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Graduate Student Research an Age of Discovery University of Hawai‘I Sea Grant College Program Ka Pili Kai University of Hawaiÿi Sea Grant College Program Vol. 29, No. 3 Fall 2007 Graduate Student Research An Age of Discovery University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant College Program Ka Pili Kai (ISSN 1550-641X) is published Ka Pili Kai Vol 29, No. 3 quarterly by the University of Hawaiÿi Sea Contents Grant College Program (UH Sea Grant), School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST). UH Sea Grant is a unique partnership of university, government and industry, 3 MEGAPTERA-BLOG: A MORNING IN THE LIFE OF A focusing on marine research, education and advisory/extension services. HUMPBACK WHALE University of Hawai‘i MPROVING REDICTION FOR THE NUNDATION OF EEF Sea Grant College Program 6 I P I R - 2525 Correa Road, HIG 208 FRINGED COASTLINES Honolulu, HI 96822 Director: 8 HE‘EIA FISHPOND: THE NUTRIENT STORY E. Gordon Grau, Ph.D. 10 COULD MICROALGAE BE THE KEY TO ADAPTATION IN Communications Leader: Cindy Knapman CORAL REEFS? Multimedia Specialist: Heather Dudock 12 LONG-TERM MOVEMENTS OF REEF FISH WITHIN THE Periodicals postage paid at Honolulu, HI KEALAKEKUA BAY NO-TAKE MARINE PROTECTED AREA Postmaster: Send address changes to: 14 THE EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF HEALTHY Ka Pili Kai, 2525 Correa Road, HIG 208 Honolulu, HI 96822 PARROTFISH POPULATIONS (808) 956-7410; fax: (808) 956-3014 [email protected] www.soest.hawaii.edu/seagrant The University of Hawaiÿi was designated a Sea Grant College in 1972, following the National In this issue of Ka Pili Kai... Sea Grant College and Program Act of 1966. Ka Pili Kai is funded by a grant from In the last issue of Ka Pili Kai our readers traveled to the shores of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, project M/C-1, sponsored by the Marshall Islands, to the vibrant coral reefs and Marine Protected the University of Hawaiÿi Sea Grant College Areas of Hawai‘i, and into the laboratory to study microscopic Program/SOEST, under Institutional Grant No. NA05OAR4171048 from the NOAA Office biofilms, all through the eyes of graduate students supported by the of Sea Grant, Department of Commerce. University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant College Program’s Graduate Trainee The views expressed herein are those of the Program. Thanks in large part to the overwhelming response we authors only. received from this issue, coupled with the fact that we were only able UNIHI-SEAGRANT-NP-08-05 to highlight a small number of these talented individuals, we opted Ka Pili Kai Editor: Cindy Knapman to once again dedicate an entire issue to exploring graduate student Layout and Design: Heather Dudock research. On the Cover: Ocean navigators in the Marshall Islands use traditional In this issue, journey with us to the open ocean in search of humpback techniques and indigenous seamarks whales, to the shoreline in an effort to predict coastal inundation, and to sail without the use of instruments. underwater to study reef fish and coral reefs throughout Hawai‘i. We This photo was taken by Joseph are proud to once again provide a glimpse of the fascinating work Genz, UH Sea Grant-supported graduate student, during his research being conducted by these students who are poised to become leaders and field study regarding traditional in their field. ocean navigation in the Marshall Islands. Cindy Knapman, Communications Leader 2 Ka Pili Kai Ed Lyman Megaptera-blog: A morning in the life of a humpback whale By Alison Stimpert, UH Sea Grant-supported graduate student About me: I am an adult male humpback whale, and I’ve come to spend the winter in the sunny Hawaiian islands. I’ve heard that there are lots of available women here! I like breaching, singing, and long swims past the beach. Because of the difficulty in studying large marine mammals in the field, one of the steps to understanding the behavior of a species is to look first at individuals. Our lab is studying the acoustic behavior of humpback whales here in Hawai‘i in order to better understand how the whales may use sound as social communication, and ultimately how this communication might be influenced by ocean noise. We use non-invasive, suction-cup tags that record sound and body movements of the tagged animal. In this way we can “observe” the whale’s swimming and acoustic behavior underwater as well as at the surface. Here we take a look at a typical research day, as we follow the activities of one of our tagged whales from this past winter season during a tag attachment of several hours. Friday, March 2, 2007: 9:35am Group type: 8 adults/competitive Start the morning off right When we first came across our tagged whale, he was part of a competitive group of whales. As with most competitive groups, there was a presumed female in the center of the group, and the rest of the surrounding whales are almost always male (which is why we can assume our tagged whale was 3 Ka Pili Kai male as well). other adults, creating a three-adult group that was These males pretty active! There was not really a consistent fight amongst pattern to their swimming or dive times, and it themselves to wasn’t even clear if there was a female in this group. get as close to The whales kept switching places with each other, the female as and sometimes would throw parts of their bodies possible. The out of the water in surface active displays. When we closest male got the data back, we found that there were lots of to the female sounds being made too – almost twice as frequently is called the as when the tagged whale was part of the larger primary escort, competitive group. But it still was not clear what and he was was going on. making lots of aggressive visual Friday, March 2, 2007: 10:56am Ed Lyman displays like Group type: Mom, calf, and three escorts/ Stimpert sets up tracking equipment. blowing bubbles competitive and lunging out of the water. There were quite a few sounds being produced as well. The sounds Found another female we have recorded in competitive groups so far are Shortly thereafter, a mom/calf pair appeared in the short in duration, and not as loud or as melodic as vicinity. Though the average female humpback the famous humpback whale song. These sounds fit only has a calf every 2 – 3 years, sometimes they that pattern. The whale we ended up tagging was will calve in successive years. For a male looking a secondary escort who remained on the outskirts for mating opportunities, hanging with a lactating of the group (this made it easier for us to approach female still seems to be a better bet than being him). alone. Our tagged whale joined the mom Friday, March 2, 2007: 9:50am and calf along with the Group type: single/travel pair from the previous group. Hardly any Lookin’ for love… sounds were happening After less than half an hour, our tagged whale left in this group, but there the competitive group and began traveling alone in a was a definite fight westerly direction. With no way of predicting where for proximity to the he would go, we just followed behind at a distance female! Luckily, our and continued recording data. tagged whale seemed to hold his own, and Friday, March 2, 2007: 10:08am eventually the other Group type: 3 adults two whales headed off Michael Richlen to join up with a nearby Aran Mooney (left) takes photos and …in all the wrong places pair. Stimpert (right) records data. In short order, our tagged whale surfaced with two 4 Ka Pili Kai to stay with a mom/calf pair, when that female may not be receptive, is still not fully understood. We are also still learning about what the sounds produced in these contexts mean. That’s where our lab comes in. By looking at the behavioral contexts in which we record certain sound types, and through acoustic comparisons with sounds on the feeding grounds and the migration route, we’re hoping to draw conclusions about how the whales might be using sound to communicate Stimpert/OSI during these breeding activities. This will allow Friday, March 2, 2007: 11:10am us to formulate Group type: Mom, calf, and me educated opinions on how increased Hangin’ with mom and calf anthropogenic Finally, a chance to relax. Once the group noise levels dwindled to just mom, calf, and the tagged whale, will impact the all three stopped traveling. That meant mom and whales in various the tagged whale sat stationary at about 60 feet behavioral states. in depth. The calf has to breathe more frequently than they do, so he rose to the surface every four minutes or so, swam in a circle around where mom was resting, and then dove back down to her. This lasted for the rest of the tag attachment, until it Aran Mooney detached and we were happily able to recover all Stimpert programs a tag. the data! As we can see from the behavioral patterns of this whale, associations between whales on the breeding grounds tend to be somewhat transient. We believe that most interactions are driven by the male goal of finding female mates, but humpback mating has actually never been documented. Shifting Aran Mooney amongst different types of groups may indicate a search for appropriate females. Why a male may choose Stimpert during a successful tagging attempt. 5 Ka Pili Kai Improving prediction for the inundation of reef-fringed coastlines By Christine Péquignet, UH Sea Grant-supported graduate student have often wondered, what happens to the amount of energy that is I brought to the shore by ocean waves? Now, as part of my graduate work, I have the chance to answer this question and what a better place to do so than in Hawai‘i.
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