DOCSLIB.ORG

Geophysical Modeling in the Cabot Strait - St

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geophysical Modeling in the Cabot Strait - St GEOPHYSICAL MODELING IN THE CABOT STRAIT - ST. GEORGE’S BAY AREA BETWEEN CAPE BRETON ISLAND AND SOUTHWESTERN NEWFOUNDLAND, CANADA By Louis Zsámboki Honours B. Sc. (Earth Sciences), McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario 2009 Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Geology) Acadia University Fall Graduation 2012 © by Louis Zsámboki, 2012 This thesis by Louis Zsámboki was defended successfully in an oral examination on September 6th, 2012. The examining committee for the thesis was: __________________________________ Dr. Kirk Hillier, Chair __________________________________ Dr. Fraser Keppie, External Reader __________________________________ Dr. Robert P. Raeside, Internal Reader __________________________________ Dr. Sandra M. Barr, Supervisor __________________________________ Dr. Sonya A. Dehler, Supervisor __________________________________ Dr. Ian S. Spooner, (Acting) Head of Department This thesis is accepted in its present form by the Division of Research and Graduate Studies as satisfying the thesis requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Geology). ……………......................…………………. iii I, Louis Zsámboki, grant permission to the University Librarian at Acadia University to reproduce, loan or distribute copies of my thesis in microform, paper or electronic formats on a non-profit basis. I, however, retain the copyright in my thesis. ______________________________________ Author ______________________________________ Supervisor ______________________________________ Date iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. xiii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xiv Page CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................1 1.1 Purpose of the Study .....................................................................................................1 1.2 Location of the Study Area ...........................................................................................2 1.3 Geological Background and Previous Work ................................................................2 1.3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................2 1.3.2 Cape Breton Island ........................................................................................3 1.3.3 Southwestern Newfoundland ........................................................................5 1.3.4 Offshore Geology.........................................................................................7 1.4 Previous Geophysical Work .........................................................................................8 1.5 Methods ......................................................................................................................10 1.5.1 Geophysical Data and Modeling ................................................................10 1.5.2 Physical Property Data ...............................................................................11 CHAPTER 2 GEOLOGIC SETTING ...........................................................................19 2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................19 2.2 Bras d’Or Terrane .....................................................................................................19 2.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................19 2.2.2 Bras d’Or Gneiss ........................................................................................21 2.2.3 George River Metamorphic Suite ..............................................................22 v 2.2.4 Ca. 565-555 Ma Plutonic Units .................................................................24 2.2.4.1 Mafic to intermediate plutons ......................................................25 2.2.4.2 Intermediate to felsic plutons ......................................................26 2.2.5 Ca. 500 Ma Plutonic Units .........................................................................28 2.2.6 Bourinot Belt ..............................................................................................29 2.3 Aspy Terrane .............................................................................................................29 2.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................29 2.3.2 Cape North Group ......................................................................................30 2.3.3 Money Point Group....................................................................................31 2.3.4 Clyburn Brook Formation ..........................................................................31 2.3.5 Cheticamp Lake Gneiss .............................................................................32 2.3.6 Glasgow Brook Orthogneiss ......................................................................32 2.3.7 Cameron Brook Granodiorite ....................................................................33 2.3.8 Neils Harbour Gneiss .................................................................................33 2.3.9 Ingonish Island Rhyolite ............................................................................34 2.3.10 Black Brook Granitic Suite ........................................................................34 2.3.11 Wilkie Sugarloaf and Similar Granite Plutons...........................................35 2.3.12 Fisset Brook Formation..............................................................................35 2.4 Blair River Inlier .......................................................................................................35 2.4.1 Mesoproterozoic Rocks .............................................................................35 2.4.2 Lowland Cove Formation ..........................................................................37 2.5 Carboniferous Units in Cape Breton Island ..............................................................38 2.5.1 Horton Group .............................................................................................38 2.5.2 Windsor Group...........................................................................................38 vi 2.5.3 Mabou Group .............................................................................................39 2.5.4 Morien Group.............................................................................................39 2.5.5 Pictou Group ..............................................................................................39 2.6 Southwestern Newfoundland ....................................................................................40 2.6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................40 2.6.2 Humber Zone .............................................................................................41 2.6.3 Notre Dame Subzone .................................................................................44 2.6.4 Port-aux-Basques and Meelpaeg Subzones (Gander Zone) .......................46 2.6.5 Exploits Subzone .......................................................................................48 2.6.6 Burgeo Subzone .........................................................................................50 2.6.7 Silurian-Devonian Plutons .........................................................................51 2.7 Carboniferous Rocks in Southwestern Newfoundland ............................................53 2.8 Offshore Geology......................................................................................................54 CHAPTER 3 METHODS ..............................................................................................62 3.1 Sources of Digital Magnetic and Gravity Data .........................................................62 3.2 Magnetic Data ...........................................................................................................62 3.3 Gravity Data ..............................................................................................................65 3.4 Magnetic Susceptibility Data ....................................................................................66 3.5 Specific Gravity Data ................................................................................................67 3.6 Seismic Data .............................................................................................................68 3.7 Potential Field Modeling...........................................................................................69 vii CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ................................................................................................74 4.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................74 4.2 Magnetic Maps..........................................................................................................74 4.2.1 Total Magnetic Field ..................................................................................74
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Micmac Migration to Western Newfoundland
    MICMAC MIGRATION TO WESTERN NEWFOUNDLAND DENNIS A. BARTELS Department of Anthropology Sir Wilfred Grenfell College Memorial University of Newfoundland Corner Brook, Newfoundland Canada, and OLAF UWE JANZEN Department of History Sir Wilfred Grenfell College Memorial University of Newfoundland Corner Brook, Newfoundland Canada, ABSTRACT / RESUME The Micmac of Cape Breton are known to have had a long history of seasonal contact with Newfoundland. It is generally accepted that they resided there permanently by the early 19th century. The authors review the available evidence and conclude that the permanent occupation of Newfoundland by the Micmac began in the 1760s. On sait que les Micmac de cap-Breton ont eu une longue histoire du contact saisonnier avec la Terre-Neuve. Il est généralement admis qu'ils y habitèrent en permanence au début du XIXe siècle. Les auteurs examinent l'évidence disponible et concluent que l'occupation permanente de la Terre-Neuve par les Micmac a commencé dans les années 1760. 72 Dennis A. Bartel/Olaf Uwe Janzen INTRODUCTION It is generally conceded that the Micmac of Cape Breton Island were a maritime-adapted people with sufficient seafaring skills to extend their territorial range as far into the Gulf of St. Lawrence as the Magdalen Islands and as far east as St. Pierre and Miquelon.1 By the eighteenth century, the Micmac were able to maintain a persistent presence in southern and southwestern Newfoundland. Some scholars have concluded from this that southwestern Newfoundland could have been a regular part of the territorial range of the Cape Breton Micmac since prehistoric times.2 In the absence of archaeological evidence to support such a conclusion, others, such as Marshall (1988) and Upton (1979:64) are unwilling to concede more than a seasonal exploitation of Newfoundland.
    [Show full text]
  • Atlantic Geoscience Society Abstracts: 37Th Annual Colloquium & Annual General Meeting 2011
    Document generated on 09/28/2021 10:41 a.m. Atlantic Geology Atlantic Geoscience Society Abstracts 37th Annual Colloquium & Annual General Meeting 2011 Volume 47, 2011 URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/ageo47abs01 See table of contents Publisher(s) Atlantic Geoscience Society ISSN 0843-5561 (print) 1718-7885 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this document (2011). Atlantic Geoscience Society Abstracts: 37th Annual Colloquium & Annual General Meeting 2011. Atlantic Geology, 47, 9–53. All rights reserved © Atlantic Geology, 2011 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ atlantic geology . volume 47 . 2011 9 Atlantic Geoscience Society ABSTRACTS 37th Annual Colloquium & Annual General Meeting 2011 Fredericton, new Brunswick The 2011 Colloquium & Annual General Meeting was held at the Fredericton Inn, Fredericton, New Brunswick, on February 11 and 12, 2011. On behalf of the society, we thank Colloquium Chairman Dave Keighley and his organizing committee (Kay Thorne, Dave Lentz, Joe MacIntosh, Chris McFarlane, Susan Johnson, Mike Parkhill, Elisabeth Kosters, Sherry McCoy, Grant Ferguson, Pierre Jutras, Rob Raeside, Brian Roulston, Cliff Shaw, and the student volunteers from the Department of Geology, University of New Bruns- wick) for providing an excellent meeting. We also wish to acknowledge support of the corporate sponsors: Potash Corp.(Potash Company of Saskatchewan); SWN Resources; Agilent Technologies; Resonetics; Asso- ciation of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of New Brunswick; Geodex Minerals; Apache; Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic); Cache Exploration; C.I.M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence
    Remembrance Series The Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Photographs courtesy of Library and Archives Canada (LAC) and the Department of National Defence (DND). © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada represented by the Minister of Veterans Affairs, 2005. Cat. No. V32-84/2005 ISBN 0-662-69036-2 Printed in Canada The Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Generations of Canadians have served our country and the world during times of war, military conflict and peace. Through their courage and sacrifice, these men and women have helped to ensure that we live in freedom and peace, while also fostering freedom and peace around the world. The Canada Remembers Program promotes a greater understanding of these Canadians’ efforts and honours the sacrifices and achievements of those who have served and those who supported our country on the home front. The program engages Canadians through the following elements: national and international ceremonies and events including Veterans’ Week activities, youth learning opportunities, educational and public information materials (including on-line learning), the maintenance of international and national Government of Canada memorials and cemeteries (including 13 First World War battlefield memorials in France and Belgium), and the provision of funeral and burial services. Canada’s involvement in the First and Second World Wars, the Korean War, and Canada’s efforts during military operations and peace efforts has always been fuelled by a commitment to protect the rights of others and to foster peace and freedom. Many Canadians have died for these beliefs, and many others have dedicated their lives to these pursuits.
    [Show full text]
  • European Exploration of North America
    European Exploration of North America Tell It Again!™ Read-Aloud Anthology Listening & Learning™ Strand Learning™ & Listening Core Knowledge Language Arts® • • Arts® Language Knowledge Core Grade3 European Exploration of North America Tell It Again!™ Read-Aloud Anthology Listening & Learning™ Strand GrAdE 3 Core Knowledge Language Arts® Creative Commons Licensing This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. You are free: to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work to Remix — to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution — You must attribute the work in the following manner: This work is based on an original work of the Core Knowledge® Foundation made available through licensing under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. This does not in any way imply that the Core Knowledge Foundation endorses this work. Noncommercial — You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike — If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. With the understanding that: For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is with a link to this web page: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Copyright © 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation www.coreknowledge.org All Rights Reserved. Core Knowledge Language Arts, Listening & Learning, and Tell It Again! are trademarks of the Core Knowledge Foundation. Trademarks and trade names are shown in this book strictly for illustrative and educational purposes and are the property of their respective owners.
    [Show full text]
  • Nova Scotia Inland Water Boundaries Item River, Stream Or Brook
    SCHEDULE II 1. (Subsection 2(1)) Nova Scotia inland water boundaries Item River, Stream or Brook Boundary or Reference Point Annapolis County 1. Annapolis River The highway bridge on Queen Street in Bridgetown. 2. Moose River The Highway 1 bridge. Antigonish County 3. Monastery Brook The Highway 104 bridge. 4. Pomquet River The CN Railway bridge. 5. Rights River The CN Railway bridge east of Antigonish. 6. South River The Highway 104 bridge. 7. Tracadie River The Highway 104 bridge. 8. West River The CN Railway bridge east of Antigonish. Cape Breton County 9. Catalone River The highway bridge at Catalone. 10. Fifes Brook (Aconi Brook) The highway bridge at Mill Pond. 11. Gerratt Brook (Gerards Brook) The highway bridge at Victoria Bridge. 12. Mira River The Highway 1 bridge. 13. Six Mile Brook (Lorraine The first bridge upstream from Big Lorraine Harbour. Brook) 14. Sydney River The Sysco Dam at Sydney River. Colchester County 15. Bass River The highway bridge at Bass River. 16. Chiganois River The Highway 2 bridge. 17. Debert River The confluence of the Folly and Debert Rivers. 18. Economy River The highway bridge at Economy. 19. Folly River The confluence of the Debert and Folly Rivers. 20. French River The Highway 6 bridge. 21. Great Village River The aboiteau at the dyke. 22. North River The confluence of the Salmon and North Rivers. 23. Portapique River The highway bridge at Portapique. 24. Salmon River The confluence of the North and Salmon Rivers. 25. Stewiacke River The highway bridge at Stewiacke. 26. Waughs River The Highway 6 bridge.
    [Show full text]
  • Whole-Rock Chemical and Nd Isotopic Composition of a Late Proterozoic
    Document generated on 09/30/2021 5:59 a.m. Atlantic Geology Journal of the Atlantic Geoscience Society Revue de la Société Géoscientifique de l'Atlantique Whole-rock chemical and Nd isotopic composition of a Late Proterozoic metasedimentary sequence in Ganderia: Kellys Mountain, Bras d’Or terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada Sandra M. Barr, Christian Pin, David McMullin and Chris E White Volume 49, 2013 Article abstract The relationship between low-grade metasedimentary and high-grade URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1062307ar paragneissic Precambrian rock units in the Bras d’Or terrane of central Cape DOI: https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2013.002 Breton Island is a long-standing geological problem. Whole-rock geochemical and Nd isotopic data from representative components of these units in the See table of contents Kellys Mountain area, the Glen Tosh formation and Kellys Mountain Gneiss, show strong similarity. Major and trace element characteristics suggest that protolith sediments for both units were wackes derived from felsic igneous Publisher(s) sources and deposited at an active continental margin. Neodymium isotopic data in combination with previously published detrital zircon ages show that Atlantic Geoscience Society the sediments contained an ancient (ca. 2 Ga) end-member of recycled continental crust mixed with a juvenile component of Late Neoproterozoic age. ISSN The similarities suggest that the rocks represent the same sedimentary unit at different grades of metamorphism. 0843-5561 (print) 1718-7885 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Barr, S., Pin, C., McMullin, D. & White, C. (2013). Whole-rock chemical and Nd isotopic composition of a Late Proterozoic metasedimentary sequence in Ganderia: Kellys Mountain, Bras d’Or terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Acknowledgements
    Acknowledgements I have been blessed by having such St. Peter’s Coastal Trail, and others, I wonderful assistance, cooperation, encountered people who recognized and encouragement on this book pro- me and my task. Every one of them ject from so many people. Whenever thanked me for my work; everyone I asked anyone for information, they encouraged me to continue. To all were prompt in their response. Any those I met, and to those whom I have time I had a question or concern, not but who have used my books, I someone provided an answer. I thank you. Knowing that my work spoke to dozens of people over vari- helps enable you to discover trails ous aspects of the trails; I hope you and more wonderful locations to hike will forgive that I do not list all your is what keeps me writing. names, for I fear that I would forget Finally, I would be remiss if I did someone. Thank you for helping me not acknowledge the debt I owe to make Hiking Trails of Cape Breton the the publisher, Goose Lane Editions. book it is. We have worked together now since Two individuals, however, deserve 1994, and although the process of special mention. Elaine Wallace at publishing a book, like any creative Cape Breton Highlands National Park process, can be tempestuous, we have chatted with me more than everyone done so together seven times now. I else combined and was a wealth of think they do a good job of it. I hope information. Tom Wilson, Director they think the same of me.
    [Show full text]
  • South Western Nova Scotia
    Netukulimk of Aquatic Natural Life “The N.C.N.S. Netukulimkewe’l Commission is the Natural Life Management Authority for the Large Community of Mi’kmaq /Aboriginal Peoples who continue to reside on Traditional Mi’Kmaq Territory in Nova Scotia undisplaced to Indian Act Reserves” P.O. Box 1320, Truro, N.S., B2N 5N2 Tel: 902-895-7050 Toll Free: 1-877-565-1752 2 Netukulimk of Aquatic Natural Life N.C.N.S. Netukulimkewe’l Commission Table of Contents: Page(s) The 1986 Proclamation by our late Mi’kmaq Grand Chief 4 The 1994 Commendation to all A.T.R.A. Netukli’tite’wk (Harvesters) 5 A Message From the N.C.N.S. Netukulimkewe’l Commission 6 Our Collective Rights Proclamation 7 A.T.R.A. Netukli’tite’wk (Harvester) Duties and Responsibilities 8-12 SCHEDULE I Responsible Netukulimkewe’l (Harvesting) Methods and Equipment 16 Dangers of Illegal Harvesting- Enjoy Safe Shellfish 17-19 Anglers Guide to Fishes Of Nova Scotia 20-21 SCHEDULE II Specific Species Exceptions 22 Mntmu’k, Saqskale’s, E’s and Nkata’laq (Oysters, Scallops, Clams and Mussels) 22 Maqtewe’kji’ka’w (Small Mouth Black Bass) 23 Elapaqnte’mat Ji’ka’w (Striped Bass) 24 Atoqwa’su (Trout), all types 25 Landlocked Plamu (Landlocked Salmon) 26 WenjiWape’k Mime’j (Atlantic Whitefish) 26 Lake Whitefish 26 Jakej (Lobster) 27 Other Species 33 Atlantic Plamu (Salmon) 34 Atlantic Plamu (Salmon) Netukulimk (Harvest) Zones, Seasons and Recommended Netukulimk (Harvest) Amounts: 55 SCHEDULE III Winter Lake Netukulimkewe’l (Harvesting) 56-62 Fishing and Water Safety 63 Protecting Our Community’s Aboriginal and Treaty Rights-Community 66-70 Dispositions and Appeals Regional Netukulimkewe’l Advisory Councils (R.N.A.C.’s) 74-75 Description of the 2018 N.C.N.S.
    [Show full text]
  • CABOT's LANDFALL by C
    _J_ CABOT'S LANDFALL By C. B. FERGUSSON HILE the profound importance and the far-reaching consequences of the discovery of N ortb America by John Cabot in 1497 have long been realized, and in W some measure recognized, his landfall in the New World still remains unmarked. T hat is actually so. But it in­ dicates neither a lack of interest in doing honour to a distin­ guished navigator for his outstanding services, nor a paucity of those who have urged the marking of his landfall or advanced claims with respect to its site. His name and his fame are per­ petuated by Cabot Strait, which separates Cape Breton I sland :..... r- from Newfoundland, by the Cabot Trail, with its unsurt>assed :., , scenic splendour, in Cape Breton Island, and by Cabot 'l'ower on Signal Hill, at St. John's in Newfoundland. It is very fitting that Cabot's a.ctivities should be so com­ memorated in both Cape Breton Island and Newfoundland, for his voyages had great significance for each. Yet these me­ morials, through their different locations, may also indicate the crux of the Cabotian controversy: there is still a lack of un­ animity with respect to the site of Cabot's landfall in 1497. There are some who would claim it for Cape Breton Island, as well as others who would attribute it to Newfoundland or Labra­ dor. And now that Newfoundland is a part of the Canadian nation, these rival claims have been revived, the evidence has been re-considered and re-sifted, and, if it is now possible, a decision should be reached on this matter.
    [Show full text]
  • Recovery Potential Assessment for Eastern Cape Breton Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar): Habitat Requirements and Availability; and Threats to Populations
    Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Research Document 2014/071 Maritimes Region Recovery Potential Assessment for Eastern Cape Breton Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar): Habitat Requirements and Availability; and Threats to Populations A.J.F. Gibson, T.L. Horsman, J.S. Ford, and E.A. Halfyard Fisheries and Oceans Canada Science Branch, Maritimes Region P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia Canada, B2Y 4A2 December 2014 Foreword This series documents the scientific basis for the evaluation of aquatic resources and ecosystems in Canada. As such, it addresses the issues of the day in the time frames required and the documents it contains are not intended as definitive statements on the subjects addressed but rather as progress reports on ongoing investigations. Research documents are produced in the official language in which they are provided to the Secretariat. Published by: Fisheries and Oceans Canada Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat 200 Kent Street Ottawa ON K1A 0E6 http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas-sccs/ [email protected] © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2014 ISSN 1919-5044 Correct citation for this publication: Gibson, A.J.F., Horsman, T., Ford, J. and Halfyard, E.A. 2014. Recovery Potential Assessment for Eastern Cape Breton Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar): Habitat requirements and availability; and threats to populations. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2014/071. vii + 141 p. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cape Breton Highlands National Park
    Cape Breton Highlands National Park Nova Scotia Introducing a Park and an Idea Canada covers half a continent, fronts on three oceans, Cape Breton and stretches from the extreme Arctic more than halfway to the equator. There is a great variety of land forms in this immense country, and Canada's national parks have Highlands been created to preserve important examples for you and for generations to come. The National Parks Act of 1930 specifies that national parks are "dedicated to the people . for their benefit, National Park education and enjoyment" and must remain "unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations." Cape Breton Highlands National Park. 367 square miles in area, forms part of a huge tableland rising over 1,700 Nova Scotia feet above the sea in the northern section of Cape Breton Conducted field trip Island, Nova Scotia. With its rugged Atlantic shoreline rocks of varying sizes), sandstone, and shale. Later, when and mountainous background, the park is reminiscent of parts of the sea evaporated, it left behind reddish beds with the coastal areas of Scotland. gypsum deposits. In the park, the flat-bedded sedimentary rock of the The Park Environment earth's crtist folded, cracked and was upended during the Each national park has its own character, its unique story last 500 million years. Molten granite from below was as a living, outdoor museum. Cape Breton Highlands' forced upward through these cracks or faults, cooled, and story is the drama of a mountainous landscape with bold now forms the hardest rock in the park. headlands, numerous streams, lakes, and forests as well Over the course of millions of years, rivers eroded the as treeless barrens.
    [Show full text]
  • An Eastern Micmac Domain of Islands
    An Eastern Micmac Domain of Islands CHARLES A. MARTIJN Ministere des Affaires cullurelles, Quebec Introduction The Micmac Indians of Eastern Canada inhabit a region that borders the lower half of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.1 Their homeland includes portions of the Gaspe Peninsula and New Brunswick, all of Prince Edward Island and mainland Nova Scotia, as well as Cape Breton and parts of southern Newfoundland. Although the boundaries of this traditional territory cannot be determined with any precision because of fluctuations through time, it may have covered as much as 121,760 square kilometres, or about the size of Tunisia. An overview of Micmac culture and society is provided by Hoffman (1955), Nietfeld (1981), Passchier (1985) and Wallis and Wallis (1955). An extensive coastline permitted easy access to aquatic fauna — sea- mammals, fish, waterfowl and invertebrates — which are abundant in the gulf of St. Lawrence area. As a result, the Micmac were probably the most maritime-adapted of all Algonquian groups. Nevertheless, for survival dur­ ing the winter months they had to depend to a much greater extent on land animals such as moose, caribou, deer and beaver. Some scholars have depicted them as spending up to 10 months of the year obtaining 90% of their food requirements from coastal zones and the sea (Hoffman 1955:230- 236; Nietfeld 1981:360-363). Recent reviews of archaeological and ethno­ historical data, however, indicate a greater use of terrestrial fauna than has hitherto been acknowledged, and point to the need for a more intensive consideration of regional variation in available resources and subsistence strategies (Nash and Miller 1987; see also Burley 1981 and Clermont 1986).
    [Show full text]