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APPENDIX Nato-Ari Field Excursion-A Short Trip Across the Geology of

Giuliano Ruggieri!

The author, who led a geological field trip in Sicily for the NATO-ARI participants at the 1982 Erice Conference, used that opportunity to prompt and focus discussions on some still-neglected aspects of the that have a direct bearing on the theme of the conference. Of particular interest in this respect are the "piercement structures," the complex history of the Messinian "salinity crisis," and the identification of a major marine terrace, probably the largest recorded along Mediterranean coast, which sheds light on recent eustatic and neotectonic oscillations.

Introduction Sicily, so that the actual geological dimensions of the Sicilian mass in the Mediterranean are In 1981, the author was invited by R. Selli and larger than would appear on cursory inspection. D.J. Stanley to lead an excursion in Sicily for In view of its geographic position, Sicily itself the participants of the NATO Advanced Re• may be considered a consequence of reciprocal search Institute held in Erice (Trapani). A re• movements of and . Its structure, quest was made that the trip bear on the theme still far from being clearly understood, is a com• of the geological evolution of the Mediterranean posite, with sections of different origin in con• Basin. Three days (26 to 28 November, 1982) tact with each other by faults and thrust were reserved for this geological trip following overlaps. The main segments are as follows the conference. The time available for this (Fig. A.I): event was indeed very short, and certainly in• 1. The Peloritani Mountains, forming the ex• sufficient to provide a truly comprehensive treme northeastern corner of the , geo• view of the geology of Sicily. Moreover, we had logically belongs to the Aspromonte Massif to take into account the shorter hours of day• (), in contact with the rest of the is• light at the end of November. It was thus de• land by means of a northwest-southeast dex• cided to restrict our attention to a few points of tral transcurrent fault, the " line." particular interest chosen among ones normally The Peloritani sections comprise mainly neglected, yet of significance in light of the con• crystalline rocks, metamorphosed during the ference theme. The island of Sicily is located at Hercynian orogenesis. a most critical point, geologically speaking, be• 2. The Hyblean Plateau, largely a tabular car• tween the Italian and Africa, a bonate region, includes rocks of to of active and complicated plate motion. From a age. The region extends south• structural and stratigraphic point of view, the ward to the Maltese archipelago and repre• Maltese archipelago and adjacent submerged sents the extreme meridional continuation of shelf and borderland essentially form a part of Apulia. 3. The "Northern Range" in western, central,

I Istituto di Geologia, Universita degli Studi, 90134 and northern Sicily (except for a small south• Palermo, . west area that shows analogies with the U. -..J """ 14 120 13

~ Q D T Etf}rrrl M r+++l~C :::~Porlella Colla v ~S ~t ----b w

TYRRHENIAN

37'

0$>(.' /(r o 50 -t=== ! (.'+44- b= km 4-,(

15' Cl lr IT 14' ;.[ Fig. A.t. Simplified map showing some of the elements of the geology of canics; s, southern front of the ; t, "Taormina line"; w, east-west :::I Sicily discussed in the text (compiled from various sources). Q, transcurrent faults; b, boundaries of Caltanissetta subsident basin. The o ::0 (including upper Pliocene); T, Tertiary (excluding upper Pliocene); M, Me• small circles (inset) mark the more important stops on the NATO-ARI field i: sozoic massifs (mainly of carbonate rocks); C, crystalline units; V, vol- trip. gg o· ::J. Appendix 575

Hyblean Plateau) represents the so-called Trapanese unit, probably the lowermost of the Maghrebide Sicily. This is viewed as being nappes of western Sicily. They are notable for the natural prolongation of the coastal ranges their peculiar shape: They are wall-like, ori• ofthe (northern Atlas). This part of ented east-west, rising up at certain points the island may be interpreted as a stack of many hundred meters above the surrounding nappes or slices, having moved from north to landscape; their length is about 20 km, and their south (this direction is valid for the actual width averages 1/20 of their length. One of the position of the island, which in turn has been sides of these mounts is vertical, and the other emplaced by a clockwise rotation). The tec• one is not excessively steep. The surrounding tonic translation of the nappes occurred dur• terrains are generally rather plastic-deformable ing and Pliocene times. However, sediments of Tertiary age. there is no agreement about the manner of Some arguments have been presented sug• movement, the number and boundaries of gesting that we are dealing here with structures the nappes, the order of their stacking, and of a group of horst blocks. The origin of these the age of some of the formations involved two mounts remained problematic until the late (e.g., the "Lercara Formation" in the center J.T. Kingma (1958) suggested a convincing in• of Sicily, considered by the author a fly• terpretation for some analogous structures in sch to molassic sequence of Miocene age; , to which he applied the term Ruggieri and Di Vita, 1972). In contrast, for "piercement structures." According to most authors (cf. Catalano and D' Argenio, Kingma, the piercement structures are essen• 1982; and others) this formation belongs to tially rock slices that moved along a transcur• the Triassic. rent fault zone. The application of Kingma's As a very important structural element of Sic• ideas to Mt. Kumeta and Rocca Busambra led ily, the "Caltanissetta Basin" should also be the author to identify the main wrench-fault noted (Fig. A.t). This area has been affected system in Sicily; this crosses the entire island in since early Miocene by marked subsidence. an east-west direction, from the Etna sub• The basin served in some fashion as a receptor stratum to the coast of Trapani (Figs. A.I, A.2). point for the nappes moving from the north. Subsequently, the motion of these faults was The stratigraphic sequences described in Sic• ascertained as dextral. According to the data ily, excluding volcanic rocks, comprise sedi• collected by the author, the phenomenon oc• mentary rocks of Triassic to Recent age. In the curred during the early Pliocene. crystalline area of the Peloritani, however, there are limestones with Devonian fossils. The Nappes (Portella Colla Section) Moreover, in the center of the island, one en• counters a few "sedimentary klippen" bearing Carboniferous and Permian . The existence in Sicily of nappes, the presence Only those outcrops observed by the partici• of which originally was based on essentially pants and adequately discussed during the field theoretical arguments, was finally proved in the trip will be dealt with in this brief synthesis. Palermo Mountains by Fabiani and Trevisan (1940). Subsequently, after a still inadequately documented generalization popularized by E. First Day (26 November 1982): Beneo, Ogniben (1960) extended this interpreta• FaUlting and Nappes tion to nearly all of Sicily excepting the Hy• blean Plateau. It is still practically impossible to develop an up-to-date acceptable synthesis of Regional Strike-Slip FaUlting the system of Sicily, when one takes into account the serious disagreement that exists be• Between the Palermo Mountains and the Sicani tween the students of this theory and its ex• (Fig. A.I) there are two very unusual mounts, treme complication. We consider here one sec• namely Mt. Kumeta (1233 m) and Rocca Bu• tion, chosen because of its good exposure and sambra (1613 m). These peaks, consisting ease of access, the Portella Colla section. It is mainly of Mesozoic limestones, belong to the located in the middle part of the Northern 576 Giuliano Ruggieri

20,km

Fig. A.2. Details of the east-west transcurrent fault in the Trapani-Palermo area, Area of dotted pattern represents piercement structures, This area is shown in black on small index map.

Range, just to the south of the town of Cefalu, quartzose flysch ... consisting of about 2,000 along the Collesano-Polizzi road. The section m alternation of brown and dark argillites in• shows the overlap of one nappe above another, terbedded with siltstones and four intercala• namely the "Panormide Nappe" over the "Ba• tions of thick-bedded, coarse-grained and sal Complex" (terminology of these units is af• banded supermature quartzarenites" (Wezel, ter Ogniben, 1960). 1970, p. 226), upper to lower Mio• The Basal Complex (= "Imerese Unit" of cene in age. The Numidian Flysch does not lie modern authors), Carnian to Oligocene in age, consists of a thick sequence of sediments (there are also basaltic intercalations at the level of the Carnian). Sediments were deposited in a deep NUMIDIAN basin, which first subsided (the greatest depth FLYSCH attained at about the Middle , when the depth was below the carbonate compensation surface); the basin was subsequently affected GRATTERI FM. by a slow rise. PANORMIDE The uppermost segment of the Basal Com• COMPLEX plex is represented by the "Caltavuturo Forma• IUPPEI TRIUS IC TO z I URASS IC 00 LOSIOIE5 tion" and "Portella Colla Formation." The o no Ll MESTONESI Caltavuturo Formation consists of red or green ....::I: '"u calcilutites and maris, with intercalations of <:> -' Nummulitic resedimented biocalcarenites, Eo• « cene in age. Mter a hiatus, the Portella Colla Formation, black argillaceous siltstones with some intercalated beds of fine-grained ortho• _ PORTEllA COllA quartzites, traditionally considered as belong• 11111(, CARNIANFM, flYSCH ing to the Oligocene, follows. On the Portella CALTAVUTURO FM, Colla Formation one finds the overlapping Panormide Nappe (Fig. A.3), characterized here mainly by a dolomitic, mainly Triassic, se• Fig. A.3. Portella Colla columnar section (not to scale; compiled from various sources) showing the quence. In turn, the nappe is covered (sepa• intercalation of a Mesozoic nappe, mainly carbon• rated by a major hiatus) by a flyschoid forma• ates ("Panormide complex"), between two mainly tion, the "Numidian Flysch," "an unusual flyschoid Tertiary formations. Appendix 577 directly over the Panormide complex but is pre• sedimentation proper. At the end of the desic• ceded by a relatively thin sequence (30 to 50 m) cation phase, an unusual transgression, di• of variegated marls with thin intercalations of rected from the east, filled the deepest parts of micritic limestones (' 'Gratteri Formation, " Oli• the basin with mesohaline waters from the gocene in age). The contact between the Grat• Paratethys. This resulted in a landscape char• teri Formation and the underlying Panormide is acterized by endoreic lakes, with a of the generally considered a transgressive contact, Paratethyan type. This event represents the be• but different interpretations now appear more ginning of the second evaporitic cycle (the sub• appropriate. division of Messinian in two cycles was first According to the original scheme of Ogniben realized by Decima and Wezel, 1971). As a con• (1960), the Basal Complex represents the sequence of the intervening orogenic move• autochthon, the Panormide complex a nappe, ments, especially in marginal areas, sediments and the overlying flyschoid sequence the of the second cycle lie unconformably on sedi• neoautochthon. The possibility that the top of ments of the first. the Portell a Colla Formation might be corre• During the second cycle the basin did not de• lated with the lowermost of the so-called velop a second complete evaporation. When neoautochthon (Gratteri Formation + lower the evaporitic process was still in progress a Numidian Flysch) complicates this scheme: It new enormous (one could say "catastrophic") appears possible that the so-called neoautoch• transgression, derived from the west, filled the thon was subject to translation, together with entire basin with Atlantic waters. Very direct the Panormide complex. connections (better developed than they are at present) between the Atlantic and Mediterra• nean were re-established. This transgression de• fines the beginning of the Pliocene. Second Day (27 November 1982): To date, no new data have been cited that Messinian Salinity Crisis satisfactorily contradict the desiccation theory. It is of note that this complicated evolution, so During late Miocene the , important to the theme of the conference, is from a climatic point of view, occupied an in• recorded at a number of sections in Sicily. The tertropical zone, as indicated by the survival of participants visited a ian-lower Messinian hermatipic corals until late Tortonian (other• section near Licata and a coral (Porites) reef wise named "Sahelian" stage; see Brives, locality at Grieni (Marsala). Neither requires 1897). Toward the end of the Sahelian, the con• specific description here. nection between the Mediterranean and Atlan• tic became progressively less direct and more restricted, until complete interruption oc• curred. It also appears that the connection with Third Day (28 November 1982): the Paratethys, at that time, was not well de• Quaternary Marine Terraces veloped. Because the hydrological balance of the Mediterranean was negative (as it is at The stratigraphy adopted here for the marine present), the Mediterranean became a giant lower Pleistocene is the one developed in a se• evaporitic basin. The process resulted in a com• ries of papers by Ruggieri and Sprovieri, and is plete, or almost complete, desiccation of the based on a re-examination (with new scientific basin ("desiccation theory" as presented by tools) of an earlier concept of Ruggieri (1953), Ruggieri, in 1967) and was accompanied by in• who had contested the validity ofM. Gignoux's tense orogenic activity. stratigraphy, then commonly adopted. The Ne• The evaporitic sedimentary sequence repre• ogene-Quaternary boundary is placed in coin• sents the Messinian stage. The beginning of this cidence with the entry into the Mediterranean stage is marked by accumulation of euxinic of the most famous among the "Northern deposits, a direct consequence of deficient Guests," Arctica islandica. As far as we know, circulation of the waters, which immediately the marine terraces all developed during the late preceded the beginning of the evaporitic Pleistocene. This part ofthe Pleistocene, from a 578 Giuliano Ruggieri

Fig. A.4. The marine terraces and the basement for• cycle; MA, gypsum beds of the second evaporitic mations in southern Sicily. I.m ., sea-level; t.t. and cycle; GO, Globigerina-oozes ("Trubi"); P, upper t.i., Tyrrhenian terraces; GTS, Crotonian terrace Pliocene; SE, lowermost Pleistocene (Santernian + (Great Superior Terrace); ps., paleosols; ASC, al• lower Emilian); ES, transgressive lower Pleistocene lochthonous terrains; SH, Sahelian section (sands (upper Emilian + Sicilian). White arrows, lower and argillites; locally coral reefs); T, soft diatomites Pleistocene faults; black arrows, middle Pleistocene ("Tripoli"); MI, gypsum beds of the first evaporitic faults.

stratigraphic point of view (upper Pleistocene), is subdivided in two "stages": the Crotonian (proposed by Ruggieri et al., 1976) has as type the Great Superior Terrace in the Crotone pe• ninsula of Calabria; the Tyrrhenian corresponds to these terraces with faunas bearing Senegal• ese guests and, particularly, Strombus bubo• nius. The marine terraces are independent of the stratigraphy of the substratum. In other words, they do not represent regression sur• faces of thick sequences developed in the base• ment, but only the regression surface (if preserved) of a very thin marine cycle ("sedimentary table") represented by the ter• race itself, Fig. A.4). In Sicily, the higher marine terrace (which belongs to the Crotonian stage) attains a height of 500 m above sea-level (this means that at least some parts of the island were uplifted dur• ing late Pleistocene by 500 m or more). The Crotonian left the most remarkable example among the marine terraces, the so-called GTS (or Great Superior Terrace), which is mapped along the coast of western (Fig. A.5), southern, and eastern Sicily. The terrace, so large that it Fig. A.S. Southwest coast of Sicily, between Mazara had not been observed by earlier workers, was and Marsala (iocation shown in black in inset). A first described (and named) quite recently (Rug• range of low hills, extending parallel to the coast, was leveled by the "GTS" (dotted areas), which sub• gieri et al., 1976). The extraordinary size of the sequently was reduced and fragmented by erosion, GTS results in part from the fact that the sea tectonics, and karstic phenomena. Horizontal lines invaded a region already leveled by continental represent the Tyrrhenian terraces' (modified from erosion or sedimentation and affected by a long Ruggieri et aI., 1976). Appendix 579

pedogenetic process during the middle Pleisto• Kingma, J.T., 1958. Possible origin of piercement cene. Below the Great Superior Terrace one structures, local unconformities, and secondary can usually observe a stairway series of smaller basins in the Eastern Geosyncline, New Zealand. New Zeal. J. Geol. Geophys., 1:269-274. terraces, varying in number according to local• Lentini, F. and Vezzani, L., 1974. Carta Geologica ity, and all attributed to the Tyrrhenian. delle Madonie. Scala 1:50,000. Catania, Istituto Geol. Universita (Map). Ogniben, L., 1960. Nota illustrativa dello Schema geologico della nord-orientale. Riv. Min. Si• References cil., 11(64-65): 183-212. Ruggieri, G., 1953. Eta e faune di un terrazzo marino Brives, A., 1897. Les terrains tertiaires du Bassin du sulle coste ionic he della Calabria. G. Geol., s. 2, Chelif et du Dahra. Thesis Univ. Alger, 136 pp. 23:19-168. Catalano, R. and D'Argenio, B., 1982. Schema Ruggieri, G., 1967. The Miocene and later evolution geologico della Sicilia. In: R. Catalano and B. of the . In: CG. Adams and D'Argenio (Editors), Guida alia Geologia della Si• D. V. Ager (Editors), Aspects of Thethyan Bioge• cilia Occidentale. Soc. Geol. It., Guide Geol. Re• ography. System. Assoc. Publ., 7:283-290. gionali, Palermo, pp. 9-41. Ruggieri, G. and Di Vita, G., 1972. L'eta della For• Decima, A. and Wezel, F.C., 1971. Osservazioni mazione Lercara. Boll. Soc. Geol.lt., 91:631-637. sulle evaporiti messiniane della Sicilia centro• Ruggieri, G., Unti, A., Unti, M. and Moroni, M.A., meridionale. Riv. Min. Sicil., 22 (130-132):172- 1976. La calcarenite di Marsala (Pleistocene infe• 187. riore) e i terreni contermini. Boll. Soc. Geol. It., Fabiani, R. and Trevisan, L., 1940. Prove della esis• 94: 1623-1657. tenza di uno stile tettonico a falde di ricoprimento Wezel, F.C., 1970. Geologia del Flysch Numidico nei Monti di Palermo. Atti R. Acc. It., Mem., 11: della Sicilia Nord-orientale. Mem. Soc. Geol. It., 437-448. 9:225-280. Index

Abruzzi Are, 172 African Borderland, 103 Alpine tectonics, 77, 78, 83, 110, Basin, 217 crust, 65 563 Abu Quir Bay, 369 margin, 6, 20, 67, 76, 107 Alpine-Himalayan Chain, 84, 94, Abubacer Ridge, 18 orogenic belt, 107, 273 249 Adana prodelta, 14 plate, 6, 59, 62, 75, 105, 107, -Apennine Suture, 278 Adria microplate, 72, 229, 282, 111, 118, 229, 250, 251, Alps, 15,55,57,62, 70, 72, 77, 283, 284, 285 278,333 86,87, 104, 105, 106, 123, Adriatic Basin, Trough, 34, 38, Ag. Ionnis Basin, 311 131, 138, 146, 147, 153, 55, 105,217,356,359 Agadir, 57 160, 180, 275, 303, 332, crust, 72, 74, 139, 147, 157 Agly River, 371 538 foreland, 140 Al Azraq-Wadi As Sirhan Basin, Amanus Coastal Range, 14 promontory, 83, 86, 87 252 Ambrakian Bay, 241 Sea, 15,27,62,66,73, 137, Al Jafr Basin, 252 Ampferer , 185 145,196,200,211,288, Alban Hills volcanic group, Ampurdan margin, 358 348, 356, 358, 359, 366, 278 plain, 356 387,401,405,420,547, Alboran Basin, 18,38,55,57,68, shelf, 360 554 103, 105, 109, 190, 191, Amrackia, Gulf of, 234 shelf, 358, 365 273, 276, 399, 456, 459 , 80, 277, 553, 555 thrust, 156 Channel, 17 Anatolian Shear System, 15,57, -Ionian flysch, 241 crust, 157 59, 235, 249, 263 Adventure Plateau, 6, 216, 217, , 17, 18, 89 Nappe, 14 220, 229, 348, 349 Ridge, 17, 18, 103, 118 Trough, 11, 14, 15 Aegean Are, 76, 307, 318, 399 Sea, 17, 18,21,70, 102, 103, AnaximanderSeamount, 13, 14, Basin, Trough, 13, 15,38,47, 118, 247, 275, 326, 330, 76,80 55, 190, 191,231,235, 380, 381, 387, 443, 446 Anchise Seamount, 136, 164 241,247,273,329,405 Alcione Seamount, 135, 182 Ancona-Anzio Line, 138 crust, 37, 157 Alexandria Canyon, 7 Andalucia Plateau, 17, 18 region, 15,81,89,307,318 Alfeo Seamount, 5 Antalya Basin, 14, 554 rim, 340 Algeria, 103, 109, 112, 118, 123 Apennine Crust, 72, 139, 159 Sea, 13, 15, 76, 77, 80, 88, 146, basement, 120 flysch, 107 231,232,235,241,242, Basin, 20, 21, 80, 101, 102, folded belt, 75, 136, 137, 168, 247, 310, 338, 348, 351, 103, 105, 116, 1l7, 118, 172, 561 387, 395, 396, 477, 554 119, 120 foredeep, 139, 348 Trench,59 Bathyal plain, 17, 101, 102 margin, 176 Aeolian Are, 135, 169, 179 margin, 20, 62, 103, 116 Apennines, 10, 15,26,27,55,57, area, 135 Algero-Provem;al Basin, 20, 65, 59, 62, 65, 72, 105, 106, Islands, 23, 25, 131, 135, 141, 71,399 107,116, 118, 123, 131, 166, 173, 273, 276, 279 Alicante, Gulf of, 356, 359 138, 146, 147, 153, 156, Ring, 135, 139, 160, 165, 176, Alicudi, 135 157, 160, 169, 184, 229, 179, 182 Alidade Bank, 17, 18 273, 274, 275, 278, 286, volcanoes, 137, 146, 282 Almeria Basin, 331 289, 348, 538, 539 582 Index

Appalachian orogenic belt, 86 Sea, 85, 143, 146, 147,275, Calabria nappes, 75 Appalachian-Hercynian chain, 288,324,327,330,331, Calabria, 86, 89, 105, 106, 134, 84 332,340 137, 141, 144, 157, 160, Apuan Alps, 180, 181, 536 system, 71, 86, 276 167, 182,229,284,301, Apulia, 116, 118, 216, 229, 301, transform fault, 110 328, 405, 487, 532, 533, 573 Balearic-Sardinian fracture zone, 537, 538, 561, 573, 578 Apulian Continental Block, 75 117, 118 Calabrian Arc, 4, 10,55,57,58, margin, 9, 10, 11, 106,222 , 15,37,46 59,62,65,67,75,76, 123, plate, 105, 107, 218, 222, 229 Baltim-Hecataeus Shear, 252, 131, 138, 143, 147, 216, platform, 11, 222, 226, 229, 261,262 217,222,224,225,229, 296,297,315 Bardawil Escarpment, 7, 252, 283, 285, 287, 348, 379, promontory, 83 261 380 Aqaba, Gulf of, 30 lagoon, 549, 550, 555 Basin, 5, 9, 23, 302 , 105 Barka Mountains, 6 folded belt, 105 Arabian sub-plate, 251, 333 Baronie Seamount, 23, 25, 26, margin, 10, 137, 168,298 Arachthos Valley, 241 102, 132, 144, 160, 180 Massif, 9, 85, 116, 182 Archimedes Seamount, 5 fault zone, 90, 249 Calabro-Sicilian Arc, 22, 106, , 89 Beersheba Limestone, 255 157, 164, 171, 172, 173 Argille del Santerno Formation, Bekaa Valley, 30 margin, 166, 167, 169, 172 199, 200, 201, 202, 209, Bengasi Ridge, 5, 6 Caledonides, 84, 86 211 Benioff subduction, 185 Callymachos-Ionian Gap, 5, 6 Argolikos Basin, 13 zone, 58, 107, 136, 142, 146, Caltanissetta Basin, 6, 216, 217, Ariane Mountain, 7 159, 172, 183, 190 219,329,339,350,351, Arno River, 181 Berici discontinuity, 276 527, 574, 575 Arta, Gulf of, 11 Betic Cordillera, 17,55,62,86, Caltavuturo Formation, 576 Aspromonte Block, 284, 573 104, 105, 106, 107, 157, Carmargue coastal plain, 107, Asti Formation, see Sabbie di 340 121, 123, 463 Asti Betic Portal, 330 Campania, 137, 145, 165, 169, Astipalaia, 13 Betic-Rif-Atlas Chain, 86 273 , 39, 40, 47,57, Bilayim lagoon, 553 Campanian Block, 163 105 Bitlis Zone, 80 magnetic bight, 160, 162, 163 fault zone, 249, 250, 264 Bitter Lakes, 551 margin, 137, 160, 161, 168,174 Aude River, 371 , 15, 87, 88, 89, 146, Ridge, 182 A vampaese pugliese, 11 243, 324, 348, 395, 396, volcanic province, 168 Avenzoar Palteau, 18 478,547 Campiglia volcanic complex, 136, Axios Valley, 529 Blake Spur anomaly, 90 281 Azores Islands, 55 Blanes Canyon, 356 Canyons, 3, 5, 10, 13, 17, 18,20, Azores-Gibraltar Fault, 59 Blue-Marl facies, 134 25,27, 103, 117, 120, 131, Ridge, 90 Bologna margin, 527 327, 333, 334, 356, 373, Azraq Oasis, 549 Bonifacio, Bocche di, 131 401,403 Strait of, 22, 116, 117, 118 Cape Bojador, 463, 465 Bosporus, 13, 294, 337, 395, 396 Cape Creus Canyon, 356 Baasit Coastal Range, 14 Botticelli Basin, 9 Cape Mele-Cape fracture Backarc basins, 14, 15, 20, 25, Bouguer gravity anomaly, 67, 69, zone, 116 96, 139, 141, 173, 179 72, 228, 234, 246, 251 Cape Verde Islands, 331 extension, 96 Bouma sequences, 213 Cape of Lilibeo, 131 Balearic Basin, 20, 55, 68, 75, Bradanic foretrough, 160 Cape of Spartivento, 131 101, 102, 105, 112, 116, Graben, 76 Capo d'Oriando Basin, 167 273, 348, 379, 388, 457, margin, 189 volcanic complex, 136, 459,473, 477, 553 Bradano Basin, 209 281 Block, 21 Brian~onnais Zone, 142 Carassai Formation, see Sabbie Islands, 20, 21, 65, 85, 103, Byblos Basin, 8 di Carassai 105,108,110,112,117, Carpathian Arc, 57, 58, 72, 157 118, 123, 330, 358, 379 Carry-Le-Rouet, 109 margin, 20, 103, 116, 118, 379, Cabliers Bank, 17, 18, 102 , 324 387, 402, 404, 405 Cadiz, Gulf of, 62 Cassidaigne- fracture platform, 160, 404, 405 Cairo-Suez Fault, 251 zone, 116 Index 583

Cassinis Seamount, 144 drifting phase, 115 Decollement, 34, 159, 172, 183, Catalan Margin, 103,405 Hercynian Massif, 137 190 Ranges, 104, 110 margin, 20, 21,101,103,106, Deep-Sea fans, 18, 102, 403 Catalonia, 117 114, 115, 117, 141,384, Des Marins Group, 22 Catania-Gela foredeep, 160, 176 387 Di Zahav Pool, 548 Catena Costiera, 157 Massif, 116, 157 Diapirs, 6, 7, 8, 9,18,117,120, Cefalu Basin, 25, 132, 174, 284 - block, 71, 72, 116, 161 Central Fault (Faglia Centrale) 118, 162, 284 mantle, 147, 176 22, 25, 102, 160, 163 -Tyrrhenian unit, 144 mud,7 Cephalonia, see Kefallinia Cosenza Embayment, 172 salt, 21, 26,103,115 Cervarola Nappe, 156, 173 Crater Formation, 8 Diaplon Island, 296 Cerveteri volcanic complex, 281 Crati Graben, 160 Diba Basin, 368 Ceuta Plateau, 18 Cretan Basin, Trough, 13, 15, 76, Dinaric foredeep, 348 Ceyhan-Seyhan river system, 405 309 promontory, 83 Peninsula, 241 Cretan crust, 157 Dinarides, 11, 15,27,37,38,55, Charcot Fault Zone, 250 high,76 76, 229, 332, 348 Cheliff, 120 Sea, 232, 234, 310 Dissolution, 8, 9 Chella Bank, 18 Crete, 36, 37, 38, 77, 243, 301, Distension, 27, 74, 75 Chiavari Zone, 72 307,308,312,314,318, Djerba,6 Cialdi Seamount, 144, 180 319, 340, 440, 458, 459, Djibouti Bank, 17, 18 Cicceri Formation, 109 460,463,476,488,504 Domes, 7,18,22,111,162,168 Basin, 14 Crostolo Torrent Gypsum, 475 mantle, 173, 274, 285 Cisaillement tardif, 159 Crotone peninsula, 578 salt, 14,68,71, 101 Cixerri Formation, 110 Cyclades, 80, 232, 234, 307, 313, Dor Margin, 9 Coast Line Fault (Israel), 249, 318 252, 254, 255, 264, 265, Nappe, 314, 319 266 Cymodocia, 6 East Anatolia zone, 31 Cobblestone Terrain, 389, 399 Arc, 14,57,65,67,76, East Thracian fault zone, 46 Collision, 10,62,86,87,89,96, 79 , 105 116, 118, 249 Cyprus Basin, 8 Canyon, 101 Compression, 6,11,27,33,41, Cyprus Island, 14, 59, 78, 85, deep-sea fan, 21, 401, 405 62, 249, 275, 277, 284 251,261,331,387,405, delta, 355, 356, 360, 361, 365, Conglomerati di Turrivalignani, 457,458,459,460,461, 369 201 462,463,476 margin, 372 Conglomeratic Series, 295 Cyrenaica, 222, 250, 263, 267, platform, 365 Corfu, see Kerkira 301, 333 River, 21, 103,355,356,370, Corinth Basin, 13 margin, 5, 6, 226 373 graben, 247 Ridge, 10,217,222 shelf, 358, 359, 371 Gulf of, II, 301 coastal fault, 251 Echellef region, 57 Cornaglia Basin, 162, 163 Cyrene Seamount, 5, 6 Egadi Valley, 5 block, 160, 163 Egyptian margin, 6, 8 margin, 160 El Asnam region, 57 Seamount, 134, 144 Dalmation coast, 137 El Khebir Mountains, 57 terrace, 162, 174 Damietta Cone, 8, 368 El Mansour Seamount, 18 Cornuda clays, 200 Damietta Offshore Bank, 7, 366 Island, 25, 74, 136, 139, Corsica, 21, 22, 65, 71, 72, 74, Damietta River, 7, 361, 369,370 160, 181,287,288 86,89, 101, 103, 105, 106, Damietta-Latakia Geosuture, Ridge, 25, 156, 157, 160, 180 109, 112, 113, 117, 118, 261,265 Volcanic Complex, 281 123, 131, 141, 143, 145, Dardanelles Strait, 13,337,395, Emile Baudot Escarpment, 18, 156, 159, 160, 190, 264, 396 20,67,118,123 288, 379, 483 De Marchi Seamount, 144, 162 Enarete Seamount, 135, 165, Basin, Trough, 25, 102, 119, Graben, 253 284 132, 156, 157, 174, 180, Dead Sea-Jordan Shear, 249, Enarete-Eolo fracture zone, 284 399, 401, 404 250, 252, 253, 254, 265, Eolianite ridges, 8, 9 -Calabrian bloc, 107 266, 341 Eolo Volcano, 135,284 Channel, 22, 131 Dead Sea, 7, 30, 335, 341, 352, Epicharmos Seamount, 5, 7, 8 crust, 139, 140, 157 538, 549, 554 , 297 584 Index

Eratosthenes Plain, 7 Gaza Margin, 9, 252, 259, 261 Hammammet, Gulf of, 5, 6 Seamount, 78, 80, 260, 261 Gela Basin, 5, 302 Hazerim Anticline, 254 Ernici volcanic group, 278 nappe, 160 Heat flow, 65, 68,115,116,121, Erymanthos Mountains, 317 Genii River, 340 139, 160, 161, 183,242, Escarpments, 68 , Gulf of, 105, 107, 116, 244 Esquerquis Bank, 5 118, 122, 173 Hecataeus Mountains, 7, 14,262 Etna Volcano, 74, 164, 273, 276, Gevar'am Channel, 257 Heletz High, 254, 257 278, 279, 280, 574, 575 shales, 257 Heletz Sandstone, 257 Etruscan borderland, 162, 174 Ghadames Basin, 217 Heletz-Talme Yafe Area, 257 dome, 158, 189 Gibraltar, 164,328,329,341, Hellenic Abyssal Plain, 9 interarc region, 186 387,421,440,458 Hellenic Arc, II, 15, 57, 58, 59, Ridge, 180 arc, 17,38,55,58,59,65,67, 62,67,76,80,216,217, Euganei discontinuity, 276 143, 147 222, 229, 348, 379, 380, European margin, 118 nappe, 105 381,383,387,395,398, plate, 59, 62, 105, 107, 224, portal, 147 399,405 229 sill, 330, 331, 454 area, 391, 392 Evaporite basin, models, 324, Strait of, 17,55,58,59, 118, Ridge, 10 325, 326, 327 294, 325, 327, 328, 330, Trench, 12,27,65,76,77,298, Extensional tectonics, 14, 146, 369,414,419,420,421, 302 147, 179, 222, 277 442,454 Hellenides, II, 15,62, 146,229, Giglio volcanic complex, 136, 231,238,241,243,247 281 Herault River, 371 Farfalla Seamount, 144 Gioia Basin, 132 Hercynian orogenic belt, 86, 137 Faults, 76, 136, 137 Seamount, 134 Herodotus Basin, 5 ,6, 8, 76, 79, blocks, 6, 146, 162, 163 Giudicarie-Val Trompia-Lombar- 261,265,399,554 Faye anomalies, 72 dian Arc, 185 Seamount, 69 Filicudi, 135 Glauco Seamount, 134, 135 Homogenite, 387 Flavio Gioia Seamount, 25, 134, Golo Fan, 404 Horsts, 15, 25, 76, 110, 136, 146, 144, 160, 161, 162 Gondwanaland, 86 163, 216, 575 Florence Rise, 7, 14,80 Gortani Rift, 162, 163 Hula Depression, 30 Flysch, 106, 160, 163, 172, 173, Gortys Trench, II, 302 Hyblean Plateau, 176, 573, 574, 177, 180,277,387,401, Gozo Basin, 399 575 403,405, 576 Island, 5 Folded Belt, 3, 105, 260 Grabens, 8, 9, 11, 15, 75, 76, Foothills lineament, 254, 265 107,110,111,123,146, Iberian borderland, 103 Foraminifera, 416, 453, 549 162,216,282,301,312 Meseta, 105 Forearc basin, 14, 25, 76, 160, Graham Bank, 6 plate, 106 161, 184 Gratteri Formation, 577 Ibiza, 117 Formazione Gessoso-solfifera, Gravitational gliding, 34, 159, Channel, 20 527 173, 182 Plateau, 103 Fra Angelico Trough, 9 Great Salt Lake, 325 Ichnusa Seamount, 25 Sea, 89 Ikaria Ridge, 13 Gres d' Annot, 111 Trough, 13 Ga'ash High, 254, 266 Growth faults, 8 Ilha do Sal, 331 Gabes, Gulf of, 4, 6, 405, 483 Guadalquivir Basin, 440 Imerese Unit, 139, 576 Gabes-Tripoli Basin, 216 Fault, 57 Insubric Line, 276, 277 Gabes-Tripoli-Misurata Basin, River, 340, 341 Interarc Basin, 76, 157, 160, 216, 224 Valley, 38 161 Gafsa-Ieffara Escarpment, 4, 224 Guadiana River, 340 Ionian () Abyssal Plain, Gard,463 6,75,76,77,221,222, Gargano peninsula, 137 229,296,297,298,301, Ridge, 195, 358, 359, 536 Habibas Escarpment, 18, 20 399 transcurrent faults, 229 Haifa Nose, 9 Ionian Basin, 9,11,27,55,65, Gavdos-Poseidon Deep, 11 Hakko Nose, 9 221,223,228,241,246, Gavorrano, 136 Hallal folded structure, 254 301,302,303 Gavorrano volcanic complex, 281 Halokinesis, 7,.8, II, 18 crust, 157 Index 585

Islands, 11,295,301,307,315, La Fonera Canyon, 356 Lineament, 27, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 318,319,328,340,476 , 89, 90, 96 36,37,38,40,41,42,47, margin, 218, 229, 340 Lago-Mare Stage, 151, 551 137, 160, 170, 172, 174, Sea, 11, 67, 73, 76, 77, 81,141, Lagonegro Unit, 138 254 146, 219, 222, 226, 233, Lake Assai, 331 Lineations, magnetic, 116, 160 234,241,244,295,296, Lake Burullus, 366, 368, 369 Linosa Basin, 5 300, 302, 324, 327, 329, Lake Kinneret, 538, 550, 551 graben, 75, 216, 217, 220, 348, 332, 333, 336, 348, 395, Lake Larnac.a, 331 454 405,421,476 Lake Pietrafitta, 530 Island, 5, 217, 226, 349 Ischia Island, 161, 169, 278 Lake Tiberino, 530 Lion, Gulf of, 20, 103, 105, 107, Iskenderun Kurfezi, 14 Lake Valdarno, 530 108, 110, 116, 120, 121, Island arcs, 67, 76 Lakonia, Gulf of, 14 160, 356, 358, 359, 363, Issei Basin, 162 Lamentini, 135 364, 369, 372, 457 Seamount, 144, 160, 162 Lampedusa Island, 5 fault block, 21 Istrian-Venetian Platform, 211 Plateau, 216, 217, 229, 348 margin, 356 Lampione Island, 5 shelf, 102,361,374 Languedoc Shelf, 371 Islands, 135, 165 Jakuba Depression, 17 Larderello discontinuity, 287 L10bregat Shelf, 371 Jaraffa Trough, 5 Larnaca-Farmagusta Line, 262 Louda Kamchiya, 46 Jebha strike-slip fault, 118 Latian margin, 136, 167, 168 Lucanian Arc, 170, 172 Jerba Island, 5 Latium, 134, 137, 145, 146,273 Channel, 13, 14 Jezreel Valley, 253, 265 Lebanon margin, 9 Jordan Rift, 7 Lentini , 226 Jordan-Dead Sea-Bekaa Fault, Lercara Formation, 575 , 234, 238 8 Les Proven<;aux Bank, 19 Macigno overthrust front, 173 Judean Limestone, 257 Lessini discontinuity, 276 Madonie Mountains, 539 Lesvos Basin, 13 Madrepore Bank, 5, 6 Levantine Basin, 9, 27, 65, 80, Maghrebides, 131, 138, 145, 147, Kara Bogaz, Gulf of, 325, 326, 249,261,265,266,267, 156, 159, 184, 221, 264, 352 348,352,391,420,548, 574,575 Karpathos Island, 246, 307, 310, 549,554 Magnaghi Basin, 162 312,314,318 margin, 7, 8, 303 Seamount, 25, 132, 134, 135, Kassos Island, 307, 310, 312 platform, 7, 8 137, 146, 162, 163, 164, Kefallinia (Cephalonia), II, 295, rift zone, 30, 31, 38 165, 170,282 296,297,302,315,463 Sea, 78, 79, 81, 241, 327, 329, Maimonide Ridge, 19 Fault, 229 336,340,348,351,395, Mallorca Channel, 20 Kene Plateau, 18, 21 553 Island, 108, 402 Kerkennah Islands, 5, 6 Levkos Basin, 312 Mallora-Menorca Platform, 379 Kerkira Island, 295, 296, 297, Libyan horst-and-graben system, Basin, 5 302,316,462 6 Channel,5 Trough, II Libyan margin, 7 Escarpment, 4, 6, 9, 10, 67, Khabylie, 85, 86, 89, 107, 109, Ligurian Alps, 103, 123, 138, 182 75, 76, 278 116 basement, 120, 121 graben, 75, 216, 217, 218, 220, Grande, 118, 379 Basin, Trough, 55, 68, 85, 105, 348,454 Massif, 105, 106, 118, 182 106, 109, 112, 113, 114, Island, 5, 224, 349, 573 Khabylie, Petite, 118, 379 115, 116, 119, 185,273, plateau, 6, 77 Khios Basin, 13 274,276 Seamount, 425 Kos Island, 312 Bathyal Plain, 101, 103 shelf, 77, 243, 245 Kotel Strip, 46 crust, 117, 139 Malta-Misurata Escarpment, 4, 6 Kraishtide Zone, 46 eugeosyncline, 147 Manzala-Tineh slope, 368 Krikogenesis, 173, 179, 182, 184, margin, 67 Maramara Sea, 387 185, 189,284 Sea, 21, 71, 72, 73, 74, 101, Marchean-Sabina Complex, 156 Kurkar eolianite ridges, 8 103, 109, 116, 119, 120, Margins, 68, 103, 105, 112 Kyllini Peninsula, 316 123, 160,275,421,425 Maritime Alps, III Kyrenia Range, 14 Liguro-Proven<;al Basin, 20, 21, Marmara Trough, 13 Kythira Island, 307, 312, 318 101,102,103,110 Marmarica Escarpment, 7 586 Index

Marnoso-Arenacea overthrust Messina Abyssal Plain, see Ioni• Delta, 250, 355, 356, 358, 359, front, 173 an Abyssal Plain 360, 368, 370, 371, 380, Marsili Basin, 167, 172, 182 Messina Cone, 9, 10, 75, 76, 105, 381 Marsili Seamount, 25, 27, 74, 405 margin, 6, 7 132, 135, 136, 139, 146, Gulf of, 14 River, 329, 330, 355, 373, 395, 162, 164, 165, 166, 179, plain, 5, 9 433,444 278, 282, 284 Strait of, 10, 22, 131, 405 shelf, 358, 366, 369, 374 Matapan Deep, II Messinian Basin, 547 Normal faults, 20, 23, 25, 33, 34, Seamount, II desiccation, 20 59, 107, 117, 136, 146, Trench, 12, 13 erosional surface, 103 156,216,257,329 Maures Escarpment, 18, 20 evaporite basin, 163 , 89 Maures-Esterel uplift, 109, evaporites, 3, 8, 10,21,67,76, Numidian Flysch, 576 110 104, 119, 133, 147, 161, Escarpment, 19 Mauretanides, 84, 86 162, 222, 294, 297, 310, Mazaron Escarpment, 19, 102, 324, 327, 328, 329, 333, 123 334,339,341,347,350, Obduction, 106, 157, 159, 186, Medina Bank, 5, 216, 217 352, 395, 475, 476, 528, 190 Channel, 5 577 Oceanization, 159 graben, 216, 220, 348 paleocanyons, 9 Olistoliths, 75, 76 plateau, 216, 229, 348 Metaponto Nappe, 160 Olistostromes, 6, 18, 67, 75, 76 rise, 76 Milos Island, 311, 313, 314, Oltenia fault zone, 46 Seamount, 5, 6, 217, 221, 226, 318 Or Aqiva Fault, 259 349 Mirtoon Basin, 13 Orciatico Laccolith, 281 Mediterranean basins, 17, 21, 26, Mistral Dome, 21 Orosei Canyon, 23, 25, 132, 136 27,55,59,62, 103, 104, Misurata Basin, 217 Orphania, Gulf of, 314, 315, 318 107, 1I0, III ,112, 116, Valley, 5 Otranto Valley, 296, 297 117, 182,249,251,257, Moesian Platform, 37, 46 Strait of, 11, 17, 297, 387, 420 267,347,350,355,380, Mohorovicic discontinuity, 66, Overthrusts, 76, 160 387,399,546 77, Ill, 112 bathyal plain, 101 Molasse, 182 canyons, 121 Molise Basin, 75 Padan Arc, 172 crust, 65 Monferrato Arc, 172 margin, 189 fans, 404, 406 Mont Soro Flysch, 185 rivers, 370 margins, 27, 380, 383, 384, Montagnola Senese, 181 Padano-Adriatic foretrough, 138 385,401 Monte Giammoia, 487, 497, 499, Palermo Mountains, 575 microplate, 147, 278, 282, 283, 500 Palinuro Seamount, 25, 135, 137, 284, 285 Monte Narbone Formation, 169, 278, 282 ridge, 8, 9, 10, II, 12,27,76, 463 Palmahim Fault, 9, 252, 259, 77,79,80,217,224,226, Montecatini Laccolith, 282 261 297, 298, 302, 333, 338, Basin, 25 Palmira Zone, 80 379,387,399,405,477 Island, 136, 160 Pangea, 84, 86 rifting, 110 volcanic complex, 281 , 57, 190,247 Sea, 4, 5, 65, 69, 81, 87, 89, Moroccan Meseta, 103, 105 microplate, 146, 157 232, 303, 327, 334, 335, Moulouya Plateau, 18 Panormide Arc, 172 337, 350, 355, 370, 378, Mount Carmel Ridge, 250 complex, 139, 577 395,419,424,425,551 tensional feature, 261 nappe, 576 Megalopolis Basin, 316 -Wadi Faria upwarp, 254 Basin, Trough, 5, 454 Melita Bank, 5, 216, 217, 222 Mount Kumeta, 575 graben, 75, 216, 217, 220, 348, Valley, 5 Murcia, 120 379 Menorca Island, 108, 117, 118, Island, 5, 217, 226, 349 402 Pantelleria-Linosa-Malta-Medina Fan, 372, 402, 404 Nappes, 159, 160 Graben, 226 margin, 103, Ill, 116 Naxos Island, 313, 318 Paola Basin, 23, 25, 132, 182 Valley, 405 Nice continental slope, 115 Paratethys Sea, 324, 328, 331, Mesogean Sea, 3, 106, 107,267, Abyssal Plain, 329 340, 458, 476, 546, 549, 413,425 Cone, 8, 27, 69, 351, 358, 359, 552, 561, 562, 563, 566, Mesohellenic Trough, 234 368,372,381,385,387, 577 Messara Basin, 81 401,402,404,405 Paros Island, 313, 318 Index 587

Passive Margin, 59, 67 Proven<;al Basin, 68, 103, 119, Rifting, 17,27, \07, Ill, 160, Patras, Gulf of, 11 120 162, 163, 216 Fallot Fault, 106, 117, 143 Proven<;al-Balearic Basin, 72 Rocca Busambra, 575 Paxos Island, 232 Provence, 102, 105, 107, 109, Roccamonfina volcanic group, Peire-Cava area, 404 112, 113, 118, 120, 123 278 Pelagian block, 329, 333 margin, 67 Roccastrada volcanic complex, platform, 65, 75, 349 massif, 356 281 ring, 176 Ptolemy Mountains, 7, 13 Roccastrada, 136 Pelagian Sea, 4, 5, 27, 216, 219, , 62, 104, 105, 110, 356 Rogem Anticline, 254 222, 223, 226, 228, 229, Pyrgos Basin, 316 ,319 Romagna-Marche coastline, 211 295, 301, 348, 405 Roman magnetic bight, 160 shelf, 40 margin, 160 Pelagonian Massif, 235, 241 Qattara depression, 261 volcanic province, 168 Pelagruza, 17 Qattara-Eratosthenes shear, 7, Romanche Fault Zone, 250 Pelasgian Ridge, 180 249, 250, 251, 252 Rosetta Canyon, 368 Peloponnesus, 11, 12,77,233, Qattara-Eratosthenes shear, 253, Fan, 8, 401,402,404, 405 234,241,242,244,298, 261,262,264,265 Offshore Bank, 7 301,307,316,317,318, Qeren Anticline, 254 River, 361, 369, 370 319, 385,401 Quirra Seamount, 23, 134, 136 Roussillon coast, 366 Peloritan Massif, 85, 86, 116, shelf, 358, 371 118, 172, 573, 574 Roya Canyon, 101 Pelusium Line, 7, 8, 249, 250, Rabat-Oujda structure, 38 deep-sea fan, 115 251,252,253,258,260, Ragusa Bank, 217 River, 103 261,262,264,265 Ragusa Plateau, 221, 224, 348, Penninic Unit, 138 349 Pernambuco fault zone, 250 Ragusa-Malta Plateau, 216, 219, Sabatini volcanic group, 278 Perugia discontinuity, 287 220,221,223,224,229 Sabbie di Asti Formation, 199, Phlegraean Fields, 278 Ramallah Trough, 266 200, 203, 204, 213 Ridge, 17, 102, 118 Ramie eolianite ridges, 9 Sabbie di Carassai Formation, Basin, 173 Rashid Canyon, 7 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, Piedmontese-Liguride eugeo- 265,336,547,548,549, 213 syncline, 145, 147 551, 554 Saharan Platform, 39 Piercement relief, 3, 8 Reggio Valley, 10 Saint-Tropez Canyon, 107 Pindos Mountains, 34 Reverse faulting, 33 Saintes Maries de la Mer, 121 nappe, 241 Reykjanes Ridge, 90 Salina, 135 Pinne Bank, 5, 6 Rhine Graben, 57 Salinity crisis, Piombo Channel, 131 Rhodanian Basin, 105 see Messinian evaporites Piscano Seamount, 181 Rhodes Canyon, 14 Salt Ridges, 103 Plate convergence, 3, 80, 107 Island, 246, 307, 312, 318, 319 Salt Tectonics, 27 Pleshet folded structure, 254 Trough, 13, 14 San Vincenzo Volcanic Com- Pliny Trench, 7, 11, 13,250 Rhodope Mountains, 37, 46, 234 plex, 281 Pliny-Sirte shear, 249, 263, 264 Rhone Canyon, 101,333 Sangineto Line, 138, 172 Po Basin, 15, \05, 359, 552 Cone, 21, 22, 24, 27, 351,405 Sannito-Campanian Arc, 172 continental shelf, 367 deep-dea Fan, 19,21,27,101, Santerno Clays, see Argille del delta, 17, 195,355,360,365, 102, 103, 105, 401, 405 Santerno 366, 370, 371, 380 delta, 355, 360, 361, 370, 380, Santerno River, 531 gulf, 538 381 Santorini (Thera) Island, 13, 15, plain thrust arcs, 173 margin, 372 76, 232, 391 River, 370, 373, 401, 405, 525 Messinian thalweg, 121 Sapropel, 391, 392, 393, 429, 430, Valley, 200, 348, 530, 536, 554 River, 21, 103,334,355,356, 432, 444, 478, 534 , 131, 134, 160, 359, 373 Sardinia, 22, 40, 74, 85, 86, 89, 169 Petit Rhone River, 364 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, Port San Giorgio, 201 salt dome, 19 110, 112, 115, 117, 118, Portella Colla Formation, 576 shelf, 358, 364, 371 131, 134, 137, 141, 143, Porto Garibaldi Formation, Valley, 107, \09, 121,528 147, 157, 159, 160, 163, 201 Rif Atlas, 17,55, 104, 105, \07, 164,264,273,277,279, Poseidone Seamount, 144 341 333, 284, 341, 379, 387, Prograding coast, 7, 21, 103 Rif Portal, 330 400,483 588 Index

Sardinian basalts, 282 -Malta Platform, 76 Tagus Basin, 105 Basin, 25, 68, 102, 116, 132, -Malta-Medina Mounts Escarp- Talme Yafe Maris, 256, 257 174 ment, 216, 221, 224 Taormina Line, 138, 229, 573, Channel, 75, 131 Sierra Nevada Chain, 123 574 crust, 139 Silan Are, 172 Taranto, Gulf of, 10 fault block, 21 Silexite, 109 , 15, 80, 146, margin, 21, 23, 103,117, 137, Sill, 21; see also Swell 332 144, 161, 164, 167, 170 , 545, 547, 549 Tech River, 371 Massif, 116 sub-plate, 251 Tellian Atlas, 4, 55, 105 rift, 116 Sirene Seamount, 169 Tensional features, 33, 41, 76 Seamount, 23 Sirte Basin, Trough, 5, 6, 217, Termini Immerse-Marsili Sea- Sardinian-Tunisian Strait, 21 222 mount fault zone, 170 , 107 Cone, 6 Terraces, 182, 299 Savona Basin, 122, 123 Gulf of, 5, 6, 222, 250, 264, Terrible Bank, 5, 6 Schio-Gorizia-Dalmatian Are, 267, 301 Tesselation, 173 186 Gulf of, margin, 217, 221, 222, Tet River, 371 Scisti Val Lavagna Flysch, 185 226, 356, 405 Tethyan fault system, 249, 264 Sdom Salt, 341 Sisifo, 135 Tethys Sea (or ocean), 3, 59, 84, Sea of , 30 Skiros Ridge, 13, 15 85,86,88,265,266,267, , 15, 395, 396 Solar Lake, 331, 548 276,378,413,549 Seamounts, 5, 7, 13, 18,68, 76, Solentina Peninsula, 11 Thera Island, see Santorini Is- 277 Solution features, 3 land Secchi Seamount, 144 Sonshore Escarpment, 4 Thermaicos Bay, 235 Seismicity, 157, 170,229,246 Spanish block, 57, 103 , 234, 238 Selli, Raimondo, Memorial and Sperchios Valley-Ambrakickos Thrusting, 59, 80, 157, 168, 173, Publications, xix-xxviii Bay fault zone, 247 260 Serbo-Macedonian Massif, 46, Sporades, 234 Tiber Valley, 157 235 St. Paul fault zone, 250 Tindari-Letoianni Fault, 284 Serre Block, 284 Stara Planina zone, 37, 46 Tofifia Bank, 19 Sestri-Voltaggio Line, 138 Stirone River, 531 Tolfa Volcanic Complex, 281 Shekhem Syncline, 253 Stoechades Canyon, 107, 109 Toros Mounts, 14 Sicani Mountains, 139, 574, 575 Strabo Mountain, 7, 11 Touche-de-piano tectonics, 79, Sicilian Basin, Trough, 6, 185 Trench, 7, 11, 13, 395 183, 184, 188, 189 block, 6, 163 Streppenosa Formation, 224, Tramontana Escarpment, 20 magnetic are, 163 229 Trans-Jordan Plateau, 251, 253 margin, 23, 137, 160, 162, 164, Trough,224 Transcurrent faults, 117, 137, 176,229 Strike-slip faulting, 15, 33, 59, 160, 277, 575 mountains, 172, 181,573 62, 117 Transform fault, 110, 116, 117, nappes, 182, 575 Strimon Basin, 314 118, 143, 160, 229, 379 ridge, 182 Stromboli Canyon, 26, 132 Transverse faults, 11 sill, 420 Volcano, 25,135,165, 167, Trapani Mountains, 139, 574 -Tunisian Platform, 75 276, 280, 284 Tremiti, 17 -Tunisian Strait, 105,425, 454, Strophades , 318 Trenches, 379, 401 456 Structural discontinuity, 117 Tripoli Formation, 148, 490, 504 Sicilides, 136, 138, 139 Sub-Balkan fault, 46 Tripolitanian Basin, Trough, 5, Sicily, 10,42,65,89, 105, 120, Subduction, 10, 11,59,62,75, 75 134, 137, 145, 160, 167, 76, 80, 87, 88, 94, 96, 106, Channel, 405 277,301,302,315,333, 107, Ill, 159, 190, 387 Valley, 5 349, 350, 379, 405, 458, Subsistence, 3, 15, 20, 21, 75, 76, Tristan di Cunha, 113 460, 463, 539, 554, 573, 77,47, 160, 161, 179,257, Tristanite, 113 575,577,578 275,300,301,302,405 Troodos Cupola, 14 Channel, 75, 137,216,221, Suez, Gulf of, 250, 341, 553 Trubi limestone, 134, 297, 311, 228, 349, 387 Isthmus of, 545, 554 315,341,462,547 Strait of, 381, 395, 399 Rift Zone, 8 Tunisia, 40, 331, 387 -Calabrian Are, 62 Sulcia Escarpment, 19 Tunisian Basin, 105 -Malta Escarpment, 220, 221, Syrian Are, 249, 250, 254, fracture zone, 118 226,229 267 plateau, 6, 27, 41 Index 589

shelf, 405, 483 162, 164, 170, 174, 176, Vavilov Deep, 11 trend, 136 179, 184, 189, 226, 229, Seamount, 25, 26, 132, 135, Turbidites, 6, 20, 21, 26, 76, 104, 247,264,275,300,327, 139, 146, 162, 163, 164, 295, 298, 338, 358, 371, 329,338,348,351,477, 165, 170, 282 381,383,385,401,406, 478 Venetian rivers, 370 458,532 seamounts, 131, 132, 136 Venetian-Istrian coast, 15 Turbidity currents, 10, 378, 395 suture, 118 Venice Lagoon, 539 Turkish plate, 57 terrace, 578 Vera Basin, 331, 461, 476 , 103, 137, 146,273,280, transform faults, 278 Vertical faults, 67 288,536 trend, 136 Vesuvius, 25, 169, 276, 278, 280 , 65, 136, 138, -Apennine arc system, 191 Vico volcanic group, 278 157 -Sicilid arc system, 191 Vidourle River, 364 basin, 173 Vis, 17 crust, 157, 159 Volcanic structures, 6, 14, 15, krikogen, 159 Umbrian units, 138 20,21,76, 107 nappe, 156, 180 Umbro-Marchean Arc, 157, 159, Volos, Gulf of, 15 phase, 159 172, 173 Voltri Line, 145 region, 25, 168, 181 U mbro-Marchean-Sabina Volturno plain graben, 169 shelf, 384 Overthrust, 168 Vrancea seismic zone, 58 units, 138 Unifites, 383, 387, 389 Vulcanello volcano, 165, 284 Tvardista fault zone, 37, 46 Uplift, 274, 300, 301 Vulcano volcano, 135, 165, 284 Tyre-Saida Bank, 9 Upwelling, 162, 277 Vulsini volcanic group, 278 Tyro Basin, 395 Urals, 86 Vulture volcano, 282 Tyrrhenian Abyssal Plain, 74, 75, Ussana Formation, 110 140, 144, 161,276,277, U stica borderland, 174 280, 282, 399 Island, 131, 163, 164,273,280 Wadi Sirhan, 250, 252, 265 Alps, 147, 147,277,278 Volcano, 23, 25, 74, 136 Wrench faults, 173,575 Apennines, 145 arc, 399 basin, 2, 26, 27, 55, 65, 68, 74, Valais Trough, 142 Xauen Bank, 19 102, 105, 134, 159, 160, Valencia Basin, Trough, 20, 21 Xenophon Gap, 8 169, 189, 191,273,274, coast, 117 277,278,280,281,282, cone, 19 283, 286, 400, 405, 527 deep-sea channel, WI Ya'aleq folded structure, 254 canyon, 25 Gulf of, 85,101,103,105,107, Yamouneh Fault, 252 crust, 140, 157, 159, 160, 169, 108, Ill, 116, 117, 118, Yugoslavian margin, 62 287 356 Yusuf Ridge, 19 dome, 158, 189, 289 Var Canyon, 21, 23, 101, 120, margin, 27,165, 169,399 333 region, 74, 172 cone, 21 Zakharo Depression, 316 rift belt, 163 deep-sea fan, 21, 115, 122 Zakynthos Island, 295, 296, 297, ring, 160 River, 19, 23, 103 315,316,318,323,462, Sea, 17,21,25,26,58,70,72, Valley, 21 463 73,74,81,85, 106, 131, Vardar Zone, 235 Zakynthos, Strait of, 316 132, 133, 134, 135, 139, Vati Group, 312 Zante Deep, 11 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, Vaticano Cape-Stromboli fault Zenifim group, 254 147, 153, ISS, 158, 161, zone, 170, 172 Zwischengebirge, 185