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Micmac Migration to Western Newfoundland
MICMAC MIGRATION TO WESTERN NEWFOUNDLAND DENNIS A. BARTELS Department of Anthropology Sir Wilfred Grenfell College Memorial University of Newfoundland Corner Brook, Newfoundland Canada, and OLAF UWE JANZEN Department of History Sir Wilfred Grenfell College Memorial University of Newfoundland Corner Brook, Newfoundland Canada, ABSTRACT / RESUME The Micmac of Cape Breton are known to have had a long history of seasonal contact with Newfoundland. It is generally accepted that they resided there permanently by the early 19th century. The authors review the available evidence and conclude that the permanent occupation of Newfoundland by the Micmac began in the 1760s. On sait que les Micmac de cap-Breton ont eu une longue histoire du contact saisonnier avec la Terre-Neuve. Il est généralement admis qu'ils y habitèrent en permanence au début du XIXe siècle. Les auteurs examinent l'évidence disponible et concluent que l'occupation permanente de la Terre-Neuve par les Micmac a commencé dans les années 1760. 72 Dennis A. Bartel/Olaf Uwe Janzen INTRODUCTION It is generally conceded that the Micmac of Cape Breton Island were a maritime-adapted people with sufficient seafaring skills to extend their territorial range as far into the Gulf of St. Lawrence as the Magdalen Islands and as far east as St. Pierre and Miquelon.1 By the eighteenth century, the Micmac were able to maintain a persistent presence in southern and southwestern Newfoundland. Some scholars have concluded from this that southwestern Newfoundland could have been a regular part of the territorial range of the Cape Breton Micmac since prehistoric times.2 In the absence of archaeological evidence to support such a conclusion, others, such as Marshall (1988) and Upton (1979:64) are unwilling to concede more than a seasonal exploitation of Newfoundland. -
The Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence
Remembrance Series The Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Photographs courtesy of Library and Archives Canada (LAC) and the Department of National Defence (DND). © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada represented by the Minister of Veterans Affairs, 2005. Cat. No. V32-84/2005 ISBN 0-662-69036-2 Printed in Canada The Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Generations of Canadians have served our country and the world during times of war, military conflict and peace. Through their courage and sacrifice, these men and women have helped to ensure that we live in freedom and peace, while also fostering freedom and peace around the world. The Canada Remembers Program promotes a greater understanding of these Canadians’ efforts and honours the sacrifices and achievements of those who have served and those who supported our country on the home front. The program engages Canadians through the following elements: national and international ceremonies and events including Veterans’ Week activities, youth learning opportunities, educational and public information materials (including on-line learning), the maintenance of international and national Government of Canada memorials and cemeteries (including 13 First World War battlefield memorials in France and Belgium), and the provision of funeral and burial services. Canada’s involvement in the First and Second World Wars, the Korean War, and Canada’s efforts during military operations and peace efforts has always been fuelled by a commitment to protect the rights of others and to foster peace and freedom. Many Canadians have died for these beliefs, and many others have dedicated their lives to these pursuits. -
European Exploration of North America
European Exploration of North America Tell It Again!™ Read-Aloud Anthology Listening & Learning™ Strand Learning™ & Listening Core Knowledge Language Arts® • • Arts® Language Knowledge Core Grade3 European Exploration of North America Tell It Again!™ Read-Aloud Anthology Listening & Learning™ Strand GrAdE 3 Core Knowledge Language Arts® Creative Commons Licensing This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. You are free: to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work to Remix — to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution — You must attribute the work in the following manner: This work is based on an original work of the Core Knowledge® Foundation made available through licensing under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. This does not in any way imply that the Core Knowledge Foundation endorses this work. Noncommercial — You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike — If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. With the understanding that: For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is with a link to this web page: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Copyright © 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation www.coreknowledge.org All Rights Reserved. Core Knowledge Language Arts, Listening & Learning, and Tell It Again! are trademarks of the Core Knowledge Foundation. Trademarks and trade names are shown in this book strictly for illustrative and educational purposes and are the property of their respective owners. -
The Age of Exploration Unit 9 Reader Skills Strand Skills Core Knowledge Language Arts® • • Arts® Language Knowledge Core
The Age of Exploration Unit 9 Reader Skills Strand Skills Core Knowledge Language Arts® • • Arts® Language Knowledge Core Grade3 The Age of Exploration Unit 9 Reader Skills Strand GRADE 3 Core Knowledge Language Arts® Creative Commons Licensing This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. You are free: to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work to Remix — to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution — You must attribute the work in the following manner: This work is based on an original work of the Core Knowledge® Foundation made available through licensing under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. This does not in any way imply that the Core Knowledge Foundation endorses this work. Noncommercial — You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike — If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. With the understanding that: For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is with a link to this web page: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Copyright © 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation www.coreknowledge.org All Rights Reserved. Core Knowledge Language Arts, Listening & Learning, and Tell It Again! are trademarks of the Core Knowledge Foundation. Trademarks and trade names are shown in this book strictly for illustrative and educational purposes and are the property of their respective owners. References herein should not be regarded as affecting the validity of said trademarks and trade names. -
The Discovery of North America by John Cabot
T H E DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA BY JOHN CABOT. A FIRST CHAPTER IN THE HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICA. P> y F R E DERIC KIDDE R . BOSTON : PRINTED FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION 18 7 8. The EDITH and LORNE PIERCE COLLECTION o/CANADIANA Queen's University at Kingston THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA BY JOHN CABOT A FIRST CHAPTER IN THE HISTORT OF NORTH AMERICA. By FREDERIC KIDDER BOSTON : PRINTED FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION. 187 8. Read before the Maine Historical Society, at Bath, February 17, 1874. Reprinted from The New England Historical and Genealogical Register for October, 1878, by David Clapp & Son. DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA. HPHE discovery of the New World by Columbus in 1492 may be -*- considered as the greatest event of modern times ; but to him and his associates, as well as to all the cosmographers of his time, it was only a discovery of the eastern coast of Asia and the adjacent islands. And so Columbus lived and died, with but faint idea of the immense value to the world of what his genius and enterprise had accomplished. The news of his great discovery soon spread throughout Europe, to the wonder of every nation ; and to those who had refused to listen to his plans, or had declined to aid him in carrying them out, it must have brought feelings of bitter regret. It is natural to suppose that a jealousy of Spain, which thus sud- denly had become possessed of immense domains, should be im- mediately felt, particularly by Portugal and by England, each of whom had thus lost the opportunity of becoming the leading nation of the world. -
An Eastern Micmac Domain of Islands
An Eastern Micmac Domain of Islands CHARLES A. MARTIJN Ministere des Affaires cullurelles, Quebec Introduction The Micmac Indians of Eastern Canada inhabit a region that borders the lower half of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.1 Their homeland includes portions of the Gaspe Peninsula and New Brunswick, all of Prince Edward Island and mainland Nova Scotia, as well as Cape Breton and parts of southern Newfoundland. Although the boundaries of this traditional territory cannot be determined with any precision because of fluctuations through time, it may have covered as much as 121,760 square kilometres, or about the size of Tunisia. An overview of Micmac culture and society is provided by Hoffman (1955), Nietfeld (1981), Passchier (1985) and Wallis and Wallis (1955). An extensive coastline permitted easy access to aquatic fauna — sea- mammals, fish, waterfowl and invertebrates — which are abundant in the gulf of St. Lawrence area. As a result, the Micmac were probably the most maritime-adapted of all Algonquian groups. Nevertheless, for survival dur ing the winter months they had to depend to a much greater extent on land animals such as moose, caribou, deer and beaver. Some scholars have depicted them as spending up to 10 months of the year obtaining 90% of their food requirements from coastal zones and the sea (Hoffman 1955:230- 236; Nietfeld 1981:360-363). Recent reviews of archaeological and ethno historical data, however, indicate a greater use of terrestrial fauna than has hitherto been acknowledged, and point to the need for a more intensive consideration of regional variation in available resources and subsistence strategies (Nash and Miller 1987; see also Burley 1981 and Clermont 1986). -
Reorientation of Nocturnal Landbird Migrants Over the Atlantic Ocean Near Nova Scotia in Autumn
REORIENTATION OF NOCTURNAL LANDBIRD MIGRANTS OVER THE ATLANTIC OCEAN NEAR NOVA SCOTIA IN AUTUMN W. JOHN RICHARDSON LGL Ltd., Environmental Research Associates,44 Eglinton Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4R 1A1 ABSTRACT.--The behavior of landbirds involved in the predominating SSW-W migration over and near Nova Scotia during autumn nights was studied by radar. Takeoff began 28 -+ 5 min after sunset. Many landbirds flew from Newfoundland across Cabot Strait to Nova Scotia and from western Nova Scotia across the Gulf of Maine toward New England. Contrary to most previous night observations, some changed course to reach land or to avoid moving offshore. However, many crossedcoasts at right or acute angles without hesitation or turning. Landbirds moved offshore on nights with offshore, alongshore, and even onshore winds. Landbirds flying SSW-W over the sea late in the night sometimesascended and/or reorientedWNW-NNE toward land, especiallywhen winds were unfavorable for continued SW flight and/or favorable for flight to the NW. Reoriented birds usually continued to arrive at the coast until noon, but the density of arrival declined steadily through the morning. Indirect but strong evidence indicates that di- rectional cues additional to sight of land were often used for reorientation. No evidence of dawn reorientation by landbirds flying SE-SSW toward the West Indies was found. Received 15 No- vember 1977, accepted 9 April 1978. LANDBIRDS that normally migrate at night often occur over the western Atlantic Ocean during autumn days (Scholander 1955). Three groups are distinguishable. First, many migrants that fly SW or WSW from near-coastal areas move offshore (Fig. -
Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 1400-1625
Exploring the Americas 1400–1625 Why It Matters Although the English have been the major influence on United States history, they are only part of the story. Beginning with Native Americans and continuing through time, people from many cultures came to the Americas. The Impact Today The Americas today consist of people from cultures around the globe. Native Americans, Spanish, Africans, and others discussed in Chapter 2 have all played key roles in shaping the culture we now call American. The American Republic to 1877 Video The chapter 2 video, “Exploring the Americas,” presents the challenges faced by European explorers, and discusses the reasons they came to the Americas. 1513 • Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama 1492 1497 • Christopher Columbus • John Cabot sails to reaches America Newfoundland 1400 1450 1500 1429 c. 1456 • Joan of Arc defeats c. 1500 • Johannes Gutenberg the English at French • Songhai Empire rises in Africa uses movable metal town of Orléans • Rome becomes a major center type in printing of Renaissance culture 36 CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas Evaluating Information Study Foldable Make this foldable to help you learn about European exploration of the Americas. Step 1 Fold the paper from the top right corner down so the edges line up. Cut off the leftover piece. Fold a triangle. Cut off the extra edge. Step 2 Fold the triangle in half. Unfold. The folds will form an X dividing four equal sections. Step 3 Cut up one fold line and stop at the middle. Draw an X on one tab and label the other three. -
World History -Biographies Worksheets (PDF)
World History Worksheet: Biographies Christopher Columbus Known as ‘the man who discovered America’, Columbus was in fact trying to find a westward sea passage to the Orient when he landed in South America in 1492. Christopher Columbus (born 1451) wanted to discover a sea route to the Indies, so King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain agreed to sponsor an expedition, and on 3 August 1492, Columbus set sail across the Atlantic. Ten weeks later, land was sighted. On 12 October, Columbus and a group of his men set foot on an island in what later became known as the Bahamas. Believing that they had reached the Indies, the newcomers dubbed the natives ‘Indians’. He had actually discovered South America which later became known as the ‘New World’ by the Spaniards. He returned to Spain in triumph and was made ‘admiral of the Seven Seas’ and viceroy of the Indies. Within a few months, he set off on a second and larger voyage. He brought back to Spain many discoveries and spices including a very hot peppery spice that we now call paprika. Adapted from BBC History Columbus biography: www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/columbus_christopher.shtml John Cabot Cabot was an Italian-born explorer who, in attempting to find a direct route to Asia, became the first early modern European to discover North America. John Cabot was born in Italy but in around 1490 he moved to Bristol, England. In May 1497, with the support of the King Henry VII, Cabot sailed west from Bristol in the hope of finding a route to Asia. -
The Gulf of St. Lawrence Marine Ecosystem: an Overview of Its Structure and Dynamics, Human Pressures, and Governance Approaches
1 ICES CM 2008/J:18 The Gulf of St. Lawrence Marine Ecosystem: An Overview of its Structure and Dynamics, Human Pressures, and Governance Approaches Michel Gilbert Fisheries and Oceans Canada Maurice Lamontagne Institute 850, Route de la Mer Mont-Joli, Quebec Canada G5H 3Z4 Tel.: (418) 775-0604 Fax: (418) 775-0546 E-mail: [email protected] Réjean Dufour Fisheries and Oceans Canada Maurice Lamontagne Institute 850, Route de la Mer Mont-Joli, Quebec Canada G5H 3Z4 Tel.: (418) 775-0623 Fax: (418) 775-0740 E-mail: [email protected] The Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence (EGSL) represents one of the largest and most productive estuarine/marine ecosystems in Canada and in the world. However, the EGSL ecosystem is affected by a wide variety of human activities that pose significant threats to its integrity and the sustainable use of its resources. These include fisheries, navigation, mariculture activities, coastal development, recreational use (including marine mammal observation), climate change, and several land–based activities that occur along the EGSL shores and in coastal and upstream rivers and tributaries, including industrial and municipal activities, agriculture, and river damming (for water level control and hydropower). In 2005, the Government of Canada initiated the Oceans Action Plan (OAP) in order to implement an ecosystem-based management approach for five Large Ocean Management Areas (LOMAs), including the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence. This presentation provides an overview of the EGSL ecosystem structure and functioning, as well as its human pressures, through a summary of the scientific tools that were developed within this initiative. -
Fisheries Research Board 0 F Canada
FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD 0 F CANADA MANUSCRIPT REPORT SERIES (OCEANOGRAPHIC and LIMNOLOGICAL) No. 5 TITLE THE DEEP WATERS IN THE LAUREN TIAN CHANNEL AUTHORSHIP L. M. Lauzier and R. W. Trites Establishment ATLANTI C OCEANO GRAPHIC GROUP Dated December 9th, 1957 Programmed by THE CANADIAN JOIN T COMMITTEE ON OCEANOGRAPHY The Deep - aters in the Laurentian Channel by L. M. Lauzier and R. V Trites INTRODUCTION The Laurentian Channel is a deep trough that extends from the edge of the Continental Shelf through the Gulf of St. Lawrence and into the estuary of the St. Lawrence (Fig. This channel, which cuts through the Continental Shelf, separates the Grand Banks and the Scotian Shelf. From the edge of the Continental Shelf to Cabot Strait , it has depths ranging approximately from 600 to 400 metres. From Cabot Strait inward for a distance of about 400 miles, it s hallows to 200 metres and terminates abruptly in the vicinity of the Saguenay River. Cabot Strait provides the only opening to the deep waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This Strait is 56 miles wide (104 km.) and has a maximum depth of 480 The cur- metres. Its cross section has an area of 35 sq. km. rents through Cabot Strait have been investigated by Dawson (1913), Sandstrom (1919), and MacGregor (1956). The circulation in Cabot Strait is featured by an outflowing current along the Cape Breton side and an inflowing current along the Newfoundland side. Dynamic calculations show strongest currents in August and least in April and May. The waters of ;he Laurentian Channel are highly stratified (Lauzier and Bailey, 1957) In the summer, a warm surface layer is superimposed on an intermediate cold-water layer over- lying a deep warm la rer. -
Summary of Newfoundland & Labrador Phase Two
SUMMARY OF NEWFOUNDLAND & LABRADORPHASE TWO MEMORIAL CONDUCT OF THE PARTffiS There is no conduct in this case that is relevant to the detennination of an equitable result. The conduct has been too sparse, ambiguous, inconsistent, and brief to meet the stringent standards required in maritime delimitation cases. Nor does it demonstrate acquiescence or estoppel. The proposals exchanged in the early years ofthe dispute were always predicated on the understanding that federal recognition ofthe parties' claims would be required. Examination of the parties' pennitting practices leads to the same conclusion. Their conduct was not mutual, consistent, or clear. First, the pennits that Newfoundland issued between 1965and 1976 disclose no defacto western boundary correspondingto any Nova Scotian easternboundary. Moreover, with the promulgation of the Newfoundland and Labrador Petroleum Regulations, 1977, all prior pennits lapsed. Thereafter Newfoundland issued no pennits in the vicinity of the potential boundary. Second, the pennits were intended to buttress ajurisdictional claim vis-a-vis the federal government. None of the pennits Newfoundland issued after 1971 granted production rights. Third, the parties' conduct was short-lived. Minister Doody's letter of October 6, 1972 demonstrates that by 1973 a dispute existed between the parties as to the existence and location of the boundary. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING (Figure 2) In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the parties' coasts are adjacent. In the western-most portion of the Cabot Strait, the coasts are opposite. There is no striking difference or disparity between the parties' coasts in these areas. To the east the situation is more complicated. In Canada v. France, the Court noted that the "coasts of Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island from the Burin Peninsula to Scatarie Island, together with the opening to the Gulf of St.