4. Capitalization Examples
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Treaty of Versailles I
Treaty of Versailles I. Wilson’s Vision forWorld Peace A. Fourteen Points to End All Wars 1. Wilson’s first goal was to eliminate the causes of wars by calling for an end to secret agreements and alliances, protecting freedom of the seas, and reducing armaments. 2. Wilson’s second goal was to ensure the right to self-determination so ethnic groups and nationalities could live under governments of their own choosing. 3. The last of the fourteen points called for setting up a League of Nations to ensure world peace. B. Wilson’s Unusual Decisions 1. Wilson broke with tradition by traveling out of the United States while president to lead the U.S. delegation to the peace conference in Paris. 2. Wilson weakened his position when he asked Americans to support Democrats in the 1918 midterm elections, but then the Republicans won a majority in Congress. 3. Wilson made matters worse by choosing all Democrats and only one Republican to serve as the other delegates to the peace conference. II. Ideals Versus Self-Interest at Versailles A. Peace Without Victory Gives Way to War Guilt and Reparations 1. Wilson’s vision for a peaceful world was different from the vision of other Big Four leaders. 2. France’s Georges Clemenceau was most concerned about French security. 3. David Lloyd George wanted Germany to accept full responsibility for the war through a warguilt clause and reparations. 4. Wilson tried to restrain from punishing Germany but ultimately agreed to gain support for the League of Nations. B. Self-Determination Survives, but Only in Europe 1. -
The Effects of Bicameralism on U.S. Appropriations Policies
THE EFFECTS OF BICAMERALISM ON U.S. APPROPRIATIONS POLICIES by MARK EDWARD OWENS (Under the Direction of Jamie L. Carson) ABSTRACT This dissertation examines how supermajority rules interact with other institutional constraints. I study appropriations policies to better understand how the content of legislation develops in response to bicameral differences over a one-hundred and four year period. As each chamber has developed independently of one another, the institutional differences that have emerged have had a dynamic impact on the lawmaking process. The time frame of the study, 1880 to 1984, is particularly important because it captures the years when the Senate grew to play a more active role in the legislative process and a number of key budgetary reforms. To study this phenomenon empirically, I measure how regular appropriations bills were packaged differently by the House and Senate from 1880 to 1984 and compare the final enactment to the difference in chamber proposals to determine the magnitude of a chamber’s leverage on enacted policy changes. By treating the Senate’s choice to amend the House version as a selection effect, we can examine the effect bicameralism has on policy outcomes. Specifically, I analyze a ratio that represents how close the final bill is to the Senate version, given the size of the bicameral distance. Finally, I complete the study by examining how the president influences bicameral negotiations and how bicameralism complicates our theories of intra-branch relations. INDEX WORDS: Appropriations, Bicameralism, Budgeting, Polarization, Senate THE EFFECTS OF BICAMERALISM ON U.S. APPROPRIATIONS POLICIES by MARK EDWARD OWENS B.A., University of Florida, 2006 M.A., Johns Hopkins University, 2008 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2014 © 2014 Mark Edward Owens All Rights Reserved THE EFFECTS OF BICAMERALISM ON U.S. -
Wool & Fine Fiber Book
WOOL & FINE FIBER BOOK tactile perspectives from our land CONTENTS WOOL & FINE FIBER BOOK / PART ONE INTRODUCTORY Amanda , Ed & Carrie Sparrevohn Erin Maclean PAGES: Gabrielle Mann & John Ham Bungalow Farm Angora Mann Family Farm Kirabo Pastures Sacramento, CA • Why would you use this Bolinas, CA Upper Lake, CA book? & Who might use this Hopland Research book? Ariana & Casey Mazzucchi Catherine Lawson and Extension Center Casari Ranch Blue Barn Farm Hopland, CA • How might you use this Point Arena, CA El Dorado, CA book? & Examples of Janet Heppler Blending Audrey Adams Dan Macon Nebo-Rock Ranch Tombstone Livestock Flying Mule Farm & Textiles • Natural Dyes ~ Sanger, CA Auburn, CA Covelo, CA Creating Another Layer Barbara & Ron Fiorica Dana Foss Jean Near • Annual Production, Caprette Cashmere Royal Fibers Utopia Ranch Quantity, Color, and & Love Spun Homespun Dixon, CA Redwood Valley, CA Price List Wilton, CA Deb Galway Jim Jensen • Acknowledgements Beverly Fleming Menagerie Hill Ranch Jensen Ranch Ewe & Me 2 Ranch Vacaville, CA Tomales, CA PRODUCER PAGES: Cotati, CA Dru Rivers Alexis & Gillies Robertson Bodega Pastures Full Belly Farm Skyelark Ranch Bodega, CA Guinda, CA Brooks, CA WOOL & FINE FIBER BOOK / PART TWO Julie & Ken Rosenfeld Leslie Adkins Mary Pettis-Sarley Sandra Charlton Renaissance Ridge Alpacas Heart Felt Fiber Farm Twirl Yarn Sheepie Dreams Organics Mount Aukum, CA Santa Rosa, CA Napa, CA Santa Cruz, CA Katie & Sascha Grutter Lynn & Jim Moody Maureen Macedo Sandy Wallace GC Icelandics Blue Oak Canyon Ranch Macedo’s -
World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives
AP European History: Period 4.1 Teacher’s Edition World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives I. Long-term causes of World War I 4.1.I.A INT-9 A. Rival alliances: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente SP-6/17/18 1. 1871: The balance of power of Europe was upset by the decisive Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian War and the creation of the German Empire. a. Bismarck thereafter feared French revenge and negotiated treaties to isolate France. b. Bismarck also feared Russia, especially after the Congress of Berlin in 1878 when Russia blamed Germany for not gaining territory in the Balkans. 2. In 1879, the Dual Alliance emerged: Germany and Austria a. Bismarck sought to thwart Russian expansion. b. The Dual Alliance was based on German support for Austria in its struggle with Russia over expansion in the Balkans. c. This became a major feature of European diplomacy until the end of World War I. 3. Triple Alliance, 1881: Italy joined Germany and Austria Italy sought support for its imperialistic ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa. 4. Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty, 1887 a. It promised the neutrality of both Germany and Russia if either country went to war with another country. b. Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew the reinsurance treaty after removing Bismarck in 1890. This can be seen as a huge diplomatic blunder; Russia wanted to renew it but now had no assurances it was safe from a German invasion. France courted Russia; the two became allies. Germany, now out of necessity, developed closer ties to Austria. -
Age of Exploration Flyer
POSTER INSIDE POSTER Age of Exploration A DIGITAL RESOURCE Introduction Explore five centuries of journeys across the globe, scientific discoveries, the expansion of European colonialism, new trade routes, and conflict over territories. Overview This impressive multi-archive collection focuses on “This remarkable collection European, maritime exploration from the earliest voyages of Vasco da Gama and Christopher provides the documentary Columbus, through the age of discovery, the search base to interpret some of the for the ‘New World’, the establishment of European settlements on every continent, to the eventual major movements of the age discovery of the Northwest and Northeast Passages, of exploration. The variety and the race for the Poles. of the sources made available Bringing together material from twelve archives from opens perspectives that should around the world, this collection includes documents challenge students and bring the relating to major events in European maritime history from the voyages of James Cook to the search for period to life. It is a collection John Franklin’s doomed mission to the Northwest that promotes both historical Passage. It contains a host of additional features for analysis and imagination.” teaching, such as an interactive map which presents an in-depth visualisation of over 50 of these Emeritus Professor John Gascoigne influential voyages. University of New South Wales Highlights Material Types • Captain Cook’s secret instructions, ships’ logs and • Le Livre des merveilles by Marco Polo including the • Diaries, journals and ships’ logbooks journals from three voyages of James Cook, written illuminations of Maître d’Egerton – this illuminated Printed and manuscript books by various crew members and Cook himself which relate manuscript compendium dates from c.1410-1412 and • to early British Pacific exploration and the search for is comprised of geographical works and accounts of • Correspondence, notes and ephemera Terra Australis. -
Elections Act the Elections Act (1997:157) (1997:157) 2 the Elections Act Chapter 1
The Elections Act the elections act (1997:157) (1997:157) 2 the elections act Chapter 1. General Provisions Section 1 This Act applies to elections to the Riksdag, to elections to county council and municipal assemblies and also to elections to the European Parliament. In connection with such elections the voters vote for a party with an option for the voter to express a preference for a particular candidate. Who is entitled to vote? Section 2 A Swedish citizen who attains the age of 18 years no later than on the election day and who is resident in Sweden or has once been registered as resident in Sweden is entitled to vote in elections to the Riksdag. These provisions are contained in Chapter 3, Section 2 of the Instrument of Government. Section 3 A person who attains the age of 18 years no later than on the election day and who is registered as resident within the county council is entitled to vote for the county council assembly. A person who attains the age of 18 years no later than on the election day and who is registered as resident within the municipality is entitled to vote for the municipal assembly. Citizens of one of the Member States of the European Union (Union citizens) together with citizens of Iceland or Norway who attain the age of 18 years no later than on the election day and who are registered as resident in Sweden are entitled to vote in elections for the county council and municipal assembly. 3 the elections act Other aliens who attain the age of 18 years no later than on the election day are entitled to vote in elections to the county council and municipal assembly if they have been registered as resident in Sweden for three consecutive years prior to the election day. -
Vol. 123 Style Sheet
THE YALE LAW JOURNAL VOLUME 123 STYLE SHEET The Yale Law Journal follows The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (19th ed. 2010) for citation form and the Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed. 2010) for stylistic matters not addressed by The Bluebook. For the rare situations in which neither of these works covers a particular stylistic matter, we refer to the Government Printing Office (GPO) Style Manual (30th ed. 2008). The Journal’s official reference dictionary is Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. The text of the dictionary is available at www.m-w.com. This Style Sheet codifies Journal-specific guidelines that take precedence over these sources. Rules 1-21 clarify and supplement the citation rules set out in The Bluebook. Rule 22 focuses on recurring matters of style. Rule 1 SR 1.1 String Citations in Textual Sentences 1.1.1 (a)—When parts of a string citation are grammatically integrated into a textual sentence in a footnote (as opposed to being citation clauses or citation sentences grammatically separate from the textual sentence): ● Use semicolons to separate the citations from one another; ● Use an “and” to separate the penultimate and last citations, even where there are only two citations; ● Use textual explanations instead of parenthetical explanations; and ● Do not italicize the signals or the “and.” For example: For further discussion of this issue, see, for example, State v. Gounagias, 153 P. 9, 15 (Wash. 1915), which describes provocation; State v. Stonehouse, 555 P. 772, 779 (Wash. 1907), which lists excuses; and WENDY BROWN & JOHN BLACK, STATES OF INJURY: POWER AND FREEDOM 34 (1995), which examines harm. -
Macro Report Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Module 3: Macro Report June 05, 2006
Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 1 Module 3: Macro Report Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Module 3: Macro Report June 05, 2006 Country: Sweden Date of Election: 2006-09-17 Prepared by: Swedish National Election Studies Date of Preparation: NOTES TO COLLABORATORS: . The information provided in this report contributes to an important part of the CSES project. The information may be filled out by yourself, or by an expert or experts of your choice. Your efforts in providing these data are greatly appreciated! Any supplementary documents that you can provide (e.g., electoral legislation, party manifestos, electoral commission reports, media reports) are also appreciated, and may be made available on the CSES website. Answers should be as of the date of the election being studied. Where brackets [ ] appear, collaborators should answer by placing an “X” within the appropriate bracket or brackets. For example: [X] . If more space is needed to answer any question, please lengthen the document as necessary. Data Pertinent to the Election at which the Module was Administered 1a. Type of Election [ x] Parliamentary/Legislative [ ] Parliamentary/Legislative and Presidential [ ] Presidential [ ] Other; please specify: __________ 1b. If the type of election in Question 1a included Parliamentary/Legislative, was the election for the Upper House, Lower House, or both? [ ] Upper House [ ] Lower House [ ] Both [x ] Other; please specify: Election to the Riksdag, one chamber Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 2 Module 3: Macro Report 2a. What was the party of the president prior to the most recent election? -- 2b. What was the party of the Prime Minister prior to the most recent election? SOCIAL DEMOCRATS (SOCIALDEMOKRATERNA), Göran Persson 2c. -
Chapter 17.1 European Exploration and Expansion
CHAPTER 17.1 EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION MOTIVES AND MEANS • Age of Discovery: Period from 1500-1800 CE in which Europeans sailed and explored the rest of the world • Motives for exploration: • Fascination with Asia • Marco Polo’s book The Travels detailed his exotic travels became popular with Europeans • Economics • Hopes of opening new markets to trade for spices, precious metals • “Gold, glory, and God” • A belief that Europeans must Christianize indigenous peoples MOTIVES AND MEANS • Means of exploration: • Caravel: small, fast ship with a longer range and larger cargo hold than previous ships • Advances in cartography more accurate maps, astrolabe, compass • Knowledge of wind patterns PORTUGUESE EXPLORERS • Portugal was first to explore; led by Prince Henry the Navigator • Discovered gold on western coast of Africa (“Gold Coast”) • Vasco de Gama sailed around tip of Africa and reached Calicut, India • Made large profit from Indian spices • Portuguese fleets returned to India to defeat Muslims and create trade monopoly • Portugal dominated trade in India and China, but did not have the population to colonize SPANISH EXPLORERS • Europeans knew world was round; did not know existence of the Americas • Sailed west to find a different route to Asia • Christopher Columbus sailed to find India for Spain • Found Caribbean islands which he thought were islands just outside of India • Never reached mainland Americas • Ferdinand Magellan: first to sail completely around the globe by sailing around the tip of South America; killed in Philippines …Columbus once punished a man found guilty of stealing corn by having his ears and nose cut off and then selling him into slavery. -
Management Challenges at the Centre of Government: Coalition Situations and Government Transitions
SIGMA Papers No. 22 Management Challenges at the Centre of Government: OECD Coalition Situations and Government Transitions https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kml614vl4wh-en Unclassified CCET/SIGMA/PUMA(98)1 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques OLIS : 10-Feb-1998 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Dist. : 11-Feb-1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________ Or. Eng. SUPPORT FOR IMPROVEMENT IN GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (SIGMA) A JOINT INITIATIVE OF THE OECD/CCET AND EC/PHARE Unclassified CCET/SIGMA/PUMA Cancels & replaces the same document: distributed 26-Jan-1998 ( 98 ) 1 MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES AT THE CENTRE OF GOVERNMENT: COALITION SITUATIONS AND GOVERNMENT TRANSITIONS SIGMA PAPERS: No. 22 Or. En 61747 g . Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format CCET/SIGMA/PUMA(98)1 THE SIGMA PROGRAMME SIGMA — Support for Improvement in Governance and Management in Central and Eastern European Countries — is a joint initiative of the OECD Centre for Co-operation with the Economies in Transition and the European Union’s Phare Programme. The initiative supports public administration reform efforts in thirteen countries in transition, and is financed mostly by Phare. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is an intergovernmental organisation of 29 democracies with advanced market economies. The Centre channels the Organisation’s advice and assistance over a wide range of economic issues to reforming countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Phare provides grant financing to support its partner countries in Central and Eastern Europe to the stage where they are ready to assume the obligations of membership of the European Union. -
Capitalization and Punctuation Rules
Capitalization and Punctuation Rules Capital Letters Always use a capital letter for… the first word of a sentence Thank you for the letter. the first word in a quotation She said, “ Today is beautiful.” the greeting and closing in a letter Dear John Sincerely, Sherry the names of days, months, and holidays Thursday November Thanksgiving people’s first and last names, their initials, and their titles Mrs. Smith and Phil were seen by Dr. Lee the word that names yourself - I My friend and I love horses. the names of streets, cities, and states Palm Avenue Mesa, Arizona the names of specific buildings and monuments Statue of Liberty Empire State Building the titles of stories, movies, TV shows, video games, etc. Night at the Museum Star Wars Quotation Marks Use quotation marks… before and after words that are spoken by someone “I love to read chapter books, ” said Sharon. around words that are being discussed or emphasized A man-made lake is called a “reservoir. ” newspaper articles, titles of poems, songs, short stories, etc “Hot and Cold ” by Katie Perry End Punctuation Use a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point… period – when you end a statement I like cookies . question mark – when you ask a question Do you like cookies ? exclamation point – when you have an excited or emotionally I absolutely love cookies ! charged statement Commas Always use a comma to separate… a city and a state Miami , Florida Mesa , Arizona the date from the year December 25 , 2009 April 15 , 2010 the greeting and closing of a letter Dear Jane , Sincerely , two adjectives that tell about the same noun Shawn is a clever , smart boy. -
Urban Planning Approaches in Divided Cities
ITU A|Z • Vol 13 No 1 • March 2016 • 139-156 Urban planning approaches in divided cities Gizem CANER1, Fulin BÖLEN2 1 [email protected] • Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Graduate School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey 2 [email protected] • Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey Received: April 2014 • Final Acceptance: December 2015 Abstract This paper provides a comparative analysis of planning approaches in divided cities in order to investigate the role of planning in alleviating or exacerbating urban division in these societies. It analyses four urban areas—Berlin, Beirut, Belfast, Jerusalem—either of which has experienced or still experiences extreme divisions related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, and/or culture. Each case study is investigated in terms of planning approaches before division and after reunifi- cation (if applicable). The relation between division and planning is reciprocal: planning effects, and is effected by urban division. Therefore, it is generally assumed that traditional planning approaches are insufficient and that the recognized engagement meth- ods of planners in the planning process are ineffective to overcome the problems posed by divided cities. Theoretically, a variety of urban scholars have proposed different perspectives on this challenge. In analysing the role of planning in di- vided cities, both the role of planners, and planning interventions are evaluated within the light of related literature. The case studies indicate that even though different planning approaches have different consequences on the ground, there is a universal trend in harmony with the rest of the world in reshaping these cities.