POLYCE Metropolisation and Polycentric Development in Central Europe
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POLYCE Metropolisation and Polycentric Development in Central Europe Targeted Analysis 2013/2/12 (Draft) Final Report |Version 27 February 2012 This report presents the draft final results a Targeted Analysis conducted within the framework of the ESPON 2013 Programme, partly financed by the European Regional Development Fund. The partnership behind the ESPON Programme consists of the EU Commission and the Member States of the EU27, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Each partner is represented in the ESPON Monitoring Committee. This report does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the members of the Monitoring Committee. Information on the ESPON Programme and projects can be found on www.espon.eu The web site provides the possibility to download and examine the most recent documents produced by finalized and ongoing ESPON projects. This basic report exists only in an electronic version. © ESPON & Vienna University of Technology, 2012. Printing, reproduction or quotation is authorized provided the source is acknowledged and a copy is forwarded to the ESPON Coordination Unit in Luxembourg. Authors Lead Partner: Vienna University of Technology, Center of Regional Science Rudolf Giffinger, Johannes Suitner, Justin Kadi, Hans Kramar, Christina Simon University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering Natasa Pichler‐Milanovic, Alma Zavodnik‐Lamousek, Samo Drobne, Miha Konjar Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava Maros Finka, Matej Jasso, Zuzana Ladzianska University of Szeged Zoltan Kovacs, Lajos Boros, Szabolcs Fabula, Tünde Szabo, Agi Papp Czech Technical University in Praha, Faculty of Architecture Karel Maier, Marketa Hugova Charles University in Praha, Faculty of Science Ludek Sykora, Ondrej Mulicek, Petr Kucera, Branislav Machala CEPS/INSTEAD ‐ Center for Populations, Poverty and Public Policy Studies, Luxembourg Christophe Sohn, Sabine Dörry Politecnico di Milano Roberto Camagni, Andrea Caragliu, Ugo Fratesi Stakeholder Cities Lead Stakeholder: City of Wien Department of Urban Development and Planning City of Bratislava Department for Spatial Systems Coordination City of Ljubljana Department of Spatial Planning City of Praha City Development Authority City of Budapest Studio Metropolitana Nonprofit Ltd. Abbreviation ATTREG Attractiveness of European Regions and Cities for Residents and Visitors (ESPON Project 2012) CAEE The Case for Agglomeration Economies in Europe (ESPON Project 2010) CEC Central and Eastern European Countries CC Core City, synonymous with administrative boundaries of capital city CED‐zone Central Europe ‐ Danube Global Integration Zone CLIMATE Climate Change and Territorial Effects on Regions and Local Economies (ESPON Project 2011) CORDIS Community Research and Development Information Service DEMIFER Demographic and migratory flows affecting European regions and cities (ESPON Project 2010) EFP EU Research Framework Programme EFTA European Free Trade Association ESDP European Spatial Development Perspective ESPON European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion ETC European Territorial Cooperation, European objective supporting cross‐border, transnational and interregional cooperation EUROSTAT European Statistical Office, detailed statistics on the EU and candidate countries EUSDR EU Strategy for the Danube Region FIRE Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate firm networks, as indicated in GaWC database FMA Functional Metropolitan Area, as defined in the POLYCE project via commuter flows FOCI Future Orientation for Cities (ESPON Project 2010) FUA Functional Urban Area, spatial delimitation for urban agglomerations in Europe as identified in ESPON 1.1.1 (ESPON Project 2005) FUR Functional Urban Region GaWC Global and World City Research Network GDP Gross Domestic Product GVA Gross Value Added ICT Information and communication technologies ISCO International Standard Classification of Occupations INTERCO Indicators of Territorial Cohesion (ESPON Project 2012) KIT Knowledge, Innovation, Territory (ESPON Project 2012) LAU Local administrative unit LUZ Large Urban Zone, spatial concept, as defined in Urban Audit MEGA Metropolitan European Growth Area, FUAs with metropolitan functions as identified in ESPON 1.1.1 (ESPON Project 2005) ESPON 2013 1 MR Metropolitan Region, as defined in the POLYCE project via commuter flows NUTS Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics OECD Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development OFMA Outer Functional Metropolitan Area OMR Outer Metropolitan Ring POLYCE Project acronym: ‘Metropolisation and Polycentricity in Central Europe’ SURE Success for Convergence Regions’ Economies (ESPON Project 2010) TEN Trans‐European Networks TRACC Transport Accessibility at regional/local scale and patterns in Europe (ESPON Project 2012) UA Urban Audit, comparable statistics and indicators for European cities URBACT European Programme promoting sustainable urban development WP Work package of POLYCE ESPON 2013 2 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Objectives .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Conceptualization .............................................................................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Basic assumptions regarding metropolisation, urban size, polycentricity and governance ............................................. 11 1.5 Policy Relevance .............................................................................................................................................................. 14 1.6 Methodological perspective ............................................................................................................................................ 17 2 THE POLYCENTRIC SYSTEM IN CENTRAL EUROPE .................................................................. 20 2.1 Definitions and methodological approach ....................................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Morphological and relational polycentricity .................................................................................................................... 27 2.3 Polycentricity in policy, planning and decision making .................................................................................................... 34 2.4 Relational Polycentricity within the CED‐zone and its position within Europe ................................................................ 36 3 URBAN SIZE & METROPOLISATION ...................................................................................... 49 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 49 3.2 Literature review ............................................................................................................................................................. 50 3.3 The model ........................................................................................................................................................................ 52 3.4 The data set ..................................................................................................................................................................... 55 3.5 Empirical results .............................................................................................................................................................. 57 3.6 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................... 59 4 METROPOLITAN PROFILES ................................................................................................... 60 4.1 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................................................ 60 4.2 Benchmarking as a strategic tool steering metropolitan development ........................................................................... 60 4.3 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................................... 61 4.4 Data Sources and Indicators Formation ........................................................................................................................... 64 4.5 Factors and indicators describing key policy development characteristics in POLYCE metropolitan profiles .................. 67 4.6 POLYCE Metropolitan Profiles: Results ............................................................................................................................ 82 4.7 POLYCE METROPOLITAN PROFILES: AN OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................... 85 4.8 POLYCENTRICITY OF POLYCE METROPOLISES .................................................................................................................