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Home , Age of Discovery, Conquistador, John Cabot, Marco Polo (app)

Exploring the

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15th-Century Tech IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

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u AND TRAVEL and over hundreds based on sto- The Backstory of years had pro- ries or rumors. vided Europeans They could not How much would you risk for your country? with some infor- yet cross large European explorers were willing to risk everything. mation about the oceans. So they rest of the . knew nothing of They didn’t have a lot of information. The journey However, much of the that was always dangerous. They could get lost. Storms what they knew lay on the other could wreck their . The crew could get sick. was limited by side of the world. Still, their desire to reach the far-off regions of the world was unstoppable. They wanted wealth, fame, and adventure. They were also looking to bring glory to their country and themselves. Their journeys were often paid for, or sponsored, by monarchs seeking Trade with was new trade routes, more natural resources, and new important to ’s economy. Europeans territory around the world. Many Europeans also cooked with pepper, wanted to spread . They saw it as their , ginger, sacred duty. , and other from Asia. For these reasons, explorer after explorer set sail How do you think from the mid-15th to the mid-16th centuries. This they reacted when was the beginning of the Age of , a time they could no longer get these spices? that changed the course of history forever.

exploring_americas_sp1.indd 16 2/6/17 11:57 AM 3 d THE ROAD one l ONEOFTHE descriptions of was a collection to another. In most famous lands of riches of trade routes 1453, however, travelers of the and incredible that linked the the Ottoman was the wonders in the Far markets of stopped Italian merchant East captured the and with all trade with the . The imaginations of those of the West. That cut off records of Polo’s many Europeans. Middle East and European access travels became a Some explorers Europe. Goods to the routes. bestseller across set sail with changed hands Without a land Europe in an age copies of Polo’s many times along route, Europeans before the print- book on board the route, from looked to the . ing press. Polo’s their ships.

d CONFLICTS the in between the Middle East Christians and to drive Muslims erupted out of Jerusalem. during the Middle Muslim invaders Ages. Backed conquered ter- by the Catholic ritory in Europe, Church, Christian including much monarchs waged of the Iberian Peninsula, which is now and . Muslim people were driven out of the Iberian Peninsula during the , a movement to make all of Spain Catholic. Because of these conflicts, u HENRY THE have to rely on of the Atlantic. one through the Muslim rulers Navigator was a trade routes con- Later, King John Mediterranean and began restricting Portuguese prince. trolled by Muslim II of Portugal sent Red , and one European access He wanted a direct leaders and oth- explorers to find around the African to trade routes in source of trade ers. He sponsored sea routes to . North and in and gold; voyages to explore India. He want- the Middle East. he didn’t want to the African coast ed two routes:

exploring_americas_sp1.indd 17 2/6/17 11:57 AM 4 The Technology The right tools can make any job easier. In fact, without the right tools, some jobs might not be possible at all. For a long time, lengthy sea expeditions, or voyages, were simply not worth the effort. As technology improved, crews became able to sail farther and farther from shore. , or the science of planning and following a route, became more reliable. Thanks to these advances, European explorers were able to set foot on continents they hadn’t even known existed.

u IN GERMANY ideas could their to during the mid- spread more eas- be shared across 1400s, Johannes ily. Early explorers Europe. These Gutenberg invent- wrote about their accounts inspired ed the printing journeys. They other explorers press. Until then, wrote about what to set sail and anything written they found and monarchs to had been copied the hardships they sponsor them. by hand. Suddenly, faced. The printing knowledge and press allowed

u GUNPOWDER, learned from the Chinese, and steel gave Europeans military strength. They were able to overcome just r THEASTROLABE about any resis- was used for tance they met hundreds of years. in their travels. This hand-held Explorers had device helped with cannons and early many types of cal- firearms. Swords culations. It helped and armor made tell explorers at with Spanish steel sea where they were another were. It could tell advantage. The them their , people they con- or position in rela- quered in America, tion to the equator. for example, often It could measure used weapons the angle of the made of bronze, sun at noon or of stone, or wood. other well-known stars at night.

exploring_americas_sp2.indd 16 2/6/17 11:59 AM 5 r THE IS a tool we still use today. First developed as a navigational tool in China and Europe in the 12th century, a magnetic com- pass has a needle that reacts to the magnetic pull of the Earth’s poles. A compass tells a user where north is. Once you know u THE SAIL only trap wind from either side where north is, was one of the coming from one of the . Used you know the oth- most important direction. This on the Portuguese er directions. developments of limited a ship’s , these . Previously, mobility. The sails made the European ships lateen sail was ships faster had used square triangular, so it and more sails, which could could take wind maneuverable.

l THE SEXTANT AND a circle. Degrees its predecessor, are measured the octant, mea- along that arc. sure latitude more Navigators could reliably than the read the angle of does. the sun, the moon, The first modern or a star using sextant was pro- the sextant. Then duced in 1759. It they’d read pub- is made with an lished tables to arc of one-sixth of find their latitude.

r THECHRONOMETER and motion. The was the first tool Act of that let sailors 1714 promised measure longi- rewards for any- tude. Put simply, a one who could chronometer is a find a reliable way timekeeping tool – to measure lon- a clock that works gitude. Between at sea. Because 1735 and 1762, of the Earth’s cabinetmaker What technology regular rotation, John Harrison do you use today to time can be used built four chro- find your way? How to measure lon- nometers. He would the journeys gitude. But back eventually won of early explorers then, clocks didn’t the £20,000 have been different if work on boats prize (about $3.5 they’d had the tech- because of tem- million in today’s nology you use? perature changes money).

exploring_americas_sp2.indd 17 2/6/17 11:59 AM 6 Early Have you ever heard the rhyme that starts, “In four- teen hundred ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue”? American children have been reciting that for at least the last hundred years. It shows how import- ant the early explorers are in our history. With every expedition that set sail, the world seemed to get a little bit smaller. Nations have grown and changed so much since the first European explorers went looking for a sea route to Asia. Each early explorer had a goal and a destination in mind and set off over to reach it. Their journeys shaped the world, and their legacy can still be seen – and heard – today.

u vinced that they was an Italian who had found a New sailed for Spain World. In 1507, as a navigator. mapmaker Martin Like Columbus Waldseemüller and Cabot, he first proposed that the thought he had be reached China. named America in Later, however, honor of Amerigo he became con- the Discoverer.

u CHRISTOPHER Ferdinand and r AFTER COLUMBUS was an Queen Isabella Columbus’s voy- entrepreneur as of Spain didn’t age, Spain and well as a sailor. want Portugal Portugal signed He set up his to be the first the Treaty of expedition like a to reach Asia Tordesillas. In business. Portugal by sea. They the treaty, or drew a line from of the line were 1506 the line was was getting closer agreed to sponsor agreement the North to the Portugal’s. All new moved to allow for to sailing around Columbus’s between nations, South Pole. All lands west of it Portugal’s claims Africa. King journey. the countries new lands east were Spain’s. In in .

1441 1492 1493 1494 1497 1498 Henry the Columbus begins Columbus starts Treaty of lands Columbus sets Navigator, prince his first voyage. his second voyage. Tordesillas divides in and sail on his third of Portugal, initi- ownership of claims it for voyage. ates the search for much of the world King Henry VII of a sea route to Asia, between Spain . prompting explora- and Portugal. tion of the western coast of Africa.

exploring_americas_sp3.indd 16 2/6/17 12:13 PM 7 Shift the Perspective! What would you have thought if you were living in the Americas when Europeans first arrived? Would you have welcomed them, or tried to drive them out? How would you have decided?

u JOHN CABOT or Cape Breton was an Italian Island in what is l FERDINAND sailor living in now Canada. He MAGELLAN decided England with his thought he had to sail around, family. When news reached China. or circumnavi- of Columbus’s He claimed gate, the entire voyage reached the region for world. He almost England, King England. Cabot’s succeeded, but Henry VII sent claims opened the was killed in the Cabot off to door for the British before explore for in he could finish. England. Cabot in the coming One of his ships landed on either centuries. completed the journey. On the way, he discov- ered a strait near the southernmost l VASCO NÚÑEZ collected gold tip of South DE BALBOA was a from the native America. This Spanish explorer. people through narrow, winding He led a group trade and warfare. channel of water of settlers to set He became the links the Atlantic up one of the first first European to and Pacific European see the eastern Oceans. It was in the Americas, shores of the later named the at Santa María Pacific Ocean. . de la Antigua Power struggles in present-day among the settlers . Balboa led to Balboa’s and the settlers execution in 1519.

1502 1510 1513 1513 1519 1520 1521 Columbus Santa María Balboa is the Ponce de León Magellan Magellan sails Magellan is starts his de la Antigua first European sails from embarks on a around the killed in the fourth and becomes one to see the east- and journey to sail southern tip of Philippines. final voyage. of the first ern shore of the finds , completely . successful Pacific Ocean. which he around the European set- names. world. tlements in the Americas.

exploring_americas_sp3.indd 17 2/6/17 12:13 PM 8 and More What do you think of someone who takes opportunity for great wealth. Spanish something that doesn’t belong to them? explorers called conquistadors (conquer- What if it’s something that person really, ors) led military campaigns throughout the really wants? What if it’s something that Americas in order to obtain this wealth. As an entire country really, really wants? The they traveled, they claimed the lands they European exploration of the Americas saw for Spain. presented European nations with an

Conquistadors in North America

u THE PROTESTANT As Spain claimed more and more spread through territory in the Europe in the 16th Americas, priests century. The goal and of the Protestants worked to convert was to reform, native people to or change, the Catholicism. .

1521 1521 u THE AZTECAND today in ened them. As a Ponce de León Cortés con- Inca empires con- and . result, Spanish returns to Florida to quers the trolled large areas Each empire had conquistadors establish a Spanish and of Central and a large, skilled were able to settlement, but is claims Mexico South America. army. But civil defeat them. driven away by well- for Spain. You can still see unrest and new armed native people. ruins of these diseases weak-

exploring_americas_sp4.indd 16 2/6/17 12:19 PM 9 l WITHAFORCE and European explor- Atahualpa had of less than 200 joined with the ers had already waged against his men, Francisco Incas’ enemies killed off many brother. This lack Pizarro ambushed to help put down Incas before of stability helped the Inca , resistance. Pizarro arrived. Pizarro defeat the Atahualpa. Pizarro Diseases caught Others had died Incas. soon executed from earlier in a civil war

l HERNANDO r JUAN PONCEDE DE SOTO helped LEÓN was gov- Pizarro conquer ernor of Puerto the Incas. Later, Rico until he lost he took 600 men his position to and traveled from political rivals. to Florida. Seeking new He voyaged by land, he explored land through the . In present-day 1513, he landed Georgia, the on the North Carolinas, American main- Tennessee, land and named , Missi- the region Florida. ssippi, and A later attempt . He to settle Florida fought with native failed when peoples, including Native Americans the Mobile people attacked. Ponce in Alabama. De de León was Millions of Soto died on the struck by an arrow native people journey and was during the attack. were infected buried along the He later died from and killed by River. his wounds on germs brought . to the Americas by European explorers. What would have l HERNÁN CORTÉS happened if the l JUAN RODRÍGUEZ to present-day was a Spanish native people CABRILLO is known by land had not gotten as the first looking for the who defeated sick? Could European to dis- legendary Seven the Aztecs and they have cover . Golden Cities of conquered Mexico fought off the He was looking Cibola. Members for Spain. The conquistadors? for rich cities of his group Aztecs were not and an all-water were the first well liked by route through Europeans to see neighboring cul- the Americas. He the tures. One such went found neither. and the Colorado neighbor, the city- with him to attack Francisco Vázquez River. They never state of Tlaxcala, Tenochtitlán, the de Coronado trav- found any golden joined forces with capital of the eled from Mexico cities. Cortés. A thousand .

1532 1535 1540 1541 1542 1542 Pizarro over- Pizarro founds the Vázquez de Pizarro is Cabrillo is the Coronado throws Inca leader city of . Coronado jour- assassinated by first European to completes his Atahualpa and neys north from political rivals. discover California two-year land conquers Peru. present-day and sail up its expedition. Mexico into the coast. .

exploring_americas_sp4.indd 17 2/6/17 12:20 PM 10 Imagine living on a ship for months and months. The boat is always Inside a moving. You eat the same thing, day after day – hard biscuits, salted meat, and fish. Stale water sits in barrels below for you to drink. Your work is hard and tiring. When storms aren’t throwing the ship around, sun beats down without shade. This was the life of countless sailors who joined the explorers on their voyages to distant shores. The ships they sailed on were uniquely built for long sea journeys . . . but that doesn’t mean they were comfortable!

FOREMAST

MAINSAIL

FORESAIL

SCRUB THE DECK! DECK

KEEL

exploring_americas_sp5.indd 16 2/7/17 11:17 AM 11

MAINMAST

MIZZENMAST

LAND? NOPE! JUST MORE SEA, BOYS! LATEEN SAIL

MEND THE ROPES! MOVE THE SAILS!

DECK

CAPTAIN’S CABIN

HULL

exploring_americas_sp5.indd 17 2/7/17 11:17 AM 12 Later Explorers Despite the hardships of the journey west, North America. Early on, many explorers Europeans were eager to discover and claim still hoped to find the coveted sea route to new lands. Explorers continued to venture China called the . As time to the New World. Spanish and Portuguese passed, no such route was found. Other settlements grew more established in opportunities presented themselves, Mexico and in Central and South America. however. The New World proved to be Other nations set their sights on the rest of rich in natural resources.

u EUROPEANSSTILL hoped to find a that such a route direct route to existed. North China through the America, however, North American is a big continent. continent. Many No rivers stretch waterways across it. The only emptied into the true Northwest Passage lies in the and the Gulf of dangerously icy Mexico. This seas in northern gave them hope Canada.

1524 1534 1585 1590 1604 1607 Verrazzano English English colony The French settle Hudson begins his explores the sails for the New of Roanoke is of Roanoke is St. Croix Island. first journey from eastern coast of World and explores founded. discovered to be England in search North America for the St. Lawrence deserted. of the Northwest France, discov- River, allowing Passage. ering New York France to claim Harbor. lands in Canada.

exploring_americas_sp6.indd 16 2/6/17 12:32 PM 13

u JACQUES CARTIER, thought were gold u GIOVANNI DA York Harbor. He a French explorer, and diamonds. He VERRAZZANO, an continued north was sent to find took the stones Italian explor- to Newfoundland the Northwest and hurried back er working for before returning to Passage. His voy- to France. He France, was France. He made age took him up soon learned that looking for a sea two additional the St. Lawrence he was wrong route to Asia. His trips to the New River into what and the stones voyages took World and was is now Quebec, were worthless. him along the killed by Native Canada. On a later The colonists he u HUDSON’S FIRST Hudson was North American Americans on his voyage, he tried to left behind lasted two voyages ordered not to sail coast. There, he final voyage. establish a colony through one harsh were paid for for other nations. first spotted New in the area. Before winter before by the British- The British East the colonists giving up and based Muscovy India Company arrived, Cartier also returning to Company. Always joined the found what he France. the entrepreneur, he found inves- in sponsoring his tors with the fourth voyage. Dutch East India The territories he Company for his charted were split third trip. Later, between British back in England, and Dutch claims.

u KING FRANCIS I or gems. The king of France spon- commissioned a u He was the first sored Jacques colony in order to led four voyages European known Cartier’s multiple secure French land to North America to have explored voyages to North claims. When the in search of these waterways. America. Cartier colony failed and the Northwest His fourth voyage kept promising no riches were Passage. The ended in a muti- Why do you think so many explorers that riches lay found, France lost in ny, or rebellion, were trying to find the Northwest further west. interest in explor- New York and that left Hudson Passage? How do you think it might Cartier, however, ing the New World behind as his benefit the first country to find such a continued to return for the next half in Canada are ship returned to waterway? without any gold century. named for him. England.

1607 1608 1608 1609 1610 1620 English colony Hudson begins his French explor- Hudson begins his Hudson’s fourth English at Jamestown, second voyage er Samuel de third expedition and final voyage Separatists, Virginia, becomes from England. Champlain builds a and discovers the leads him to dis- now known as the first permanent fortress in what is Hudson River in cover Hudson Bay Pilgrims, sail to English settlement now Québec City. present-day New and , North America on in the Americas. York. north of Quebec. the Mayflower.

exploring_americas_sp6.indd 17 2/6/17 12:32 PM 14 OCEANExplorers at a Glance Europeans had soon mapped, charted, and may have ended, but pioneers, colonies, claimed much of the world. Nations would settlements, and global trade were just never again be unaware of what lay beyond getting started. From that point on, the the horizon. Instead, the great differences fortunes and futures of people all over the between one place and another slowly world were forever tied together. began to fade away. The Age of Exploration

Columbus, 1492

Cabot, 1497

Balboa, 1501, 1513

Vespucci, 1501–1502

Ponce de León, 1513 NORTH EUROPE Cortés, 1519

AMERICA PORTUGAL ASIA SPAIN Magellan, 1519–1522 ATLANTIC Verrazzano, 1524 PACIFIC OCEAN Pizarro, 1531–1535

PACIFIC Cartier, 1535–1536 OCEAN INDIA De Soto, 1539–1542 OCEAN AFRICA Phillipine Coronado, 1540–1542 Islands Isthmus of Cabrillo, 1542

Hudson, 1609, 1610

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

EACH VOYAGE FACED them forward. INDIAN its own hardships. This ambition for From illness to wealth and pow- N treachery to bloody er, along with a OCEAN 0 1,000 mi. battles with native belief in European W E people, explorers superiority, led to 0 1,000 km. faced very real the cruel treatment S dangers. The lure of many native of great rewards, people. however, drove

exploring_americas_sp7_v2.indd 16 2/6/17 12:43 PM ARCTIC ARCTIC OCEAN 15 l THE DANGERS OF out to take control OCEAN the voyage itself of lands already weren’t the only claimed. Such risks explorers power struggles faced. Jealous led to the deaths rivals at home of both Vasco often plotted Núñez de Balboa against them. New and Francisco groups were sent Pizarro.

Columbus, 1492

Cabot, 1497

Balboa, 1501, 1513

Vespucci, 1501–15021501–1502

Ponce de León, 1513 NORTH EUROPE Cortés, 1519

AMERICA PORTUGAL ASIA SPAIN Magellan, 1519–15221519–1522 ATLANTIC u EUROPEAN and other systems Verrazzano, 1524 nations often put of representation a single ruler in developed only as PACIFIC OCEAN San Salvador Pizarro, 1531–1535 of a ter- colonies grew. The ritory. Governors more Europeans PACIFIC Cartier, 1535–1536 or viceroys were lived in an area, OCEAN appointed by mon- the more they INDIA De Soto, 1539–1542 archs and often demanded to take OCEAN AFRICA had complete part in the new Phillipine Coronado, 1540–1542 control over an governments. Islands Isthmus of area. Assemblies Panama Cabrillo, 1542

Hudson, 1609, 1610 By the Numbers

COLUMBUS SOUTH Journey Across the Atlantic: 2 months 9 days AMERICA Length of Complete Voyage: 7 months 12 days u ASTHE AGE European nations of Exploration and encouraged to MAGELLAN AUSTRALIAended, a new prey on the ships Magellan’s Voyage Before Death: danger arrived of rivals. Many 1 year 7 months 7 days on the high seas. crew members Length of Complete Voyage: Pirates began to had escaped from INDIAN 2 years 11 months 19 days take advantage of the slave trade. naval traffic. They The legends of VESPUCCI attacked merchant famous pirates like N OCEAN ships and stole Blackbeard have 0 1,000 mi. Length of Complete Voyage: 1 year 2 months 9 days valuable cargo. lived on. In classic W E Pirate crews came books and mod- 0 1,000 km. ONCE DE EÓN from all over ern movies alike, S P L Length of Voyage from Puerto Rico Europe and Africa. pirates’ lives are to Florida: Some pirates, shown as free and Less than 1 month called , full of adventure. were backed by

exploring_americas_sp7_v2.indd 17 2/6/17 12:43 PM 16 l intro- A Changing World duced into Cuba on his The legacy the explorers left behind second and third voyages. Cuba was more than just one of conquest. became Spain’s The movement of peoples between primary source of continents changed world cultures sugar in later centuries. Vast and ecosystems, or networks of sugar plantations living things. This cultural and bio- in the Caribbean relied on the use logical exchange is known as the of slave labor. . Plants and Sugar made the livestock from one part of the world Caribbean islands an important stop began to flourish on the other side on slave trade of the globe. In more ways than one, routes. Even today, the world was never the same again. sugar is still grown in North and South America. Land Claims - 17th Century

l TODAY, MOST areas that were once claimed by European explorers have gained their and become strong nations of their own. The effects of European influ- ence, however, can still be seen. Cultures, religions, ethnicities, and languages across the Americas still strongly reflect the European nations that seized control of the land so many years ago.

exploring_americas_sp8.indd 16 2/6/17 12:54 PM 17 r POTATOES WERE a blight (acci- a New World plant dentally brought that flourished from America) across Europe. destroyed many Many European crops in nations soon Northern Europe. added potatoes About a million to their diets. people died from Some areas relied the Potato Famine heavily on this in Ireland alone. crop for food. Two million people Ireland was one of left Ireland for the these areas. From United States. 1845 to 1849,

u IMAGESOFTHE Spanish brought Horses became u DISEASE WAS included , 90 percent of the American horses and cattle important to many probably the most , , population in some Southwest often with them. Today Native American effective and bru- , influ- regions. Across show wild hors- in places like the tribes. They have tal conquistador enza, and chicken the hemisphere, es and herds of United States and been central to of the New World. pox. The deadliest whole villages cattle. Neither of , tens of tribal traditions for Native Americans was smallpox. disappeared. these animals is millions of cattle hundreds of years. had no resistance Estimates put its native to North are raised for the to European death toll in the America. The beef industry. diseases. These Americas at nearly

l THEORAL tales of creation brought writing traditions of and morality. Some to these parts of Native American outlined codes the Americas. This tribes are deeply of law and the allowed the histo- rooted in their histories of the ries and cultures various cultures. people. Most tribes of some tribes, Stories are told did not have a passed down and passed from written language, orally for thou- one generation to and no tribes sands of years, to the next. Some north of Mexico be written down stories included did. Europeans and recorded.

exploring_americas_sp8.indd 17 2/6/17 12:54 PM 18 Activities

BUILD AN EXHIBIT Your job is to work in small groups to build a museum exhib- it about a particular explorer. Create maps, artifacts, journal entries, and other items to tell the story of your explorer. Be sure to make your display interesting and eye-catching. Share your exhibit as part of a museum of explora- tion. Encourage other groups to ask questions about your explorer.

INTERVIEW ROLE PLAY Imagine that you could inter- view an explorer. What would you want to ask? With a part- ner, think of some questions that would help you better understand the experiences of a particular explorer. Take turns playing the part of the inter- viewer and the explorer. You might want to pretend you’re on a talk show! Each of you should have the chance to ask and answer questions as you act out the interview.

Exploring_Americas_18-19.indd 18 2/6/17 12:56 PM 19 MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED

America 1492 Early Settlements 13 Colonies The place was America. The year was America – a newly discovered land Before America was the United 1492. A rugged, unspoiled land where with robust resources and new States, it was a group of 13 colonies. native farmers and hunter-gatherers opportunities. European nations such Learn about the individuals who helped killed only the animals they needed as Spain and Britain were eager to found these colonies and the role to survive. Learn about the Native settle this land and claim it as their that religion played in colonies such American tribes and their way of life, own. Discover the early settlements of as Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. just before European nations began and New England, as well With growing opposition to British rule, building settlements and claiming this as colonies such as Jamestown. these colonies would unite to fight for vast mass of land. their independence.

CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

HSS 5.1 Students trace the routes of early explorers and describe the early explora- tions of the Americas. 5.2.1 Describe the entrepreneurial charac- teristics of early explorers (e.g., Christopher Columbus, Francisco Vásquez de Coronado) and the technological developments that made sea LEARN exploration by latitude and longitude possible (e.g., compass, sextant, astrolabe, seaworthy MORE ships, chronometers, gunpowder). 5.2.2 Explain the aims, obstacles, and accomplishments of the ONLINE! explorers, sponsors, and leaders of key European expeditions and the reasons Europeans chose to explore and colonize the world (e.g., the Spanish • Prince Henry of Reconquista, the Protestant Reformation, the Counter Reformation). 5.2.3 Trace the routes of Portugal was more the major land explorers of the United States, the than just one of the isn’t getting enough • Most Spanish distances traveled by explorers, and the Atlantic first Europeans to of one or more explorers and trade routes that linked Africa, the , put out to sea to vitamins. settlers paid little the British colonies, and Europe. 5.2.4 Locate find a route to Asia attention to the on maps of North and South America land claimed by Spain, France, England, Portugal, the and Africa. He also • In 1540, Ignatius rights of native , Sweden, and Russia. started a school of de Loyola received peoples. Some navigation. approval from the Europeans spoke Pope for his new out against these Historical and Social Sciences Analysis • One of the deadliest order of Catholic injustices, such Skills: illnesses sailors priests. Called as Bartolomé Chronological and Spatial Thinking faced was . the Jesuits, they de Las Casas, a 2. Students correctly apply terms related to time, including past, present, future, decade, century, Scurvy is a vitamin played an active Spanish historian and generation. deficiency, which role in the Counter- and Dominican means a person Reformation. priest.

Exploring_Americas_18-19.indd 19 2/6/17 12:57 PM hmhco.com

EDITOR: Jennifer Dixon FACT-CHECKER: David Stienecker ART DIRECTION: Brobel Design DESIGNERS: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel, AUTHOR: Amanda M. Gebhardt David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech AUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Barak Zimmerman PHOTO RESEARCH: Ted Levine, Elisabeth Morgan PRESIDENT AND CEO: Ted Levine ACTIVITIES WRITER: Kristine Scharaldi CHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine PROOFREADER: Margaret Mittelbach

GRADE 5 TITLES Richard Cummins: p.18 top center (Jamestown settlers). Bridgeman Images: English School (20th Century):© Look and Learn: p.5 top right (Portuguese caravel). Getty Regions of North America George Images: Hulton Archive: p.2 bottom right (crusades battle); DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI: p.3 right (Henry the Navigator); DEA Picture Library: p.6 lower right (map showing line Eastern Woodland Indians Thomas Jefferson of ); Corbis Historical: Stefano Bianchetti: p.7 center (Magellan); Plains Indians Benjamin Franklin Underwood Archives: p.8 lower right (Cabrillo arriving in California); ZU_09: pp.10–11 (Portuguese caravel). iStock: HadelProductions: p.5 left (sextant); pictore: p.9 bottom Southwest Peoples The Constitution (Hernan Cortés); ZU_09: p.9 top left (Francisco Pizzaro), pp.8–9 center (Hernando Northwest Coast Peoples The New Nation de Soto), p.13 top center (Jacques Cartier), p.13 lower left (King Francis of France); mashuk: p.13 top left (); leezsnow: p.13 lower center (Henry America 1492 Lewis and Clark Hudson); sureshsharma: p.13 top right (Dutch flag); tinnakorn: p.13 middle right (British Exploring the Americas Westward Expansion Flag); ilbusca: p.17 left (Native Americans with horse); Linda Steward: p.17 bottom left (15th-century alphabet). North Wind Picture Archives: p.3 left (Silk Road); p.4 top Early Settlements Pioneers right (printing press); p.4 left (Spanish soldier with ); p.5 top right (lateen sail); 13 Colonies Immigration p.9 right (Juan Ponce de León); p.15 upper right (settling in Jamestown); p.7 top left (John Cabot); p.7 bottom left (Balboa); p.8 upper right (Spanish mission). Shutterstock: Declaration of Independence (in America) Marzolino: p.2 top (’s 2nd Projection); Juan Aunion: p.4 bottom right (astrolabe); American Revolution Civil Rights Everett Historical: p.6 left (Columbus leaving Spain), p.17 right (smallpox epidemic); Maciej Czekajewski: p.16 top right (sugarcane); I. Pilon: p.18 top right (early map of Revolutionary Women northeast America); Macrovector: p.18 top (museum vector); Nikolayenko Yekaterina: p.18 bottom (Columbus); Vladimir Melnik: p.19 bottom (Henry the Navigator). University of California Libraries: cdl; americana: p.15 top left (Balboa’s Execution, by Frederick A. Ober). ON THE COVER: Christopher Columbus’s embarkation and departure from the port of Palos, Spain, on August 3, 1492, painting by Ricardo Balaca, 1892: Shutterstock: Everett ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS: Historical. Brobel Design: Map of Conquistadors in North America, p.8; speech bubbles and labels, pp.10–11; map, p.12; Explorers’ Routes Map, pp.14–15; Map of Land Claims, p.16. PICTURE CREDITS: Alamy: Art Directors & TRIP: p.5 top left (compass); Digital Image Library: p.5 bottom (chronometer); Paris Pierce: p.15 bottom right (pirates); The Print Michael Kline Illustration: Horses!, Marco!, Polo!, cover; Marco Polo, p.3; Collector: p.17 top (potato famine); Peter J. Hatcher: p.18 top left (Potawatomi Indians); Amerigo Vespucci, p.6.

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