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Home , Age of Discovery, Cacique, New Laws, Tenochtitlan

TEACHER´S KEY

SESSION 1: INTRODUCTION

1. b) Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many of them are essential for our survival (water, land, raw materials). Others are used for luxury items (gold, silver, ).

The Great Road was the main route to the East. travelled in caravans across Asia on journeys that took months and years. This route became increasingly dangerous with the spread of Islam.

The Muslim Turskish – also called the – was the enemy of the Christian Europeans. Hostilities between the Christians and led to the cutting off of trade routes to the East. With the to the Turkish Ottoman Empire in 1453, the land route became more difficult.

In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries almost all Europeans were Christian. They believe that the followers of all other religions should be converted. It was a logical extension of the against Islam to spread .

A is an instrument to help you to find direction. It contains a small magnetic needle. A magnet will always point north, so sailors knew what direction they were travelling by looking at the needle on the compass.

The is an instrument used to work out a ’s , or distance from the equator. Knowing the latitude helped a sailor to work out exactly how far his ship had travelled.

Many countries wanted to build , in order to control new lands and exploit natural resources. Throughout history, control of foreign land has been seen as a sign of a nation´s strength and wealth. Some countries believe they are superior to the people of other continents and that they had a right to rule them.

The , invented in 1450, was a new type of ship that could resist a variety of maritime conditions, could leave the coastal cabotage1 , could sail safely on the open Atlantic and could still carry large cargoes.

Spices were the most desired and expensive products available in medieval . A is a dried seed, fruit, root or vegetative substance used in nutritionally insignificant quantities as a for flavor, color or as a preservative that

1 Along the coast Material AICLE 2º de ESO: The Age of (Solucionario) 3 kills harmful bacteria or prevents their growth. In the , the most common were , , saffron, cumin, , ginger and . They were imported from plantations in Asia and Africa. The Republic of had the monopoly on the with the Middle East. The trade made the region very rich.

Colonies are geographical areas politically controlled by a distant country. It is said that prince Henry, the Navigator (1394-1460), gathered a school of navigators and map-makers in Sagres, a town in . But there was no center of navigational science in the modern sense of the word.

a) Texts for listening: b)

1st listening: The Age of , also known as the , began in the early 15th century and lasted until the 17th century. Europeans began exploring the world by sea in search of trading partners, goods and new trade routes. Items such as , silk, precious stones, spices and slaves were in great demand by an increasing population. In addition, some explorers sailed to simply learn more about the world. Whatever their reasons were, the information gathered during this period significantly helped to increase geographical knowledge and map the planet.

2nd listening: 1) tendency 2) ship 3) crew 4) governments 5) had their own desires for the exploration of new areas.

3rd listening: Many nations were looking for goods such as silver and gold but one of the biggest reasons for exploration was the desire to find a new route for the spice and silk . When the Ottoman Empire took control of Constantinople in 1453, it blocked European access to the area, severely limiting trade. In addition, it also blocked access to North Africa and the -- two very important trade routes to the .

4th listening 1.a) 2.e) 3.b) 4.d) 5.c) 6.f)

2. This map is the voyage of Bartolome Díaz , 1487-88. The red line is the journey out, the pink one is the journey back.

4 Material AICLE 2º de ESO: The Age of Discovery (Solucionario) SESSION 2: THE VOYAGES OF CRISTOPHER COLOMBUS

1.All came from America except the horse. 3.Correct answers: 1.c 6.d 11.c

2.c 7.b 12.c 3.d 8.a 13.a 4.a 9.d 14.d 5.a 10.d 15.c

SESSION 3: NATIVE AMERICANS

1. None of the statements are correct. The American continent had been inhabited for thousands of years before Europeans ‘discovered’ it and settled there. It is believed that the first people to inhabit were Asian in origin. It is believed that they made the journey from Asia to Alaska by crossing the during the Ice Age. Over a period of time these people migrated further and further south. They adapted themselves to their environment. There were hundreds of different tribal groups, each adapting their lifestyle to the geographical and climatical region they inhabited. Leif Ericson –a son of Eric the Red- is believed to have been the first European to visit the continent and settle in northern some 500 years before the arrival of Columbus. Archaeology proves that Vikings did indeed settle, however briefly, in north America. 2.Transcription of the listening:

The earliest inhabitants of America were hunters who migrated from the Asian mainland across the Bering Straits between 40,000 and 25,000 B.C. They adapted quickly to their environment. During the next 5,000 years penetrated far into . The population in Central America and in the high valleys of the was approximately 45 million by 1492. In 1500, there were over 350 major tribal groups, 15 distinct cultural centres and more than 160 languages were spoken in . They had two things in common: • isolation from the rest of humanity • none had iron and steel. Europeans knew how to manufacture and use steel weapons and this knowledge gave them the ultimate military superiority critical in their conquest of the . The earliest in America developed in the coastal regions of the Gulf of : the Olmec people. Archaeology provides evidence of various cultures, but the only ones known in great detail are: the Maya, the and the Incas.

Material AICLE 2º de ESO: The Age of Discovery (Solucionario) 5 SESSION 4: THE SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE NEW WORD

The conquest of the Empire. 1) 1519 2) Moctezuma 3) 4) died 5) Stone Age 6)cannon 7) 40,000

The conquest of the : 1) 1529 2) 3) ransom 4) Cuzco 5) 40,000 6)180 7) revolted

SESSION 5: THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE AGE OF DISCOVERY

Who is who? 1. My name is Bartolóme de las Casas. I was born in , in 1484. While a boy, I witnessed the return to Seville of Columbus. Later, I emigrated to the island of where I saw the brutalities and abuses comitted against the Indians. I took part in the conquest of . I was critical of Columbus for capturing and sending natives back to as slaves, in order to repay the funding for his expeditions. I was against the mistreatment of the Indians and supported the end of . Therefore, I asked King Charles V, the Holy Roman , for rights for the natives. I was successful in the passage of the (1542). I wrote my History of the Indies and copied the diary kept of his voyages. I became a priest, the first bishop of Chiapas. I died in Madrid, in 1566.

2. My name is y González, I was a Spanish , the conqueror of the Incan Empire and founder of , the modern-day capital of . I was born in the town of Trujillo, in modern day Extremadura, Spain in 1471. In 1513, I accompanied Vasco Núñez de Balboa in his crossing of the Isthmus of . Thus, we became the first Europeans to view the Pacific coast of the New World.

My first attempt to explore western South America was undertaken in 1522. The native South Americans I met told me about a gold-rich territory, the legendary .

Even when I was a brave conqueror, some people regarded me as a kind of criminal. I ruled Peru for almost a decade. The Incas’ polytheistic religion was replaced by Christianity and both Quechua and Aymara — the main Incan languages were substituted by Spanish. But, that´s life!

3. My name is Mallinali, Malitzin, La Malinche, Dña. Marina …. I was a slave, interpreter, secretary, mistress and mother of the first mestizo. I was born in the Mexican Gulf Coast.

6 Material AICLE 2º de ESO: The Age of Discovery (Solucionario) I learned the Mayan dialects used in the Yucatan, , the language of the Aztecs, and later, Spanish. I was offered to Cortés as a slave. I had no say in the matter. I became a mistress to Cortés and gave birth to his first son, Martín.

I served as the interpreter at the first meetings between Cortés and the representatives of Moctezuma. It´s true that maybe I played a role in the Spanish conquest of Mexico. Without my help, Cortés wouldn´t have been successful. Because of that, I was considered a traitor who betrayed the indigenous people by siding with the Spaniards. But I never instigated the destruction of the .

History has not been fair with me. I was the product of circumstance and the only important woman during the conquest of Mexico, in times when women were rarely important. To this day, the word malinchista is negative and widely used by to refer to a disloyal person. They ignore the fact that I saved thousands of Indian lives by enabling Cortes to negotiate and end sacrifice. 4. My name is Americo Vespucci. I was born in 1454, in , . As a young man I read widely and collected books and maps. I began working for local bankers and was sent to Spain.

While in Spain, I worked on . In 1499, I went on an expedition as a navigator that reached the mouth of the . I explored the coast of South America.

On my second voyage in 1501, I sailed under the Portuguese flag. After leaving , our ships followed the South American coast to within 400 miles of the southern .

While on this voyage, I wrote two letters to a friend in Europe in which I described my travels. I was the first to identify the New World as separate from Asia. I also described the culture of the indigenous people, and focused on their diet, religion and, what made these letters very popular - their sexual, marriage, and childbirth practices. The letters were published in many languages and were distributed across Europe.

On my last voyage to the New World, I contracted malaria and died in Spain in 1512.

I will long be remembered as the man America was named after.

5. My name is Christopher Columbus. I was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer. I was born in , Italy in 1451. My father was a wool-weaver. I began as business agent and travelled to (), Galway (Ireland), Iceland and Lisbon, Portugal. I also travelled along the coasts of . I presented my plans to John II, King of Portugal, Genoa, Venice, Henry VII of England, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, who rejected them at first sight. After two years of negotiation, the Catholic Monarchs trusted me. I sailed four times to the Indies and tried hard to find a passage to China. To the end of my life I maintained that I had reached Asia. In 1500, I was arrested but successfully defended myself against the charges. I came back and retired in Seville, where I died.

Material AICLE 2º de ESO: The Age of Discovery (Solucionario) 7 6. My name is Henry the Navigator, prince of Portugal. I was born in in 1394. I was the third child of King John I of Portugal, the founder of the Aviz dynasty, and of . I encouraged my father to conquer the Moorish port of (1415), the base for Barbary pirates who assaulted the Portuguese coast, depopulating villages by capturing their inhabitants to be sold in the African slave market. I was fascinated with Africa in general, which was known to Europeans. I wanted to locate the source of the West African gold trade, and find the legendary Christian kingdom of . Therefore, I sponsored many voyages and promoted a school of navigators and map- makers in the Sagres peninsula. I was responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide and maritime trade. I was a simple person with no luxuries, and spoke with soft words and I never allowed any poor person leave my presence empty handed. I died in 1460.

2. Listen and say who... Bartolome de las ....was born in Seville. Casas Henry, the Navigator ...was amazed with Africa.

...conquered the Incan Empire. Francisco Pizarro ...was a priest. Bartolome de las Casas ...was arrested. Cristopher Colombus ...wrote a famous book about the Indies. Bartolome de las Casas ...was a slave. Mallinali ...defended the rights of the Indians. Bartolome de las Casas ...spoke several languages. Mallinali/Colombus ...was one of the first Europeans to view the Pacific Coast. Francisco Pizarro

...had America named after him Americo Vespucci ...was a woman. Mallinali ...was the first to identify America as a new continent. Americo Vespucci ...was born in Genoa. Cristopher Colombus

...died in Seville. Cristopher Colombus

8 Material AICLE 2º de ESO: The Age of Discovery (Solucionario) Henry, the Navigator ...sponsored many voyages. Henry, the Navigator ...is remembered as a kind person.

...is not remembered as a kind person. Francisco Pizarro

...travelled to several European countries. Colombus/Vespucci

...died from malaria. Vespucci

...travelled to America four times thinking it was Asia. Colombus ...had an important role in the Conquest of the Aztec Mallinali Empire.

1. Braimstorm: Consequences of the Age of Discovery.

Your students may say: Positive consequences in Europe Positive consequences in the New World: Europe, particularly Spain and End of tyrannical empires. Portugal became very wealthy. End of human sacrifices. New goods became common in A few remarkable gathered Europe. Among those introduced up whatever they could about indigenous were , the and cultures. chocolate. Horses and cattle were introduced to the Big mass migration to America: New World. people were attracted to the because of the promise of cheap land and an easier life. A large amount of gold and silver was brought to Europe from America. Europeans met new different ways of life. This broadened their intellectual perspective. Exploration enabled the global mapping of the world. Rise of colonial empires. A new era in history began: Modern History.

Material AICLE 2º de ESO: The Age of Discovery (Solucionario) 9 Negative consequences in Negative consequences in the New World: Europe: Native cultures were destroyed. The resulted in a Millions of natives died from European severe economical crisis. diseases carried by the settlers such as Spain became dependent on measles, , the flu. America’s supplies of gold and European languages replaced the traditional silver. languages. The new commodities also caused They became colonies with no voice in social change and struggles. political decisions. History books used to tell one side of the story.

UNCOVERING WOMEN IN HISTORY

1. Mallinali: My name is Mallinali, Malitzin, La Malinche –the captain´s woman-, christened Dña. Marina …. I was born in the Mexican Gulf Coast. I was a slave, interpreter, secretary, mistress, mother of the first mestizo1. Upon the death of my father, my mother remarried and gave birth to a son. Then, she sold me to some passing traders. Eventually, I became a slave of the (the military chief) of . By the time Cortés arrived, I had learned the Mayan dialects used in the Yucatan while still understanding Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs and most Non-Mayan Indians. I did not choose to join Cortes. When I was in my late teens I was offered to him as a slave by the Cacique of Tabasco, along with 19 other young women. I had no say in the matter. Later, I learned Spanish too. I became Cortés’ mistress and gave birth to his first son, Martín. I think I loved my master, if love were possible those days. I served as the interpreter at the first meetings between Cortés and the representatives of Moctezuma. It´s true that maybe I played a role in the Spanish conquest of Mexico. Without my help, he would not have been successful in the conquest as quickly. From that viewpoint, I was considered a traitor who had betrayed the indigenous people by siding with the Spaniards. I was just his spokesperson but I never instigated the destruction of the Aztec Empire. I was always concerned for my fellow Mexicans. I believed in the unification of the Mexican tribes to finish an era of corruption and oppression. History has not been fair with me. Some consider me a symbol representing Indian women who were fascinated, raped and seduced by the Spaniards. I was a product of the circumstances and the only important woman during the conquest of Mexico, in times when women were rarely important. There are still opposing opinions about me today. Even now, the word malinchista is negative and widely used by Mexicans to refer to a disloyal person. They ignore the fact than I saved thousands of Indian lives by enabling Cortes to negotiate rather than slaughter, and end . ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1 People of mixed European and indigenous American 10 Material AICLE 2º de ESO: The Age of Discovery (Solucionario) 2. a) Mallinali, Malintzin, Malinche, Doña Marina. b) She was born in the Mexican Gulf Coast. c) No, as her mother sold her to passing traders. d) The odd words are air-hostess, doctor, musician. e) True. f) She spoke Mayan dialects, Naualt and Spanish. g)Yes, she acted as interpreter. h) Open answer. i) No, she is widely considered a traitor. j) Malinchista is used to refer to a disloyal person.

Material AICLE 2º de ESO: The Age of Discovery (Solucionario) 11 12 Material AICLE 2º de ESO: The Age of Discovery (Solucionario)