Urban Audit: Initial Assess- Ment of the Swiss Pilot Phase

Home , Affoltern (Zürich), Altstadt (Zürich), Friesenberg, Gewerbeschule (Zürich), Larger urban zone, Weinegg

Nr.No.No 11 1 AoûtDezember August 2007 2007 2007

NEWS LETTER RäumlicheSpatialAnalyses analyses et Analysen disparités and disparitiesund spatiales Disparitäten

Editorial

The particular feature of this edition of StatSpace is that it is solely devoted to the European Urban Audit project in which Switzerland has been involved since 2006 as part of a pilot phase. This project has been implemented thanks to close cooperation between the FSO (Federal Statistical Office), ARE (Federal Office for Spatial Development) and the statistical offices and services in the cantons of Geneva and Vaud and in the cities of Zurich and Bern. The main purpose of this newsletter is to provide information about the Urban Audit project itself, as well as on the measures taken by Switzerland as part of its involvement. It then presents, by way of illustration, a selection of indicators taken from the initial findings of the Swiss pilot phase, comparing Urban Audit: initial assess- Swiss cities in a European context. It concludes with a brief description of the future measures envisaged in Switzerland ment of the Swiss pilot phase as part of the Urban Audit project. This project, the importance of which is constantly growing Urban Audit in brief 1 within Europe, both from a statistical and regional policy per- spective, provides a major source of information for Switzer- Initial measures taken by Switzerland land, whether for the Confederation as a whole, its cantons with a view to regular participation 2 or cities. The work carried out by Switzerland since 2006 marks a first Sample results from the pilot phase 2 important step towards the country’s regular participation in the Urban Audit. Once the European Union has distributed fi- Impressions of partners participating nal data, scheduled for the end of 2007, a more comprehen- in the pilot phase 13 sive analysis of the results will be carried out in spring 2008 by the FSO, the ARE and the statistical offices and services in Moving towards Switzerland’s the cantons of Geneva and Vaud and in the cities of Zurich regular participation in the Urban Audit 14 and Bern.

News and Impressum 16

Urban Audit in brief

The Urban Audit (UA) was launched in June 1998 by the Eu- urban policy issues. With this in mind, the UA’s task was to ropean Commission following its communication “Towards an gather comparable statistical data, which was lacking at the urban agenda in the European Union”. The UA project is part time, on a certain number of urban zones. In 2005 the UA of the European Union’s regional and cohesion policies, and was designated as a key Eurostat activity, thereby enhancing its aim is to evaluate the quality of life in Europe’s cities and its importance. the progress achieved, with a view to providing solutions to

NEWSLETTER N o . 1 august 2 0 0 7 S p atial anal y ses an d d is p arities The Urban Audit is currently carried out in almost 300 cities spread across 27 countries. As part of the EU’s expansion, this Initial measures taken project is also important for the new members. Furthermore, by Switzerland with a view Norway and Switzerland1 joined the UA process in 2006. In order to achieve the best possible analysis of living condi- to regular participation tions in the cities involved, 350 variables, which can be used The Urban Audit is of interest to Switzerland in a number of to calculate over 300 indicators, are selected in the 2006 Ur- respects. This programme provides an excellent complement ban Audit. They are arranged according to nine fields: popu- to the measures taken in Switzerland as part of its agglomera- lation, social aspects, economic aspects, civic involvement, ed- tion policy. Not only does it allow Swiss cities to see where ucation and training, environment, travel and transport, infor- they are in relation to each other, but also in relation to other mation society, as well as culture and recreation. The statistics European cities, thanks to the comparable information availa- are compiled and presented at three spatial levels for each city ble, which is of guaranteed high quality and easily accessible. selected: Core City or C, Larger Urban Zone, LUZ or L and It might also be useful for devising development strategies, Sub-City Districts, SCD or S. not to mention helping to raise Switzerland’s profile, making it no longer just a white patch in the middle of Europe. Tab. 1: Range of fields covered by the Urban Audit In acknowledgement of this, the Federal Statistical Office Population Demography (FSO) and the Federal Office for Spatial Development (ARE) Nationality Household structure launched in 2006 the first measures aimed at evaluating the terms for Switzerland’s involvement in this programme, in Social aspects Housing Health consultation with partners in the cantons and cities. Crime In summer 2006, the Swiss cities likely at that time to take Economic aspects Labour market part in the Urban Audit based on the criteria laid down by Economic activity 3 Income disparities and poverty Eurostat , namely Zurich, Basel, Geneva, Bern, Lausanne, Civic involvement Civic involvement Winterthur, Saint-Gall, Lucerne and Lugano, together with Local administration the European project managers, were invited to attend a Education and training Students, school pupils workshop. Based on the interest shown by several cities, the Educational qualifications decision was made to launch a pilot phase in the cities of Zu- Environment Climate, geography rich, Geneva, Bern and Lausanne between autumn 2006 and Air quality and noise the end of 2007. The data gathered as part of this pilot will Water be integrated in early 2008 with the data planned for distri- Waste management Land use bution by the European Union on the 2006 Urban Audit. Travel and transport Travel patterns Information society Users and infrastructure Local e-Governments Sample results from the pilot Information and communication technologies phase Culture and recreation Culture and recreation Tourism From this point onwards, a selection from the main findings of the Swiss pilot phase is presented in the form of graphs Eurostat and the Directorate-General for Regional Policy at and maps. The purpose of this is more about illustrating the the European Commission (DG Regio) distribute the Urban project in its pilot phase rather than providing a true compar- Audit data via various channels. Direct access to the relevant ative analysis between cities. The Swiss data (from 2004 or databases is provided via the UA website (www.urbanaudit. else the closest year), which is still provisional4, is compared org) or via the Eurostat website, Newcronos2. A directory is against that for a selection of European cities. The data for published every three years containing a summary of the in- these cities is available in the Urban Audit’s database on the formation available about the participating cities. The next Newcronos (for the years 1999 to 2003, depending on the edition, referring to the 2006 UA, will appear in 2008. UA re- country). The definitive data for the 2006 UA will be available sults are also included in publications linked to other projects, on the websites already mentioned at the start of 2008 for all such as ESPON (European Spatial Planning Observation) or the participating cities. More comprehensive Swiss data will the social and economic cohesion reports from the European be distributed in spring 2008. Commission.

1 Pilot phase 2006/2007. 2 Newcronos is Eurostat’s online database. It can be accessed free of charge 3 Cities with at least 50,000 inhabitants and a substantial geographic spread, via http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu > EN > General and regional statistics > capital of the country involved. Data tab > Urban Audit 4 The data has not been verified yet by Eurostat

NEWSLETTER N o . 1 august 2 0 0 7 S p atial anal y ses an d d is p arities Resident population around 2002, city level M 1

Number of inhabitants 7 172 091

2 500 000 Helsinki 500 000 Stockholm 76 688

Population density, Dublin Copenhagen 5 inhabitantsVoir carte des per groupes km2 de quartiers Audit urbain, niveau 2, page 15.

* 10 000 Hamburg 5000 – 9999 London Berlin 3500 – 4999 Brussels Warsaw 2500 – 3499 1500 – 2499 Luxembourg Nuremberg Prague < 1500 Freiburg i.B. Strasbourg Besançon no information available Dijon Munich Vienna Lausanne Zurich Lyon Bern Geneva Graz Turin Milan Grenoble Bologna

Barcelona Rome

Sources: Eurostat, Urban Audit / FSO © FSO, ThemaKart, Neuchâtel 2007

Tips on reading the graphs and maps – Any cities selected which have missing data or are re- garded as not viable are still mentioned in the graphs – The analysis focuses on City (C) level, while introducing and maps in order to make them easier to read by pre- the levels Larger Urban Zone (LUZ or L) and Sub-City Dis- senting the same list of cities all the time. trict (SCD or S). The regionalisation levels are defined by each country based on the methods specified by Eurostat. – In Switzerland level C corresponds to the commune; level L to agglomerations according to the FSO defini- Population density tion (2000), that of Geneva corresponding to the canton plus the Nyon district; the official FSO districts have Geneva clearly stands out been combined into groups of districts based on 2 levels5 Swiss cities are, as might be expected, among the smallest in order to comply with the limits imposed by Eurostat in terms of number of inhabitants, along with Freiburg im (5000 inhabitants minimum). Breisgau, Graz, Luxembourg and Besançon (M1). Among the – The 26 EU cities chosen to show examples are primarily 30 cities selected, 11 have a population of over one million located in the countries bordering Switzerland (France, inhabitants. Europe’s large capital cities clearly stand out, Germany, Italy and Austria). Cities located further away especially London, Berlin and Rome, which are all above the have also been chosen, given their importance, such as two-million inhabitant mark. London, Dublin, Barcelona, the major cities in Northern Zurich, Bern and Lausanne have a population density which Europe, Luxembourg, Brussels, Prague and Warsaw. The is close to the average specified for this selection of cities (al- availability of data was also a factor in the final selection most 4,000 inhabitants per km2). On the other hand, Geneva of cities. This is why Paris had to be removed from our clearly stands out with a density close to 12,000 inhabitants list. per km2, making it the city with the second highest value after – The Swiss data comes from 2004, while the most recent Barcelona. The values for the French cities are relatively low. European data comes from between 1999 and 2003, un- Considering all the cities overall, the average population less otherwise indicated. This is why it states “circa density for larger urban zones is 675 inhabitants per km2, 2002” in the headings for the graphs and maps. or roughly one-sixth of that calculated for the cities.

5 See map of Urban Audit district groups (M4), level 2, page 15.

NEWSLETTER N o . 1 august 2 0 0 7 S p atial anal y ses an d d is p arities Demographic dependency Lowest values in Northern European cities The demographic dependency rates measure the ratio be- The dependency rate for young people is particularly high in tween the population of working age (20 to 64) and the non- the French cities, as well as in London and Brussels. The Swiss working or dependent population (aged under 20 and over cities, on the other hand, apart from Lausanne, have values 64). These rates vary to some extent from one city to another which are below the average value for all the cities included (G1). The highest overall dependency rate is recorded in Brus- (30.0%). sels (66.0%), with the lowest in Copenhagen (44.0%). The In general, the dependency rate for young people is higher rate for Swiss cities, apart from Lausanne, is slightly below the than that for elderly people, except in the Italian cities, Nu- average for the cities compared (56.0%). remberg Zurich, Bern and Barcelona. The gap between these The dependency rate for people aged over 65 is higher than rates is most noticeable in the French and Italian cities (apart the average (26.0%) in Zurich and Bern, while it is lower in from Rome), as well as in Brussels and London. In contrast to Geneva and Lausanne. It is above 30% in the Italian cities, this, the gap is very narrow in Rome and in the German cities apart from Rome, as well as in Barcelona. of Hamburg, Nuremberg and Munich.

Demographic dependency circa 2002, level city, C G 1

70% Demographic dependency: (<20 + >64) / 20–64 years 60% Demographic young age dependency: <20 / 20–64 years 50% Demographic old age dependency: >64 / 20–64 years 40% Average total demographic 30% dependency, level C: 56% Average total demographic 20% dependency, level L: 58%

10%

0% e Bern Berlin Lyon Dijon Milan Turin Graz Sources: FSO, OCSTAT, SCRIS, Prague DublinRom Vienna Zurich Brussels Munich Bologna WarsawHelsinki London Geneva Hamburg Barcelona BesançonGrenoble Lausanne Statistik Stadt Zürich, Statistikdienste Nuremberg Strasbourg Stockholm Copenhagen Freiburg i.B. Luxembourg der Stadt Bern, Eurostat Urban Audit

NEWSLETTER N o . 1 august 2 0 0 7 S p atial anal y ses an d d is p arities Nationality Numerous nationals from EU countries in Geneva Map M2 offers an analysis at sub-city district level for the The highest proportions of nationals are typically in the Bern Swiss cities. The proportion of citizens from countries in the districts, especially Altenberg-Spitalacker and Kirchenfeld, and EU or outside the EU among the resident population is the in the Zurich districts of Witikon and Hirslanden (85% and highest by far (almost 60%) in the Geneva district of Séch- over). In Lausanne the district of Beaulieu-Grey-Boissy has eron-Prieuré, which is where the international organisations the highest proportion of nationals (81.9%), while in Geneva are concentrated, and in Pâquis-Navigation, a district consid- the district of St-Jean-Aïre has the highest proportion, which ered to be populated mainly by immigrants. This rate is also is only 64.4% (Swiss average: 79.5%). noticeable (almost 50%) in the Lausanne districts of Montoie- Bourdonnette and Sébeillon-Malley, as well as in Zurich’s Hard and Escher-Wyss districts. In Bern, the highest proportion of nationals from countries in the EU or outside the EU is recorded in Bethlehem-Oberbottigen (32.5%).

Nationality of resident population in 2000, sub-city district level* M 2

Total resident population Bern Zurich 28 408 20 000 10 000 2 396 Switzerland: 7 288 010

Share of the nationalities as a proportion of the total resident population, in % Swiss citizens EU citizens (EU 25) Neither Swiss, nor EU citizens

Swiss average: 79,5% 11,5% 9,0% City of Bern: 128 634 / 78,2% 11,5% 10,3%

Lausanne City of Zurich: 363 273 / 70,7% 15,0% 14,3%

Geneva * For the Urban Audit project, based on the official nomenclature of the FSO, the suburbs have been grouped together under groups of suburbs (sub-city districts) in accordance with Eurostat directives (minimum 5 000 inhabitants) thereby assuring compatibility with data at the city suburb level for participating cities. Two levels of aggregation have been carried out: the first one corresponds to the level of neighbourhoods; the second more detailed one, has been carried out specifically for the Urban Audit and reaches (with few exceptions) a total of a minimum of 5 000 inhabitants. The maps are based on the latter level. City of Lausanne: 124 914 / 64,2% 21,7% 14,1% City of Geneva: 177 964 / 56,2% 28,2% 15,7%

Sources: FSO / OCSTAT / SCRIS / Statistik Stadt Zürich / Statistikdienste der Stadt Bern / Eurostat, Urban Audit © FSO, ThemaKart, Neuchâtel 2007

NEWSLETTER N o . 1 august 2 0 0 7 S p atial anal y ses an d d is p arities One person households Higher values at core city level The proportion of one person households varies noticeably In general, the proportion of one person households is lower among cities, ranging from 26.2% in Barcelona to 53.3% in in larger urban zones (average of 36.5%). This gap between Copenhagen, with an average for all the cities selected of cities and larger urban zones is particularly noticeable in the 42.1% (G2). Swiss cities are clearly above this average, with four Swiss cities, Copenhagen and Brussels. Luxembourg is a values fluctuating between 50% and 52%. Apart from Barce- surprising exception in this respect, with a rate of 65.1% at lona and Dublin, the lowest values are typically in Graz and larger urban level as opposed to 42.8% at actual core city London, the Italian cities, especially Rome, French and Eastern level. European cities.

Households consisting of one person circa 2002, city level, C and broad urban spatial area, L G 2

70% Share of single person households (level C) 60% Share of single person households (level L) 50% Average, level C: 42.1% 40% Average, level L: 36.5%

30%

20%

10%

Lone parent households Dwelling ownership Contrasting picture in Lausanne and Zurich Cities in Southern Europe stand out In Geneva the proportion of lone parent households is above Italian cities and Barcelona stand out in particular with the the national average in every district (3.3%). This gives a highest rates for households living in their own dwelling fairly even distribution (M3). Lausanne has the values display- (68.1% in Barcelona), whether at core city or larger urban ing the widest contrast, with the highest rates (over 7%) in zone level (G3). In contrast to this, the lowest levels are re- the districts of Bossons-Blécherette, Sallaz-Vennes-Séchaud corded in the German and East European cities, as well as Vi- and Montoie-Bourdonnette. This contrasting picture is also enna, Stockholm and particularly the Swiss cities, which have found in Zurich, which has, on the one hand, the districts of a rate of less than 11%, with just 6% in Geneva and Lausanne, Saatlen and Friesenberg (rate of roughly 6%), and on the compared with an average of 35.7% for the cities represented. other, the districts of Seefeld and Langstrasse-Werd (less than The French cities are around this average figure. 2%, the lowest rates among the four cities). In the case of the In general, the average rate is higher at larger urban zone districts of Saatlen and Friesenberg, this result can be linked level (average of 44.8%). This is particularly evident in the to a high percentage of council-owned apartments (59% and four Swiss cities where the rate is three times higher at larger 54% respectively, compared with an average rate in Zurich of urban zone level than at core city level. Warsaw is the only 18%), which are appreciated by lone parent households be- exception, where the proportion of households living in their cause of the modest rent. The rates in the city of Bern are own dwelling is slightly lower in the urban zones than in the more uniform, generally lying below the national average. city.

NEWSLETTER N o . 1 august 2 0 0 7 S p atial anal y ses an d d is p arities Loneparent households in 2000, sub-city district level* M 3

Proportion of loneparent households Bern Zurich (with children aged 0 to 17), in %

* 5,3 4,5 – 5,2 3,8 – 4,4 3,0 – 3,7 2,3 – 2,9 < 2,3 Swiss average: 3,3%

City of Bern: 3,1%

Lausanne City of Zurich: 3,0%

Sources: FSO / OCSTAT / SCRIS / Statistik Stadt Zürich / Statistikdienste der Stadt Bern / Eurostat, Urban Audit © FSO, ThemaKart, Neuchâtel 2007

Households living in owner-occupied dwelling circa 2002, city level, C and broad urban spatial area, L G 3

90% Share of persons in owner- 80% occupied accommodation (level C) 70% Share of households in owner- occupied accommodation 60% (level L) 50% Avereage, level C: 35.7% 40% Average, level L: 44.8% 30%

20%

10%

NEWSLETTER N o . 1 august 2 0 0 7 S p atial anal y ses an d d is p arities Average area of living accommodation Low values in the cities of Eastern Europe Whether at core city level or larger urban zone level6, the ma- level. The area of living accommodation per person increases jority of cities, including Zurich, Geneva and Lausanne, are most often in peripheral areas, especially in Luxembourg around the average value (36.4m2), with the average area of where the area goes from 40.4m2 (level C) to 52.1m2 per per- living accommodation per person fluctuating between 35 and son (level L). This difference between the centre and periph- 40m2 (G4). Bern and Copenhagen have the highest values eral areas is also clearly seen in Zurich and the German cities. (44.0m2) at core city level, while the cities of Prague and War- In Bern, however, both these levels have the same value. saw have the lowest values by far: less than 22m2 per person at core city level and less than 23m2 at larger urban zone

Average living space per person circa 2002, city level C and broad urban spatial area, L G 4

60 Average living space per person

2 (level C) m 50 Average living space per person (level L) 40 Average living space, level C: 36.4 m2 30 Average living space, level L: 38.0 m2 20

10 Average living space per person in 0 g e m h i.B. rg Graz ol Bern Berlin Lyon Dijon Rom Milan Turin Sources: FSO, OCSTAT, SCRIS, Prague Dublin Vienna Zuric Brussels Munich Bologna WarsawHelsinki London Geneva Hamburg Barcelona BesançonGrenoble Lausanne Statistik Stadt Zürich, Statistikdienste Nuremberg Strasbour Stockh Copenhagen Freiburg Luxembou der Stadt Bern, Eurostat Urban Audit

Unemployment rate Particularly low in Zurich and Bern The unemployment rate varies significantly among the cities Furthermore, whereas the unemployment rate for men is (G5a and G5b). Bern and Zurich, with rates of 4.4% and slightly higher than that for women in the cities of Switzer- 4.9% respectively, have very low values, comparable to those land, Germany and Northern Europe, as well as for Warsaw, found in Munich, Copenhagen, Bologna, Luxembourg, Stock- Dublin and London, the reverse is true for the Italian and holm and Prague. In Lausanne and Geneva, on the other French cities. hand, the rate is slightly above the average for the cities represented (8.3%). At 18.3%, Brussels has the highest rate of High level of unemployment among young people unemployment among the cities in the comparison. Berlin, in French and Italian cities Warsaw and Grenoble are slightly below the 15% mark. The The unemployment rate among young people (aged 15–24) average unemployment rate is lower in the urban zones and elderly persons (aged 55–64) varies considerably from (7.5%) than in the cities (8.3%). one city to another, but of different magnitudes (G5b). For in- stance, the rate among young people varies between 1.6% Unemployment rate same for men and women in Copenhagen and 40.1% in Rome, with the rate among in Switzerland elderly persons being more stable, ranging between 2.1% in In the Swiss cities, the difference in the unemployment rates Stockholm and 17.3% in Berlin. The Swiss cities record unem- between men and women is only slight, as is also the case for ployment rates for both age groups below the average deter- Prague, Copenhagen, Munich, Nuremberg, Strasbourg, Milan, mined for the cities analysed (13.9% and 7.6% respectively), Bologna, Luxembourg, Graz and Stockholm (G5a). except for in Geneva, where the rate for the 55–64 age group is around the average at 7.9%.

6 No data available for Vienna, Graz and London, nor for the French urban zones and Stockholm urban zone.

NEWSLETTER N o . 1 august 2 0 0 7 S p atial anal y ses an d d is p arities While the differences between the unemployment rates for cities selected, the level of unemployment among young both age groups are small in the Swiss cities, Luxembourg, people is higher than that among the 55–64 age group, ex- Stockholm and Berlin, this is not the case in the other cities in cept in the German cities, Copenhagen and Helsinki. The av- Europe. The maximum disparity is seen in Warsaw, as well as erage unemployment rates for both young people and in the in the French and Italian cities, which record the highest un- 55–64 age group are slightly higher in urban zones than in employment rates for young people. In the majority of the the cities.

Unemployment rate per sex circa 2002, level city, C G 5a

25% Average unemployment rate Unemployment rate – male 20% Unemployment rate – female

Average unemployment rate, 15% level C: 8.3% Average unemployment rate, level L: 7.5% 10%

0% e Bern Berlin Lyon Dijon Milan Turin Graz Prague DublinRom Vienna Zurich Brussels Munich Bologna WarsawHelsinki London Geneva Hamburg Barcelona BesançonGrenoble Lausanne Nuremberg Strasbourg Stockholm Copenhagen Freiburg i.B. Luxembourg Sources: SECO, Eurostat Urban Audit

Unemployment rate by city circa 2002, C G 5b

45% Average unemployment rate 40% Proportion of residents unemployed 15–24 35% Proportion of residents 30% unemployed 55–64

25% Average unemployment rate of the 15–24, level C: 13.9% 20% (13.6% level L) 15% Average unemployment rate of the 55–64, level C: 7.3% 10% (7.2% in level L) 5%

NEWSLETTER N o . 1 august 2 0 0 7 S p atial anal y ses an d d is p arities Activity rate High values in Switzerland With a net activity rate of 75%7, the Swiss cities record some points, reaching 20 percentage points in Rome. The cities of of the highest rates among the cities included in the compari- Helsinki, Stockholm and Copenhagen, on the other hand, son (G6). Bern and Zurich even have a rate of over 84%. This have similar rates for both men and women. must also be linked to the high proportion of part-time jobs in The activity rate for women is highest in the cities of Zurich Switzerland (G7). Vienna, Munich, Prague, Copenhagen and and Bern (almost 80%) and Helsinki (76.1%), with Copenha- Helsinki also have high activity rates (between 75 and 78%). gen and Geneva following with rates above 73%. Rome, Tu- In contrast, Brussels, Freiburg im Breisgau, Besançon and rin, as well as Luxembourg, Freiburg im Breisgau and Brussels Rome do not even reach the 65% mark. The average rate at have the lowest rates (54.3 to 56.4%), which are almost core city level is 70.7% among all the cities selected. The av- 10 percentage points lower than the average activity rate for erage activity rate at larger urban zone level is slightly higher women among the cities chosen (65.2%). It must be noted (71.7%). however that Brussels and Freiburg im Breisgau generally The activity rate for men is, without exception, higher than have the lowest net activity rates, which puts the low rate for that for women. The average difference is 10 percentage women in context.

Activity rate of the resident population circa 2002, level city, C G 6

95% Average Activity rate 90% Activity rate – male Activity rate – female 85%

80% Average activity rate, level C: 70.7% 75% Average activity rate, level L: 71.7% 70%

65%

60%

55%

50% e Bern Berlin Lyon Dijon Milan Turin Graz Sources: FSO, OCSTAT, SCRIS, Prague DublinRom Vienna Zurich Brussels Munich Bologna WarsawHelsinki London Geneva Hamburg Barcelona BesançonGrenoble Lausanne Statistik Stadt Zürich, Statistikdienste Nuremberg Strasbourg Stockholm Copenhagen Freiburg i.B. Luxembourg der Stadt Bern, Eurostat Urban Audit

Part-time employment Women still way ahead The percentage of part-time jobs (G7) in the four Swiss cities As might be expected, the rates of part-time employment is higher than the average for the cities analysed (20.8%). among women (31.1% on average) are significantly higher It is particularly high in Bern (32.8%). Among the EU cities, than among men (10.5% on average), with more notable Freiburg im Breisgau has the highest number of part-time jobs differences between the cities. In the Swiss cities the rate of (34.3%), followed by Hamburg, Nuremberg and Berlin. The part-time work among women is high, reaching almost 49% proportion of part-time jobs is particularly low in Prague, in Bern. The German cities present a similar profile, with Warsaw and Barcelona (below 15%). Freiburg im Breisgau again at the top of the list (49.2%). On the other hand, this rate is particularly low in the cities of With values between 13% and 18%, the proportion of part- Prague (8.7%), Warsaw (12.1%) and Helsinki (16.8%). time jobs for men in the Swiss cities is above the average for These three cities, plus Copenhagen show the smallest dispar- the cities in the comparison (10.5%). These values are similar ities between men and women. to those for Stockholm and the German cities. Freiburg im Breisgau again has the highest value (20.8%). The French and Austrian cities, along with Prague, Barcelona, Dublin, London and Luxembourg have values below 10%.

7 Proportion of persons economically active in the population aged 15 to 64.

10 NEWSLETTER N o . 1 august 2 0 0 7 S p atial anal y ses an d d is p arities Part-time employment circa 2002, level city, C G 7

60% Proportion in part-time employment 50% Proportion in part-time employment – male 40% Proportion in part-time employment – female

30% Average part-time employment, level C: 20.8% (Females: 31.1%; males: 10.5%) 20%

10%

Qualifications High proportion of inhabitants with higher level education in Geneva Compared with the other cities analysed (average of 19.3%), With the exception of Geneva (G8b), the Swiss cities also the Swiss cities have a relatively high number of residents show the proportion of residents having attained an upper with tertiary and higher level education as their highest level secondary level education (ISCED3–4) above the average of educational attainment, corresponding to levels ISCED5-68 compared with the cities surveyed (31.5%). Zurich and Bern (G8a). Geneva stands out with a rate of 27.5%, joining have rates of 40% and higher and Lausanne 35.8%. The rela- Freiburg im Breisgau and Helsinki in the top group of three. tively low rate in Geneva (29.8%) is linked to the high pro- In contrast to this, Turin, Vienna, Rome and Nuremberg have portion of residents with higher level education. Level ISCED rates below 15%. Overall, the proportion of women with 3–4 education is particularly well represented in Prague and higher level education is lower than that for men. The differ- Freiburg im Breisgau (with rates of 55.9% and 58.0% respec- ence is particularly striking in Freiburg im Breisgau, Bern and tively). In contrast, the French cities have the lowest values. Zurich (the proportion varies by more than 10%). At this education level the difference between men and women remains slight. It is most noticeable in Bern and Zu- rich, with a higher level for women in both cities.

Qualification level of the resident population circa 2002, level city, C G 8a

40% Prop. of working age population qualified at level 5 or 6 ISCED 35% Part of the male resident 30% population qualified at level 5 or 6 ISCED 25% Part of the female resident population qualified at level 5 20% or 6 ISCED

15% Average qualification rate at level 5 or 6 ISCED, 10% level C: 19.3% (males: 21.4%; females: 17.4%) 5%

8 International Standard Classification of Education; ISCED0: no formal education completed; ISCED1–2: compulsory level of schooling; ISCED3–4: upper secondary education; ISCED5–6: tertiary and higher level education. The rate is calculated in this case in relation to the total resident population and not to the population of working age.

NEWSLETTER N o . 1 august 2 0 0 7 S p atial anal y ses an d d is p arities 11 Qualification level of the resident population circa 2002, level city, C G 8b

70% Prop. of working age population qualified at level 3 or 4 ISCED 60% Part of the male resident population qualified at level 3 50% or 4 ISCED Part of the female resident 40% population qualified at level 3 or 4 ISCED 30% Average qualification rate 20% at level 3 or 4 ISCED, level C: 31.5% (males: 31.4%; females: 31.6%) 10%

Cars and road accidents Particular features of the Italian cities With over 550 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants (G9), the Italian (2.8). Milan has a rate of 14.3 accidents per 1000 inhabitants, cities and Luxembourg enjoy the highest values, while Copen- the highest figure by far. At the other end of the scale, Brus- hagen has the lowest value (less than 300 vehicles/1000 in- sels, Barcelona, Lyon, Strasbourg, Dijon, Grenoble, Dublin and hab.). As for the Swiss cities, they are around the average Stockholm have surprising low values (below 0.5). The Swiss mark for the cities compared (439.8 vehicles/1000 inhab.). cities record a comparable number of accidents involving seri- Geneva stands out with 461.5 vehicles/1000 inhab., while the ous injury or death in relation to most of the cities repre- value for Zurich is 386.7.9 sented. Geneva and Lausanne have the highest values among the four swiss cities (1.1 and 0.9 respectively). The high levels Concerning the road accidents involving serious injury or recorded in the Italian cities probably contribute to pushing death, the Italian cities (G9) once again stand out here with upwards the average calculated for the 30 cities (1.8). their particularly high values (over 6 accidents per 1000 inhabitants). This also applies to Prague albeit with a lower rate

Traffic: number of cars and road accidents leading to death or serious injuries circa 2002, level city, C 1 G 9

800 16 Number of registered cars 700 14 Road accidents leading to death or serious injuries 600 12 Average number of cars, 500 10 level C: 439.8

400 8

300 6

200 4

100 2

0 0 Number of accidents per 1000 inhabitants Number of registered cars per 1000 inhabitants e e Berlin Lyon Dijon MilanTurin Graz Berne Sources: FSO, OCSTAT, SCRIS, Pragu DublinRome Vienn Zurich Munich Bologne VarsovieHelsinki Londres Genève Bruxelles Barcelone BesançonGrenoble Lausanne Statistik Stadt Zürich, Statistikdienste HambourgNuremberg Strasbourg Stockholm Copenhague Fribourg e.B. Luxembourg der Stadt Bern, Eurostat Urban Audit

1 Swiss data from 2004; europeens data between 2000 und 2001

9 As data is not available for the Italian, Austrian and Spanish urban zones, it is impossible to make a comparison at this level.

12 NEWSLETTER N o . 1 august 2 0 0 7 S p atial anal y ses an d d is p arities Tourism High level of occupancy in Geneva The average annual number of nights spent in tourist accom- As regards the other three Swiss cities, Zurich (6.4) and modation (excluding alternative accommodation) per inhabit- Lausanne (5.4) have a level of occupancy above the average ant (G10) varies greatly from one city to another, ranging calculated for the cities represented (4.6), putting them on a from 0.7 in Copenhagen to 10.7 in Geneva, which has the par with Munich, Barcelona and Stockholm. Bern (4.0), on the highest level, followed by Luxembourg (9.6), Rome (8.6) and other hand, is slightly below this average, on a par with Nu- Prague (7.0). It must be noted that there is no data available remberg and Freiburg im Breisgau. for London, which is a major tourist attraction.

Touristic frequentation circa 2002, level city, C G 10

12 Number of overnight stays in tourist accomodation 10 (without parahotellery)

Average number of overnights, 8 level C: 4.6

4 per resident population Number of overnight stays 2

0 e Graz Bern Berlin Lyon Dijon Rom Milan Turin Sources: FSO, OCSTAT, SCRIS, Prague Dublin Vienna Zurich Brussels Munich Bologna WarsawHelsinki London Geneva Hamburg Barcelona BesançonGrenoble Lausanne Statistik Stadt Zürich, Statistikdienste Nuremberg Strasbourg Stockholm Copenhagen Freiburg i.B. Luxembourg der Stadt Bern, Eurostat Urban Audit

Impressions of partners participating in the pilot phase

Switzerland’s participation in the Urban Audit is a vital asset statistical systems – foreign or Swiss – as well as the opportu- not only for its cities, but also for the country as a whole. This nity to share professional experiences. It is worth emphasising programme is actually part of Switzerland’s agglomeration that the tasks of gathering and processing the data represent policy, which has as its fourth main action to integrate the a sizeable commitment from the various partners involved. network of Swiss cities and agglomerations with the network Also, in the case of Geneva, there are plans to extend the of European cities. Furthermore, the Urban Audit will supple- analysis to look at the cross-border aspect, in cooperation ment the urban space monitoring programme (MUR), aimed with France. This is a first for the Urban Audit and will com- at gaining a better understanding of the Swiss urban environ- plement the work currently being carried out by the Observa- ment. In addition, the general objectives of the 2004–2007 toire statistique transfrontalier (Cross-border statistical observ- multi-annual federal statistics programme mention the need atory)10. to develop urban statistics. The Confederation is particularly pleased about the strong in- The four cities taking part in the pilot phase view the Urban terest being shown by several cities and cantons in this Euro- Audit project with great interest. It allows them not only to pean programme. It reflects the importance of urban issus in present and compare themselves at a European level, but it Switzerland, thereby justifying the measures taken by the also provides them with a base of fairly standardised data at Confederation in the area of agglomeration policy and in core city, larger urban zone (agglomeration) and sub-city dis- compiling appropriate statistics. This interest also underlines trict level. As a result, the Urban Audit enables them to pro- for the Swiss cities the relevance of having access to compara- vide statistical responses to current issues and to identify gaps ble information about urban environments beyond national in the existing data, but also new possible statistical sources. borders. Furthermore, it involves an enriching comparison with other

10 http://www.geneve.ch/statregio-francosuisse/observatoire.htm

NEWSLETTER N o . 1 august 2 0 0 7 S p atial anal y ses an d d is p arities 13 Moving towards Switzerland’s For more information about the Urban Audit, visit http://www.statistique.admin.ch International Internationale regular participation Disparitäten Urban Audit (available for now only in German and French) in the Urban Audit This link also provides access to data of graphs and maps in this publication. With the Urban Audit becoming a long-term feature, the aim of Switzerland’s activities from 2009 financial year on, is to in- Information tegrate efficiently into the project the Swiss cities interested in Barbara Jeanneret, Federal Statistical Office FSO, Spatial Analysis becoming actively involved in the project11. The Swiss data section; +41 (0)32 713 62 91, [email protected] would be integrated from then on in the three-yearly Urban Muriel Odiet, Federal Office for Spatial Development ARE, Strategic group for agglomeration policy Audit directories, thereby ensuring that Switzerland’s urban +41 (0)31 325 02 66, [email protected] areas are represented at European level. Eurostat and the European Commission With this in mind, the pilot phase, which will terminate early http://www.urbanaudit.org/ 2008 with the publication of the Swiss data via the Eurostat http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/urban2/index_en.htm Urban and DG Regio distribution channels, will be evaluated from Audit Urban audit Pilot Project 2008. The details of the follow-up on the work carried out http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu EN General and regional and cooperation with the various partners will be specified, statistics Data Urban Audit based on the experiences acquired. Next information to be distributed by the European Union on the 2006 Urban Audit at the beginning of 2008: – 2006 Urban Audit data on Newcronos – Urban Audit 2008 directory (key indicators by city)

Partners of the four cantons and cities involved in the Swiss pilot phase: – Statistik Stadt Zürich (Zurich City Statistics Office), Josef Troxler and Mauro Baster – Statistics Office of the Canton of Geneva, OCSTAT, Dominique Frei and Monique Robert – Statistikdienste der Stadt Bern (Statistical Services of the City of Bern), Andreas Knecht and Walter Eichhorn – Cantonal Service for Statistical Research and Information of the canton of Vaud (SCRIS), Lausanne statistical section, Jean Campiche and Christiane Roh – City of Lausanne, Service for general surveys and external relations (SEGRE), Denis Décosterd

11 The Swiss cities likely to take part long-term in the Urban Audit based on the criteria laid down by Eurostat are Zurich, Basel, Geneva, Bern, Lausanne, Winterthur, St.Gallen, Lucerne and Lugano.

14 NEWSLETTER N o . 1 august 2 0 0 7 S p atial anal y ses an d d is p arities Codes and names of the sub-city districts used in the Urban Audit project M 4

* For the Urban Audit project, based on the official nomenclature of the FSO, the suburbs have been grouped together under groups of suburbs (sub-city districts) Zurich in accordance with Eurostat directives (minimum 5 000 inhabitants) thereby assuring compatibility with data at the city suburb level for participating cities. Two levels of aggregation have been carried out: the first one corresponds to the 23 25 level of neighbourhoods; the second more detailed one, has been carried out specifically for the Urban Audit (UA- sub-city districts codes and names) and reaches 26 (with few exceptions) a total of a minimum of 5 000 inhabitants. 21 24 The maps are based on the latter level. 27 10 28 UA- sub-city UA- sub-city 22 11 districts codes districts names 20 9 Zurich 8 12 13 1 CH001D01011 Zürich: Altstadt 7 2 CH001D02021 Zürich: Wollishofen – Leimbach 19 6 1 3 CH001D02024 Zürich: Enge 4 CH001D03031 Zürich: Alt-Wiedikon 17 14 4 3 15 5 CH001D03033 Zürich: Friesenberg 5 16 6 CH001D03034 Zürich: Sihlfeld 18 7 CH001D04042 Zürich: Langstrasse – Werd 8 CH001D04044 Zürich: Hard 9 CH001D05051 Zürich: Gewerbeschule – Escher Wyss 2 10 CH001D06061 Zürich: Unterstrass 11 CH001D06063 Zürich: Oberstrass 12 CH001D07071 Zürich: Fluntern 13 CH001D07072 Zürich: Hottingen 14 CH001D07073 Zürich: Hirslanden 15 CH001D07074 Zürich: Witikon 16 CH001D08081 Zürich: Seefeld Bern 17 CH001D08082 Zürich: Mühlebach 18 CH001D08083 Zürich: Weinegg 19 CH001D09091 Zürich: Albisrieden 2 20 CH001D09092 Zürich: Altstetten 21 CH001D10101 Zürich: Höngg 12 3 22 CH001D10102 Zürich: Wipkingen 13 11 23 CH001D11111 Zürich: Affoltern 4 10 24 CH001D11115 Zürich: Oerlikon 1 6 25 CH001D11119 Zürich: Seebach 14 15 7 8 9 26 CH001D12121 Zürich: Saatlen 5 27 CH001D12122 Zürich: Schwamendingen-Mitte 28 CH001D12123 Zürich: Hirzenbach Bern 1 CH004D01001 Bern: Innere Stadt 2 CH004D02006 Bern: Engeried – Felsenau 3 CH004D02008 Bern: Neufeld 4 CH004D02009 Bern: Länggasse – Stadtbach – Muesmatt 5 CH004D03012 Bern: Holligen – Weissenstein 6 CH004D03014 Bern: Mattenhof – Monbijou 7 CH004D03016 Bern: Weissenbühl – Sandrain 8 CH004D04018 Bern: Kirchenfeld – Gryphenhübeli 9 CH004D04020 Bern: Brunnadern – Murifeld Lausanne 10 CH004D04022 Bern: Schosshalde – Beundenfeld 11 CH004D05025 Bern: Altenberg – Spitalacker 12 CH004D05026 Bern: Breitfeld 13 CH004D05027 Bern: Breitenrain – Lorraine 14 CH004D06029 Bern: Bümpliz – Stöckacker 15 15 15 CH004D06032 Bern: Bethlehem – Oberbottigen Lausanne 1 CH005D01001 Lausanne: Centre ville 2 CH005D01002 Lausanne: Maupas – Valency 3 CH005D01003 Lausanne: Sébeillon – Malley 4 CH005D01004 Lausanne: Montoie – Bourdonette 13 10 5 CH005D01005 Lausanne: Montriond – Cour 14 11 6 CH005D01006 Lausanne: Sous Gare – Ouchy 2 12 7 CH005D01008 Lausanne: Florimont – Chissiez – Montchoisi 3 8 9 8 CH005D01010 Lausanne: Vallon – Béthusy 4 1 9 CH005D01011 Lausanne: Chailly – Mousquines 5 7 10 CH005D01012 Lausanne: Sallaz – Vennes – Séchaud 6 11 CH005D01014 Lausanne: Borde – Bellevaux – Sauvabelin 12 CH005D01015 Lausanne: Vinet – Pontaise 13 CH005D01016 Lausanne: Bossons – Blécherette 14 CH005D01017 Lausanne: Beaulieu – Grey – Boisy 15 CH005D09020 Lausanne: Zones foraines Geneva Geneva 1 CH002D01001 Genève: Genève Centre 2 CH002D01003 Genève: Délices – Grottes 3 CH002D01004 Genève: Pâquis – Navigation 10 4 CH002D02011 Genève: Champel – Roseraie 11 9 5 CH002D02012 Genève: Cluse – Philosophes 6 CH002D02013 Genève: Plainpalais – Acacias 12 2 3 7 CH002D03021 Genève: Eaux-Vives – Lac 13 1 7 8 CH002D03022 Genève: Florissant – Malagnou 6 8 9 CH002D04031 Genève: Sécheron – Prieuré 5 10 CH002D04033 Genève: ONU – Grand-Pré 4 11 CH002D04034 Genève: Bouchet – Moillebeau 12 CH002D04035 Genève: Charmilles – Châtelaine 13 CH002D04036 Genève: St-Jean – Aïre

Sources: FSO / OCSTAT / SCRIS / Statistik Stadt Zürich / Statistikdienste der Stadt Bern / Eurostat, Urban Audit © FSO, ThemaKart, Neuchâtel 2007

NEWSLETTER N o . 1 august 2 0 0 7 S p atial anal y ses an d d is p arities 15 News Other results will appear as the work progresses. The results for the canton of Jura will be published at the end • FSO of 2007, followed in 2008 by the results for the cantons of Solothurn, Basel-City and Basel-Country. Stat@las Europa You will find more detailed information (in French and In December 2006 the Federal Statistical Office published German) at www.landuse-stat.admin.ch the Stat@las Europa on its website, an interactive atlas covering Europe, available for now only in German and French. www.europaatlas.bfs.admin.ch

Land use statistics: the chronological series continues Work is in full swing on the third part of the land use statistics survey, based on aerial photos taken between 2004 (French-speaking Switzerland) and 2009 (Graubünden). The analogue photos have been replaced by digital pic- tures so that it is now possible to observe simultaneously and in 3-D the current status during each of the three edi- tions of the Land use statistics (1979/85, 1992/97 and 2004/09) and to interpret the data for each sampling point • ARE and each period, making the distinction between land use Urban space monitoring (MUR) and land cover. In an effort to respond to the high demand from users, the statistics will also include from now on This new module is devoted to the position of Switzer- arable land. The results for the cantons Geneva, Vaud, land’s major population centres as part of the European Freiburg and Neuchâtel are already available (only in cities network. French and German) www.agglomeration.ch Monitoring urbaner Raum (go to www.landuse-stat.admin.ch Daten). (available only in German, French and Italian)

Urban project ARE offers an overview of the urban projects and of the current situation in Switzerland. www.agglomeration.ch Projet urbain (available only in German, French and Italian)

Impressum Information

The StatEspace newsletter will be published intermittently. Barbara Jeanneret, Federal Statistical Office FSO, It contains information relating to spatial analyses and dispari- Spatial Analysis section; +41 (0)32 713 62 91, ties. It is distributed via e-mail and in hard-copy form. You [email protected] can subscribe to it free of charge or download it from the Editorial team: Barbara Jeanneret, FSO; Muriel Odiet, ARE; Swiss Statistics website. Jeanne-Charlotte Bonnard, FSO www.statistics.admin.ch world data look it up Graphics and layout: Prepress/Print service, FSO Newsletter Original Language: French www.statistik.admin.ch regional data look it up Newsletter Translation: FSO linguistic services Order number: 887-0701

16 NEWSLETTER N o . 1 august 2 0 0 7 S p atial anal y ses an d d is p arities