and move freely (Katia, 2012). The geometric design rules in the Polypterus Senegalus exoskeleton are characterized across three levels of resolution: local, regional, and global. (Ortiz, 2014)
Local
The local level of organization is highly mineralized and related to a single scale with its anatomy. The scale geometry varies gradually relative to its position in the exoskeleton. (Ortiz & Katia, 2015)
12 Regional
The interconnectivity of fish scales in the exoskeleton are presented and described in the regional level. The level also presents the correlation between local shape variation and regional functionality of the system. (Ortiz & Katia, 2015)
Global
The global level is related to the long-range assembly of the scales across the fish body and its range of motion and movement. The orientation of scales within the assembly exoskeleton further contributes to functional variation within the armor. (Ortiz
& Katia, 2015)
1.3 Background: Design Principles of Polypterus Armor
This section will summarize the two levels of segmentation for the fish armor.
The first level consists of an array of symmetric helical rings mirrored along the middle line of fish body as demonstrated in Figure 5. (Katia, 2012) One of the mechanisms that offers the flexibility to the fish armor is the relative sliding of the units between the rings. (Katia, 2012)
13 '*1
1. Helix
2. Helix Segment
3. Mirrored Segment Y'%Xz 4. Arrayed Segment
Figure 5: The Armor of Semi-Helical Rings Mirrored along
the Top and Bottom of Polypterus Body
For the second level, the surface of the peg and socket connection defines the range of motion and movement. The allowable ranges of motion and movement are determined by the surface of connection.
1.4 Design Decision for Specific Body Part: Neck
As the fellow researchers have already developed into shoulder armor, the research and design purposes for this thesis is focused on building a bio-inspired body armor for another human body part. The brainstorming starts with understanding the range of motion and movement of human body and how it compares to the range of motion to Polypterus Senegalus.
14 As shown in Figure 4, the "armor" of Polypterus Senegalus and its perfect design of nature provides protection from predatory attacks yet still allows the fish to swim and move freely (Katia, 2012).
Before confirming the neck as the designated body part for the armor design, two options were put on the table regarding the specific body part for design: A. Human
Neck B. Human Torso. The movement and tilting of both body parts have strong resemblance with the movement and swim curvature of Polypterus Senegalus. The radius of curvature and the tilting of the do largely mimic the movement of our torso or our neck. However, the human torso varies so much based on difference sex, race, and nationality. Therefore, design decision for human neck was decided to be the designated body part for the body armor.
Ai
Figure 6: Radius of Curvature - Top View ( S. Reichert, 2011)
In Figure 6 and Figure 7, the curvature was demonstrated with huge body curvature with an anesthetized Polypterus Senegalus with largely mimic the movement and tilting for human neck movement. Furthermore, as there is a huge lack within the field of neck protection especially with in the Army, Marine, and Navy. This thesis is
15 designated to tackle the product design of body armor that specially provides support and protection to human neck, especially soldier's neck. Ar
10 mM
Figure 7: An Anesthetized Polypterus Senegalus (length -219mm), Showing very
Large Body Curvature (S.Reichert, 2010)
1.5 Overview of 3D Printing and its Social & Economic Value
The decentralized manufacturing network that defies the traditional centralized manufacturing network and process generates enormous waste and has higher energy consumption than 3D printing (Ferdinand, 2016). While the society has realized the energy and material reduction of 3D printing, it has not fully understood the hidden waste within the process of 3D printing, SLA specifically. It is believed that a recycling process for these thermosets can reduce the size the amount of waste produced during
3D printing, a technique that has become more widespread over the past ten years. The recycling partially recovers the energy needed to make these parts. Figure 8 shows the
16 development of the production system, but also includes the environmental burden and material and energy flows (Ferdinand, 2016). The primary orientation toward new decentralized technologies, for example, 3D printing, new business models and other new forms of innovation does not seem to confidently address the issue of high energy and material consumption caused by mass production. It is vital that modifications to the production processes such as those presently being suggested also keep sustainability in mind. And that is also the critical mindset for our research that every step throughout the process should be focusing on building a more sustainable ecosystem and supply chain for the future of manufacturing.
3D printing has been disrupting the manufacturing and prototype landscape over the past a few years. It can give decentralized production even further momentum because they seem to be more and more suitable for private acquisition (Berman 2012;
Rawsthrone 2013; Vance 2012). The mostly decentralized network in the future would lower both energy and resource input while the output remains. The traditional manufacturing and prototyping process generate colossal waste and create unsolvable sustainability issue. While the industry has realized the overall energy and resource reduction by 3D printing, it has not offered any concrete solution when it comes to recycling 3D printing raw material since there is no actual data on the waste and energy consumption analysis for 3D printing.
17 P 4
Material and EnetfY Flowssem'es
HIGH *Mau
- mlobaftaaen
Product 1+,"o Volume UC per Variant*
tow PmooucnoN sm~s 4= CEWUL -m . ..., . see . .. , a -m a -ee- - DE-CENTM m go
Product Variety
Figure 8: The Changing of Material and Energy Consumption Over Time with
Centralized Mass Production and Decentralized Production Network
Not only the manufacturing and prototyping, but also the design process of any service-oriented products have been influenced by 3D printing. 3D printing offers a shift towards inclusion and participation has been a long process in the design praxis.
Researchers are witnessing an ever-increasing degree of participation of non-expert designers and the constant evolution of methodologies that aim to tap into the creative potential and sticky knowledge of users in bringing together expert and distributed design capacity (Bofylatos, 2017). As cited above, manufacturing, prototyping design,
18 and supply chain have all been affected by the emerging of 3D printing with societal and
innovation impact. Our research would also focus on the societal impact of every step of
our research.
However, the implementation of 3D printing does increase the ethics discussion
within the community with two major concerns: safety and intellectual property. During
our interview and research, safety becomes an emerging concern with our proposed
material in design the body armor. And the intellectual property of making the resin
becomes another issue when it comes to the discussion of ethics for this specific
research.
1.6 Thesis Structure
In the following chapters, I will describe the research, analysis and design work
done on this project. Chapter 2 will discuss the identification process of potential users,
interviews with potential users and their need and analysis. Firstly, it will review the
preliminary research with current products on the market. Secondly, it will demonstrate the process of identifying potential users for the design of bio-inspired body armor.
Thirdly, it will provide users interviews results and discuss the latent need of potential users. Lastly, the need analysis and stakeholder analysis will be presented to illustrate what the complicated user need could accommodate and how the potential final product would influence its stakeholders in the coming future. Chapter 3 will discuss entire design process from design thinking prospective. Firstly, it will explore the biomechanism of the neck to understand the basis of designated human part. Secondly,
19 the ideation and brainstorm process of the design will be reviewed including culture references and design inspiration. Last, the chapter will present the first and final design prototype of the body armor. Chapter 4 will discuss the material and fabrication methods. And it will review the potential testing method and hypothesis. Chapter 5 will summarize the historical context, review the potential and future usage and opportunity for the current design, and discuss how the current design could be improved. Chapter
6 will summarize the thesis and review the potential future of the current design.
20 Chapter 2
Potential User Needs Analysis & Market Research
21 In this chapter, the whole process of detailed market research and user interview will be reviewed and introduce to unveiling the detailed user need and requirement for the product this thesis is introducing: bio-inspired body armor that provides support and protection for human neck.
The chapter will unveil the results from preliminary research with current products in the market including gesture retainment neck brace, moto crossing neck brace army neck protection solution. Then the chapter will present the target user for the product from various potential users. The chapter will summarize users need including both functionality need and latent need and will end with a detailed stakeholder analysis in the discussion for the future direction of this product.
As the first chapter reviewed the academic research from the Ortiz group for bio- inspired body armor, this chapter will focus more on gathering external data and reviewing the traditional design research approach on collecting data from the current market, identifying target users, and interview potential users to better design the final product and understand the insights of actual user need including both functionality and latent.
2.1 Preliminary Research with Products on the Market
At the beginning of the research, one of the directions this thesis is attempting to approach is to build a 3D neck brace support system since they are many similar products in the market offering different functionality and addressing various issues as shown in Figure 9.
22 Figure 9: (A) Lanzavecchia + Wai Neck Support System (B) 3D Printing Fashion
Collection with Hannah Soukup (C) 3D Printing Scoliosis Brace by UNYQ
Since most of the potential users has been targeted to be soldiers in use of providing protection and support in the combat setting. The direction of the research and design were retained within making the new bio-inspired body armor for neck protection for soldiers. However, researches for products in the current market were still conducted in the general market of skate board users, motocross hobbyist, and army across the global in search for the common and best practice in offering support and protection for human neck.
For US army, the current solution is the updated Nape Pad demonstrated in
Figure 10 in 2015 which "easily attaches to the existing rear strap of the Army Combat
Helmet." The pad would be implemented to "providing support, as well as shielding from fragmentation." Other militaries are also concerned with neck protection. According to
Dailywire reported in 2016, Israeli military started using neck armor shown in Figure 11 to protect against Arab throat-slashing. Since it is reported that "at least 100 incidences have been carried out by Palestinians and Arabs against Israeli military and civilians in
23 the past couple of months", the military announced that the solution could keep the troop safe from having their neck slashed.
Neck Protector - Nape Pad
Figure 10: Nape Pad for U.S. Army (U.S. Army, 2016)
As both Figure 10 and Figurel1 show, the U.S. Army and Israel Army both take the issue of neck protection into designing an attachment or an extra part for the current uniform and armor solution. With the traditional product design approach with non-3D printing prototyping and manufacturing approach, this is a common practice for specific need like neck protection. Reasons behind the lack of neck protection could be traced back to the beginning phase when designing the uniform and body armor as neck protection was not one of the need that made into the final requirement list.
24 Figure 11: Israel Army Neck Protection against Arab Throat-slashing (Dailywire, 2016)
Another group of users that constantly in need of neck protection are the motor cross hobbyists. As the activity of motor crossing could be dangerous on average, the hobbyists always equip themselves with neck brace that seems outrage in shape and appearance with the price range from $50 to $500. The material also varies from common plastic to carbon fiber as the neck brace requires stiffness in protection while still being light to reduce burden for moto cross riders.
25 Figure 12: Motorcross Neck Brace
The Scott neck brace as shown in Figure 12 helps protect riders from all sorts of the protection. The protection could be best illustrated in Figure 13 including hyperextension, lateral hyperflexion, posterior hypertranslation, coupled axial loading, and hyperflexion. While the protection seems to be focused on stiffness and rigid protection to protection neck from abnormal movement and tilting, other requirements and needs regarding the support and protection are still up to be decided.
26 MVPWX~ LAPAhL MYW A'Cf ~t'W7 C rh;c P43i r v)r~%JeJ 4.~ct~( CyAc SAM mnWC! jr,41 #*envt rewar "
.....- ....- COLULW AXL4L LOAW4G
-n- wcfvr t*o Pjr-v j
Figure 13: Scott Neck Brace Protection Demonstration
2.2 Potential User Identification
As the work on the Polypterus Senegalus was performed in the Ortiz group
toward the development of articulated body armor for soldiers (Katia, 2012), the potential user has been targeted to be soldiers in the U.S. Army, Marine, and Navy. It is
27 discussed whether the support functionality would be implemented in the application of
neck brace and other neck related product since there are large amount of users of
motor crossing hobbyists and skate players for their neck support and protection.
As the targeted users are defined to be soldiers, the design will fully focus on the
protection and support. Interviews will be focused on the protection in the combat setting instead of recreational usage.
2.3 User Interview
In this section, the thesis will discuss the user interviews conducted with two hobbyists including one ski and snowboarding players and one motor cyclist. And two more interviews were also conducted with two veteran who is currently pursuing master's degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The section will discuss their response based on the questions asked regarding their daily usage of neck related products and their experience in related field and actual combat situation and settings.
The interview process is the opportunity to get to know better about the usage and the actual pain points and how future design could improve the performance and user experience of the current product.
For the interview with the skiing and snowboarding player, she offered me insights including how most of the snowboarding players do not equip themselves with a dedicated neck protection solution. They wear one or even two neck warmers to keep the temperature and slight neck support. Most of them are aware of their lack of neck support structure when using snowboarding but they are worried about the movement
28 would be restricted with any form of rigid neck protection. There are also cases when
snowboarding players stack both neck warmers together as to achieve higher
temperature retention and stronger protection.
For the interview with the Motorcyclist, she explained some of the issues she is
having with the current solution. She said; "some of the neck braces on the market are
super heavy while the light ones are so expensive." After listening to my idea draft, she
replied: "an armor wouldn't make sense if it is restricting my movement." The expensive
ones the interviewee mentioned are mainly top brands with carbon fiber material that cost more than 500 dollars. She suggested that "flexible material would make a lot of
sense," but she is concerned if "flexible material would still maintain the toughness
required for protection. She also mentioned that "for motocross, it is always a hybrid
between tilting and turning when it comes to neck movement.
Other interviews were planned to visit neck brace users for pain relief and ACDF
surgery. The plan was not executed since the bio-inspired research was primarily focused on penetration resistance and protection. However, in the preliminary market sweep research of current issues for mostly used neck brace products in the market, similar issues also surfaced including sweating (non-breathability), lack of support, bulky design and foam padding wear-off, etc.
As the target users are designated to be soldiers, protection is prioritized in the design process to bring the armor aspect of the project. In the following section, detailed analysis of user need will be presented to reflect results from user interviews.
29 2.4 Need Analysis
Flexibility, breathability, and impenetrability become the dominant theme of the needs and requirements from interviewing potential users and stakeholders. The need analysis is illustrated in Figure 14.
Don't make me add one more Fragments Protection Impenetrability piece of armor to my current uniform. Don't put on more weight.
Make this as my next layer of Neck Tilting Allowance Flexibility skin to make my neck move freely.
Don't make me do extra work on Clean and Non-sweat After Long Breathability getting the armor that might Hour of Usage make me put on extra layer of labor.
Figure 14: Need Analysis
One of the key components for the need list is the latent need. As defined by
Further, latent needs are the requirements that users were not aware of when first being interviewed for certain product. Latent need can be defined as a desire or preference which cannot be satisfied due to a lack of information or availability of a product or service. (Further, 2016)
30 2.5 Stakeholder Analysis
In the center of the stakeholder analysis is the manufacturing company that will
be in charge of the design, modeling, printing, and testing of the 3D printing body armor.
The company will mainly serve the purpose of providing full optimization and customer
services for both 3D printing supporting vendors and U.S. Army, Marine, Navy and the
Department of Defense. While its primary client is U.S. Army, Marine, Navy and the
Department of Defense, it also works closely with 3D printing supporting vendors
including printing material supplier, modeling supplier, tomography supplier, and the
potential designated armor material supplier. As the armor would be printed in multiple
materials, there might be more than one designated printing materials. Since the armor
is designed to serve as support and protection for soldiers from any form of penetration,
it will also gather data from the U.S. Army, Marine, Navy and the Department of
Defense to collect failed testing sample or final product to optimize the effectiveness of
the final product. On the other hand, suppliers, external consultants, and vendors from
all the design, testing, and manufacturing aspects of making the bio-inspired 3D printing
body armor should work on providing more comprehensive customer services to the
center of the stakeholder that is also known as the manufacturing company for 3D
printing bio-inspired body armor.
In the community of 3D printing body armor, academic research, design, and
engineering are all involved to improve the process of making bio-inspired body armor
and enhance the performance of the final product. The academic research community would work on continues research on bio-inspired objects and how it could transfer into
31 improving and enhancing the current design. The design community would work on
promoting the methodology of bio-inspired body armor and how the newly designed
mesh approach could change the way designers model and design in digital paradigm.
The engineering community would work on improving the fabrication and material to
increase the efficiency and effectiveness of current design.
All actions within the stakeholder cycle would also influence society in public
relationship of U.S. Army, Marine, Navy, and the Department of Defense, the addictive
manufacturing industry and the ecosystem while user innovation are highly focused and emphasized to continually improve the current design.
32 /
3D Printing Supporting Vendors Printing Material Supplier Modeling Supplier Tomography Supplier Society
wo .a on Ow ft "M - Public 4 Relationship orAsor
I Addictive 3D Printing Manufacturing / Body Armor / Manufacturing I User innovation I 'K Ecosystem
I Community '4 I I Academic I Research U.S Army I I Department of Defense I Army I Design Marine I Navy / Air Force I / Engineering /
4% 4%
Figure 15: Stakeholder Analysis
33
/ Chapter 3:
Material, Testing Methods and Future Steps
34 In this chapter, material design principle will be discussed based on research
before. And both fabrication and potential testing method will be discussed to review the
potential testing and review of the mechanical performance of the newly designed
prototype and its transformational value.
3.1 Material Design Principle
The section will review the material design principle of the armor inspired by
Polypterus Senegalus. Such multiscale materials principles may be incorporated into the design of improved engineered biomimetic structural materials. As demonstrated in
Figure 2, the ganoine thickness was selected for the following reasons. Firstly, it works as a bridge to access the advantageous mechanical properties of the ganoine and underlying dentine including energy dissipation. Secondly, it works as a medium to reduce weight while maintaining the required mechanical properties. Lastly, it works as a connection to promote the advantageous circumferential cracking mechanism rather than radical cracking. (Ortiz,2008)
3.2 Fabrication Method
Computational Modeling
The basic element of the Polypterus Senegalus was defined during the
MetaMesh data (Ortiz, 2014) for its local scale geometric definition, regional directionality pattern, and global functional gradient application. In this thesis, the modeling is mostly done in Rhinoceros V5.4 with Grasshopper. The first design draft
35 was implemented with Grasshopper. The final design draft and testing element are
modeled in Rhinoceros V5.4 only.
Multi-material 3D Printing
The future printing of the material would be using file exported from Rhinoceros
V5.4 into a separated STL file and fabricated using multi-material 3D printing with
OBJET Connex500TM. According to preview record, the rigid components were printed
with VeroWhite (OBJET FullCure 830) and compliant components were printed with
TangoPlus (OBJET FullcuCure 930). (Ortiz, 2014)
Micro-modelling
One of the challenges of manufacturing the armor is the modelling of the final
product. While the prototype could be 3D printed and cured within lab setting for non- ballistic material, the final product would be implemented in ballistic material. Since 3D printing for ballistic material is still immature for commercial or lab usage, micro- modelling would be the best option for final manufacturing. As the armor would be made based on the basic scale, micro-modelling the scale then collecting the scale to assemble the final product is a potential method when it comes to mass manufacturing.
3.3 Review of Testing Methods
The testing methods will mainly follow the ASTM Plastic Pipe Standards for basic mechanical performance. Other testing methods were also considered including indentation tests and three-point bending tests.
36 The testing sample are best illustrated in Figure 26 as the sizes of the scale
were to base on the median size of each scale for the front, side and back illustrated on
Figure 31 and Figure 32. Three different samples will be tested for each test.
3.4 Discussion and Future Directions
One of the user's requirements discussed in this thesis is breathability. As one of the army members during the interview mentioned that with intensive movement and action involved, it would be ideal to bring breathability to the neck support and protection armor since it is the body part where most of the people sweat the most during any tasks. Another user requirement is thermos protection according to the skateboard users interviewed. For the future steps for material and testing, it would be more than ideal if temperature protection and retention and breathability could also be tested based on the newly designed material and other alternatives.
37 Chapter 4:
Design Research and Prototype Result of Bio-inspired Body Armor
38 This chapter will focus on the design thinking process of the bio-inspired body armor for neck support and protection. The design process followed the design thinking methodology presented by Stanford University in 2012. The entire process is best illustrated in the following diagram of Figure 16.
Figure 16: Design Thinking Process from Stanford D-School
The first step is to EMPATHIZE where designer "work to fully understand the experience of the user for whom you are designing." (Stanford,2012) The similar process is presented and discussed in the through "observation, interaction, and immersing" both designers and users within the experience.
The second step is to DEFINE where designer dig deeper in to the "findings from your empathy work in order to form a user point of view that you will address with your design" (Stanford,201 2) and streamline the process and emphasize on the priority user requirement and need.
39 The third step is to IDEATE where designers "explore a wide variety of possible
solutions through generating a large quantity of diverse possible solutions" (Stanford,
2012) to provide a vision beyond the obvious solutions and brainstorm a more
comprehensive ideas from a range of selections.
The fourth step is to PROTOTYPE. In this phase, designers should work on
transforming the ideas into a physical form. Therefore, the physical form will give a more detailed interaction and empathy with potential users. This is also the step where designers should work with engineers to layout detailed restriction and potential engineering obstacles to prevent future backlash of designing the "impossible" things to achieve from the engineering perspective.
The last step is to TEST. In this phase, designers would go back to approach potential users and stakeholders to test the physical form of the prototype. The testing phase allows designers to gather adequate feedback to improve and iterate the prototype. The feedback gathers is extremely important in the whole process as this would be the second time those potential users being exposed to the product idea. And it would be another opportunity not only to gather feedback on current prototypes but also to collect extra requirements and identify latent need.
In the previous Chapter, the need and requirements have been fully discovered to fulfill the process of generating ideas and making product from concept to physical form. This chapter will fully discuss the defining, ideating, prototyping and testing process for the body armor for neck support and protection.
40 4.1 Biomechanism of Human Neck
In this section, it will discuss the biomechanism of human neck especially range
of motion of the head including hyperflexion and hyperextension.
inferior Superior
CG I Anterior Poster1or Coser of
IH - Head Weight amity
'90 - ekShear
Occipital Condyles
To - Neck Couple to""ig
c (c ) 1 A- i - Neck Axial Force
Figure 17: (A) Free body diagram of the head for hyperflexion including chin contact
with the chest (B) Free body diagram of the head for hyperextension
As demonstrated in the previous chapter, supporting and protective gears in the
market focus on preventing five various incidents including hyperflexion,
hyperextension, lateral hyperflexion, posterior hypertranslation, and vertical forces
according to Leatt-Brace instruction guide. (MotorcrossGiant, 2018)
Because the neck is a slender column that could be subjected to a variety of
bending loads in association with an axial load (King & Albert, 2011), the injury modes could be sorted in terms of compression, tension-extension, tension-flexion, compression-extension, compression-flexion, and lateral bending.
41 Compression Injuries
The compression injuries are often the result from crown impacts to the head
which produce a high compressive load on the human neck. (King & Albert, 2011) For
example, the injury could occur in ejection and rollovers, however, not common in
automotive injuries.
Tension-extension Injuries
This kind of injury is responsible for a group of injuries including whiplash,
hangman's fractures, and structural injury, especially in the area of the anterior column of the spine (King & Albert, 2011). One of the ways that tension-extension could be
happening is the inertial loading of the neck following an abrupt forward acceleration of the torso, as would occur in a rear-end collision. (Chen, 2009)
Tension-flexion Injuries
Tension-flexion injuries happen when being impacted in frontal crashes. These cases are rare in the research found since most of the researches are focused in an automobile drivers and passengers setting. Future research and findings conducted in combat setting would be ideal reference for detailed design and implementation.
Compression-extension injuries
Similar with tension-extension injuries, compression-extension injuries also involved in frontal crash situations. One or more spinous processes fracture is expected to sustain as well as symmetrical lesions of the pedicles, facets, and laminae. (King &
Albert, 2011)
42 Compression-flexion Injuries
A greater compressive stresses and failures in the anterior of the vertebral body is generated when wedge compresses factures of the vertebral bodies. Compression- flexion injuries is classified when compressive loading of the head is produced, with or without actual head rotation. (King & Albert, 2011) A greater compressive stresses and failures in the anterior of the vertebral body is generated when wedge compresses factures of the vertebral bodies.
Lateral Bending Injuries
Laterial bending happends when an impact is occurred on the side or is oblique.
The injury often comes with shear and axial loading. When the neck is subjected to twisting, unilateral facet dislocations or unilateral locked facets are seen. (Moffat,1978)
Since the design purpose is the armor for support and protection, the research and literature review were focusing on not only the biomechanism of neck but also the injuries possibilities and how neck kinematics respond to those kinds of injuries. These are the main reference when designing the body armor for neck support and protection in this thesis. The design will follow the basic biomechanism of human neck.
43 -1
1.1Hyperflexion: 2.Jyperextnsion: 3. Lateral over-bending of over-bending of the Hyperflexion: the head in forward head in rearward over-bending of the direction. direction. head to one side.
4. Posterior 5.Vertical Forces: Hypertranslation: Axial loading extreme movement forces transmitted of head and helmet, vertically down the rearward on the neck. neck
K------W--
Figure 18: Leatt-Brace Instruction Guide (MotorcrossGiant, 2018)
4.2 Brainstorming and Generating Basic Ideas
In this section, the thesis will discover the progress of brainstorming and generating ideas for the actual body armor that provides support and protection for neck. It will gather all the internal data that been gathered through research and
44 interview and external data including products on the current market that matches the
need and requirement gather before.
Previous work on shoulder armor has been done to understand the performance
and how biological form could transfer into functionality texture like human body.
Therefore, follow the design principle and aesthetic style becomes the key when design the body armor for neck support and protection.
As demonstrated in Figure 19, the Ortiz group have done a version of body armor based on the Polypterus Senegalus in order to protect human shoulder. The alignment and the direction of the basic scale were shown in Figure 18 as well.
Therefore, the first design was set to mimic the alignment of scale and the direction of the basic element to achieve the purpose of protecting human neck.
45 host rnash human shouider idealized P senegalus rnash host mesh hwiian shoulder idealized P sariegalus mesh czzii~
E D - L)
shoUider top arm intor undw ribs side P senegus dorsal P. soneglus ventral Figure 19: Body Armor for Human Shoulder from Meta Mesh (Ortiz, 2014)
Culture references are also introduced in this phase where neck ring from Kayan tradition allows their girls first start to wear rings when they are around 5 years old.
(Mirante, 1994) Similar culture references are also presented in the blockbuster movie
Black Panther when all the outfit, armor and weapon designs are significantly influenced by African tribes in Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Northern Tanzania. (Atlanta Black
Star, 2018)
46 Figure 20: (A). A Kayan Lahwi girl
(B). The Dora Milaje from Black Panther (C). Ndebele Neck Rings
Many Padaung girls as shown in Figure X have their necks wound with spirals of brass. The tradition was originated to protect women from tigers, which often attack a victim by biting the neck. (Cultural Survival, 1990)
In the movie Black Panther, the king's guard "Dora Milaje" female warriors wore costumes with an eminent collar known as a "Ndebele Neck Ring". And they are documented to be spread over South Ndebele tribe of Zimbabwe/South Africa. The
Ndebele people wear the neck rings as traditional dress attire for symbolling of wealth and status. (Atlanta Black Star,2018)
47 After gathering all the brainstorm ideas and referring to culture background with historical context, the discussion of the first design has been set to be modeled using
Rhinoceros V5.4.
4.3 First Design Prototype and Testing Part
In this section, the ideation and design of the first design prototype will be presented. It will also review the discussion for the pro and cons regarding the first design and how users and researchers react to the first design and what the plan for improvement and iteration is for the first design prototype.
EXTENSION ATLAS
AXIS FLIXION
SEVEN CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
1ST A"l2ND- TUORA IL ~ 25mm
Figure 21: (A). Bony Structure of the neck showing the seven cervical vertebrae
(B). Side View of the First Design Prototype
The first design as shown in Figure X. was attempting to mimic the shape the of human neck. As shown, the side was tilted to match the bony structure of the seven cervical vertebrae.
The design was soon being questioned with the following feedback from both researchers and potential users including the following issues. First of all, one of
48 researchers mentioned the peg and socket of the scale has to be aligned since this is
one of the design principles for previous studies for Polypterus Senegalus armor.
Potential Users also addressed concerns regarding this design not only for the
shape of the first prototype but also the actual functionality of the neck armor since both
of the potential users interviewed see no flexibility with the current design.
25mm V
Figure 22: Top, Back, Perspective and Right view of the First Design Prototype
As demonstrated in Figure 22, there is another obvious issue for the first design prototype that is the compliment base material are not aligned with scale on the surface.
This also defies what the original work done by the Ortiz group. Also, the peg at the end
49 j
of the scale are also exposed outside with the compliment base material exposed
outside.
Furthermore, with the current flow of the design makes it impossible to make a
full ring and cover the front of the neck with Grasshopper in Rhinoceros V5.4. Future
adaption and new design principle have to be implemented to improve the current
design.
4.4 Feedback Gathering and Iteration
This section will discussion the TEST phase as discussed at the beginning of this
chapter and the demonstrated in Figure 16. It will review and present the feedback
gathering process on how the first design prototype was shown to both potential users
and academic researchers to gather feedback and suggestions regarding improvement.
Furthermore, it will discuss how iteration was made based on the feedback and
suggestions gathered.
After turning and looking back on the neck and its requirements for rigid and
stiffness for protection, the iteration process was also presented to discuss the
requirement whether flexibility is required since not only soldiers interviewed mentioned
in the need list but also Polypterus Senegalus natural form and scale also provides mobility and flexibility.
After a thorough discussion and iteration, the final design concept is to separate the neck into three various parts where support and flexibility varies a lot regarding different requirements and needs.
50 One of the design decisions is the direction of how the basic elements: the scale is connected to each other. The main principle of prototype composition is shown on
Figure 23 (Reichert, 2010) and was also quoted in Katia's thesis in 2012. The prototype was modeled in Rhinoceos like the modeling tool this thesis will be using and printed using OBJET Connex500 3D printer. The base material is Objet TangoPlus DM9740, which imitates the underlying soft tissue that connects the scales to the body of the fish.
(Katia, 2012) Detailed fabrication method will be discussion in Chapter 4. The scale units were printed using Objet Vero White. For all print jobs, the digital printing mode was used, performing with a resolution of 30 microns (0.001 inch). For the experiments described below, multiple prototypes were modeled and 3d printed. The prototypes followed the same format of 136 units with L=3cm, except for the prototype with double segmentation. (Katia, 2012)
Figure 23: Multi-material homogeneous assembly
(Original Design by S.Reichert, 2010)
51 Further research also reviewed the mechanical performance based on how the basic scale aligned had huge influence and difference. As demonstrated in the bending test results from Figure 24 and Figure 25 from S.Reichert's thesis in 2010, the best performance in bending and mechanical property belongs to the horizontal alignment for the basic element of Polypterus Senegalus.
52 r IhA ~1% At 4*1 a b.
2 Qsfl IAlm05 0
LS 001 IV 3f.v C. wr-glow
d. . 54... e wg 71
Ui
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-1 5Dh*+DS
fl *-333*06 10000+06 (Iv) 'UO0leo5 04?etDU#0 (I) (7) (N, '0 Dilt
Figure 24: Bending Test Results (A)
53 (iv) 7
7 S. lkses (Okvq 75%) +4.233g.0G *2 ?S0.405 7-1 0-1..- 2.SOOsiOS +. 7500*05
+l)I . 000406 c.. 00040
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45 Sw.005
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54 Therefore, based on the bending test, detailed analysis. and performance result.
It is agreed that the basic element of the armor should be aligned horizontally as shown in Figure 26 instead of angled alignment that does not provide comprehensive mechanical performance and flexibility functionality.
q4.I
25MM 2SMm
Figure 26: Newly designed alignment of basic element for new armor design
25mm
4r
or JVr
A4,
Figure 27: The Divided Section Demonstration (Front and Side)
55 As discussed in the biomechanisms of human neck and the information gathered
from user interview and research, the improvement is determined to be designed as
demonstrated in Figure 27 and Figure 28.
The design concept for the improved model could be simply stated as follows:
divide the neck into three difference parts to vary flexibility and support to enhance the performance of the armor.
25mm
Figure 28: The Divided Section Demonstration (Back and Side)
Summary of the design principle and concept could be stated that the front, side,
and the back are differently designed based on the size of the basic scale. The size of the scale is the vital part to determine the flexibility and support. As shown in Figure 29, the size of the scale is the largest among designs for the side and front. In comparison, the size of the scale for front and side are smarlier and more instensively aligned to
56 each other therefore providing a unique mechanism and design to vary flexibility and support.
Front Flexibility & Support
Side Max Flexibility
Back Max Support
Figure 29: Summary of Design Principle and Concept
Another iteration was also conducted during this phase. As stated in the previous chapters, neck protector should prevent neck from hyperflexion while still offer neck a range of motion when users nodding and titling their head.
As illustrated in Figure 30, the higher front alignment design was later abandoned since it would not only prevent neck from certain range of motion and movement. And with higher alignment of basic scale, the size of the scale would also increase to support the size change. This would change the flexibility and denied the design concept and research result. Therefore, the design on right demonstrated in
Figure 30 was abandoned with concerns in restricting users range of motion.
57 Figure 30: Left design with lower front section for flexibility; Right design with higher
front section that might prevent certain movement and lower flexibility
3.5 Final Design Prototype and Testing Part
As presented in Figure 31 and Figure 32, the final design prototype takes
consideration of everything discussed in Chapter 3 and information with analysis from
Chapter 2. The overarching idea is provided varied and sectional protection based on
the region of the neck. For the front area, the smaller scale and more intensive
alignment compared to the back and side would prove more flexibility and less stiffness
while still providing certain support. For the side area, the design was a combination of
rigid support and flexibility with mixed size of scale. For the back area, the design was
supposed to bring the most support to prevent human neck from extra range of motion, for example, hyperextension therefore designed to have the largest scale compared to the front and side area.
58 25mm
AtA
25mm
Figure 31: Front and Back View of the Final Design Prototype
59 -K *
VP)
4 V
25mm A
25mm
Figure 32: Side and Perspective of the Final Design Prototype
60 Chapter 5:
Future Implementation and Social Impact
61 This chapter will present the research and discussion on the social aspect of the
bio-inspired body armor project. As he future beneficiary of the current design solution as discussed in the previous chapter are mostly soldiers, the historical context of how armor, especially neck armor has been improving over the history was also reviewed in this chapter.
5.1 Future Beneficiary of Current Design Solution
As there is a lack of proper neck armor in the marketplace for the army, the marine, and the navy, soldiers across the United States will be the beneficiary of the current design solution. Also, since most of the work done by Ortiz group so far has been focusing on the protection and resistance of penetration, soldiers in general combat settings are definitely the future beneficiary of the current design solution.
However, the design, material fabrication and modeling technology could also be benefiting users including skateboard users and moto cross hobbyists as we interviewed during the process to provide extra layer of flexibility and protection towards their neck.
5.2 Historical Context
Neck armor could be traced back to the 14th century in the form of Gorget, which originated from French gorge meaning throat. It was first made to be a band of linen wrapped around women's neck in the medieval period. Later it was designed to be the plate armor appeared to supplement mail as part of the armor.
62 Figure 33. (A). Gorget "Lady Warrior" (B). 17th Century Style Gorget
(C). Late 15th Century Italian Style Armet.
As Poly Senegalus formed its natural scale to resist penetration and predator, the
bio-inspiration becomes natural to transform the mechanical performance and functional
domain into an articulated armor benefiting soldiers in the real world.
Since shielding from fragmentation (U.S. Army, 2012) and avoiding throat-
slashing (Dailywire, 2016) become the awakening need for army across the world to
design specific attachment or extra part of the body armor to protect soldiers neck, it is the purpose of this thesis to build an entirely designated armor that support and protect the neck part.
63 5.3 Social Impact Analysis
As stated in the stakeholder analysis, one of the social aspect of this bio-inspired
project. One of the social impacts is undoubtedly the public relationship of building a specific armor to protect soldiers. A proof and PR piece to demonstrate the work and effort government takes to provide extra support and protection for soldiers while they are supporting and protecting the people.
Another social impact is the saving of modeling and iteration cost by utilizing 3D printing. It would certainly lower the cost of prototyping and testing the newly designed neck armor. The effectiveness of the final product and the saving for resources and energy could raise strong social awareness for 3D printing and how it could benefit our society in the long run.
The design and building of the body armor inspired by Polypterus Senegalus could also encourage user innovation for skate user, motocross cyclist, and other hobbyists to take on the innovation task to iterate the current product which would also benefit the design and manufacturing of the present neck armor.
5.4 Discussion and Future Directions
One the troubles encountered during the prototyping and the design phase is the functional framework for armor assembly. While Grasshopper could help building specific functional and regulated shape within the certain framework, the result was ideal and prepared for 3D printing. The work described and cited in this thesis presents a detailed analysis and process of transforming functional domain, for example, human
64 body from a biological origin such as Polypterus Senegalus. Therefore, one future direction could be an automation process where the scale size could be altered, and the scale shape could be transformed with automation process and limited manual intervention.
One of the user's requirements discussed in this thesis is breathability. As one of the army members during the interview mentioned that with intensive movement and action involved, it would be ideal to bring breathability to the neck support and protection armor since it is the body part where most of the people sweat the most during any tasks. The development of the inner layer of temperature control material would be another ideal route for further bio-inspired research.
65 Chapter 6:
Conclusion
66 6.1 Conclusions
In this thesis, the mechanical behavior of the natural structure regarding the specific animal subject was reviewed and studied using bio-inspired, flexible, design-for- manufacturing armor prototypes designed using computational 3D modeling to tackle a particular problem in real-life body protection.
The design process was demonstrated following the design thinking methodology with the emphasis on user empathy and experience design. Analysis of the prototype's flexibility and strength was investigated to show how morphometry can enhance the architecture of material. And the accessibility was accessed and researched under quantitative testing and qualitative interviews to the potential beneficiary.
The thesis also explored how the computer aid design can be improved based on bio-inspired analysis and potential mechanical testing. The long-term objective is to use bio-inspired design to develop an additive manufacturing technique for product design to accelerate the iteration process and increase product efficiency.
67 6.2 List of Figures
Figure 1: P. Senegalus Skeleton (Ortiz, 2008)
Figure 2: Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of outer scale surface (Ortiz, 2008)
Figure 3: SEM of the Inner Scale Surface (Ortiz, 2008)
Figure 4: P.Senegalus's Unique Armor System (J.Song & S.Reichert, 2011)
Figure 5: The Armor of Semi-Helical Rings Mirrored along the Top and Bottom of
Polypterus Body
Figure 6: Radius of Curvature - Top View (S. Reichert, 2011)
Figure 7: An Anesthetized Polypterus Senegalus (length = -219mm), Showing very
Large Body Curvature (S.Reichert, 2010)
Figure 8: The Changing of Material and Energy Consumption Over Time with
Centralized Mass Production and Decentralized Production Network
Figure 9: (A) Lanzavecchia + Wai Neck Support System (B) 3D Printing Fashion
Collection with Hannah Soukup (C) 3D Printing Scoliosis Brace by UNYQ
Figure 10: Nape Pad for U.S. Army (U.S. Army, 2016)
Figure 11: Israel Army Neck Protection against Arab Throat-slashing (Dailywire, 2016)
Figure 12: Motorcross Neck Brace
Figure 13: Scott Neck Brace Protection Demonstration
Figure 14: Need Analysis
Figure 15: Stakeholder Analysis
Figure 16: Design Thinking Process from Stanford D-School
68 Figure 17: (A) Free body diagram of the head for hyperflexion including chin contact with the chest (B) Free body diagram of the head for hyperextension
Figure 18: Leatt-Brace Instruction Guide (MotorcrossGiant, 2018)
Figure 19: Body Armor for Human Shoulder from Meta Mesh (Ortiz, 2014)
Figure 20: (A). A Kayan Lahwi girl (B). The Dora Milaje from Black Panther (C). Ndebele
Neck Rings
Figure 21: (A). Bony Structure of the neck showing the seven cervical vertebrae (B).
Side View of the First Design Prototype
Figure 22: Top, Back, Perspective and Right view of the First Design Prototype
Figure 23: Multi-material homogeneous assembly (Original Design by S.Reichert, 2010)
Figure 24: Bending Test Results (A)
Figure 25: Bending Test Results (B)
Figure 26: Newly Designed Alignment of Basic Element for New Armor Design
Figure 27: The Divided Section Demonstration (Front and Side)
Figure 28: The Divided Section Demonstration (Back and Side)
Figure 29: Summary of Design Principle and Concept
Figure 30: Left design with lower front section for flexibility; Right design with higher front section that might prevent certain movement and lower flexibility
Figure 31: Front and Back View of the Final Design Prototype
Figure 33: Side and Perspective of the Final Design Prototype
Figure 33. (A). Gorget "Lady Warrior" (B). 17th Century Style Gorget (C). Late 15th
Century Italian Style Armet.
69 6.3 Bibliography
1. Hoedeman, J. J. Naturalists Guide to Fresh Water Aquarium Fish (Sterling Publishing Co., Oak Tree Press Co., New York, London, and Sydney, 1974). 2. Anderson, P. S. L. &Westneat, M.W. Feeding mechanics and bite force modelling of the skull of Dunkleosteus terrelli, an ancient apex predator. Biol. Lett. 22, 76-79 (2007). 3. Colbert, E. H. Evolution of the Vertebrates: A History of Backboned Animals Through Time (Wiley, New York, 1955). 4. Bruet, B. J. F., 2008. Multiscale structural and mechanical design of mineralized biocomposites. PhD Dissertation, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 5. Bruet, B.J. F., Song, J., Boyce, M.C., and Ortiz, C., 2008. Materials design principles of ancient fish armour. Nat Mater 7, no. 9: 748-756. 6. Duro-Royo, Jorge, Katia Zolotovsky, Laia Mogas-Soldevila, Swati Varshney, Neri Oxman, Mary C. Boyce, and Christine Ortiz. "MetaMesh: A Hierarchical Computational Model for Design and Fabrication of Biomimetic Armored Surfaces." CAD Computer Aided Design 60 (2015): 14-27. 7. Arciszewski, T. & Cornell, J. in Bio-Inspiration: Learning Creative Design Principia (ed. Smith, I. F. C.) (Springer, Berlin, 2006). 8. Zolotovsky, K, 2012. BioConstructs - Methods for Bio-Inspired and Bio-Fabricated Design. Master Thesis, Department of Architecture Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 9. Attaran, Mohsen. "The Rise of 3-D Printing: The Advantages of Additive Manufacturing over Traditional Manufacturing." Business Horizons 60, no. 5 (2017): 677-88. 10. Eckes, Felix. "Impact of 3D Printing on Supply Chain Relationships" 2016, no. May (2016). 11. Bhasin, Varun, and Muhammad Bodla. "Impact of 3D Printing on Global Supply Chains by 2020," 2014, 82. 12. Bofylatos, Spyros. "Adopting a Craft Approach in the Context of Social Innovation." Journal of Craft Research 8, no. 2 (2017): 223-40. 13. "Army Fields New Protective Neck Gear." Www.army.mil, The United States Army, 1 Mar. 2017, www.army.mil/article/2051/armyjfieldsnew-protective_neck-gear. 14. Seleh, Pardes. "Israeli Military to Use Neck Armor to Protect Against Arab Throat- Slashing." Daily Wire, The Daily Wire, 6 Jan. 2016, www.dailywire.com/news/2374/israeli-military-use-neck-armor-protect-against-pardes- seleh. 15. Ortiz, C. & Boyce, M. C. Bioinspired structural materials. Science 319, 1053-1054 (2008). 16. "The Design Thinking Process I Redesigning Theater." The United States War on Drugs, 2012, web.stanford.edu/group/cilab/cgi-bin/redesigningtheater/the-desig n- thinking-process/. 17. Berger, Tia. "The Various African Cultures That Inspired the Beautiful 'Black Panther' Costumes." Atlanta Black Star, Atlanta Black Star, 21 Feb. 2018,
70 atlantablackstar.com/2018/02/21/various-african-cultures-inspired-beautiful-black- panther-costumes/. 18. Mertz, H. J., and L. M. Patrick. "Strength and Response of the Human Neck," 1971. 19. "Leatt-Brace Moto-GPX Club Plus Neck Brace." MotocrossGiant.com, www.motocrossgiant.com/LeattBraceMotoGPXClub_PlusNeckBrace-p/01 00230 11 4x.htm. 20. Neely, Erica L. "The Risks of Revolution: Ethical Dilemmas in 3D Printing from a US Perspective." Science and Engineering Ethics 22, no. 5 (2016): 1285-97. 21. Chen, Haibin, Liying Zhang, Zhengguo Wang, King H., and Albert 1. "Biomechanics of the Neck." Theoretical Biomechanics, no. November (2011). 22. Moffat, EA.; Siegel, AW. & Huelke, DF. (1978). The biomechanics of automotive cervical fractures. Proc. Conf. AAAM, 22nd, Vol. 22, pp. 151-168. 23. Chen, HB.; Yang, KH. & Wang, ZG. (2009). Biomechanics of whiplash injury. Chin J Traumatol, Vol. 12, No. 5, (October 2009), pp. 305-314, ISSN 1008-1275. 24. Mirante, Edith T. (September 2006), The Dragon Mothers Polish their Metal Coils, Guernica Magazine, archived from the original on 2008-12-12, retrieved 2009-01-01 25. Mirante, Edith T. "Hostages to Tourism." Cultural Survival, Jan. 1990, www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/hostages-tourism.
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